Low Impact Developement Manual Part B

DEVELOPMENTBESTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESHANDBOOK
LOWIMPACTDEVELOPMENTMANUAL PARTB PLANNINGACTIVITES June2011 4THEDITION
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This4theditionisarevisiontothe3rdeditiontoreflectthenewlyadoptedLowImpactDevelopment (LID)requirementsthattakeeffectMay12,2012.Thehandbookwascreatedunderthedirectionof the City of Los Angeles, who is fully responsible for the content within and a technical committee comprisedoftheDepartmentsofPlanning,BuildingandSafety,andWaterandPower,theBureausof Street Services and Engineering, and individuals from the development, environmental, and consultantcommunity. ThisDevelopmentBestManagementPracticesHandbook,PartBPlanningActivities,4theditionwas adoptedbytheCityofLosAngeles,BoardofPublicWorksonJuly1,2011asauthorizedbySection 64.72oftheLosAngelesMunicipalCodeapprovedbyOrdinanceNo.173494.
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TABLEOFCONTENTS

SECTION1:INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................................................1 USERSOFTHEHANDBOOK................................................................................................................2 HANDBOOKPURPOSEANDSCOPE.................................................................................................2 LEGALFRAMEWORK.............................................................................................................................2 DEVELOPMENTPLANNINGPROGRAM.........................................................................................4
SECTION2:PROJECTREVIEWANDPERMITTINGPROCESS .............................................. 7
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 PLANAPPROVALPROCESS ................................................................................................................7 INSPECTIONPROCESS....................................................................................................................... 11 BMPMAINTENANCE .......................................................................................................................... 11 MUNICIPALPROJECTS....................................................................................................................... 12
SECTION3:STORMWATERMANAGEMENTMEASURES ................................................... 13
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 LOWIMPACTDEVELOPMENT(LID)PLAN .............................................................................. 13 STANDARDURBANSTORMWATERMITIGATIONPLAN(SUSMP)................................ 21 SITESPECIFICMITIGATION............................................................................................................ 21 SOURCECONTROLMEASURES...................................................................................................... 21
SECTION4:BMPPRIORITIZATIONANDSELECTION.......................................................... 24
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 PRIORITIZATIONOFBMPSELECTION....................................................................................... 24 INFILTRATIONFEASIBILITYSCREENING ................................................................................ 25 CAPTUREANDUSEFEASIBILITYSCREENING ....................................................................... 29 INFILTRATIONBMPS ......................................................................................................................... 33 CAPTUREANDUSEBMPS ................................................................................................................ 44
SECTION5:OFFSITEMITIGATIONMEASURES...................................................................... 59
5.1
OFFSITEMITGATIONMEASURES................................................................................................. 59
TABLEOFCONTENTS
APPENDICES
AppendixA AppendixB AppendixC AppendixD AppendixE AppendixF AppendixG AppendixH AppendixI AppendixJ AppendixK
DevelopmentPlanningOrdinances CEQAMitigationMeasures ContactList PlanCheckReviewForms SmallScaleResidentialPrescriptiveMeasures AllOtherDevelopmentVolumeDesignCalculations StandardUrbanStormwaterMitigationPlan(SUSMP) SiteSpecificMitigationMeasures LADepartmentofBuildingandSafetyStormwaterInfiltrationGuidelines UpperLosAngelesRiverWatermasterRequirements CountyofLADepartmentofPublicHealthPolicyandOperationsManual
LISTOFTABLES Table3.1 SummaryofSiteSpecificSourceControlMeasureDesignFeatures Table4.1 Table4.2 Table4.3 Table4.4 Table4.5 Table4.6 Table4.7 InfiltrationFeasibilityScreening CaptureandUseFeasibilityScreening LandscapedAreaCategorization InfiltrationBMPDesignCriteria BiofiltrationBMPDesignCriteria SwaleBaseWidthandLength(PerUnitCatchmentArea) CheckDamSpacingRequirementsforSwales
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure3.1 Figure3.2 Figure3.3
SmallScaleResidentialBMPSchematic RequirementsforResidentialDevelopmentof4UnitsorLess RequirementsforAllOtherDevelopments
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATION ASCE BMP BOE BOS CGPL CEQA CZARA C&A DCP DPW EAF EIR EPA ESA ETWU CGPL HC LADBS LID MAWA MEP MND MS4 NPDES O&G O&M PCIS RGO RWQCB SIC SOR SWRCB SUSMP ULARA ULARWM WEF WPD AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers BestManagementPractices BureauofEngineering BureauofSanitation CaliforniaGeneralPlanLaw CaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityAct CoastalZoneActReauthorizationAmendmentsof1990 CovenantandAgreement LosAngelesDepartmentofCityPlanning LosAngelesDepartmentofPublicWorks EnvironmentalAssessmentForm EnvironmentalImpactReport UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency EnvironmentallySensitiveArea EstimatedTotalWaterUse CaliforniaGeneralPlanLaw Hydrocarbons LosAngelesDepartmentofBuildingandSafety LowImpactDevelopment MaximumAppliedWaterAllowance MaximumExtentPracticable(statutorystandard) MitigatedNegativeDeclaration MunicipalSeparateStormSewerSystems NationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem OilandGrease OperationandMaintenance PlanCheckandInspectionSystem RetailGasolineOutlets LosAngelesRegionalWaterQualityControlBoard StandardIndustrialClassification StormwaterObservationReport StateWaterResourcesControlBoard(California) StandardUrbanStormwaterMitigationPlan UpperLosAngelesRiverArea UpperLosAngelesRiverAreaWatermaster WaterEnvironmentFederation WatershedProtectionDivision
Section 1: Introduction |1
SECTION1:INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Urban runoff discharged from municipal storm drain systems has been identified by local, regional,andnationalresearchprogramsasoneoftheprincipalcausesofwaterqualityimpacts in most urban areas. Urban runoff potentiallycontains a host of pollutants such as trash and debris,bacteriaandviruses,oilandgrease,sediments,nutrients,metals,andtoxicchemicals. These contaminants can adversely affect receiving and coastal waters, associated biota, and public health. An epidemiological study by the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project was conducted to investigate possible health effects of swimming in Santa Monica Bay. Study resultsindicatedthatindividualsswimmingnearflowingstormdrainoutletshaveagreaterrisk ofdevelopingvarioussymptomsofillnessescomparedtothoseswimming400yardsawayfrom the same drains. In addition, oil and grease from parking lots, leaking petroleum or other hydrocarbon products, leachate from storage tanks, pesticides, cleaning solvents, and other toxic chemicals can contaminate stormwater and be transported downstream into water bodies and receiving waters. Fertilizer constituents from lawns and golf courses or leaking septictankscancausealgalblooms.Disturbancesofthesoilfromconstructioncanallowsilt to wash into storm channels and receiving waters, making them muddy, cloudy, and inhospitable to natural aquatic organisms. Heavy metals are toxic to aquatic organisms and manyartificialsurfacesoftheurbanenvironmentsuchasgalvanizedmetal,paint,orpreserved wood containing metals contribute to stormwater pollution as the surfaces corrode, flake, dissolve,ordecay. Land development and construction activities significantly alter drainage patterns and contribute pollutants to urban runoff primarily through erosion and removal or change of existing natural vegetation. When homes, shops, work places, recreational areas, roads, parkinglots,andstructuresarebuilt,increasedflowsaredischargedintolocalwaterways.As theamountofimpervioussurfaceincreases,waterthatoncepercolatedintothesoilnowflows overthelandsurface.Accordingly,increasesinimpervioussurfacescanincreasethefrequency andintensityofstormwaterflowsthroughawatershed.Flowfromrainstormsandotherwater uses wash rapidly across the impervious landscape, scouring the surface of various kinds of urban pollutants such as automotive fluids, cleaning solvents, toxic or hazardous chemicals, detergents, sediment, metals, bacteria, pesticides, oil and grease, and food wastes. These pollutants, unfiltered and unfettered, flow through stormwater infrastructure and ultimately contaminatereceivingwaters.
CITYOFLOSANGELESLOWIMPACTDEVELOPMENTBESTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESHANDBOOK
1.2 HANDBOOKPURPOSEANDSCOPE
Thepurposeofthishandbookistoassistdevelopersincomplyingwiththerequirementsofthe DevelopmentPlanningProgramregulationsoftheCitysStormwaterProgram.Thishandbook summarizestheCitysprojectreviewandpermittingprocess,identifiesstormwatermitigation measures,andreferencessourceandtreatmentcontrolBMPinformation.Itprovidesguidance forindividualsinvolvedinnewdevelopmentandredevelopmentprojects.Thetargetaudience forthishandbookincludesdevelopers,designers,contractors,homeowners,andCitystaffsthat are engaged in planchecking, permitting, and inspections related to land development activities. This handbook also contains the necessary forms and worksheets required to be completedbythedeveloperforapproval.
1.3 LEGALFRAMEWORK
With public concern growing over urban runoff and stormwater pollution, local, state, and federal agencies have devised plans to control and/or treat stormwaterrelated pollution beforeitreachesreceivingwaters. TheFederalCleanWaterActistheprincipalvehicleforcontrolofstormwaterpollution.Under theFederalCleanWaterAct,eachmunicipalitythroughoutthenationisissuedastormwater permit through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program. The primarygoalofeachpermitistostoppolluteddischargesfromenteringthestormdrainsystem and local receiving and coastal waters. In California, the NPDES stormwater permitting programisadministeredbytheStateWaterResourcesControlBoard(SWRCB)throughitsnine RegionalBoards. On July 5, 1996, the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Board or RWQCB)adoptedOrderNo.96054theNPDESStormwaterPermit(Permit)fortheCountyof LosAngelesandcitieswithin(NPDESNo.CAS614001). ThePermitwasissuedto LosAngeles County (Principal Permittee) and 84 cities (Permittees) to reduce pollutants discharged from theirMunicipalSeparateStormSewerSystems(MS4)totheMaximumExtentPracticable(MEP) statutorystandard.OnDecember13,2001,theRegionalBoardadoptedanewPermit(Order No.01182,NPDESPermitNo.CAS004001). The requirement to implement the Permit is based on federal and state statutes, including Section 402(p) of the Federal Clean Water Act, Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990, and the California Water Code. The Federal Clean Water Act amendments of 1987 established a framework for regulating stormwater discharges from municipal, industrial, and construction activities under the NPDES program. Theprimaryobjectivesofthestormwaterprogramrequirementsareto:
Effectivelyprohibitnonstormwaterdischarges,and Reduce the discharge of pollutants from stormwater conveyance systems to the MEP statutorystandard.
Based on the Permit issued by the Regional Board, the County and its copermittees are requiredtodevelopandimplementanumberofstormwatermanagementprogramsdesigned to reduce pollutants in stormwater and urban runoff. These programs are the Public Information and Participation Program, Industrial/Commercial Facilities Program, Illicit Connections and Illicit Discharges Elimination Program, Development Planning Program, DevelopmentConstructionProgram,PublicAgencyActivitiesProgram,andtheMonitoringand ReportingProgram. Oneoftheseprograms,theDevelopmentPlanningProgram,focusesonpreventingpollutants that could be generated from new development and redevelopment projects from reaching stormwater conveyance systems and receiving waters. Under this program, the RWQCB developed requirements for the Standard Urban Stormwater Mitigation Plan (SUSMP) which requiresspecificdevelopmentandredevelopmentcategoriestomanagestormwaterrunoff.In 2002,theCityofLosAngelesimplementedtheSUSMPprogramrequiringalltheaffectedland developmentprojectstocaptureortreatstormwaterrunoff. Arelativelyrecentstormwatermanagementapproachaimedatachievingthisgoalistheuseof LowImpactDevelopment(LID).Overthepast10years,LIDpracticeshavereceivedincreased attention and implementation, becoming a leading practice for stormwater management. In recognitionofthis,recentactionsbytheRWQCB,SWRCB,andUSEPAhaveprioritizedtheuse of LID as the preferred approach to stormwater management, including for the purpose of waterqualitycompliance. LID is a stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increases in runoffandstormwaterpollutionasclosetoitssourceaspossible.LIDcomprisesasetofsite design approaches and Best Management Practices (BMPs) that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration, evapotranspiration, and use of stormwater. These LID practices can effectivelyremovenutrients,bacteria,andmetalsfromstormwaterwhilereducingthevolume and intensity of stormwater flows. With respect to urban development and redevelopment projects,itcanbeappliedonsitetomimicthesitespredevelopmentdrainagecharacteristics. Through the use of various infiltration techniques, LID is geared towards minimizing surface area that produces large amounts of runoff and does not allow water to infiltrate into the ground. Where infiltration is infeasible, the use of bioretention, rain gardens, vegetated rooftops,andrainbarrelsthatwillstore,evaporate,detain,and/ortreatrunoffcanbeused.
InNovember2011,theCityadoptedtheStormwaterLIDOrdinance(Ordinance#181899)with thestatedpurposeof: Requiring the use of LID standards and practices in future developments and redevelopmentstoencouragethebeneficialuseofrainwaterandurbanrunoff; Reducingstormwater/urbanrunoffwhileimprovingwaterquality; Promotingrainwaterharvesting; Reducingoffsiterunoffandprovidingincreasedgroundwaterrecharge; Reducingerosionandhydrologicimpactsdownstream;and
Enhancingtherecreationalandaestheticvaluesinourcommunities. InadditiontoSUSMPtheCityinstitutionalizedtheuseofLIDtechniquesfordevelopmentand redevelopment projects. Subsequent to the adoption of the Stormwater LID Ordinance, this handbook has been amended to require stormwater mitigation for a much larger number of developmentprojects. InadditiontotheSUSMPandLIDprovisions,otherprogramsdealingwithstormwaterpollution include the State of California General Plan Law (CGPL) for Municipalities and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The California CGPL and CEQA provide a basis for municipalitiestoreviewandcommentonallprojectswithintheirjurisdiction.UndertheCGPL, municipalitiesarerequiredtodeveloppoliciesandregulationsthatguidedevelopmentwithin themunicipality.Eachdevelopmentprojectisreviewedforconformancewiththesepolicies. Under CEQA, projects are also subject to review and comment for potential adverse environmentalimpacts,includingimpactsfromstormwaterdischarges.
1.4 DEVELOPMENTPLANNINGPROGRAM
TheDevelopmentPlanningProgramis,in orderofpriority,comprisedofaLIDPlan,and/or a Standard Urban Stormwater Mitigation Plan (SUSMP), and/or a Site Specific Mitigation Plan. This handbook provides guidance for compliance with the LID, SUSMP, and Site Specific Mitigation Plan requirements. Project applicants will be required to incorporate stormwater mitigation measures into their design plans and submit the plans to the City for review and approvalasdescribedinSection2.
1.4.1 LowImpactDevelopmentPlan
Adopted by the City of Los Angeles on November 14, 2011, the Stormwater LID Ordinance requiresstormwatermitigationforamuchlargernumberofdevelopmentandredevelopment projects than was previously required under SUSMP. Prior to the implementation of the LID
Ordinance,theCitysSUSMPprogramrequiredonlyspecificdevelopmentandredevelopment categories to incorporate stormwater BMPs. The Stormwater LID Ordinance has expanded these categories to include all development and redevelopment projects that create, add, or replace500squarefeetormoreofimperviousarea. TheStormwaterLIDOrdinanceappliestoalldevelopmentandredevelopmentintheCityofLos AngelesthatrequiresbuildingpermitswithintheCityaftertheordinanceeffectivedateexcept forthefollowing: A development or redevelopment that only creates, adds, or replaces less than 500 squarefeetofimperviousarea;

