Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
boIH$
AéU Hw$_ma CnmÜ`m`
ZmJ npãbeg©
11 E.`y.E. Odmha ZJa, {Xëbr-110007, ^maV
amîQ´>r` g§ñH¥$V g§ñWmZ, ZB© {Xëbr Ho$ {dÎmr` gh`moJ go àH$m{eVŸ&
ZmJ npãbeg©
(i)11 E. `y>.E. Odmha ZJa, {Xëbr-110007
(ii)Obmbnwa _m\$s, MwZma, {_aOmnwa, `y.nr.
Xya^mf: 23855883, 23857975
(C) boIH$
ISBN 81-7081-638-6
àW_ g§ñH$aU: 2006
_yë`: én`o 95.00
^y{_H$m
gm§»`-Xe©Z kmZ H$m _yb _mZm J`m h¡ (JrVm3/3)-
bmoHo$@pñ_Z² {Û{dYm {Zð>m nwam àmoº$m _`mZKŸ&
kmZ`moJoZ gm§»`mZm§ H_©`moJoZ `mo{JZm_²Ÿ&Ÿ&
doX H$m dJuH$aU ^r gm§»` na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw AmOH$b doX kmZ H$m _yb
_mZZo Ho$ ~Xbo Cgo A{e{jV AZn‹T> bmoJm| H$m JrV _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Am¡Šg\$moS>©
{díd{dÚmb` Ûmam 1831 _| ~moS>Zo nrR> H$s ñWmnZm H$m CÔoí` Wm Bg àH$ma Ho$
àMma Ûmam d¡[XH$ gä`Vm H$mo Zï> H$aZmŸ(_mo{Z`a {d{b`åg H$o g§ñH¥$V-{hÝXr
H$mof H$s ^y{_H$m)& _¡Šg_yba Am{X Zo Bg CÔoí` Ho$ {b`o AnZm OrdZ CËgJ©
H$a {X`mŸ& Y_m©ÝYVm _| CZH$s {Zð>m àe§gZr` h¡, {OgH$m {dñVma go dU©Z
1902 _| bm¢J_¡Z J«rZ Ûmam bÝXZ go àH$m{eV 2 IÊS>m| _| ‘OrdZr Am¡a nÌ’ _|
h¡Ÿ& _mŠg© do~a Am{X H$B© O_©Z ^m‹S>o na AmH$a {~«Q>Zo _| `h H$m_ H$a aho WoŸ&
BZHm Hw$N> AnZm {dMma ^r d¡gm hr WmŸ& _mŠg© Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| Ho$ AZwgma nyÄOrdmXr
àH$meH$ {~Zm n¡go H$o bmo^ Ho$ H$moB© H$m`© Zht H$aVoŸ& AmO ^r Omo dñVw nmR>çH«$_
_| Zht h¡, Cg na nwñVH$ NndmZm gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw Omo {~«{Q>e emgZ
^maV H$mo byQ>Zo Ho$ {b`o hr Am`m Wm dh ‘{Z:ñdmW©’ ^md go doX Am¡a gmå`dmX
na nwñVH|$ N>ndmZo Ho {b`o IM© H$a ahm Wm, Ÿ{Oggo ^maV Am¡a ê$g H$mo Zï> {H$`m
Om gHo$& ~mX _| ê$g Am¡a MrZ Zo ^r Bgr CÔoí` go gmå`dmX H$s nwñVH|$ _wâV
~m§Q>t & `o ñd`§ `o {gÕmÝV N>m‹oS> MwHo$ h¢, na CZHo$ ^º$ BZgo {bnQ>o hþ`o h¢Ÿ& BZH$s
Y_m©ÝYVm Ho$ H$maU ~mB{~b Am{X g_PZo _| ^r ^yb hþ`rŸ& _w»` ^«_ Am¡a ^yb
Bg àH$ma h¢-
(1) 1700 Bñdr go {dkmZ H$s CÞ{V Amaå^ hmoZo na Omo ì`{º$ Cgo {~ëHw$b
Zht g_P nm`o, do ^r AnZo H$mo {dÛmZ Am¡a g^r àMrZ emóm| H$mo _yI©VmnyU©
_mZZo bJoŸ& àmMrZ H$mb _| ^r {díd Ho$ g^r ^mJm| _| bmoJ gy`-© MÝÐ J«hU H$s
JUZm, I{ZO gånXm H$s ImoO, `moJ-Am`wdX} Ho$ {gÕmÝV OmZVo Wo, Omo AmO ^r
h_mar kmZ gr_m Ho$ ~mha h¡Ÿ& CXmhaUmW© _opŠgHmo _| 18 A‘>m| H$s JUZm hmoVr
