MA English (Literature and Linguistics) Semester Aug-08

***** Phonetics and Phonology COURSE OUTLINE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Unit Background definition / usefulness / relation with other subjects of English. 44 phonemes of English, recognition of IPA Sounds. Problems of Pronunciation of Foreign language. Organs of Speech / process of Articulation / Voicing. Classification of Sounds. Cordial Vowels. Vowel Diagram. Description of Vowels. Diphthongs. Triphthongs. Consonants. Places of Articulation. Manners of Articulation. Phoneme. Syllable. Stress. Weak forms. Assimilation. Elision. Intonation. Practice of Phonetic Transcription. 1-5 6-13 14-20 Preliminary Test Middle Term Exams Final Term Exams 25 Marks 50 Marks 75 Marks Mr. Tayyab Nawaz

Linguistics: The Scientific systematic study of a language is called Linguistics. Sub Branches of Linguistics:

Linguistics Phonetics Phonology Semantic Syntax Grammar

Definitions: 1. Phonetics: Study of human speech sounds in general. 2. Phonology: Study of sounds in a particular language. Semantic: The study of meanings of language / sentences. 4. Syntax: The Study of structure of Sentences. 5. Grammar: Rules that govern a particular language. 6. Morphology: Study of structure of sounds. Brief Definition of Phonetics Phonetics is the study of physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception and neurophysiologic perception.

3.

Areas of Study for Phonetics

Articulatory Phonetics (Production of Sounds) Auditory Phonetics (Reception) Acoustic Phonetics (Production of sounds) Phonology: Phonology is the study of sounds; how they are produced and organised and used in a language. So, Phonology gives us phonological system that is concerned with (i) An inventory of sounds and their features. (ii) Rules which specify how these sound interact with each other.

Difference PHONETICS
1. It provides basis for Phonological system. 2. Analysis the production of human speech sounds regardless of the language. 1.

PHONOLOGY
Phonology is the basis for further work in the morphology, syntax, orthographic design. 2. Analysis the sound patterns of a particular language by (a). Determining which phonetic sounds are significant explaining of these sounds interact describing how these sounds are interpreted by the native speakers.

Sounds in English Language

44 Phonemes/ Sounds 24 Consonant Sounds

Diphthongs = 8

20 Vowels
Pure Vowels = 12

Voiceless Consonants = 8 Voiced Consonants = 16

Long Vowels = 5

Short Vowels = 7

List of Consonants, Vowels, Diphthongs and Triphthongs:

Consonants:
Sr. 1. 5. 9. 13. 17. 21. Consonant /p/ /k/ // // /n/ /j/ Sr. 2. 6. 10. 14. 18. 22. // /w/ Consonant /b/ /g/ // Sr. 3. 7. 11. 15. 19. 23. Consonant /t/ /f/ /s/ /h/ /r/ /t/ Sr. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. Consonant /d/ /v/ /z/ /m/ /l/ /d /

Vowels:
Sr. 1. 5. 9. Vowel /I/ // / / Sr. 2. 6. 10. Vowel /i:/ / :/ / / Sr. 3. 7. 11. Vowel /e/ /u:/ // Sr. 4. 8. 12. Vowel /:/ /:/ / /

Diphthongs:
Sr. 1. 5. Vowel /eI/ /e / Sr. 2. 6. Vowel /aI/ / / Sr. 3. 7. Vowel / I/ /a/ Sr. 4. 8. Vowel /I / / /

Triphthongs:
Sr. Triphthongs

1
/eI /

2
/aI /

3
/
I

4
/ /a /

5
/ /

Examples for Consonants: /p/

pure, perfect, pass, apple, appropriate, epic, loop, tape, trap, rip, peal

Brain Teaser: Peter the piper picked a pack of pickled pepper.

/b/

best, bother, brother, bug, blast, pebble, big, batch, balloon, bottle, bubble.

Brain Teaser: Big buffalo blows back bubbling burst of boiled bowl water.

/t/

Turtle, Attain, Attribute, Attention, Wallet, Welter, Mutton, Metal, Typhoon

Brain Teaser: Two tame tigers taking ten twenty train to Timbuktu. A tutor who tuted a tute, tried the tutor two tutors to tute. Said the tute to the tutor, Is it harder to tute or two tutor to tute?

/d/

Dumb, Drum, Doing, Do, Dust Adult, Adam, Toad, Bad, Ditch, Dirty, Duty

Brain Teaser: David does his duty dully during dumb days and dusk to dawn.

/k/

Collect, Crunch, Casket, Chronicle, Cube, Coconut, Kid, Kill, Kick, Accompany, Take, Cool, Collide, Kiss. Quick, Quantum, Custom

Brain Teaser: King Kuala castly queen quize.