A development or redevelopment involving only emergency construction activity requiredtoimmediatelyprotectpublichealthandsafety; Infrastructureprojectswithinthepublicrightofway; A development or redevelopment involving only activity related to gas, water, cable, or electricityservicesonprivateproperty; Adevelopmentorredevelopmentinvolvingonlyrestripingofpermittedparkinglots; A project involving only exterior movie and television production sets, or facades on existingdevelopedsite.
1.4.2 StandardUrbanStormwaterMitigationPlan(SUSMP)
TheSUSMPwasadoptedbytheRegionalBoardonMarch8,2000underResolutionNo.R00 02, and was further amended by the SWRCB on October 5, 2000 under State Water Board OrderWQ200011.TheSUSMPwasdevelopedaspartofthemunicipalstormwaterprogram toaddressstormwaterpollutionfromnewdevelopmentandredevelopmentprojects. TheNPDESPermitcitesthecategoriesofnewdevelopmentandredevelopmentprojectsthat require stormwater mitigation measures and outlines the necessary BMPs applicable to each category.ThefollowingprojectcategoriesrequireaSUSMP: 1. Singlefamilyhillsideresidentialdevelopments1 2. Housing developments (including singlefamily homes, multifamily homes, condominiums,andapartments)oftenormoreunits
1SinglefamilyhillsidedevelopmentslessthanoneacreexcludedfromthenumericalStructuralandTreatment ControlBMPdesignstandardrequirements.
3. Industrial/Commercial2developmentsofoneacreormoreofimpervioussurfacearea 4. Automotiveservicefacilities(SIC5013,5014,5541,75327534,and75367539) 5. Retailgasolineoutlets 6. Restaurants(SIC5812) 7. Parking lots with 5,000 square feet or more of surface area, including accessory driveways,orwith25ormoreparkingspaces 8. Projectslocatedin,adjacentto,ordischargingdirectlytoadesignatedEnvironmentally SensitiveArea(ESA)
1.4.3 SiteSpecificMitigationPlan
Newdevelopmentand/orredevelopmentprojectsnotrequiringaLIDorSUSMPbutwhichmay potentially have adverse impacts on stormwater quality must incorporate a Site Specific Mitigationplantomitigatestormwaterpollution.Suchprojectsmayhave,butarenotlimited to,oneormoreofthefollowingcharacteristics: 1. Vehicleorequipmentfuelingareas 2. Vehicleorequipmentmaintenanceareas,includingwashingandrepair 3. Commercialorindustrialwastehandlingorstorage 4. Outdoorhandlingorstorageofhazardousmaterials 5. Outdoormanufacturingareas 6. Outdoorfoodhandlingorprocessing 7. Outdooranimalcare,confinement,orslaughter 8. Outdoorhorticultureactivities 9. Majortransportationprojects ProjectswithoneormoreoftheabovecharacteristicsoranyprojectthatissubjecttotheSite Specific Mitigation requirement will be required to incorporate appropriate stormwater mitigationmeasuresorapplyeitherLIDorSUSMPtosatisfystormwaterrequirements.
2 Industrial/Commercial Facility: any facility involved and/or used in the production, manufacturing, storage, transportation,distribution,exchangeorsaleofgoodsand/orcommodities,andanyfacilityinvolvedand/orused inprovidingprofessionalandnonprofessionalservices.Thiscategoryoffacilitiesincludes,butisnotlimitedto, anyfacilitydefinedbytheStandardIndustrialClassifications(SIC).
Section2:ProjectReviewandPermittingProcess|7
SECTION2:PROJECTREVIEWANDPERMITTING PROCESS
2.1 PLANAPPROVALPROCESS
Therequirementtoincorporatestormwaterpollutioncontrolmeasuresintothedesignplansof newdevelopmentandredevelopmentprojectsinordertomitigatestormwaterqualityimpacts is implemented through the Citys plan review and approval process. During the review process, the plans will be reviewed for compliance with the Citys General Plans, zoning ordinances, and other applicable local ordinances and codes, including stormwater requirements. Plans and specifications will be reviewed to ensure that the appropriate BMPs are incorporated to address stormwater pollution prevention goals. The reviewer will also determineifprojectdesignsneedtobemodifiedtoaddressstormwaterpollutionprevention objectives. NewdevelopmentandredevelopmentprojectsaremainlyprocessedthroughDCPandLADBS. Entitlement approvals are processed by DCP and these projects require discretionary action. Building/GradingPermitapprovalsareprocessedbyLADBS.
2.1.1 DepartmentofCityPlanningProcess
ThePermitrequirementsareincorporatedintotheCEQAprocessfordiscretionaryprojects.The CGPLandCEQAprovideabasisformunicipalitiestoreviewandcommentonallprojectswithin their jurisdiction. Under the CGPL, municipalities are required to develop policies and regulationsthatguidedevelopmentswithintheirmunicipalities.Eachdevelopmentprojectis thenreviewedforconformancewiththesepolicies.UnderCEQA,projectsarealsosubjectto review for any adverse impacts the projects may have on the environment, including those impactsfromstormwaterdischarges.Theseprojecttypes(e.g.,zonevariances,conditionaluse permits,planamendments,siteplanreviews,etc.)areconsidereddiscretionaryreviewprojects requiring review by an elected or appointed decisionmaking body. Mitigation measures for stormwater quality impacts (such as stormwater BMPs) will be incorporated into the project duringenvironmentalandprojectreviews.Theprojectwillbereviewedtoensurethatrequired stormwater BMPs are included. Planning approvals for discretionary projects will not be granteduntilstormwatermitigationmeasuresareincorporatedintotheprojectplans. All applications for DCPs discretionary decisions are required to be accompanied by an environmentalclearance(e.g.,CategoricalExemption,NegativeDeclaration,MitigatedNegative Declaration, or Environmental Impact Report). When an applicant files an application for a discretionary project, DCP staff at the public counter will determine whether the project qualifiesforanexemptionfromCEQA.Iftheprojectisnotexemptandcouldpossiblyhavea significantimpact,theapplicantfilesanEnvironmentalAssessmentForm(EAF).
The DCP Environmental Review Section prepares the Initial Study and Checklist. DCP will indicate if the project will impact water absorption rates, drainage patterns, urban runoff or otherwaterqualityissues.Ifnosignificanteffectupontheenvironmentisfound,aNegative Declaration will be issued for the project. If mitigation measures are needed, a Mitigated NegativeDeclaration(MND)isissuedfortheproject,oranEnvironmentalImpactReport(EIR)is required.Stormwatermitigationmeasures(asshowninAppendixB)willbeaddedtotheMND ortheEIRforthedecisionmakertoimposeasconditions. Theprojectapplicantmustincorporatestormwaterpollutioncontrolmeasuresintothedesign plans and submit these plans to the Department of Public Works, Bureau of Sanitation, Watershed Protection Division (WPD) for review and approval. See Appendix C for contact information.Uponsatisfactionthatallstormwaterrequirementshavebeenmet,WPDstaffwill stamp the plan approved. Following approval by DCP, building/grading permits are obtained fromLADBS.
2.1.2 DepartmentofBuildingandSafetyProcess
Applicants must submit design plans to LADBS personnel for review and approval prior to issuance of building/grading permits. LADBS personnel determine if the project requires stormwatermitigationmeasuresandreferapplicableprojectstoWPDforreviewandapproval. LADBS issues the applicant a Clearance Worksheet that identifies all of the outstanding approvalsfromCityagencies.Abuilding/gradingpermitwillbeissuedonceallcorrectionshave beencompletedandclearancesareobtained,includingforstormwaterrequirements. Outlinedbelowaresomeguidelinesforprojectapplicantstofollowinsubmittingdesignplans forreviewandapproval. StepOne- Submitdesignplans The project applicant submits the design plans to LADBS. During the plan review process, LADBSwillreferprojectsneedingdiscretionaryactiontoDCPforadditionalprocessing. StepTwoDefinetheprojectcategory Theplancheckengineerwillreviewthedesignplansanddetermineiftheprojectissubjectto theLIDprovisions,fallsunderanyoftheSUSMPcategoriesormeetsanyofthecharacteristics identifiedunderSiteSpecificMitigation.IftheprojectissubjecttoLIDprovisions,fallsunder anyoftheSUSMPcategoriesormeetsanyofthecharacteristicsidentifiedunderSiteSpecific MitigationtheplancheckengineerwillrefertheapplicanttoWPD.
StepThreeIssueBuildingand/orGradingPermit Once all items on the Clearances Worksheet have been completed, including stormwater requirements imposed by WPD, the plan check engineer issues the Building and/or Grading Permit.
2.1.3 DepartmentofPublicWorks/BureauofSanitationProcess
ToensurecompliancewithallCityCodes,itisrecommendedthatthearchitect,civilengineer, plumbing engineer, and/or landscape architect coordinate at the early stage of the project design. Also WPD planchecking staff is available for consultation regarding the applicable requirementsbasedontheprojectconcept. StepOneIdentifyappropriateBMPs Identify, evaluate, and incorporate into the plan documents the appropriate BMPs for the projectcategorieslistedinSection3.1(LID),Section3.2(SUSMP),orSection3.3(SiteSpecific Mitigation)ofthishandbook,whicheverisapplicable. Toassisttheresidentsinsmallscaleresidentialdevelopment/redevelopmentprojects(4units orless)AppendixEcontainsprescriptivemethodsdetailingBMPstobeincorporatedintothe design plans. The advantage of the prescriptive methods is they were developed as pre approved designs. Use of prescriptive methods for these types of project categories will dramaticallyreduceplanpreparationandreviewtime. Approval for development projects and building/grading permits will not be granted/issued until appropriate and applicable stormwater BMPs are incorporated into the project design plans.Also,aplumbingpermitfromLADBSwillberequiredforcertaintreatmentcontrolBMPs such as grease traps, sump pumps, and clarifiers. For all projects other than small scale residentialdevelopments(4unitsorless),ifaninfiltrationBMPischosenfortreatmentcontrol, asoilsreporttoaddressthefeasibilityofinfiltrationwillberequiredtobesubmittedwiththe planforreviewandapproval. StepTwoSubmitLID,SUSMP,and/orSiteSpecificMitigationplanstoWPDforreview Forfirstreview,thefollowingisalistoftheminimumsubmittalrequirementsforSmallScale ResidentialDevelopments(4unitsorless): One(1)setsoffullplans(plot,elevation,utility,mechanical,plumbing,architectural, andlandscapeplans). Plansmustincludeatleastthefollowing:
Location,size,andcapacityofallBMPsonplans
Landscapingareas Draft Covenant & Agreement (C&A) Form (Appendix D) with an Operation & MaintenancePlanasdiscussedinSection2.3.
For first review, the following is a list of the minimum submittal requirement for all other projects: One (1) set of grading and/or site plans (may need plumbing, architectural, and landscapeplans). Plansmustbewetstampedandsignedbyanengineerorarchitect. Plansmustinclude,butnotlimitedto,atleastthefollowing: LocationofallBMPsonplans,includingelevationsanddrainagepatterns. DetaileddrawingsofallBMPs,includingmodel,size,andcapacity Stencilingnoteand/ordetail Trashenclosurelocationanddetails Landscapingareas
Flowcalculationsidentifyingflowrateorvolumeofstormwaterrunoffthatmustbe treated(seeAppendixF).Submitthemanufacturersproductspecificationstoverify thattheselectedBMPmodelcanadequatelyhandlethedesignflowrate. Draft Covenant & Agreement (C&A) Form (Appendix D) with an Operation & MaintenancePlanasdiscussedinSection2.3
StepThreeWPDApproval WPDplancheckingstaffwillreviewthesubmitteddocumentsandidentifycorrections.Onceall LID/SUSMP/SiteSpecificMitigationrequirementshavebeenmet,WPDstaffwillstampfour(4) setsoftheapprovedplans,signtheapplicantsclearanceworksheet,andcleartheprojectin theLADBSplanchecktrackingsystem,knownasthePlanCheckandInspectionSystem(PCIS).
Section2:ProjectReviewandPermittingProcess|11 2.2 INSPECTIONPROCESS
ToensurethatallstormwaterrelatedBMPsareconstructedand/orinstalledinaccordancewith the approved LID, SUSMP, Site Specific Mitigation Plan the City requires a Stormwater ObservationReport(SOR)tobesubmittedtotheCitypriortotheissuanceoftheCertificateof Occupancy. All projects reviewed and approved will require a SOR which shall be prepared, signed, and stampedbytheengineerofrecord(forexample,aCalifornialicensedcivilengineer,architect, contractor or qualified professional) responsible for the approved LID/SUSMP/Site Specific MitigationPlan,certifyingthat: 1. He/she is the engineer or architect responsible for the approved LID/SUSMP/Site SpecificMitigationPlanand 2. He/she or the designated staff under his/her responsible charge has performed the requiredsitevisitsateachsignificantconstructionstageandatcompletiontoverifythat the BMPs shown on the approved plan have been constructed and installed in accordancewiththeapprovedLID/SUSMP/SiteSpecificMitigationPlan. AnoriginalSORneedstobesubmittedandnotaphotocopy.TheCertificateofOccupancywill beissuedbyLADBSafterallrequiredclearancesareobtained,includingtheonebyWPDplan checkingstaff.Atthatstagetheprojecthasbeendetermined,throughthenormalinspection process, to be built in accordance with the approved plan, including the construction and/or installation of appropriate stormwaterrelated BMPs and the project has been determined to complywithallapplicablecodes,ordinances,andotherlaws.
2.3
BMPMAINTENANCE
A Covenant and Agreement (C&A) document shall be submitted, along with the design plans showingtheprojectsstormwatermeasures,duringtheplanreviewandapprovalprocess,and mustbesignedbythelegalownerorauthorizedagentoftheproperty.TheC&Ashallalsobe recordedwiththeCountyRecorder.TheCitywillwithholdthegradingand/orbuildingpermit forthedevelopmentapplicationuntilthisrequirementissatisfied.AsampleformoftheC&Ais providedinAppendixD. Maintenanceiscrucialforproperandcontinuousoperation,effectiveness,andefficiencyofa structuralortreatmentcontrolBMP.Thecostoflongtermmaintenanceshouldbeevaluated during the BMP selection process. By signing a maintenance form, the legal property owner affirmshe/shewillperformregularandlongtermmaintenanceofallBMPsinstalledonsite.For residential properties where the structural or treatment control BMPs are located within a common area and will be maintained by a homeowners association, language regarding the
responsibility for maintenance must be included in the projects conditions, covenants and restrictions(CC&Rs).TheC&Aisboundtothepropertyandtransferstothenewownerwith anysubsequentsaleoftheproperty.Itshouldbenotedthatanoriginalcopyoftheletterof authorityshouldbesubmittedforindividualssigningtheC&Aformthatarenottheproperty owners.AttachedtotheC&AwillbeanOperationandMaintenance(O&M)Plan(seeAppendix Dforasample)describingtheBMPoperationandmaintenanceprocedures,employeetraining programandduties,operatingschedule,maintenancefrequency,routineserviceschedule,and other activities. A maintenancelog shall be maintained at the facilityto document all of the activitiesmentionedabove.ThesedocumentsmaybeinspectedbytheCityofLosAngelesat anytimeandshallbemadeavailabletotheCityuponrequest.
2.4
MUNICIPALPROJECTS
StormwatermitigationmeasuresarerequiredforallprojectssubjecttotheLID,SUSMP,orSite SpecificMitigationPlan.CityprojectsthatwillbeprocessedthroughDCPand/orLADBSwillbe subject to the review and approval process described in Section 2.1. For other City projects thatdonotundergotheplanreviewandapprovalprocesswithDCPand/orLADBS,thepublic agency must use this handbook to incorporate the required stormwater mitigation measures intotheirprojects. Public agency projects other than from the City of Los Angeles, such as State of California, CountyofLosAngeles,theMetropolitanTransitAuthoritythataresubjecttotheSUSMPorSite SpecificMitigationandrequireapermitfromtheCityofLosAngelesarerequiredtoimplement stormwatermitigation measures. In addition nonroadway transportation projects that meet thethresholdsforLID/SUSMPcategoriesarealsorequiredtoimplementstormwatermitigation measures.Examplesofsuchprojectsincludetheraillinesandstations,airportrunways,and busways. Such projects must incorporate stormwater BMPs into their design plans and specifications,whichmustbesubmittedtoWPDforreviewandapproval.
Section3:StormwaterManagementMeasures|13
SECTION3:STORMWATERMANAGEMENTMEASURES
3.1 LOWIMPACTDEVELOPMENT(LID)PLAN
Project applicants for all developments and redevelopments will be required to incorporate stormwater mitigation measures into their design plans and submit the plans to the City for review and approval. The design plans will be subjected to a review process as indicated in Section2,priortotheissuanceofapprovalsforbuildingand/orgradingpermits. Projectsthatarepartofalargercommonplanofdevelopmentinvolvingfiveunitsormorewill besubjecttotherequirementsforAllOtherDevelopment,assetforthinSection3.1.2.This includesprojectsthataresubjecttoonecommongradingpermitandprojectsthathavephased schedulesorareintendedtobesectionedoffforsaletoindividualhomeowners. Projectapplicantsforalldevelopmentsandredevelopmentswillalsoberequiredincorporate thefollowingperformancemeasuresandpracticesintotheirdesignplans. PeakStormwaterRunoffDischargeRates Newdevelopmentand/orredevelopmentprojectsthatdraintonaturaldrainagesystemsina small part of the Upper Los Angeles watershed shall control postdevelopment peak storm water runoff discharge rates, velocities, and duration (peak flow control) to mimic pre development hydrology and to prevent accelerated stream erosion and to protect stream habitat. These controls should be consistent with the Hydromodification Control Plan developedbytheCountyofLosAngeles,DepartmentofPublicWorks. ConserveNaturalAreas Each project site possesses unique topographic, hydrologic and vegetative features, some of which are more suitable for development than others. Locating development on the least sensitiveportionofasiteandconservingnaturallyvegetatedareascanminimizeenvironmental impactsingeneralandstormwaterrunoffimpactsinparticular. Ifapplicableandfeasibleforthegivensiteconditions,thefollowingmeasuresarerequiredand shouldbeincludedintheprojectsitelayout:
1. Concentrate or cluster improvements on the leastsensitive portions of the site, while leavingtheremaininglandinanaturalundisturbedstate; 2. Limitclearingandgradingofnativevegetationatthesitetotheminimumareaneeded tobuildthehome,allowaccess,andprovidefireprotection; 3. Maximize trees and other vegetation at the site by planting additional vegetation, clusteringtreeareas,andpromotingtheuseofnativeand/ordroughttolerantplants; and 4. Preserveriparianareasandwetlands.
ProtectSlopesandChannels Erosion of slopes and channels can be a major source of sediment and associated pollutants, suchasnutrients,ifnotproperlyprotectedandstabilized. Slopeprotectionpracticesmustconformtodesignrequirementsorstandardssetforthbylocal permitting agency erosion and sediment control standards and design standards. The post construction design criteria described below are intended to enhance and be consistent with theselocalstandards. 1. Slopes must be protected from erosion by safely conveying runoff from the tops of slopes.
2.
Slopes must be vegetated with first consideration given to native or droughttolerant species.
The following measures should be implemented to provide erosion protection to unlined receiving streams on the project site. Activities and structures must conform to applicable permitting requirements, standards and specifications of agencies with jurisdiction (e.g., U.S. ArmyCorpsofEngineers,CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandGame,orRWQCB).
1. Utilize natural drainage systems to the maximum extent practicable, but minimize runoffdischargetothemaximumextentpracticable. 2. Stabilizepermanentchannelcrossings. 3. Install energy dissipaters, such as rock riprap, at the outlets of storm drains, culverts, conduitsorchannelsthatdischargeintounlinedchannels. ProvideStormDrainSystemStencilingandSignage Storm drain message markers or placards are required at all storm drain inlets within the boundary of the project. The marker should be placed in clear sight facing toward anyone approachingtheinletfromeitherside.Allstormdraininletlocationsmustbeidentifiedonthe developmentsitemap. Some local agencies within the City have approved storm drain message placards for use. Consult local permitting agency stormwater staff to determine specific requirements for placardtypesandmethodsofapplication.
3.1.1 EnvironmentallySensitiveAreas(ESAs)
Developmentandredevelopmentprojectsthataregreaterthanorequalto1acreorgreater than or equal to 2,500 square feet and within an ESA, shall comply with the standards and requirementsofSection3.1.3AllOtherDevelopments.
3.1.2 SMALLSCALERESIDENTIALDEVELOPMENTPROJECTS(4UNITSANDLESS)
Smallscaleresidentialprojectsincludeallprojectsthatincreaseimperviousareabymorethan 500squarefeet(i.e.,residentialdevelopmentof4unitsorlessandallotherdevelopmentsthat arenotsubjecttoSection1.4.2).Themajorityoftheseprojectsarenotrequiredtocomplete formalhydrologicanalysisorobtainapprovalfromtheUpperLosAngelesRiverArea(ULARA) Watermaster. The basic objectives for these projects include reducing a sites impervious surfaces, improving a sites ability to infiltrate stormwater, conserving stormwater runoff for otheronsitewaterdemanduses,andreducingnegativeimpactsdownstream. REQUIREMENTS: i. Developmentorredevelopmentlessthan1acreshallimplementadequatelysizedLID BMPalternativesasdefinedandlistedinAppendixE;or ii. Development or redevelopment that are one acre or larger, the development shall complywiththestandardsandrequirementsofSection3.1.3AllOtherDevelopments. BESTMANAGEMENTPRACTICES(BMPS): UponfilinganapplicationforaBuildingPermitwithLADBS,aseparateplotplanidentifyingthe LIDBMPsthatareused(includingsize)anddrainageareatributarytoeachBMPshallbeshown inaccordancewiththeprescriptivemethods. ThefollowingLIDBMPshavebeenestablishedasprescriptiveLIDimprovementfeaturestobe employed on a qualifying small scale project. These BMPs are presented in the form of Fact SheetsinAppendixEwiththeintentofprovidingselfcontainedBMPbackgroundcontextand sizing requirements to facilitate a permit applicant to follow and comply with the City of Los Angeles Stormwater LID Ordinance. Applicants may choose from one or more of the prescriptiveBMPstocomplywiththeordinance. TheprescriptivespecificsmallscalesBMPsincludethefollowing: 1. RainBarrels&SmallCisterns 2. PermeablePavements(orPorousPavementSystems) 3. PlanterBoxes 4. RainGardens 5. DryWells Figure3.1demonstratestheuseofallfiveofthesesmallscaleresidentialBMPsataresidence.
Figure3.1SmallScaleResidentialBMPSchematic
3.1.3 ALLOTHERDEVELOPMENTS
Any new development or redevelopment project that does not meet the requirements of Section3.1.2SmallScaleResidentialDevelopmentProjects,shallcomplywiththissection. ALIDPlanshallbepreparedtocomplywiththefollowing: 1. Stormwater runoff willbe infiltrated, evapotranspired, captured and used, and/ortreated through high removal efficiency Best Management Practices onsite, through stormwater managementtechniquesasidentifiedinSection4.1.Theonsitestormwatermanagement techniques must be properly sized, at a minimum, to infiltrate, evapotranspire, store for use, and/or treat through a high removal efficiency biofiltration/biotreatment system, withoutanystormwaterrunoffleavingthesitetothemaximumextentfeasible,foratleast thevolumeofwaterproducedbythewaterqualitydesignstormeventthatresultsfrom: i. The 85th percentile 24hour runoff event determined as the maximized capture stormwater volume for the area using a 48 to 72hour drawdown time, from the formularecommendedinUrbanRunoffQualityManagement,WEFManualofPractice No.23/ASCEManualofPracticeNo.87,(1998);or
ii. The volume of annual runoff based on unit basin storage water quality volume, to achieve 80 percent or more volume treatment by the method recommended in the California Stormwater Best Management Practices Handbook Industrial/Commercial, (2003);or iii. Thevolumeofrunoffproducedfroma0.75inchstormevent. 2. Pollutantsshallbepreventedfromleavingthedevelopmentsiteforawaterqualitydesign storm event as defined above unless it has been treated through an onsite high removal efficiencybiofiltration/biotreatmentsystem. 3. Hydromodificationimpactsshallbeminimizedtonaturaldrainagesystems. REQUIREMENTS: Allotherdevelopments(residentialdevelopmentsof5unitsormoreandnonresidential developments)shalladheretothefollowingrequirements: 1. For new development or where redevelopment results in an alteration of at least fifty percent or more of the impervious surfaces of an existing developed site, the entire site shallcomplywiththestandardsandrequirementsofSection3.1.3;or
2. Where the redevelopment results in an alteration of less than fifty percent of the impervioussurfacesofanexistingdevelopedsite,onlysuchincrementaldevelopmentshall complywiththestandardsandrequirementsofSection3.1.3. Ifpartialorcompleteonsitecomplianceofanytypeistechnicallyinfeasible,theprojectSiteand LID Plan shall be required to comply with, at a minimum, all applicable SUSMP requirements (AppendixG)inordertomaximizeonsitecompliance.Anyremainingrunoffthatcannotfeasibly be managed onsite must be mitigated under the Offsite Mitigation Option. Figure 3.2 is a schematic which depicts the design requirements for small scale residential projects, while Figure3.3depictsthedesignrequirementsforallotherdevelopments.
Figure3.2RequirementsforResidentialDevelopmentof4UnitsorLess
Figure3.3RequirementsforAllOtherDevelopment
Section3:StormwaterManagementMeasures|21 3.2 STANDARDURBANSTORMWATERMITIGATIONPLAN(SUSMP)
AnyprojectthatcannotcomplywiththeLIDrequirementsinSection3.1shallberequiredto comply with, at a minimum, all applicable SUSMP requirements (Appendix G) in order to maximizeonsitecompliance. Project applicants will be required to incorporate stormwater mitigation measures into their designplansandsubmittheplanstotheCityforreviewandapproval.Thedesignplanswillbe subjectedtoareviewprocessasindicatedinSection2,priortotheissuanceofapprovalsfor buildingand/orgradingpermits.
