ANSI.

American National Standards Institute.

ANSI Rating
ANSI rating is about pressure and temperature rating. For example Class-150

Final Control Elements.

The device or element that changes the value of the manipulated variable is called final control element.

Types of Final Controls Element.

Control Switch, Control Valve, Relay, Solenoid, Heater, Pump, Electric Motor, Alarm, Bulb, Plunger and etc.

Relay.
A relay is an electrically controlled device that opens and closes contacts to operate other devices. The industrial relay provides control logic and circuit isolation. When the coil is energized, the armature is pulled to the coil core and makes or breaks electrical contacts. Notice that there is no electrical connection between the coil and the contacts. Some of the terms used in discussing relays are listed below: Armature: the magnetic moving part of a relay. Contacts: the parts of a relay that open or close a circuit. Dropout: the return of a relay mechanism to its de-energized position. Normally Close: a relay contact that is closed when the coil is de-energized. Normally Open: a relay contact that is open when the coil is de-energized. Because relays have so many applications, they are available in a great variety of designs. Some of the more common relays in industrial control system are;
1. Contactor relays. 2. General purpose relays. 3. Reed relays. 4. Solid-state relays.

5. Stepper relays. 6. Time-delay relays, etc.

Solenoid.
Solenoids are often used as actuators for final control elements, especially valve. The two main kinds of solenoids are direct acting and pilot operated. Solenoids can operate three way valves, in which flow is from the inlet to either of two outlets. Some valves are designed to stay in their last position during a power failure. A solenoid has three parts, a coil, a magnetic frame on which the coil is mounted and a movable magnetic plunger. If there is an electric current in the coil, the coil acts like a bar magnet and attracts the movable plunger. When the current stops, the spring assembly exerts a force that causes the plunger to return to its original position. The force on the plunger increases with the square of the following fraction: (Number of coil turn X coil current) / (air gap) Most solenoids operate on a standard coil voltage. For ac coil voltages are 24V, 120V, 240V and 480V. For dc, they are 6V, 12V, 24V, 120V and 240V.

Motor.
Basically, an electric motor is a device that converts electric energy into torque or mechanical energy. Few devices are as widely used as motors, from the small motors in electric shavers to the huge, thousands of horsepower motors in industry. Listed below are some of the terms needs to know to work with motors: Rotor: the rotor is the part of the motor that rotates. Stator: the stator is the part of the motor that remains stationary. Poles: the poles are the ends of the magnet. Poles always come in pairs. Armature: the armature, in a dc motor, is the part of the motor that produces the magnetic field that causes rotation. Commutator: the commutator is a mechanical switch made of copper segments and carbon brushes. It causes an electric current in the armature windings in the direction that aids armature rotation. Field Winding: the field winding is motor winding that produces a magnetic is necessary in a permanent magnet motor.

Types of Motors.

1) DC Motors. a) Series wound. b) Shunt wound. c) Compound wound. 2) AC Motors. a) Single Phase. b) Three phase. 3) Stepper Motors.

CV. CV stands for Control Valve. Control Valve.

Control Valve also known as the final control element. Control valves regulate or limit a process variable. It usually consists of a body or valve, bonnet and an actuator, which responds to a signal from the controlling system and changes the position of a flow controlling element in the valve.

Actuator: A fluid-powered or electrically powered device that supplies force and motion to a
valve closure member (Ball, Disk, Gate, and Plug). The two main kinds of actuator are Diaphragm Actuator and Piston Actuator. Actuator Input: 3 to 15 psig or Pneumatic Pressure. Actuator Output: Mechanical Motion.

Piston Actuator: A fluid-powered, normally pneumatic device in which the fluid acts upon a
movable cylindrical member, the piston, to provide linear motion to the actuator stem. These units are spring or air opposed and operates at higher supply pressures than a spring return actuator.

Diaphragm Actuator: A flexible pressure-responsive element that transmits force to the

diaphragm plate and actuator stem. Diaphragm actuator is a fluid (usually pneumatic) pressureoperated, spring-opposed diaphragm assembly which positions the valve stem in response to an input signal.

Stem: The valve plug stem is a rod extending through the bonnet assembly to permit
positioning of the plug or closure member (Ball, Disk, Gate, and Plug). The actuator stem is a

rod or shaft which connects to the valve stem and transmits motion or force from the actuator to the valve.

Bonnet: The bonnet or bonnet assembly is that position of the valve pressure retaining
boundary which may guide the stem and contains the packing box and stem seal. The bonnet may be integral to the valve body or bolted or screwed. The bonnet, if it is detachable, will generally provide the opening to the valve body cavity for removal and replacement of the internal trim. The bonnet is generally the means by which the actuator is connected to the valve body. It also allows mounting the actuator yoke on the valve.

Packing Box: The chamber located in the bonnet which surrounds the stem and contains the
packing and other stem-sealing components.

Packing: A sealing system that normally consists of a deformable material such as TFE,
graphite, asbestos, and etc. It is usually in the form of solid or split rings contained in a packing box that are compressed to provide an effective pressure seal between the fluid in the valve body and the outside atmosphere.

