Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 01 - 05 June 2008.

Constitutive Modelling of Concrete in 2D Using Smeared Crack Model

Ji Broovsk, Miroslav Mynarz, Oldich Sucharda r z y r
VSB Technical university of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic, e-mail: miroslav.mynarz@vsb.cz

1. Abstract The article discusses non-linear constitutive modelling of concrete in 2D. The constitutive model is based on a smeared crack approach and uses the Bazants smeared crack model for an elimination of a computational size eect. This type of model allows to do a relatively simple non-linear analysis of 2D concrete problems but it still includes several input data that are not so easy to obtain. The paper includes a description of used constitutive model, its variations a limitations and numerical examples. 2. Keywords: Finite element method, smeared cracks, concrete. 3. Introduction This paper discusses non-linear constitutive modelling of concrete in 2D. The main aim of the presented works is a development of a method for an obtaining of correct input data for a nonlinear analysis of concrete structures. This article concentrates only to a computational aspects of numerical modelling of notched and non-notched specimens in 2D. The constitutive model is based on a smeared crack approach and uses the Bazants smeared crack model for an elimination of a computational size eect. The whole non-linear constitutive process is controlled by an equivalent one-dimensional stress-strain (and stress-crack width) relation. The parameters of the equivalent stress-strain relation depends on a 2D state of stress in a material point. A material with a tensional damage (microcracks) is modelled as a orthotropic with main material direction oriented according to the orientation of microcracks. This type of model allows to do a relatively simple non-linear analysis of 2D concrete problems but it still includes several input data that are not so easy to obtain (the fracture energy that is included to the solution through the Bazants crack band model, for example) and there are also some dependencies related to the nite element shape and to the computational strategy.

Figure 1: Equivalent one-dimensional stressstrain relation for concrete 4. Constitutive model The modelling of bending specimens is done in 2D. It is a common approach for this type of problems [1], [3]. A smeared crack approach is used. It means that the damaged concrete material with microcracks is modelled by a homogeneous and continuous material model with reduced properties (namely stiness parameters). The parameters of a smeared crack model are obtained from an equivalent stressstrain. The principal stresses and deformations in directions of principal stresses are used as equivalent stresses and deformations. The relation is illustrated in Figure 1. The eects of a 2D stress state are included into

solution throught the modication of limits of one-dimensional relation. These modication are based on limit stresses given from Kupfers [2] failure condition for concrete. Samples of limit stresses obtained from Kupfers condition are shown in Figure 2.
1.25e+07 1e+07 1e+06 linear type A type B 900000 1.2e+07 9.8e+06 800000

compression limit [Pa]

compression limit [Pa]

1.15e+07

9.6e+06

tension limit [Pa] 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 tension stress [Pa] 1e+06 1.2e+06 1.4e+06

700000

600000

1.1e+07

9.4e+06

500000

400000 1.05e+07 9.2e+06 300000

1e+07 -1.4e+06

9e+06 -1.2e+06 -1e+06 -800000 -600000 -400000 -200000 0 compression stress [Pa]

200000 -1e+07

-8e+06

-6e+06 -4e+06 compression stress [Pa]

-2e+06

Figure 2: Kupfer limits for dierent relations of stresses: 1 /2 The equivalent one-dimensional stressstrain relation is used for a computation of residual stiness R1 during the analysis. It is assumed that a damaged material has ortothropic behaviour with reduced stiness R1 in the direction perpendicular to a direction of modelled cracks. The ortothropic material stiness matrix is used in this form: R1 R1 0 R2 R1 R2 . 0 Dcr = (1) R2 2 R1 G 0 0
R2 /(R2 2 R1 )

The residual stiness in the second direction R2 can also be reduced in a dependence of material status in the second direction. The computation of R1 is modied (to avoid the possible dependence on a nite element mesh size) through Bazants [1] crack band model. This model includes the fracture energy material parameter into analysis. It can be assumed that energy disippated on a unit volume during crack propagation should be always the same. For a nite element with width L ic can be written: GF = AG L = const., (2)

where GF is fracture energy [5] and AG is an area under function of crack widthstress relation (shown in Figure 3).

AG

Figure 3: Relation between crack width and stress The fracture energy (energy dissipated during a crack propagation process) is dened in this way:

GF =
0

n (w) dw,

(3)

where n (w) is normal stress and w is crack width (total width of microcracks in a material volume unit).

5. Finite element modelling A nite element modelling is done for a 2D plane stress state. Four node isoparametric nite elements are used. [5]
y 4 3 1.0 4 1.0 1 2 2 3

1.0

1.0

Figure 4: Four node isoparametric nite elements A non-linear computation analyses are provided with use of NewtonRaphson method (both for force and deformational loads) and with use of Linearized Arc-lenght method. The in-house developed nite element software uFEM and a commercial software package ATENA [3] are used.