3.3
SITESPECIFICMITIGATION
Site Specific project applicants will be required to submit to the City a design plan that incorporates appropriate stormwater mitigation measures and details the source and treatmentcontrolBMPs,andmustalsosubmittheO&MplanforthetreatmentcontrolBMPs. All maintenanceagreements should refer theCovenant and Agreement forms inAppendix D. ThedesignplanswillbesubjecttothereviewandapprovalprocessdescribedinSection2,prior totheissuanceofbuildingorgradingpermits.
3.4
SOURCECONTROLMEASURES
Source control measures are lowtechnology practices designed to prevent pollutants from contacting stormwater runoff or to prevent discharge of contaminated runoff to the storm drainage system. This section addresses sitespecific source control measures consisting of specificdesignfeaturesorelements.Thesecontrolmeasureshavebeendevelopedforspecific typesofsitesoractivitiesthathavebeenidentifiedaspotentialsignificantsourcesofpollutants in stormwater. Each of the measures specified in this section should be implemented in conjunction with any other operational source control measure such as good housekeeping, andemployeetrainingtooptimizepollutionprevention. The measures addressed in this section apply to both stormwater and nonstormwater discharges. Nonstormwater discharges are the discharge of any substance, such as process wastewater, to the storm drainage system or water body that is not composed entirely of stormwater. Stormwater that is mixed or commingled with other nonstormwater flows is considered nonstormwater. Discharges of stormwater and nonstormwater to the storm drainagesystemorawaterbodymaybesubjecttolocal,state,orfederalpermittingpriorto discharge. The appropriate agency should be contacted prior to any discharge. Discuss the matterwiththestormwaterstaffifyouareuncertainastowhichagencyshouldbecontacted. Some of the measures presented in this section require connection to the sanitary sewer system. Connection and discharge to the sanitary sewer system without prior approval or obtaining the required permits is prohibited. Contact the WPD staff to obtain information
regarding obtaining sanitary sewer permits from the appropriate City office. Discharges of certain types of flows to the sanitary sewer system may be cost prohibitive and may not be allowed.ThedesignerisurgedtocontacttheappropriateCityofficespriortocompletingsite andequipmentdesignofthefacility. Sitespecificsourcecontrolmeasuresandassociateddesignfeaturesspecifiedforvarioussites andactivitiesaresummarizedinTable3.1.FactSheetsarepresentedinAppendixHforeach sourcecontrolmeasure.ThesesheetsincludedesigncriteriaestablishedbytheCitytoensure effective implementation of the required measures. Finally the CEQA Mitigation Measures listed in Appendix B includes a number of additional source control measures that should be implemented. The source control measures and the site specific requirements that are discussed in this section should be incorporated in the design plans when appropriate. The C&A should also makeareferencetoanylongtermoperationalplanssuchasaStormwaterPollutionPrevention Plan(SWPPP)tocommitthefacilitytothesemeasures.
Table3.1:SummaryofSiteSpecificSourceControlMeasureDesignFeatures DESIGNFEATUREORELEMENT Grading/bermingtopreventrunon Surfacing(compatible,impervious)
Signs,placards,stencils
SiteSpecific Source Control Measure(a)
Storm Drain Message and X Signage(S1) OutdoorMaterialStorageArea X X X X X Design(S2) Outdoor Trash Storage and Waste Handling Area Design X X X X (S3) OutdoorLoading/Unloading X X X X DockAreaDesign(S4) OutdoorRepair/Maintenance X X X X X BayDesign(S5) OutdoorVehicle/Equipment/ X X X X X X AccessoryWashingArea Design(S6) FuelingAreaDesign(S7) X X X X X (a)RefertoFactSheetsinAppendixHfordetailedinformationanddesigncriteria.
EmergencyStormDrainSeal
Grading/bermingtoprovide secondarycontainment
Sanitarysewerconnection
Covers,screens
Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|24
SECTION4:BMPPRIORITIZATIONANDSELECTION
4.1 PRIORITIZATIONOFBMPSELECTION
BMPsshallbedesignedtomanageandcapturestormwaterrunoff.Infiltrationsystemsarethe firstprioritytypeofBMPimprovementsastheyprovideforpercolationandinfiltrationofthe stormwaterintotheground,whichnotonlyreducesthevolumeofstormwaterrunoffentering theMS4,butinsomecases,cancontributetogroundwaterrecharge.Ifstormwaterinfiltration isnotpossiblebasedononeormoreoftheprojectsiteconditionslistedbelow,thedeveloper shallutilizethenextpriorityBMP. The order of priority specified below shall apply to all projects categorized as all other developmentsinaccordancewithSection3.1.3.EachtypeofBMPshallbeimplementedtothe maximumextentfeasiblewhendeterminingtheappropriateBMPsforaproject. 1. InfiltrationSystems 2. StormwaterCaptureandUse 3. HighEfficiencyBiofiltration/BioretentionSystems 4. CombinationofAnyoftheAbove ForpurposesofcompliancewiththeLIDrequirements,andwithoutchangingthepriorityorder of design preferences as mentioned in this section, all runoff from the water quality design storm event, as determined in Section 3.1.3 above, that has been treated through an onsite highremovalefficiencybiofiltrationsystemshallbecreditedasequivalentto100%infiltration regardless of the runoff leaving the site from the onsite high removal efficiency biofiltration systemandthatrunoffvolumeshallnotbesubjecttotheoffsitemitigationrequirements. Ifpartialorcompleteonsitecomplianceofanytypeistechnicallyinfeasible,theprojectSiteand LIDPlanshallberequiredtocomplywith,ataminimum,allapplicableSUSMPrequirementsin ordertomaximizeonsitecompliance.Underthisoptionamechanical/hydrodynamicunitmay beused.Anyremainingrunoffthatcannotfeasiblybemanagedonsitemustbemitigatedunder theoffsitemitigationoption.
Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|25 4.2
INFILTRATIONFEASIBILITYSCREENING
The implementation of infiltration BMPs may be deemed infeasible at a project site due to existing site conditions. To assist in the determination of compliance feasibility, a categorical screeningofspecificsiteinformationshallbecarriedouttoassesssiteconditions. Thefirstcategoryofscreeningshallconsistof specificsiteconditions which,ifpresentatthe site, would deem the specified BMPtype feasible. The second category of screening shall consist of specific site conditions which, if present at the site, would deem the BMPtype potentially feasible. Project locations passing this screening category may still be able to utilizethescreenedcompliancemeasure,thoughtheimplementationofsuchameasuremay requiresupplementaryactions.Thethirdcategoryofscreeningshallconsistofsiteconditions which, if present at the site, would deem a specified BMPtype infeasible. This type of screeningcangenerallybecarriedoutinthepreplanningstageofaproject.Thesecategorical screenings must be verified by a sitespecific geotechnical investigation report and/or hydrologic analysis conducted and certified by a State of California registered professional geotechnicalengineerorgeologistandapprovedbyLADBS. To assist in the determination of site feasibility for infiltration BMPs, Table 4.1 has been created.
Category1Screening (Feasible) 1. UnderlyingGroundwater Depthofbottomofinfiltrationfacilityto seasonalhighgroundwateris>10ft SiteSoils Infiltrationrate(Ksat)is>0.5in/hr Geotechnicalhazards are not a potential nearthesite SiteSurroundings Buildingsorstructuresareatleast25ft awayfromthepotentialinfiltrationBMP Site is not located within the designated hillsidegradingarea. No continuous presence of dry weather flows 1.
Category2Screening (PotentiallyFeasible) UnderlyingGroundwater Depth from bottom of infiltration facility to seasonalhighgroundwateris10ft Unconfined aquifer is present with beneficial uses that may be impaired by infiltration. Full treatmentrequiredifthisisthecase Groundwater is known to be polluted. Infiltrationmustbedeterminedtobebeneficial SiteSoils Infiltration rate is 0.5 in/hr but potential connectivitytohigherKsatsoilsisfeasible Geotechnicalhazardssuchasliquefactionarea potentialnearthesite SiteSurroundings Buildingsorstructuresarewithin10to25ftof thepotentialinfiltrationBMP Highrisk areas such as service/gas stations, truck stops, and heavy industrial sites. Full treatmentisrequiredifthisisthecase,orhigh risk areas must be separate from stormwater runoffmingling 1.
Category3Screening (Infeasible) UnderlyingGroundwater Depth from bottom of infiltration facility to seasonalhighgroundwateris5ft Sites with soil and/or groundwater contamination** 2. SiteSoils Infiltration rate is 0.3 in/hr and connectivitytohigherKsatsoilsisinfeasible Building sites designated Landslide or Hillside Grading areas as specified by the Department of City Plannings Zone Information and Map Access System (ZIMAS) Geotechnical hazards such as liquefaction, collapsiblesoils,orexpansivesoilsexist 3. SiteSurroundings Siteislocatedonafillsite Site is located on or within 50 feet upgradientofasteepslope(20%orgreater) and has not been approved by a professional geotechnical engineer or geologist Ifanyoftheaboveboxesarechecked,asitespecific geotechnical investigation report and/or hydrologic analysis conducted and certified by a State of California registered professional geotechnical engineer or geologist shall be submitted to prove infiltrationpracticesarenotfeasible.*
2.
Description
3.
2.
3.
Ifalloftheaboveboxesarechecked,theyshallbe confirmed by a sitespecific geotechnical investigation report and/or hydrologic analysis conducted and certified by a State of California registered professional geotechnical engineer or geologist, verifying that infiltration BMPs are feasible at the site*. Otherwise, proceed to Category2screening.
Ifalloftheaboveboxesarechecked,orifcorresponding boxesinCategory1arecheckedincombinationwiththe above boxes, a sitespecific geotechnical investigation report and/or hydrologic analysis conducted and certified by a State of California registered professional geotechnicalengineerorgeologistshallbecarriedoutto approve infiltration measures*. Otherwise, proceed to Category3screening.
Instructions
Table4.1:InfiltrationFeasibilityScreening
*GeotechnicalReportsshallbeapprovedbyLADBSGradingDivision.SeeGeotechnicalReportRequirementsherein. **Thepresenceofsoiland/orgroundwatercontaminationand/orthepresenceofexistingorremovedundergroundstoragetanksshallbedocumented byCEQAorNEPAenvironmentalreports,approvedgeotechnicalreports,permitsonfilewiththeCity,orareviewoftheStateofCalifornias Geotrackerwebsite.
AssessingSiteInfiltrationFeasibility
AssessingasitespotentialforimplementationofLowImpactDevelopmentBestManagement Practices(LIDBMPs)andinfiltrationBMPsrequiresboththereviewofexistinginformationand the collection of sitespecific measurements. Available information regarding site layout and slope,soiltype,geotechnicalconditions,andlocalgroundwaterconditionsshouldbereviewed as discussed below. In addition, soil and infiltration testing is required to be conducted to determine if stormwater infiltration is feasible and to determine the appropriate design parametersfortheinfiltrationBMP. GeotechnicalConsiderationsandReportRequirements: AsdeterminedbytheCityofLosAngeles,DepartmentofBuildingandSafety,GradingDivision, ageotechnicalreportwillberequiredforprojectsthatwillincorporateinfiltrationaspartofthe drainage system. Geotechnical reports shall be signed by a professional Geotechnical or Civil EngineerlicensedintheStateofCaliforniaand/oraCertifiedEngineeringGeologist. Refer to Building & Safety information bulletin, Guidelines for Stormwater Infiltration for additionalinformation,AppendixI.
http://ladbs.org/LADBSWeb/LADBS_Forms/InformationBulletins/IBPBC2008118StormwaterInfiltn.pdf
SiteConditions Slope: The sites topography should be assessed to evaluate surface drainage, topographic high and lowpoints,andtoidentifythepresenceofsteepslopesthatqualifyashillsidelocations,allof which have an impact on what type of infiltration BMPs will be most beneficial for a given project site. Stormwater infiltration is more effective on level or gently sloping sites. On hillsides, infiltrated runoff may seep a short distance down slope, which could cause slope instabilitydependingonthesoilorgeologicconditions,orresultinnuisanceseepage.FigureE1 inAppendixEprovidesgeneralguidanceoftheCitywithslopesgreaterthan15%. SoilTypeandGeology: Thesitessoiltypesandgeologicconditionsshouldbedeterminedtoevaluatethesitesability to infiltrate stormwater and to identify suitable, as well as unsuitable locations for locating infiltrationbasedBMPs. Inaddition,availablegeologicorgeotechnicalreportsonlocalgeologyshouldbereviewedto identify relevant features such as depth to bedrock, rock type, lithology, faults, and hydrostratigraphic or confining units. These geologic investigations may also identify shallow
water tables and past groundwater issues that are important for BMP design (see below). FigureE5inAppendixEprovidesgeneralguidanceidentifyingpartsoftheCitythathavewell drainingsoilconditions. GroundwaterConsiderations: Thedepthtogroundwaterbeneaththeprojectduringthewetseasonmayprecludeinfiltration. A minimum of five feet of separation to the seasonal (December through April) high ground waterlevelandmoundedgroundwaterlevelisrequired.ForprojectslocatedintheUpperLos AngelesRiverArea,tenfeetofseparationisrequired. Infiltration on sites with contaminated soils or groundwater that could be mobilized or exacerbated by infiltration is not allowed, unless a sitespecific analysis determines the infiltrationwouldbebeneficial.Asitespecificanalysismaybeconductedwheregroundwater pollutant mobilization is a concern to allow for infiltrationbased BMPs. Areas with known groundwaterimpactsincludesiteslistedbytheRWQCBsLeakingUndergroundStorageTanks (LUST)programandSiteCleanupProgram(SCP).TheCaliforniaStateWaterResourcesControl Board maintains a database of registered contaminated sites through their Geotracker Program.Registeredcontaminatedsitescanbeidentifiedintheprojectvicinitywhenthesite addressistypedintothemapcleanupsitesfield.Mobilizationofgroundwatercontaminants may also be of concern where contamination from natural sources is prevalent (e.g., marine sediments, selenium rich groundwater, to the extent that data is available). Figure E3 in Appendix E provides general guidance identifying parts of the City that may be in areas of concern. UpperLosAngelesRiverWatermasterRequirements:
InfiltrationprojectslocatedintheUpperLosAngelesRiverArea(ULARA)mustcomplywiththe requirements of the ULARA Watermaster. See Appendix J for requirements and approval process.BoundariesoftheULARAareshowninAppendixJ. ManagingOffsiteDrainage:
Locations and sources of offsite runon to the site must be identified early in the design process.OffsitedrainagemustbeconsideredwhendeterminingappropriateBMPsforthesite so that the drainage can be managed. By identifying the locations and sources of offsite drainage, the volume of waterrunning onto the sitemaybe estimated and factored into the siting and sizing of onsite BMPs. Vegetated swales or storm drains may be used to intercept, divert,andconveyoffsitedrainagethroughoraroundasitetopreventfloodingorerosionthat mightotherwiseoccur.
Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|29 4.3 CAPTUREANDUSEFEASIBILITYSCREENING
Captureanduse,commonlyreferredtoasrainwaterharvesting,collectsandstoresstormwater forlateruse,therebyreducingthequantityofstormwaterrunoff.Partialcaptureandusecan alsobeachievedaspartofatreatmenttrainbydirectingtheoverflowtoabioretentionsystem to provide additional volume reduction and water quality treatment in instances where the quantityofrunofffromastormeventexceedsthevolumeofthecollectiontank. IntheCityofLosAngeles,theuseofcollectedstormwaterwillprimarilybelimitedtoirrigation of landscaped surfaces. However, as new guidelines and guidance becomes available the potentialforotherusesofcollectedstormwaterwillbeconsidered.CaptureanduseBMPsthat aredesignedwiththeintenttousecapturedstormwaterforindoororconsumptivepurposes willbereviewedonacasebycasebasistoensurethatalltreatment,plumbing,andBuilding andSafetycodesaremet. At a minimum, capture and use BMPs must be designed and maintained to ensure adequate capacityisavailabletocapturethestormwaterqualitydesignvolumewithin3daysofastorm event that is forecasted to have a 50% or grater probability of providing precipitation. Precipitation forecast information must be obtained from the National Weather Service Forecast Office (e.g. by entering the zip code of the developments location at http://www.srh.noaa.gov/forecast).BMPssizedtocaptureonlytherunoffproducedfromthe 0.75 inch storm event, or BMPs designed to capture less than this volume if being used in conjunctionwithotherBMPs,mustthereforedrawdowntheirentirecapturedvolumewithin3 daysofastormevent.CaptureanduseBMPsdesignedforstormeventslargerthan0.75inches arenotrequiredtodispersetheirentirecapturedvolumewithin3daysofcapture;rather,the requirementmandatesthatenoughwaterbedispersedfromtheBMPtoensurethatadequate capacityisavailabletocapturethenextstormeventupto0.75inches. Ininstanceswherethequantityofrunofffromthe0.75inchstormeventexceedsthevolumeof thecollectiontank,partialcaptureandusecanalsobeachievedaspartofatreatmenttrainby directingtheoverflowtostablevegetatedareaswhereerosionorsuspensionofsedimentisnot afactororthroughahighflowbiotreatmentBMPtoprovideadditionalvolumereductionand waterqualitytreatment.Overflowfromthetankintothestormdrainsystemisnotallowed. TheimplementationofcaptureanduseBMPsmaybedeemedinfeasibleataprojectsitedueto existing site conditions. To assist in the determination of compliance feasibility, a categorical screening of specific site information shall be carried out to assess site conditions. This screening approach follows the same general guidelines as those designed for the infiltration feasibility screening. Table 4.2 has been created to help determine site feasibility for capture anduseBMPs.
1. Category1Screening (Feasible) LandscapedArea Landscaped area categorization of 1 existsinaccordancewithTable4.3 Captured volume equal to or less than the Estimated Total Water Usage(ETWU)fromOctober1April 30. SiteSoils Geotechnical hazards are not a potentialnearthesite VectorControl Approved vector control measures willbeimplemented 1. Category2Screening (PotentiallyFeasible) LandscapedArea Landscaped area categorization of 2 existsinaccordancewithTable4.3 Captured volume greater than the Estimated Total Water Usage (ETWU) fromOctober1April30. SiteSoils Geotechnical hazards such as liquefactionareapotentialnearthesite Soil hydraulic conductivities are sufficient for the designed water application rate; if not, soil amendmentswillbeimplemented 1. Category3Screening (Infeasible) LandscapedArea Landscaped area categorization of 3 existsinaccordancewithTable4.3 2. SiteSoils Geotechnical hazards such as landsliding, collapsible soils, or expansivesoilsexist 3. SiteSurroundings Siteislocatedonorwithin50feetof a steep slope (20% or greater) as determined by the Department of BuildingandSafety;irrigationwithin 3 days of a rain event could cause geotechnicalinstability
2.
Description
2.
3.
If all of the above boxes are checked, they shall be confirmed by a sitespecific geotechnical investigation report and/or hydrologicanalysisconductedandcertifiedby a State of California registered professional civil engineer, geotechnical engineer, geologist, or landscape architect, verifying thatcaptureanduseBMPsarefeasibleatthe site.* Otherwise, proceed to Category 2 screening.
If all of the above boxes are checked, or if corresponding boxes in Category 1 are checked in combination with the above boxes, a site specificgeotechnicalinvestigationreportand/or hydrologicanalysisconductedandcertifiedbya State of California registered professional civil engineer, geotechnical engineer, geologist, or landscape architect, shall be carried out to approvecaptureandusemeasures.*Otherwise, proceedtoCategory3screening.
Ifanyoftheaboveboxesarechecked,asite specific geotechnical investigation report and/or hydrologic analysis conducted and certified by a State of California registered professionalgeotechnicalengineer,geologist, or landscape architect shall be submitted to prove capture & use practices are not feasible.*
*GeotechnicalReportsshallbeapprovedbyLADBSGradingDivision.SeeGeotechnicalReportRequirementscontainedintheInfiltrationFeasibility section.
Instructions
Table4.2:CaptureandUseFeasibilityScreening
Table4.3hasbeencreatedtohelpdeterminesitefeasibilityforcaptureanduseBMPsbasedon thelocalinfiltrationrateaswellandthepercentoftheprojectthatislandscaped.Thetableis tobeusedinconjunctionwithTable4.2todeterminesitefeasibility. Table4.3:LandscapedAreaCategorization
LocalInfiltrationRate 0.30.5in/hr 0.20.3in/hr 0.10.2in/hr 00.1in/hr 05% 2 3 3 3 PercentofProjectthatisLandscaped 510% 2 2 3 3 1020% 2 2 2 3 2030% 1 2 2 2 3050% 1 1 2 2 >50% 1 1 1 2
AssessingSiteCaptureandUseFeasibility
As with infiltration BMPs, assessing a sites potential for implementation of capture and use BMPs requires both the review of existing information and the collection of sitespecific measurements.Availableinformationregardingthesiteslandscapedareashouldbereviewed asdiscussedbelow.Inaddition,humanhealthconcernsshouldbeprioritized,particularlywith regardstovectorcontrolissuesarisingfromtheadditionofstandingwateronsite. LandscapedAreaAssessment ForcaptureanduseBMPS,capturedrainfallisstoredduringraineventsandusedforirrigation purposes at a later time, thereby offsetting potable water demand and reducing pollutant loading to the storm drain system. Therefore, sufficient landscaped area with appropriate water demand is needed for the captured runoff to be directed to. A properly sized cistern shouldbeabletocontaintherunoffgeneratedfromthedesignstormeventanddischargethat waterforirrigationusewithinaspecifieddrawdowntime.
IntheCityofLosAngeles,cisternswillprimarilybesizedtocapturetherunoffgeneratedfrom the0.75inchstormwhilemeetingthedrawdowntimerequirement.Asiteslandscapedarea mustthereforebeabletoretainthisvolumeofwaterwithintheappropriatedrawdowntime. Dependingonthetypeofirrigationapplicationthatisdesirableatasite,twodifferentmethods existtodetermineifasitehasadequatelandscapedcoverforcaptureandusefeasibility: 1. For sites with sufficient agronomic demand to meet or exceed the captured supply of stormwater within the drawdown time, Category 1 Feasibility may apply. Agronomic demand must be calculated and reported by a professional landscape architect or qualifiedprofessional. 2. For sites with sufficient landscaped area and dispersal capacity (i.e. ability to receive irrigation water without generating runoff) to meet or exceed the captured supply of stormwaterwithinthedrawdowntime,Category2Feasibilitymayapply.Thedispersal capacity can be assumed to be equal to the infiltration capacity of the site soil for
DEVELOPMENTBESTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESHANDBOOKPARTB:PLANNINGACTIVITIES,4THED.
simplicity. The infiltration rate must be calculated and reported by a professional landscapearchitect,civilengineer,geotechnicalengineer,orgeologist. Theabovecriteriamustbeassessedassumingthatnoirrigationoccurswithinthefirst24hours immediately following a storm. This means that a drawdown time of 72 hours must consider only48hoursofactiveapplication.Agronomicdemandsandinfiltrationratesmustbeassessed within3daysofastormeventtoaccountforresultingdiminisheddemands. BMPs designed for extended holding times shall be reviewed on a casebycase basis for feasibility.Asitenotmeetingtheminimumlandscapedareacriteriaisnotfeasibleforcapture anduseBMPs(SeeTable4.3inconjunctionwithTable4.2). LosAngelesCountyDepartmentofPublicHealthRequirements Projectsthatareimplementingrainfallorurbanrunoffcaptureanddistributionsystemsmust obtainapprovalfromtheCountyofLosAngeles,DepartmentofPublicHealth.SeeAppendixK forthePolicyandOperationManual.
VectorControlConsiderations A vector is any insect, arthropod, rodent, or other animal that is capable of harboring or transmittingacausativeagentofhumandisease.IntheCityofLosAngeles,themostsignificant vectorpopulationrelatedtostormwaterismosquitoes. Vector sources occur where conditions provide habitat suitable for breeding, particularly any source of standing water. This means that stormwater BMPs, especially those of the capture andusetype,canbebreedinggroundsformosquitoesandothervectorsresultinginadverse publichealtheffectsrelatedtovectorsanddiseasetransmission.Becauseofthis,effortsshall bemadetodesigncaptureanduseBMPsthatdonotfacilitatethebreedingofvectors.Vectors should be considered during the preparation of stormwater management and maintenance plansandduringpreconstructionplanningtoavoidcreatingpossiblepublichealthhazards.
OversizedcaptureanduseBMPsdesignedtoholdcapturedstormwaterforlongerthan72hour periods will require additional treatment such as filtration or disinfection to protect the collectiontanksfromfouling,topreventthebreedingofvectors,and/ortoimprovethequality ofwaterforreuseapplications.TheseBMPsmusthaveappropriatevectorcontrolmeasures incorporated into the design of the system to exclude vector access and breeding (i.e., observation access for vector inspection and treatment). They should be approved by the CountyofLosAngelesDepartmentofPublicHealth.Thesescenarioswillbereviewedonacase bycasebasis.
Ifvectorbreedingistakingplaceatasiteasaresultofcontainedstormwaterorinadequately maintainedBMPs,theGreaterLosAngelesCountyVectorControlDistricthastheabilitytofine siteownersforviolatingtheCaliforniaHealthandSafetyCode(Section20602067).
Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|33 4.4 INFILTRATIONBMPS