Lantern Ring: A rigid spacer used in the packing with packing above and below it. The
lantern ring is used to allow lubrication to the packing or allow access to a leak off connection. On some of the new fugitive emission packing systems, it also acts as a stem guide.

Body: The body of the valve is the main pressure boundary. It provides the pipe connecting
ends and the fluid flow passageway. It can also support the seating surface and the valve closure member.

Trim: Includes all the parts that are in flowing contact with the process fluid except the body,
BONNET, and body flanges and gaskets. The plug, seats, stem, guides, bushings, and cage are some of the parts included in the term trim.

Plug: The movable part of the valve which is positioned in the flow path to modify the rate of
flow through the valve.

Seat Ring: A part of the flow passageway that is used in conjunction with the plug to modify
the rate of flow through the valve.

Stem guide: A guide bushing closely fitted to the valve stem and aligned with the seat. Good
stem guiding is essential to minimizing packing leakage.

Bushing: Metal inserts that fit into the valve body and guide the moving parts. Cage: A hollow cylindrical trim element that is sometimes used as a guide to align the
movement of a valve plug with a seat ring. It may also act to retain the seat ring in the valve body. On some types of valves, the cage may contain different shaped openings which act to

characterize the flow through the valve. The cage may also act as a noise attenuation or anticavitations device.

Kinds of Control Valves.

There are two basic types of control valves: rotary and linear. Linear-motion control valves commonly have globe, gate, diaphragm, or pinch - type closures. Rotary-motion valves have ball, butterfly, or plug closures. Each type of valve has its special generic features, which may, in a given application, be either an advantage or a disadvantage.

Control Valve Classification.

Kinds of Control Valve Bodies

1. Single Seat 2. Double Seat

Control Valve Flow Characteristics.

The relationship between valve capacity and valve travel is known as the flow characteristic of the valve. When valves are installed with a pump, pipes, fittings, and other process equipment, the pressure drop across the valve will vary as the plug moves through its travel. When the actual flow in a system is plotted against valve opening, the curve is called the installed flow characteristic.

Logical Direction of Flow in Valve Body.

The logical direction of flow in valve body is always against plug.

Fail Safe Condition.

In Direct Actuator Direct Plug and Reverse Actuator Reverse Plug fail safe condition is open. And in Direct Actuator Reverse Plug and Reverse Actuator Direct Plug fail safe condition is close.

Stroke Limitation.
The maximum stroke limit of a control valve is 4 inch

Valve Positioner.
A valve Positioner is a device used to increase or decrease the air pressure operating the actuator until the valve stem reaches the position called for by the instrument controller. Positioners are

generally mounted on the side or top of the actuator. They are connected mechanically to the valve stem so that stem position can be compared with the position dictated by the controller. A positioner is a type of air relay which is used between the controller output and the valve diaphragm. The positioner acts to overcome hysteresis, packing box friction, and valve plug unbalance due to pressure drop. It assures exact positioning of the valve stem in accordance with the controller output.

Principle of Operation:
The positioner is mechanically connected to the stem of the valve. This stem position is compared with the position called for by the instrument controller, i.e. by the instrument output air signal. A separate air supply is brought into the positioner for positioning the valve at exactly the point called for by the controller.

Reasons to use Positioners.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Increase control system resolution i.e. fine control. Allow use of characteristic cams. Minimize packing friction effects, i.e. high-temperature packing. Negate flow-induced reactions to higher pressure drops. Increase speed of response to a change in process. Allow split ranging. Overcome seating friction in rotary valves. Allow distances between controller and control valve. Allow wide range of flow variation, i.e. operate at less than 10% travel under normal conditions. 10. Allow increased usage of 4-20 mA electronic signals.

11. Increase fast venting (unloading) capability. 12. Permit use of piston actuators. 13. Facilitate operation when the higher number in the bench-set range is greater than 15 psig, i.e. 10-30 psig, 6-30 psig, etc.

Selecting Control Valves.

1. Use control valves with equal percentage flow characteristics if the major portion of the system pressure drop is not across the control valve. Use this kind also if the pressure drop across the valve is high when flow is low and if the pressure drop is low when flow is high. 2. Use control valves with linear flow characteristics if the pressure drop across the control valve is relatively constant that is, if the major portion of the system pressure drop is across the control valve. 3. Use valves with quick opening flow characteristics if fast on/off control is desired. 4. Use butterfly or ball valves if pressure drop is low and flow is high.

Relationship of Pressure, Volume, and Temperature.

Pneumatics depends on the relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. In general, for a gas in an enclosed system, the following equation is true: ( pV ) / T = a constant Where p = absolute pressure (psia) V = Volume in any convenient unit T = absolute temperature (Kelvin)

Split Range.
A split range system uses two valves one small and one large. If a signal generated requiring a valve to open, the small valve operates first.

Rangeability
Book IC-106 Page 61 Paragraph 4.35

Turndown
Book IC-106 Page 61 Paragraph 4.36

Gain
Book IC-106 Page 61 Paragraph 4.37