Figure 5: Finite element software uFEM 6. Numerical simulations The presented models include notched specimens for threepoint tests and non-notched ones. The non-notched specimens are primarily used for numerical studies of behaviour of models and of computational methods. Material properties for these specimens are listed in Table 1. The specimen size is 2 1 m. Table 1: Material properties of non notched specimens. Property Initial Young modullus Initial Poisson ratio Tensile strength Compressive strength Unit GPa MPa MPa size 20e9 0.2 1.0 20.0

The specimens are loaded by single force in the middle of the upper edge of specimen. The typical nite element model of a non-notched specimen is shown in Figure 6. Obviously, other nite element meshes were also studied.
uFEM 0.2.30 CS: CART Time: 1

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19

36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28

45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37

54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46

63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55

72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64

81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73

90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82

99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91

108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100

117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109

126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118

135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127

144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136

153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145

162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154

y z x

20. 03. 2008

Figure 6: Computational model of non-notched specimen Sample of obtained results is shown in Figure 7. This model was also been studied with use of Atena software. One of the obtained result types the location and directions of microcracks is shown in Figure 8. The Figure 9 shows the comparison of loaddisplacement diagrams for dierent nite element meshes.
uFEM 0.2.30 Result: 28 Time: 39.0000 2.000000e+10 1.750000e+10 1.500000e+10 1.250000e+10 1.000000e+10 7.500000e+09 5.000000e+09 2.500000e+09 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 y z x

20. 03. 2008

Figure 7: Residual normal stiness of non-notched specimen (uFEM) The obtained results on non-notched specimen models are showing very similar results obtained from material models which are used by Atena and uFEM software. Also it is visible that the dependence of nite element mesh size is eectively minimalized (in this particular case) by use of Bazants crack band model. There are some problems with the form of loads. The individual loading force is veried to be acceptable for meshes with no more than 32x24 nite elements for this model.

Figure 8: Locations and directions of microcracks (Atena)

1.2

0.8 relative load F [-]

0.6

0.4

0.2 8x4 16x8 18x9 0 0 5e-05 0.0001 0.00015 vertical displacement w [m] 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003

Figure 9: Comparison of results for dierent nite element meshes The second type of solved problems is the modelling of notched specimens. One type of the specimen type is presented in this paper. This particular specimen is modelled both in uFEM and in Atena and details of solution are studied. The material data for this speciman are listed in Table 2. The size of specimen is 0.6 0.1 m, notch parameters are 0.006 0.03 m. Table 2: Material properties of notched specimen. Property Initial Young modullus Initial Poisson ratio Tensile strength Compressive strength Fracture energy Unit GPa MPa MPa MN/m Size 20e9 0.2 1.0 40.0 1.0e-4

The models have been studied in several variants. For example, because of noticed cracking in areas near supports (which mostly does not occur in real experimantal laboratory tests) the replacement of constitutive material for concrete by elastic material (in areas around supports ) was tested. It is also used in some examples which are shown here because it was veried that this approach has no noticeable negative inuence to material behaviour in other areas of the model. The nite element model for Atena software is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10: Finite element model of notched specimen (Atena)

The deformations and development of cracks on a notched specimen are shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the same structure but modelled in the uFEM nite element software. Figure 11: Cracks development on a notched specimen model (Atena) Figure 13 shows example loaddisplacement relation which was obtained from an analysis of a notched specimen. The Arc-lenght method was used in this particular case.

uFEM 0.2.30 CS: CART Time: 1

y z x

28. 04. 2008

Figure 12: Finite element model of notched specimen (uFEM) 7. Conclusions The paper discusses several selected cases of a non-linear constitutive analysis of concrete specimens. In these cases two nite element computational tool were used: the in-house developed software uFEM (VSB-Technical University of Ostrava) and a commercial computational package Atena (Cervenka Consulting). It was shown in the paper that the used material model which is based on a smeared crack approach and Bazants crack band model can be used for static analysis for this type of specimens. For the non-notched models the informations for limit nite element size for a good convergence of computation process was given in the paper. However, for notched specimen the situation i more complicated because the sizes of elements depends on geometry detail such are sizes of notches and on strategy which is used for a creation of a nite element mesh. Generally, the square nite element mesh should be preferred in areas of models where development of cracks is expected. In areas where no crack should occure, not so well shaped meshes can be used (for three point bending specimens it can be in areas around supports). In most cases areas around supports can even be created from elastic material without noticeable impact to results in other areas of specimens (for an example see areas around supports in Figure 12). In studied cases it can be noticed that the use of direct displacement load in combination with NewtonRaphson computational procedure gives results that are comparable with results obtained with the help of the Arclenght method. ALso, in these cases it is better to use the NewtonRaphson method and displacement load because usually lesser computational eort is required.

0.25

0.2

Relative force [-]

0.15

0.1

0.05

0 0 1e-05 2e-05 3e-05 4e-05 5e-05 Deformation [m] 6e-05 7e-05 8e-05

Figure 13: Loaddisplacement relation for notched specimen

8. Acknowledgement The works were supported by the Czech state budget through Czech Science Foundation. The number of the project is 103/07/1276. 9. References [1] Baant, Z P and Planas J. Fracture and Size Eect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials. z CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1998 [2] Kupfer H and Hilsdorf H K and R sch H. Behaviour of Concrete Under Biaxial Stress, Journal ACI, u Proc. V.66 8, 1969 [3] Vorechovsky M Cervenka V. ATENA 2D - Theory guide. Technical report, ervenka Consulting, Prague, Czech Republic, 2002 [4] Zienkiewicz O C. The nite element method. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977 [5] Karihaloo B L. Fracture Mechanics and Structural Concrete, Longman Group Limited, Essex, 1995