Infiltration refers to the physcial process of percolation, or downward seepage, of water throughasoilsporespace.Aswaterinfiltrates,thenaturalfiltration,adsorption,andbiological decompositionpropertiesofsoils,plantroots,andmicroorganismsworktoremovepollutants priortothewaterrechargingtheunderlyinggroundwater.InfiltrationBMPsincludeinfiltration basins,infiltrationtrenches,infiltrationgalleries,bioretentionwithoutanunderdrain,drywells, and permeable pavement. Infiltration can provide multiple benefits, including pollutant removal,peakflowcontrol,groundwaterrecharge,andfloodcontrol.However,conditionsthat can limit the use of infiltration include soil properties, proximity to building foundations and otherinfrastructure,geotechnicalhazards(e.g.,liquefaction,landslides),andpotentialadverse impacts on groundwater quality (e.g industrial pollutant source areas, contaminated soils, groundwater plumes)3. To ensure that infiltration would be physcially feasible and desireable (i.e., not have adverse impacts), a categorical screening of site feasibility criteria must be completed prior to the use of infiltration BMPs following the guidelines presented in Section 4.2.
4.4.1 InfiltrationBMPTypes
SurfaceInfiltrationBMPs These BMPs rely on infiltration in apredominantly vertical (downward) direction and depend primarilyonsoilcharacteristicsintheuppersoillayers.TheseinfiltrationBMPsinclude: InfiltrationBasins Aninfiltrationbasinconsistsofanearthenbasinconstructedinnaturallypervioussoilswitha flatbottomtypicallyvegetatedwithdrylandgrassesorirrigatedturfgrass.Aninfiltrationbasin functions by retaining the design runoff volume in the basin and allowing the retained runoff to percolate into the underlying native soils over a specified periodoftime. InfiltrationTrenches Infiltration trenches, which are similar to basins, are long, narrow, gravelfilled trenches, often vegetated, that infiltrate stormwater runoff from small drainage areas. Infiltrationtrenchesmayincludeashallowdepressionatthesurface,butthemajorityofrunoff isstoredinthevoidspacewithinthegravelandinfiltratesthroughthesidesandbottomofthe trench.
3Dependingonthedesignoftheinfiltrationpractice,FederalUndergroundInjectionControl(UIC)Rules(40CFR 144)mayapply,whichmayfurtherrestricttheuseofinfiltrationfacilitiesinsomelocations.
InfiltrationGalleries Infiltration galleries are openbottom, subsurface vaults that store and infiltrate stormwater. A number of vendors offer prefabricated,modularinfiltrationgalleriesthat provide subsurface storage and allow for infiltration. Infiltration galleries come in a varietyofmaterialtypes,shapesandsizes. Bioretention Bioretentionstormwatertreatmentfacilitiesare landscaped shallow depressions that capture and filter stormwater runoff. These facilities function as a soil and plantbased filtration device that removes pollutants through a variety of physical, biological, and chemical treatment processes. The facilities normally consistofapondingarea,mulchlayer,planting soils, plantings, and, optionally, a subsurface gravelreservoirlayer. PermeablePavements Permeable (or pervious) pavements contain smallvoidsthatallowwatertopassthroughto a stone base. They come in a variety of forms; theymaybeamodularpavingsystem(concrete pavers, modular grass or gravel grids) or pouredinplace pavement (porous concrete, permeable asphalt). All permeable pavements with a stone reservoir base treat stormwater and remove sediments and metals to some degree by allowing stormwater to percolate throughthepavementandenterthesoilbelow. MultiDirectionalInfiltrationBMPs These BMPs take advantage of the hydraulic conductivities (Ksat) of multiple soil strata and infiltration in multiple directions. They may be especially useful at locations where low Ksat valuesarepresentnearthesurfaceandsoilswithhigherpermeabilitiesexistbeneath.AMulti DirectionalInfiltrationBMPmaybeimplementedtoinfiltratewaterattheselowersoillayers,
thusallowinginfiltrationtooccuratsitesthatotherwisewouldbeinfeasible.Theseinfiltration BMPstypicallyhavesmallerfootprintsandinclude,butarenotlimitedto:
DryWells A dry well is defined as an excavated, bored, drilled, or driven shaft or hole whose depth is greater than its width. Drywells are similar to infiltrationtrenchesintheirdesignandfunction, as they are designed to temporarily store and infiltraterunoff,primarilyfromrooftopsorother impervious areas with low pollutant loading. A dry well may be either a drilled borehole filled with aggregate or a prefabricated storage chamberorpipesegment. HybridBioretention/DryWells A bioretention facility with dry wells is useful in areas with low surfacelevel hydraulic conductivities that would normally deem a bioretentionBMPinfeasiblebuthavehigherlevels ofpermeabilityindeeperstrata.Byincorporating drywells underneath the bioretention facility, waterisabletobeinfiltratedatdeepersoillayers that are suitable for infiltration, if present. This hybrid BMP combines the aesthetic and filtration qualities of a bioretention facility with the enhancedinfiltrationcapabilitiesofadrywell.
4.4.2 SitingRequirementsandOpportunityCriteria
Drainage areas implementing infiltration BMPs must pass the Category 1 or Category 2 Screening in accordance with the siting requirements set forth in Table 4.1. This screening processmustbeapprovedbyasitespecificgeotechnicalinvestigationreportand/orhydrologic analysis conducted and certified by a State of California registered professional geotechnical engineerorgeologist.
Additionally, drainage areas that will result in high sediment loading rates to the infiltration facility shall require pretreatment to reduce sediment loads and avoid system clogging. Examples of appropriate pretreatment may include: sedimentation/settling basins, baffle boxes,hydrodynamicseparators,mediafilters,vegetatedswales,orfilterstrips.
4.4.3 CalculatingSizeRequirementsforInfiltrationBMPs
The main challenge associated with infiltration BMPs is preventing system clogging and subsequentinfiltrationinhibition.Inaddition,infiltrationBMPsmustbedesignedtodrainina reasonable period of time so that storage capacity is available for subsequent storms and so thatstandingwaterdoesnotresultinvectorrisksorplantmortality.InfiltrationBMPsshould bedesignedaccordingtotherequirementslistedinTable4.4andoutlinedinthetextfollowing. Infiltrationfacilitiesmustbesizedtocompletelyinfiltratethedesigncapturevolumewithin48 hours.Stepsforthesimplesizingmethodareprovidedbelow.
Step1:CalculatetheDesignVolume
Infiltration facilities shall be sized to capture and infiltrate the designcapture volume (Vdesign) basedontherunoffproducedfroma0.75inch(0.0625ft)stormevent. Vdesign(cuft)=0.0625(ft)xCatchmentArea(sqft) Where: CatchmentArea=(ImperviousAreax0.9)+[(PerviousArea+UndevelopedArea)x0.1] Forcatchmentareasgiveninacres,multiplytheaboveequationby43,560sq.ft./acre.
Table4.4:InfiltrationBMPDesignCriteria
Design Parameter DesignCapture Volume,Vcapture DesignSurface DrawdownTime Setbacksand Elevations Pretreatment Hydraulic Conductivity, Ksat,measured FactorofSafety, FSb Unit Basinsand Trenches Galleries Bioretention Permeable Pavement DryWell Hybrid Bioretention/ DryWell
cubic 0.0625(ft)xCatchmentArea(sq.ft.)a feet hr feet 48 InaccordancewiththeInfiltrationFeasibilityCriteria,Section4.2 Appropriate Treatment Control Measure shall be provided as pretreatment for all tributarysurfacesotherthanroofs
MeasuredhydraulicconductivityatthelocationoftheproposedBMPatthedepthof in/hr the proposed infiltrating surface (or effective infiltration rate when multi directional infiltrationisoccurring Bottom slope3% (basins); sideslope shallnot exceed3:1 (H:V) Bottom slope3%; sideslope shallnot exceed3:1 (H:V) 3 Typical18 36inch diameter; flat bottom slope Bioretention: Bottomslope 3%;sideslope shallnot exceed3:1 Drywell:flat bottom
Facilitygeometry
Flat bottom slope
Pavement slope5%; If2%, areashall beterraced
PondingDepth MediaDepth Gravelmedia diameter Inleterosion control Overflowdevice
inch feet inch 2(min) 8(max) 13
18(maximum)c 2(min) 8(max) 2(min) 8(max) 12 3/81 2(min) 8(max) 3/81
Energydissipatertoreducevelocity Requiredifsystemisonlineanddoesnothaveanupstreambypassstructure.Shallbe designedtohandlethepeakstormflowinaccordancewiththeBuildingandSafety codeandrequirements
a:Catchmentarea=(imperviousareax0.9)+[(perviousarea+undevelopedarea)x0.1] b:ListedFSvaluestobeusedonlyifsoilinfiltration/percolationtestwasperformedandadetailedgeotechnical reportfromaprofessionalgeotechnicalengineerorengineeringgeologistisprovided.AFSof6willbeassigned ifonlyaboringwasdone. c: Ponding depth may vary for galleries (which have a storage depth) and may be different from one vendor to another.Pondingdepthisnotnecessarilyapplicabletopermeablepavement.
Step2:DeterminetheDesignInfiltrationRate
Theinfiltrationratewilldeclinebetweenmaintenancecyclesasthesurfacebecomesclogged withparticulatesanddebris.Monitoringofactualfacilityperformancehasshownthatthefull scaleinfiltrationrateisfarlowerthantheratemeasuredbysmallscaletesting.Itisimportant that adequate conservatism is incorporated in the sizing of facilities depending on a sites infiltrationrateandexpectedsurfaceloading.Whereapplicable,themeasuredinfiltrationrate discussedhereistheinfiltrationrateoftheunderlyingsoilsandnottheinfiltrationrateofthe filter media bed or engineered surface soils.Facility maintenance is required to maintain the infiltrationrateforthelifeoftheproject.Infiltrationratesusedfordesignmustbedividedby theappropriatefactorsofsafety.
Ksat,design=Ksat,measured/FS Where: FS=Infiltrationfactorofsafety,inaccordancewithTable4.4 Measured infiltration rates shall be determined by inground, site specific infiltration tests or can be based on laboratory tests conducted on soil samples collected during the exploratory workforasitespecificgeotechnicalreport.
Step3:CalculatetheBMPSurfaceArea
Determinethesizeoftherequiredinfiltratingsurfacebyassumingthedesigncapturevolume willfilltheavailablepondingdepthplusthevoidspacesbasedontheporosityofthegravelfill (normallyabout3040%4)oramendedsoil(normallyabout2030%).
Determinetheminimuminfiltratingsurfaceareanecessarytoinfiltratethedesignvolume:
Amin=(Vdesignx12in/ft)/(TxKsat,design) Where: Amin=Minimuminfiltratingsurfacearea(ft2) T=Drawdowntime(hours),48hours ThecalculatedminimumBMPsurfaceareaonlyconsidersthesurfaceareaoftheBMPwhere infiltrationcanoccur.Fordrywells,thecalculatedsurfaceareaisthetotalsurfaceareaofthe welllyinginsoilswithKsat,measuredvalues>0.3in/hr.Inotherwords,theportionofthedrywell thatextendsthroughimpermeablelayersshouldnotbeconsideredpartoftheinfiltratingarea. For the hybrid bioretention/dry well BMP design, the calculated BMP surface area applies to the combined surface area of the bioretention facility and the infiltrating portion of the underlyingdrywell(s).
4 Terzaghi and Peck stated that in the densest possible arrangement of cohesionless spheres, the porosity is
equivalentto26%;intheloosestpossiblearrangement,theporosityisequalto47%(TerzaghiK.andPeckR.Soil MechanicsinEngineeringPractice.2nded.NewYork:JohnWileyandSons;1967).
Forinfiltrationbasins,thesurfaceareashouldbecalculatedasthesurfaceareaatmidponding depth. For infiltration trenches, the surface area should be calculated at the bottom of the trench. NotethatAminrepresentstheminimumcalculatedsurfacearea.Itisuptothediscretionofthe developerifAminwillbeexceededtoallowforlessmediastorage.
Step4:CalculatetheTotalStorageVolume*
Determinethestoragevolumeoftheinfiltrationunittobefilledwithmediaforcapturingthe designcapturevolume. Vstorage=Vdesign/n Where: Vstorage=Minimummediastorageoftheinfiltrationfacility(ft3) n=voidratio(use0.40forgapgradedgravel) * Note: Dry wells with gravel fill may not store the entire design volume; additional storage unit(s) to capture the remaining design volume may be required upstreamofthedrywell.
Step5:CalculatetheMediaStorageDepth
Determine the depth of the infiltration unit to be filled with media for capturing the design capturevolume.Thedepthshallnotexceed8feetexceptfordrywell(s). Dmedia=Vstorage/Amin Where: Dmedia=Minimummediastoragedepthoftheinfiltrationfacility(ft) If Dmedia is calculated as greater than 8 feet, the design infiltration area (Adesign) shall be increasedandthedepthofmediashallberecalculateduntilitislessthan8feet. ManyprojectdevelopersmayelecttoincreasethedesigninfiltrationareasuchthatAdesign>Amin. Thisisespeciallyfeasiblewhereinfiltrationratesarerelativelyhigh(leadingtoalowAminvalue). Thedepthofmedia(Dmedia)shouldbecalculatedusingtheactualdesignareainStep5above. ForprojectswithdesignedinfiltrationareassignificantlyhigherthanAmin,itmaybefeasibleto havenomediastorage(i.e.Dmedia=0ft).Forthistoapply,thefollowingconditionmustbemet: Adesign(Vdesignx12in/ft)/(Ksat,designxT)
InfiltrationSizingExample
Given:30,000ft2apartmentcomplex(includingparking)with10,000ft2oflandscapedarea.An infiltration test has resulted in a Ksat,measuredvalue of 1.0 in/hr; Factor of Safety = 3. Design an infiltration trench meeting the sizing requirements. Assume the trench is full of gapgraded gravelwithaporosityof0.4.
1) DetermineVdesign CatchmentArea=(30,000ft2x0.9)+[(10,000ft2)x0.1]=28,000ft2 Vdesign=0.0625ft*28,000ft2=1,750ft3 2) DetermineKsat,design Ksat,design=ksat,measured/FS=(1in/hr)/3=0.333in/hr 3) DetermineAmin Amin=(Vdesignx12/(Txksat,design) =(1,750ft3x12in/ft)/(48hrsx0.333in/hr)=1,214ft2 4) DetermineVstorage Vstorage=Vdesign/n=1,750/0.4=4,375ft3 5) DetermineDmedia Dmedia=Vstorage/Amin=4,375ft3/1,314ft2=3.33ft
Thetrenchshouldthereforebedesignedwithaminimumof1,214ft2ofinfiltratingsurface area.Atthisminimumsurfacearea,thegravelmediadepthshouldbeatleast3.33ft.
4.4.4 DesignCriteriaandRequirements
Unless specifically stated, the following criteria and requirements listed below are required for the implementation of all infiltration BMPs. Provisions not met must be approved by the City of Los Angeles. Infiltration BMPs have been designed and constructed to promote uniform ponding and infiltration. Where necessary, a sediment forebayorseparatepretreatment Permeable Pavement Application unit (e.g. vegetated swale, filter LosAngelesWorldAirportsParking strip, hydrodynamic device, etc.) is located between the inlet and infiltrationBMP.Thesedimentforebayhasavolumegreaterthanorequalto25%ofthe totaldesignvolume. Sediment forebay has a minimum length to width ratio of 2:1 and is designed to conductflowtotheinfiltrationBMP. Any embankment slopes (interior and exterior) are not steeper than 3:1 (H:V) unless approvedbytheCityofLosAngeles. Thebottomoftheinfiltrationbedisnativesoilandhasbeenoverexcavatedtoatleast onefootindepth.Itisrecommendedthattheexcavatedsoilbeamendedwith24 inches of coarse sand (e.g., 2 5 mm sand) before being replaced uniformly without compaction. The hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the subsurface layers is sufficient to ensure the maximumdrawdowntimeof48hours. Where Ksat values are greater than 2.4 in/hr, pretreatment is provided to address pollutantsofconcernpriortoinfiltrationtoprotectgroundwaterquality;pretreatment may be considered to be addressed in the amended media or sand layers within the BMPifprovided. Provided overflow safely conveys flows to the downstream stormwater conveyance system,anadditionalBMP,oranalternativelyacceptabledischargepoint. Wheretheinfiltrationsystemisplacedunderground,anobservationwellisprovidedfor inspection/mainteancepurposes. Porouspavementfacilitiesconsistofvariouslayersofmaterial.Thetoplayerconsistsof either asphalt or concrete with a percentage of voids of at least 15%. This layer is followedbyastonereservoirlayerorathicklayerofaggregatewith2535%voids.Two
transition layers are also present. The depth of each layer and the specific materials usedshallbedeterminedbyalicensedcivilengineer. Dry wells shall be filled with washed 3/4 1 inch crushed rock, recycled concrete aggregate,oropengradedgravel(i.e.gravelwithasmallpercentageofsmallparticles). Ifaperforatedpipehasbeeninstalledinthewell,perforationsare3/8andaresmaller than the fill gravel. A woven geotextile shall be placed over the top of the drywell to preventsedimentclogging.
4.4.5 SoilandVegetationRequirements
Soil and vegetation to be incorporated in infiltration facilities shall be selected by a licensed landscapearchitect.Ingeneral,droughtand floodresistantplantspeciesnativetoCalifornia should be selected when possible. Soil media should be selected to not restrict performance requirements. Selected soils shall therefore have a higher hydraulic conductivity than the underlying soil, shall be able to support the selected plant palette, and shall be graded to provideadequatefiltrationastonotclogunderlyingsoils.
4.4.6 ConstructionRequirements
To preserve and avoid the loss of infiltration capacity, the following construction guidelines shallbeadheredto: The entire area draining to the infiltration facility is stabilized before construction of the infiltration facility begins, or a diversion berm is placed around the perimeter of the infiltration site to prevent sediment entranceduringconstruction. Infiltration BMPs shall not be used as sediment control facilities during construction. Compaction of the subgrade with vehicles and/or equipment is Underground Infiltration Units minimized. If the use of heavy Lowes,Pacoima equipment on the base of the facility cannotbeavoided,theinfiltrativecapacityshallberestoredbytillingoraeratingprior toplacingtheinfiltrativebed. Where pervious pavement is to be installed, installation of the pavement shall be scheduled as the the last installation at a development site. Vehicular traffic is prohibited for at least 2 days following installation. Site materials shall not stored on perviouspavement.
4.4.7 OperationsandMaintenance
Frequent inspections of the infiltration facilities shall occur to ensure that surface ponding infiltrates into the subsurface completely within the design drawdown time following storms. If vector breeding is taking place at a site as a result of contained stormwaterorinadequatelymaintainedBMPs,theGreaterLosAngelesCountyVector ControlDistricthastheabilitytofinesiteownersforviolatingtheCaliforniaHealthand SafetyCode(Section20602067). Regularinspectionsshalltakeplacetoensurethatthepretreatmentsedimentremoval BMP/forebay is working efficiently. Sediment buildup exceeding 50% of the forebay sedimentstoragecapacityshallberemoved. The infiltration facility shall be maintained to prevent clogging. Maintenance activities includecheckingfordebris/sedimentaccumulationandremovalofsuchdebris. Facility soil (if applicable) shall be maintained. Flow entrances, ponding areas, and surfaceoverflowareaswillbeinspectedforerosionperiodically.Soiland/ormulchwill bereplacedasnecessarytomaintainthelongtermdesigninfiltrationrateforthelifeof theproject. Sitevegetationshallbemaintainedasfrequentlyasnecessarytomaintaintheaesthetic apperance of the site as well as the filtration capabilities (where applicable). This includestheremovaloffallen,dead,and/orinvasiveplants,wateringasnecessary,and thereplantingand/orreseedingofvegetationforreestablishmentasnecessary. Pervious pavement areas that are damaged or clogged shall be replaced/repaired per manufacturesrecommendationasneeded.
Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|44 4.5 CAPTUREANDUSEBMPS

