TASK 1 (P4) Five (5) groups that or organisations that can influence science.

Greenpeace Cancer Research UK (GSK ) Pro-test Earth First!

TASK 1 (M4) Ways in which the groups or organisations listed above influence science. Greenpeace- this is a nonprofit group dedicated to preserving endangered species, protecting the environment and educating the public. Greenpeace influence science by working within technical committees of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CDB) and the World Bank's ongoing Agricultural Assessment, participating in the UK government's Chemical Stakeholder Forum and advising on research programmers on Green Chemistry, and providing scientific expertise to public bodies set up to evaluate the state of radioactive contamination 20 years after the disastrous accident at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in Ukraine. Cancer Research UK- this is a cancer research and awareness charity in the United Kingdom that aims to reduce the number of deaths from cancer. Cancer research UK influence science by using well-established laboratory techniques like DNA sequencing together with some hard-core statistical analysis, the researchers studied samples of genetic material taken from family members with and without the disease to try to identify genetic regions that could be linked to breast cancer. Their results pointed them in the direction of a particular region on chromosome 22 that seemed to be linked to the cancer in this family. Modern science has now pinpointed the gene as the unit of inheritance, and shown that faults in genes can be passed down from parents to their children, sometimes increasing their risk of disease. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) GSK is a British multinational pharmaceutical, biologics, vaccines and consumer healthcare company. GSK
main aim is to help people Do More, Feel better, and live longer.

GSK influence science by agreeing that it is critical for healthcare professionals to continue their professional development and understand advances in the science of disease and in therapeutic area advances in patient care. By funding independent CME, they help healthcare professionals enhance their knowledge, competence, and performance in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases where clinical practice gaps exist. Pro-test Pro-test is a british group that promotes and supports animal testing medical research. They influence science by supporting animal testing for further medical research and participating in debates. Earth First!

Earth First! Is a radical environmental advocacy group that emerged in the South-western United States in 1979. They are a non-hierarchical organisation and the use of direct action to confront, stop and eventually reverse the forces that are responsible for the destruction of the Earth and its inhabitants.

TASK 2 (D4) A TIMED ESSAY ON HOW THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT INFLUENCED THE SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENTS IN NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR The integration of science into U.S. foreign policy during World War II initially came from the urging of scientists. Three scientists including Albert Einstein urged President Franklin D. Roosevelt to fund a crash program to see if an atomic bomb could be constructed. The Manhattan Project that ultimately resulted became the largest research project in the United States to date, one that involved intense and active cooperation with scientists from Great Britain and Canada. British scientific intelligence was more advanced than U.S. efforts at the start of the war, owing to its need to buttress its island defenses. The advantages of nuclear technology as a source of energy is it emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant. The advantages of nuclear technology as a weapon is that it helps to stop war and instill fear in people against starting a war bacause of it (nuclear waepon) consequences. The disadvantages of nuclar technology as a source of power and waepon is that the problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one. The waste from nuclear energy is extremely dangerous and it has to be carefully looked after for several thousand years (10'000 years according to United States Environmental Protection Agency standards). High risks: Despite a generally high security standard, accidents can still happen. It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% security. A small probability of failure will always last. The consequences of an accident would be absolutely devastating both for human being as for the nature. The more nuclear power plants (and nuclear waste storage shelters) are built, the higher is the probability of a disastrous failure somewhere in the world. Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be preferred targets for terrorist attacks. No atomic energy plant in the world could withstand an attack similar to 9/11 in New York. Such a terrorist act would have catastrophic effects for the whole world. During the operation of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste is produced, which in turn can be used for the production of nuclear weapons. In addition, the same know-how used to design nuclear power plants can to a certain extent be used to build nuclear weapons (nuclear proliferation). The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce resource, its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years depending on the actual demand. The time frame needed for formalities, planning and building of a new nuclear power generation plant is in the range of 20 to 30 years in the western democracies. In other words: It is an illusion to build new nuclear power plants in a short time.