Wr, [OgH$m Am`©^Q> Zo ^r à`moJ {H$`m h¡, Š`m|{H$ n¥Ïdr Ho$ hOma ^mJ H$mo `moOZ
_mZZo na ~«÷mÊS> (AmH$me-J“m) H$m AmH$ma 18 A‘> H$s g§»`m hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
2 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
{H$ÝVw _mZm J`m h¡ {H$ _opŠgH$mo dmgr {g\©$ {MÌ {b{n OmZVo WoŸ& dhm§ VWm
A\«$sH$m Am{X _| ^r gmoZm VWm AÝ` I{ZO {ZH$mbo OmVo Wo, AmO ^r BZH$s ImoO
AZw_mZ na hr AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ&
(2) g^r KQ>ZmAm| H$m H$mb 5000 dfm] Ho$ ^rVa hr aIm J`m h¡ , Š`m|{H$ 1908
_| _w»` nmXar Aea Zo {ZYm©[aV {H$`m {H$ ~mB{~b Ho$ AZwgma 4004 B©.ny. _|
g¥{ï> hþ`rŸ& `h ~mB{~b Ho$ Amaå^ H$mo Zht g_PZo Ho$ H$maU h¡Ÿ& dhm§ {bIm h¡
{H$ 4W© {XZ gy`-© MÝÐ,5_ {XZ n¥Ïdr hþ`rŸ& `hm§ {XZ H$m AW© n¥Ïdr H$m AnZo Aj
na ^«_U Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ n¥Ïdr ~Zr Zht WrŸ& O~ gy`© ^r Zht Wm, Cg
g_` {XZ H$m AW© AmH$me-J“m H$m hr Aj-^«_U hmo gH$Vm h¡, {OgH$m {ZYm©aU
AmO ^r AZw_m{ZV hr h¡Ÿ& Bgo ^maV _| _ÝdÝVa H$hm J`m h¡ (àm`: 31 H$mo{Q>
df©)Ÿ& ~mB{~b _| `hr {XZ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Cgr AÜ`m` _| 27d| dmŠ` _| H$hm h¡
{H$ ^JdmZ Zo _Zwî` H$mo AnZo ê$n _| ~Zm`mŸ& `hm§ ^JdmZ H$m ê$n Š`m h¡,
{OgH$mo {ZamH$ma _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` H$m AW© `hm§ nwéf-ór XmoZm| hmoJmŸ& ñd`å^y
OJV² H$s à{V_m AmH$me-J“m h¡, CgH$s à{V_m _Zwî` H$m _pñVîH$-BZ g^r
_| 100 Aa~ H$U h¢Ÿ& BgH$m Am^mg AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ _| 1985 _| hþAm, {OgH$m
6000 df© nwamZo eVnW ~«m÷U _| {dñVma go dU©Z h¡Ÿ& Omo gmH$ma h¡ dhr {ZamH$ma
h¡-BZ ê$nm| H$mo ja-Aja H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ hr ~«÷ Ho$ 4 nmX hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
doX _| Cgo AO, Hw$amZ _o§ ~H$a, Am¡a ~mB{~b _| Jm¡S >(O_©Z _| Jm¡Q>=JmoQ> `m
~H$ar) H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bgo {~Zm g_Po _y{Îm© Ho$ nj-{dnj _| g§Kf© hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
(3) ~mB{~b, Hw$amZ, doX, nwamU _| 7 bmoH$m| H$m dU©Z VWm CZH$m AmH$ma ~hþV
ñnï> ê$n go {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gm¡a-_ÊS>b H$m AmH$ma AmO ^r ñnï> Zht h¡Ÿ& ~mB{~b
_| Bgo BZm¡H$ H$s nwñVH$ _| H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ` Cn`moJ H$m Zht hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