Capture and Use refers to a specifictypeofBMPthatoperates by capturing stormwater runoff andholdingitforefficientuseata later time. On a commercial or industrial scale, capture and use BMPs are typically synonomous with cisterns, which can be implemented both above and belowground.Cisternsaresizedto store a specified volume of water withnosurfacedischargeuntilthis UndergroundCistern PhotoCredit:TreePeople volume is exceeded. The primary use of captured runoff is for subsurface drip irrigation purposes. The temporary storage of roof runoff reduces the runoff volumefromapropertyandmayreducethepeakrunoffvelocityforsmall,frequentlyoccurring storms. In addition, by reducing the amount of stormwater runoff that flows overland into a stormwater conveyance system, less pollutants are transported through the conveyance systemintolocalstreamsandtheocean.Theonsiteuseoftheharvestedwaterfornonpotable domestic purposes conserves Citysupplied potable water and, where directed to unpaved surfaces,canrechargegroundwaterinlocalaquifers.
Drainage areas implementing capture and use BMPs must pass the Category 1 or Category 2 Screening in accordance with the siting requirements set forth in Section 4.3. This screening processmustbeapprovedbyasitespecificgeotechnicalinvestigationreportand/orhydrologic analysisconductedandcertifiedbyaStateofCaliforniaregisteredprofessionalcivilengineer, geotechnicalengineer,geologist,orotherqualifiedprofessional.
4.5.2 CalculatingSizeRequirementsforCaptureandUseBMPs
At a minimum, capture and use BMPs must be designed and maintained to ensure adequate capacityisavailabletocapturethestormwaterqualitydesignvolumewithin3daysofalikely storm event. A likely storm event is any weather pattern that is forecast to have a 50% or greater probability of providing precipitation at the development site. Precipitation forecast information must be obtained from the National Weather Service Forecast Office (e.g. by enteringthezipcodeofthedevelopmentslocationathttp://www.srh.noaa.gov/forecast). BMPssizedtocapturetherunoffproducedfromthe0.75inchstormevent,orBMPsdesigned tocapturelessthanthisvolume,ifbeingusedinconjunctionwithotherBMPs,musttherefore drawdowntheirentirecapturedvolumewithin3daysofalikelystormevent.
Capture and use BMPs designed for storm events larger than 0.75 inches are required to disperse enough water from the BMP within 3 days of a likely storm event to ensure that adequatecapacityisavailabletocapturethenextstormeventupto0.75inches.Ininstances where the quantity of runoff from the 0.75 inch storm event exceeds the volume of the collection tank, partial capture and use can also be achieved as part of a treatment train by directingtheoverflowtostablevegetatedareaswhereerosionorsuspensionofsedimentisnot afactororthroughahighflowbiotreatmentBMPtoprovideadditionalvolumereductionand waterqualitytreatment.Overflowfromthetankintothestormdrainsystemisnotallowed. Capture and use BMPs designed for these extended holding times will require additional treatment such as filtration or disinfection to protect the collection tanks from fouling, to preventthebreedingofvectors,and/ortoimprovethequalityofwaterforreuseapplications. Thesescenarioswillbereviewedonacasebycasebasis.
4.5.3 CalculatingtheMinimumCaptureVolumefora72hourHoldingTime
Assuming that demands and conditions at a site indicate that the 72hour drawdown time requirement will be met, all cisterns shall be sized to capture the runoff generated from the 0.75inchstormeventataminimum5: Vdesign(gallons)=0.4675*CatchmentArea(sq.ft.) Where: CatchmentArea=(ImperviousAreax0.9)+[(PerviousArea+UndevelopedArea)x0.1]
Forcatchmentareasgiveninacres,multiplytheaboveequationby43,560sq.ft./acre.
4.5.4 Irrigation/DispersialofCapturedStormwater
If a developer desires to hold harvested stormwater for an extended period of time, for the purposeofirrigationduringdryperiods,calculationsinlinewiththeCaliforniaDepartmentof WaterResourcesModelWaterEfficentLandscapeOrdianceAB1881(alsorefertoCityofLos AnglesIrrigationGuidelines6)shallbeprovided.Capturedstormwatershouldbeusedtooffset the potable irrigation demand that would occur during the rain season (Oct 1 Apr 31, 7 months).IfthevolumeofcapturedstormwaterexceedstheEstimatedTotalWaterUseforthe rainseason(ETWU7),excessstormwatershall,ataminimum: 1. Establishascheduletoreleasecapturedstormwateroverlandscaping,and; 2. Ensure the BMP is designed and maintained to ensure adequate capacity and is available to capture the stormwater quality design volume within 3 days of a likely stormevent.
5CaptureanduseBMPsusedincombinationwithotherBMPtypestocollectivelymeetthewaterqualitydesign stormstandardsetforthinSection3.1.3maybesizedtocapturelessthanVdesign. 6CityofLosAnglesIrrigationGuidelines:http://cityplanning.lacity.org/Forms_Procedures/2405.pdf
Unless specifically stated, the following criteriaandrequirementslistedbeloware required for the implementation of all captureanduseBMPs.Provisionsnotmet must be approved by the City of Los Angeles. Fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides on landscapedareasshallbeminmized. Aboveground cisterns are secured in place and designed to meet seismic requiremntsfortanks. Overflow outlet is provided upstream of thetankinletandisdesignedtodisperse overflow onsite. Dispersial and overflow must be through an approved landscape areas where erosion or suspension of sediment is minimized, or through a high flow biotreatment BMP. Overflow from thetankintothestormdrainsystemisnot allowed.
Cistern Example ImageCredit:AHBELandscapeArchitects
For landscape applications, a subsurface drip irrigation system, a pop up, or other approvedirrigationsystem,hasbeenaprovedandinstalledtoadequatelydischargethe capturedwater7. Ifapumpingsystemisused,areliablepumpcapableofdelivering100%ofthedesign capacity is provided. Pump is accessible for maintenance. Pump has been selected to operatewithin20%ofitsbestoperatingefficiency.Ahigh/lowpressurepumpshutoff systemisinstalledinthepumpdischargepipingincaseoflinecloggingorbreaking. Ifanautomatedharvestingcontrolsystemisused,itiscompletewitharainfallorsoil moisture sensor. The automated system has been programmed to not allow for continuousapplicationonanyareaformorethan2hours. Dispersionisdirectedsoasnottoknowinglycausegeotechnicalhazardsrelatedtoslope stabilityortriggeringexpansive(clayey)soilmovement. CisternsdonotallowUVlightpenetrationtopreventalgaegrowth. Cisternplacementallowseasyaccessforregularmaintenance.Ifcisternisundergrond, manholeshallbeaccessible,operational,andsecure.
7Ifalternativedistributionsystems(suchassprayirrigation)areapproved,theCitywillestablishguidelinesto implementthesenewsystems.
RefertoCountyofLosAngeles,DepartmentofHealthServicesforadditionalguidelines andrequiremnets. Provideobservationaccessforvectorinspectionandtreatment.
Cisterncomponents,includingspigots,downspouts,andinletswillbeinspected4times annuallytoensureproperfunctionality.Partswillberepairedorreplacedasneeded. Cisternsandtheircomponentswillbecleanedasnecessarytopreventalgaegrowthand thebreedingofvectors. Dispersionareaswillbemaintainedtoremovetrashanddebris,loosevegetation,and rehabilitateanyareasofbaresoil. Effective energy dissipation and uniform flow spreading methods will be employed to preventerosionandfacilitatedispersion. Cisterns will be emptied as necessary to prevent vector breeding, unless exclusion devicesareimplementedtopreventvectoraccess.Ifvectorbreedingistakingplaceata siteasaresultofcontainedstormwaterorinadequatelymaintainedBMPs,theGreater LosAngelesCountyVectorControlDistricthastheabilitytofinesiteownersforviolating theCaliforniaHealthandSafetyCode(Section20602067).
Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|48 4.6 BIOFILTRATIONBMPS