/g/

Game, Gala, Garage, Eager, Merge, Big, Bog, Ugly, Tug, Ghost, Galley, Give

Brain Teaser:

/f/ /v/ // // /s/ /z/

//

Father, Fame, Affirmative, Phone, Tough, Trough, Stuff, Tiffin, Rough Violin, Travel, Marvellous, Vacuum, Violence, Invasion, Vision, Vast, Vide Method, Myth, Through, Month, Earth, Thunder, Method, Thesis, Thirty, Thirsty, Three, Thursday, Thick, Thin, Think, Thief, Theme, Theory, Thumb This, Them, Their, Thus, Bother, Brother, Mother, Father, Leather, Feather, System, Sorrow, Semantic, Syntax, Mask, Just, Fist, Task, Insolent, Isolate Zoo, Prism, Prison, Treason, Zip, Zinc, Zigzag, Zillion, Zest, Zero, As Mission, Sure, Shirt, Shake, Ship, Short, Shallow, Shout, Tuition, Shark, Shame Vision, Treasure, Measure, Garage, Leisure, Pleasure House, Hearth, Hollow, Hammer, Humour, Hustle, Haste, Human, Inheritance mother, main, aim, amateur, matter, immortal, mortal, mission, mask, mistake Name, Nasal, Nose, Any, In, On, Man, Fan, Ten, Tin, Ton, Yawn, Run, Render, Tank Local, Still, Salute, Metal, Violent, Ill, Logic, Law, Log, Royal, Quarrel, Well, Wilt, Build, Total, Oral, Poll, Toll, Eternal

//

/h/ /m/ /n/ /l/

/r/ // /j/ /w/ /t/

//

Room, Rank, Rocket, Register, Ring, Marry, Marriage, Irregular, Regular, True, Trust, True, Truth, Bride, Pride, Prone, Prefect, Produce, Prologue Wing, Mango, Tongue, English, Language, Shrink, Bring, Frank, Sink Year, Yawn, Yes, You, Youth, Yet, Yeast, Yell, Yank, Tuition, Tutor Wool, Wagon, Water, Towel, Language, Waste, Twist, Twinkle, Wide, With Chocolate, Church, Champ, Torch, Torture, Mature, Chapel, Channel, Touch, Rich, Pinch, Finch, Wretch, Stretch, Trench, Chunk, Chump, Punch Jam. Jug, Gesture, Judge, Jeep, Joy, Soldier, Juristic, Page, Rage, Journal Problems of Pronunciation for Foreign Learners 1. 2. Dissimilarity between spellings and sounds. Articulators are custom to mother tongue. Channelisation of Sound

When we learn a foreign language their is always mother tongue interference at different levels as there is process of channelisation of nervous system according to the mother tongue so this process of channelisation affects the physical production of sounds means our articulators are custom to certain sounds so when they have to produce new sounds there is a problem. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. substitution of sounds of English with nearest sound of another tongue. syllabic consonants Diphthongs in English Aspirated Consonant Absence of Certain Sounds of English in mother tongue --Urdu---Arabic---Pashto-2.

// and //
/p/ /g/ /t/ /d/ /f/

Aspirated Consonants are pronounced as non-aspirated consonants. e.g. /p/ /t/ /k/ Absence of Syllabic Consonants in mother tongue creates a problem and foreign learners pronounce these syllabic consonants with an addition of vowel sound Schwa // There are many diphthongs in different languages which are replaced by its native speakers with English vowels. In Urdu, for example, we replace eI with the vowel sound .

3.

4.

NON-PHONETIC CHARACTER OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND SPELLING (A) Same Spellings different pronunciation: --a-Man Ball Among Example II: --ou-House Cough Mouse Example III: --ch-Chair Chemistry (B) /te/ /kemIstrI/ Parachute Sandwich /pru:t/ /sndvidz/ /has/ /k f/ /mas/ Could Rough Thought /kd/ /r f/ / :t/ /mn/ /b :l/ /m / Father Any Private /f:/ /enI/ /praIveIt/

Example I:

Same sounds coming from different spellings. --/i:/-Teach People Police Phoenix /ti:t/ /pi:pl/ /pli:s/ /fi:niks/ Believe Freeze Receive Key /bIli:v/ /fri:z/ /rIsi:v/ /ki:/

Example I:

(C)

Ignorance of acoustic qualities of English sounds may cause problems for the foreign learners. Ignorance of the proper usage in length, stress and intonation.

(D)

Requirement: I. We must not depend on the spellings of English words for their pronunciation. II. We must learn and remember the correct acoustic qualities of English sounds. III. We must learn to make English sounds correctly. IV. We must learn the proper usage in the matter of stress, length and intonation. V. We must learn phonetics / Phonemic transcription. VI. We must follow one Pronunciation.