Projects that have demonstrated they cannot manage 100% of the waterqualitydesignvolumeonsite throughinfiltrationand/orcapture and use BMPs may manage the remainingvolumethroughtheuse of a high removal efficiency biofiltration/biotreatment BMP. A high removal efficiency biofiltration/biotreatment BMP shall be sized to adequately capture 1.5 times the volume not managed through infiltration and/orcaptureanduse. Biofiltration BMPs are landscaped Bioretention(PlanterBoxes) facilities that capture and treat PhotoCredit:CityofLosAngeles stormwater runoff through a varietyofphysicalandbiologicaltreatmentprocesses.Facilitiesnormallyconsistofaponding area,mulchlayer,plantingsoils,plants,andinsomecases,anunderdrain.Runoffthatpasses throughabiofiltrationsystemistreatedbythenaturaladsorptionandfiltrationcharacteristics of the plants, soils, and microbes with which the water contacts. Biofiltration BMPs include vegetated swales, filter strips, planter boxes, high flow biotreatment units, bioinfiltration facilities, and bioretention facilities with underdrains. Biofiltration can provide multiple benefits,includingpollutantremoval,peakflowcontrol,andlowamountsofvolumereduction throughinfiltrationandevapotranspiration.
4.6.1 BiofiltrationBMPTypes
BiofiltrationBMPsrelyonvarioushydraulicresidencetimesandflowthroughratesforeffective treatment.Asaresult,avarietyofBMPsareavailable.
BioretentionwithUnderdrain Bioretentionfacilitiesarelandscapedshallow depressions that capture and filter stormwater runoff. As stormwater passes down through the planting soil, pollutants are filtered, adsorbed, and biodegraded by the soil and plants. Because they are not contained within an impermeable structure, they may allow for infiltration. For sites not passing the infiltration feasibility screening for reasons other than low infiltration rates (such as soil contamination, expansive soils, etc.), an impermeable liner may be needed topreventincidentalinfiltration. PlanterBoxes Planter boxes are bioretention treatment control measures that are completely contained within an impermeable structure with an underdrain (they do not infiltrate). They are similar to bioretention facilities with underdrains except they are situated at or above ground and are bound by impermeable walls.Planterboxesmaybeplacedadjacentto or near buildings, other structures, or sidewalks. Bioinfiltration Bioinfiltration facilities are designed for partial infiltration of runoff and partial biotreatment. These facilities are similar to bioretention devices with underdrains but they include a raised underdrain above a gravel sump designed to facilitate infiltration and nitrification/denitrification. These facilitiescanbeusedinareaswherethereare little to no hazards associated with infiltration,butinfiltrationscreeningdoesnot allow for infiltration BMPs due to low infiltrationratesorhighdepthsoffill.
HighFlow Biotreatment Underdrain with Raised
Highflow biotreatment devices are proprietarytreatmentBMPsthatincorporate plants, soil, and microbes engineered to provide treatment at higher flow rates and with smaller footprints than their non proprietary counterparts. Like bioinfiltration devices, they should incorporate a raised underdrain above a gravel sump to facilitate incidental infiltration where feasible. They must be shown to have pollutant removal efficiencies equal to or greater than the removal efficiencies of their nonproprietary counterparts.Proofofthisperformancemustbeprovidedbyadequatethirdpartyfieldtesting. VegetatedSwales Vegetated swales are open, shallow channels with dense,lowlying vegetation covering the side slopes and bottom that collect and slowly convey runoff to downstreamdischargepoints.Aneffective vegetated swale achieves uniform sheet flow through the densely vegetated area for a period of several minutes. The vegetation in the swale can vary dependingonitslocationandisthechoice ofthedesigner.Mostswalesaregrasslined. FilterStrips(tobeusedaspartofatreatmenttrain) Filterstripsarevegetatedareasdesignedto treat sheet flow runoff from adjacent impervioussurfacessuchasparkinglotsand roadways, or intensive landscaped areas such as golf courses. While some assimilation of dissolved constituents may occur, filter strips are generally more effective in trapping sediment and particulatebound metals, nutrients, and pesticides. Filter strips are more effective whentherunoffpassesthroughthevegetationandthatchlayerintheformofshallow,uniform flow.FilterstripsareprimarilyusedtopretreatrunoffbeforeitflowstoaninfiltrationBMPor anotherbiofiltrationBMP.
Sites with plans to implement high removal efficiency biofiltration/biotreatment systems for themanagementofstormwatermustfirstbescreenedforinfiltrationandcaptureanduseBMP feasibility.Biofiltrationshouldbeimplementedtotreatallrunoffonsitetothemaximumextent feasibleatsitesincapableofimplementinginfiltrationand/orcaptureanduseBMPsasaresult ofthefeasibilityscreeningprocesssetforthinthishandbook. SitesimplementingbiofiltrationBMPsmusthavesufficientareaavailabletoensurethatBMPs produceadequatecontacttimeforfiltrationtooccur.ForbiofiltrationBMPswithunderdrains, sufficientverticalreliefmustexisttopermitverticalpercolationthroughthesoilmediatothe underdrainbelow.ForbiofiltrationBMPswithincidentalinfiltration,itmustbedemonstrated thattherearenohazardsassociatedwithinfiltration(i.e.infiltrationscreeningdoesnotallow forinfiltrationBMPsduetolowinfiltrationratesorhighdepthsoffill).
4.6.3 CalculatingSizeRequirementsforBiofiltrationBMPs
Biofiltration BMPs should be designed according to the requirements listed in Table 4.5 and outlinedinthesectionbelow.
Table4.5:BiofiltrationBMPDesignCriteria
Design Parameter DesignCapture Volume,Vcapture Unit cubic feet Bioretention with PlanterBox Underdrain Bioinfiltration HighFlow Biotreatmenta Vegetated FilterStrip Swale Per manufacturers standards 1%(min) 6%(max)
1.5x0.0625ft*CatchmentArea(sq.ft.)b 48(surface);96(total) 2 5(max)
Design hr DrawdownTime FactorofSafetyc SoilMedia InfiltrationRate DesignContact Time SlopeinFlow Direction DesignFlow Velocity Max Ponding/Flow Depth SoilDepth in/hr
min % ft/sec
7 2%(min) 33%(max) 1
inch
18
12 2(3preferred) Toppedwith3ofmulch
18
ft
Underdrain
SlottedPVCpipeembeded in12gavelsectionand located1frombottomof facility
SlottedPVC pipeatleast 2above bottomof facility
Per manufacturers standards
N/A
Not required
Inleterosion control Overflowdevice
Energydissipatertoreducevelocity Requiredifsystemisonlineanddoesnothaveanupstreambypass structure.Shallbedesignedtohandlethepeakstormflowinaccordance withtheBuildingandSafetycodeandrequirements Not Required
a:HighflowbiotreatmentBMPdesigncriteriadisplayedinTable4.5aregeneralguidelines.Specificdesignswill varydependingonthevendor,designtype,size,etc.HighflowbiotreatmentBMPsmustbesizedtotreatthe designcapturevolumespecified.Theymustbeshown(bythirdpartyfieldtesting)tohaveapollutantremoval efficiencyequaltoorgreaterthantheirnonproprietarycounterparts. b:Catchmentarea=(imperviousareax0.9)+[(perviousarea+undevelopedarea)x0.1] c:ListedFSvaluestobeusedonlyifsoilinfiltration/percolationtestwasperformedandadetailedgeotechnical report from a professional geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist is provided A FS of 6 will be assignedifonlyaboringwasdone.
Bioretention,PlanterBox,Bioinfiltration,andHighFlowBiotreatmentSizing
With the exception of swales and filter strips, biofiltration facilities can be sized using one of two methods: a simple sizing method or a hydrologic routing modeling method. With either methodthedesigncapturevolumemustbecompletelyinfiltratedwithinthedrawdowntime showninTable4.5.Stepsforthesimplesizingmethodareprovidedbelow.
Step1:CalculatetheDesignVolume
Biofiltration facilities shall be sized to capture and treat 150% of the design capture volume (Vdesign)basedontherunoffproducedfroma0.75inch(0.0625ft)stormevent. Vdesign(cuft)=1.5*0.0625ft*CatchmentArea(sq.ft.) Where Catchmentarea=(ImperviousAreax0.9)+[(PerviousArea+UndevelopedArea)x0.1]
Step2:DeterminetheDesignInfiltrationRate
Theinfiltrationratewilldeclinebetweenmaintenancecyclesasthesurfaceandunderlyingsoil matrixbecomescloggedwithparticulatesanddebris.Monitoringofactualfacilityperformance hasshownthatthefullscaleinfiltrationrateisfarlowerthantheratemeasuredbysmallscale testing. It is important that adequate conservatism is incorporated in the sizing of facilities depending on a sites infiltration rate and expected surface loading. Unlike infiltration BMPs, themeasuredinfiltrationratediscussedhereistheinfiltrationrateofthefiltermediabedor engineeredsurfacesoilsinthebiofilter.AtargetlongtermKsat,mediaof5in/hrisrecommended for nonproprietary amended soil media. Facility maintenance is required to maintain the infiltrationrateforthelifeoftheproject.Infiltrationratesusedfordesignmustbedividedby theappropriatefactorsofsafety. Ksat,design=Ksat,media/FS
Step3:CalculatetheBMPPondingDepth
Select a ponding depth (dp) that satisfies geometric criteria and is congruent with the constraintsofthesite.Thepondingdepthmustsatisfythemaximumpondingdepthconstraint showninTable4.5aswellasthefollowing: dp(ft)=(Ksat,designxT)/12 Where: dp=Pondingdepth(ft) Ksat,design=Designinfiltrationrateoffiltermedia(in/hr) T=Requiredsurfacedraintime(hrs),fromTable4.5

Step4:CalculatetheBMPSurfaceArea
Calculateinfiltratingsurfacearea(filterbottomarea)required:
A min = [(TfillK sat,design/12) + d p ] Vdesign
Where: Amin=Designinfiltratingarea(ft2) Tfill= Time to fill to max ponding depth with water (hrs) [unless a hydrologic routing modelisused,assumeamaximumof3hours] ThecalculatedBMPsurfaceareaonlyconsidersthesurfaceareaoftheBMPwhereinfiltration throughamendedmediacanoccur.ThetotalfootprintoftheBMPshouldincludeabufferfor sideslopesandfreeboard. BioinfiltrationBMPsandhighflowbiotreatmentdevicesshouldincorporatearaisedunderdrain above the gravel sump to facilitate incidental infiltration where feasible. For these instances, infiltration screening in accordance with Section 4.2 must be carried out to show that infiltrationBMPsarenotallowedduetolowinfiltrationratesorhighdepthsoffill(i.e.thereare nothazardsassociatedwithinfiltration).TheseBMPsarenotsuitableforprojectsitesthatdo not pass infiltration feasibility screening due to associated hazards of infiltration (e.g. high groundwatertable,contaminatedsoilorgroundwater,landslidezones,etc.)
SwaleSizing
Swalesshallbedesignedwithatrapezoidalchannelshapewithsideslopesof3:1(H:V).They shall incorporate at least two feet of soil beneath the vegetated surface. The following steps shallbefollowedforswalesizing.AsisthecasewithotherbiofiltrationBMPs,thesizingcriteria presentedinTable4.5mustbemet.
Step1:DeterminetheSwaleBaseWidthandCorrespondingUnitLength
Thebasewidthofaswalemustbebetween2and10feet.Thedesignermayselectthebase widththatismostappropriateforthesite,buttheswalelength(perunitcatchmentarea)must meettheminimumrequirementsasshowninTable4.6below. Table4.6:SwaleBaseLength(PerUnitCatchmentArea)
BaseofSwale ft 2 3 635 4 535 5 470 6 415 7 370 8 335 9 305 10 285
MinimumSwaleLengthper Acreof ft/acre 770 CatchmentArea
Step2:DeterminetheDistanceBetweenCheckDams
For volume storage, swales must incorporate check dams at specified intervals depending on the longitudinal slope of the swale, which must be between one and six percent. The check damsmustbe12inchesinheightandincludea6inchdeepnotchinthemiddleofthecheck damthatisbetweenoneandtwofeetwide.Allcheckdamstructuresshallextendacrossthe entirebaseoftheswale.Theymaybedesignedusinganumberofdifferentmaterialsincluding concrete blocks, gabions, gravel bags, rip rap, or earthen berms. The distance between successivecheckdamsshallbedeterminedfromthelongitudinalslopeoftheswaleintheflow direction.Table4.7summarizesthedesigndistancesbetweencheckdamsbasedonslope. Table4.7:CheckDamSpacingRequirementsforSwales*
Slope DistanceBetween Checkdams % ft 1 N/A 2 N/A 3 33 4 25 5 20 6 17
*Dependingonlocationofswale,approvalfromLADBSgradingDivisionmayberequired.
ForintermediaryslopesnotshowninTable4.7,linearinterpolationmaybeusedtocalculate thedistancebetweencheckdamstructures.
Step3:DeterminetheTotalSwaleLength
Thetotallengthoftheswale(Lswale)isafunctionofthecatchmentareaandunitswalelength fromTable4.6.Totalswalelengthiscalculatedasfollows: Lswale(ft)=CatchmentArea(ft2)x(1acre/43,560ft2)x SwaleLengthperAcreofCatchmentArea(ft/acre) Where Catchmentarea=(ImperviousAreax0.9)+[(PerviousArea+UndevelopedArea)x0.1] Ifthereisadequatespaceonthesitetoaccommodatealargerswale,considerusingagreater length to increase the hydraulic residence time and improve the swales pollutant removal capability. If the calculated length is too long for the site, the layout may be modified by meanderingtheswaleorincreasingthebasewidthoftheswaleupto10feet.Thetotalswale lengthshallneverbelessthan100feet.
FilterStripSizing
Becausefilterstripsaremostoftenusedforpretreatmentpurposes,theirdesignwilldepend onthedesiredflowratetobetreatedandthetypeofBMPdownstream,amongotherfactors. Asaresult,filterstripsizingisnotcoveredinthishandbook,butwillbedeterminedonacase bycasebasisbytheCityofLosAngeles.
BioinfiltrationSizingExample
Given:100,000ft2 commercialdevelopment,100%impervious(negligiblelandscaping).Design abioinfiltrationBMPtotreatrunofffromtheentiredevelopment(Ksat,media=5in/hr;Factorof Safety=2.).
1) DetermineVdesign CatchmentArea=(100,000ft2x0.9)=90,000ft2 Vdesign=1.5x0.0625ftx90,000ft2=8,500ft3 2) DetermineKsat,design Ksat,design=(5in/hr)/2=2.5in/hr 3) Determinedp dp=(2.5in/hr*48hrs)/12=10.0ft AdheringtothemaxpondingdepthrequirementsofTable4.5,dp=1.50ft 4) Calculatetheinfiltratingsurfacearea,Amin 8,500 cuft Amin= =4,000ft2 [ (3 hr * 2 .5 in / hr / 12 ) + 1 .5 ft ]
Forafullcapturesystem,bioinfiltrationunitsmustbedesignedwithacombinedsurfacearea of4,000ft2.
Unless specifically stated, all criteria and requirements listed below are required for the implementationofallbiofiltrationBMPs.ProvisionsnotmetmustbeapprovedbytheCityof LosAngeles. Where applicable, biofiltration BMPs shall be constructed with a minimum planting soil depth of 2 feet (3 feet preferred)andtoppedwith3inchesof mulch. Where applicable, biofiltration BMPs shall be designed to drain below the planting soil in less than 48 hours and completely drain from the underdrains in96hours. Underdrains shall be constructed of slottedPVCpipe,slopedataminimum 0.5% and placed per Table 4.5 Bioretention in a Parking Lot requirements.Underdrainsdrainfreely PhotoCredit:GeosyntecConsultants to a downstream stormwater conveyancesystem,anadditionalBMP,oranalternativelyacceptabledischargepoint. If system is online, an overflow is present. The overflow safely conveys flows to the downstream stormwater conveyance system, an additional BMP, or an alternatively acceptabledischargepoint. Inflowtoswalesshallbedirectedtowardstheupstreamendoftheswale. Bioinfiltration BMPs and highflow biotreatment BMPs designed for secondary infiltration shall pass the infiltration feasibility screening for all hazardous criteria. If necessary,weepholesshallbeusedtoincreaseinfiltration. Swales shall be constructed with a bottom width between 2 and 10 feet. Check dams shallbeincorporatedattheappropriatedistancesasspecifiedinTable4.7.Checkdams are12inchesinheightandincludea6inchdeepnotchinthemiddleofthecheckdam that is 12 feet wide. Each check dam extends across the entire width of the swales base. Filter strips shall be constructed to extend across the full width of the tributary area. They shall be designed with sufficient slope in the flow direction to prevent ponding. They shall have a minimum length of 4 ft in the flow direction when sized for pretreatmentpurposes.
4.6.5 SoilandVegetationRequirements
Soilandvegetationtobeincorporatedinbiofiltrationfacilitiesshallbeselectedbyalicensed landscape architect. In general, drought and flood resistant plant species native to Southern Californiashouldbeselectedwhenpossible.Soilmediashouldbeselectedtofacilitatevigorous plant growth and not restrict performance requirements. Where theproject receiving waters areimpairedfornutrients,mediashouldbeselectedtominimizethepotentialforleachingof nutrientsfrombiofiltrationsystems.
Biofiltrationareasrequireannualplant,soil,andmulchlayermaintenancetoensureoptimum infiltration, storage, and pollutant removal capabilities. In general, biofiltration maintenance requirementsaretypicallandscapecareprocedures.Thefollowingoperationsandmaintenance practiceswillbeadheredto: Facility soil will be maintained. Flow entrances, ponding areas, and surface overflow areas will be inspected for erosion periodically. Soil and/or mulch will be replaced as necessary to maintain an infiltration rate at or near the initial Ksat,designvalue for the durationoftheproject. Sitevegetationwillbemaintainedasfrequentlyasnecessarytomaintainfireprotection, public safety, and the aesthetic appearance of the site as well as the filtration capabilities.Thisincludestheremovaloffallen,dead,and/orinvasiveplants,watering asnecessary,andthereplantingand/orreseedingofvegetationforreestablishmentas necessary.Swalesandfilterswillbemowedasnecessary. BMP inlets will be inspected and maintained to ensure even flow enters the facility. Sedimentcollectingattheinletwillberemovedasnecessary. Proprietary devices will be inspected and maintained in accordance with the requirementsofthemanufacturer.
Section5:OffsiteMitigationMeasures|59
SECTION5:OFFSITEMITIGATIONMEASURES
5.1
OFFSITEMITGATIONMEASURES
The option for offsite mitigation shall only be exercised after the following conditions have beenmet: 1. Allthestormwatermanagementtechniquesallowed(i.e.,inpriorityorderofinfiltration, capture and use, treated through high removal efficiency biofiltration system) have beenexhausted(i.e.aredeemedtechnicallyinfeasible),and; 2. All applicable Standard Urban Stormwater Mitigation Plan (SUSMP) requirements are implementedinordertomaximizeonsitecompliance,and; OffsiteprojectBMPsshouldbelocatedascloseaspossibletotheprojectsite,onprivateand/or public land, and should address a mix of land uses similar to those included in the proposed project. The offsite project shall not be located within waters of the U.S. and it shall be demonstratedthatequivalentpollutantremovalisaccomplishedpriortodischargetowatersof theU.S. Fortheremainingrunoffthatcannotfeasiblybemanagedonsite,theprojectshallimplement offsitemitigationineither: 1.Thepublicrightofwayimmediatelyadjacenttothesubjectdevelopmentand/or; 2. Within the same subwatershed(as defined as draining to the samehydrologic area as definedintheBasinPlan)astheproposedproject Construction of an offsite mitigation project(s) shall achieve at least the same level of water qualityprotectionasifalloftherunoffwereretainedonsiteandalsobesizedtomitigatethe volumefromtheonsiteandthetributaryareafromtheadjacentstreet(fromthecrownofthe streettothecurbfacefortheentirelengthofthedevelopmentsite).AllCityDepartmentswill assist the developer, when and where feasible, permitting and implementation of LID BMP projectswithinthepublicrightofway. Construction work in the public rightofway will be the responsibility of the developer, and requires a Revocable Permit from the Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering (BOE). The developer will also be required to file a covenant and agreement with the county recordersofficetoinsuretheownerassumesfullresponsibilityforperpetualmaintenanceof theonsiteandoffsiteBMP(s)executedbyacovenantandagreement.ThetypeofBOEpermit
Section5:OffsiteMitigationMeasures|60
required depends on the scope of construction work. Additional permit information and detailedflowchartscanbefoundat:http://eng.lacity.org/techdocs/permits/index.htm GreenInfrastructureProjects InanefforttoassistdeveloperstheCityhasrecentlyapprovedandadoptedaseriesofgreen streetstandardplans.Theseplansprovideaseriesofstandardsthatdeveloperscanimplement utilizingthepublicrightofwayimmediatelyadjacenttothedevelopment.Thesestandardplans providegeneralrequirementsforgreenstreets,parkwayswalesinmajor/secondaryhighways, parkway swales in local/collector streets, parkway swales with no street parking, vegetated stormwatercurb extensions, and interlocking pavers for vehicular and pedestrian alleys. The greenstreetstandardplanscanbeobtainedfromtheBureauofEngineeringsWebsiteat: http://eng.lacity.org/techdocs/stdplans/s400.htm http://eng.lacity.org/techdocs/stdplans/Pdfs/Green%20Street%20Standard%20Plans%2 0FAQ%20Sheet_091010.pdf AdditionalinformationontheCitysGreenStreetsandGreenAlleysdesignGuidelinescanbe foundat:www.lastormwater.org
ListofAppendices|61
AppendixA AppendixB AppendixC AppendixD AppendixE AppendixF AppendixG AppendixH AppendixI AppendixJ AppendixK DevelopmentPlanningOrdinances CEQAMitigationMeasures ContactList PlanCheckReviewForms SmallScaleResidentialPrescriptiveMeasures AllOtherDevelopmentVolumeDesignCalculations StandardUrbanStormwaterMitigationPlan(SUSMP) SiteSpecificMitigationMeasures LADepartmentofBuildingandSafetyStormwaterInfiltrationGuidelines ULARAWatermasterRequirements CountyofLADepartmentofPublicHealthPolicyandOperationsManual

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DEVELOPMENTBESTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESHANDBOOK

LOWIMPACTDEVELOPMENTMANUAL PARTB PLANNINGACTIVITES June2011 4THEDITION

Figure3.1 Figure3.2 Figure3.3

SmallScaleResidentialBMPSchematic RequirementsforResidentialDevelopmentof4UnitsorLess RequirementsforAllOtherDevelopments

Section2:ProjectReviewandPermittingProcess|11 2.2 INSPECTIONPROCESS

Section3:StormwaterManagementMeasures|21 3.2 STANDARDURBANSTORMWATERMITIGATIONPLAN(SUSMP)

SiteSpecific Source Control Measure(a)

Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|29 4.3 CAPTUREANDUSEFEASIBILITYSCREENING

Ifvectorbreedingistakingplaceatasiteasaresultofcontainedstormwaterorinadequately maintainedBMPs,theGreaterLosAngelesCountyVectorControlDistricthastheabilitytofine siteownersforviolatingtheCaliforniaHealthandSafetyCode(Section20602067).

Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|33 4.4 INFILTRATIONBMPS

Flat bottom slope

Pavement slope5%; If2%, areashall beterraced

PondingDepth MediaDepth Gravelmedia diameter Inleterosion control Overflowdevice

inch feet inch 2(min) 8(max) 13

18(maximum)c 2(min) 8(max) 2(min) 8(max) 12 3/81 2(min) 8(max) 3/81

Energydissipatertoreducevelocity Requiredifsystemisonlineanddoesnothaveanupstreambypassstructure.Shallbe designedtohandlethepeakstormflowinaccordancewiththeBuildingandSafety codeandrequirements

Determinethesizeoftherequiredinfiltratingsurfacebyassumingthedesigncapturevolume willfilltheavailablepondingdepthplusthevoidspacesbasedontheporosityofthegravelfill (normallyabout3040%4)oramendedsoil(normallyabout2030%).

Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|44 4.5 CAPTUREANDUSEBMPS

Cistern Example ImageCredit:AHBELandscapeArchitects

Section4:BMPPrioritizationandSelection|48 4.6 BIOFILTRATIONBMPS

1.5x0.0625ft*CatchmentArea(sq.ft.)b 48(surface);96(total) 2 5(max)

SlottedPVCpipeembeded in12gavelsectionand located1frombottomof facility

SlottedPVC pipeatleast 2above bottomof facility

Per manufacturers standards

Inleterosion control Overflowdevice

Energydissipatertoreducevelocity Requiredifsystemisonlineanddoesnothaveanupstreambypass structure.Shallbedesignedtohandlethepeakstormflowinaccordance withtheBuildingandSafetycodeandrequirements Not Required

MinimumSwaleLengthper Acreof ft/acre 770 CatchmentArea

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