Bgo dÎm©_mZ AZwdmX _| Zht aIm J`m h¡Ÿ& dhr dU©Z gy`-© {gÕmÝV _o§ h¡ (gy`=© BZ,
_opŠgH$mo _| BÝH$m=gy`©d§er)Ÿ&
(4) ^maVr` {dÛmZm| H$s H${R>ZmB© h¡ [H$ hOmam| dfm] Ho$ {dXoer emgZ _| nwñVH|$
Zï> H$s J`t `m CÝh| Mmoar go {dXoe bo J`oŸ& Mmoa-^mdZm _| _¡Šg_yba Am{X Zo
{H$gr ^maVr` òmoV H$m Zm_ Zht {X`mŸ&Omo CnbãY ^r h¢, CZHo$ d¡km{ZH$ eãXm|
H$s n[a^mfm ~VmZo dmbm H$moB© Zht h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ nwamZo{dÛmZ² A§J«oOr Zht
OmZVo Wo, A^r Ho$ g§ñH¥$Vk g§ñH¥$V Zhr OmZVo, Cgo A§J«oOr _mÜ`_ go n‹T>Vo h¢Ÿ&
^y{_H$m 3
(5) g§ñH¥$V Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {b`o eãXm| H$s n[a^mfm VWm CZH$s _mn
Oê$ar h¡Ÿ& doX Ho$ àm`: à{V gyº$ _| d¡km{ZH$ eãX, CZH$s _mn gå~ÝYr g§»`m`|
h¢Ÿ& doX VWm Xe©Z Ho$ {dÛmZ² ñHy$b ñVa H$m {dkmZ `m J{UV ^r Z OmZVo h¢, Z
OmZZo H$s Moï>m H$aVo h¢Ÿ& B{Vhmg Ho$ boIH$ n#mm“ H$s àmapå^H$ OmZH$mar ^r
Zhr§ aIVoŸ& do A^r VH$ `hr _mZ H$a B{Vhmg {bIVo h¢ {H$ n¥Ïdr H$s g¥{ï>
4004 B©.ny. _| hþ`r WrŸ, O~{H ñHy$b {dÚmWu ^r OmZ MwHo$ h¢ [H n¥Ïdr àm`:
5 Aa~ df© nwamZr h¡Ÿ&
(6) doX-nwamUm| _| 7 àH$ma Ho$ `moOZ, 9 àH$ma Ho$ H$mb-_mZ, VWm 7 àH$ma Ho$
`wJ h¢Ÿ& gm{hË` Ho$ H$B© n`m©`dmMr eãX AbJ-AbJ AWm] _| à`wº$ h¢Ÿ& CZ
g~H$mo EH$ hr _mZ H$a ì`m»`m H$aZo go ^«_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& n[a^mfm g_PZo go EH$ hr
ñnï> AW© h¡ Ÿ&
BZ na {dMma H$aZo go gm§»` H$m dmñV{dH$ AW© ñnï> hmoJm, VWm CgH$m {Z_m©U
H$mb H$m nVm {_boJmŸ& Bg nwñVH$ _| doX-VÝÌ-nwamU H$m nañna gå~ÝY, doX Ho$
6 A“ VWm 6 Cnm“(Xe©Z) H$s ì`m»`m h¡Ÿ& g§m»` Xe©Z Ho dJuH$aU H$m d¡km{ZH$
AmYma H${nb Ho$ VÎd-g_mg gyÌ Ho$ AmYma na h¡Ÿ& `h dmñV{dH$ {díd H$m
dU©Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {dkmZ H$m AmYma h¡Ÿ& `wJm| H$r MMm© Ûmam BgH$o aMZmH$mb
H$m ^r AZw_mZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gm§»` H m n[ad{Y©V dJuH$aU e¡d-Xe©Z ^r Bg
àg§J _| d{U©V h¡Ÿ& BZH$s ^y{_H$m ê$n _| {díd-d¥j VWm _mn H$s BH$mB`m| H$m
n[aM` {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gm§»`H$m[aH$m VWm gm§»`gyÌ gm_mÝ` AW© Ho$ gmW {X`o J`o
h¢ Omo àm`: n§. am_e‘>a ^Å>mMm`© H$s ì`m»`m Ho$ AZwgma h¢ VWm àm`: gab ê$n
_| h¢& {dñVma go CZH$s nwñVH|$ XoIZr Mm{h`o Omo _moVrbmb ~ZmagrXmg, {Xëbr,
go àH$m{eV h¢Ÿ&
AéU Hw$_ma CnmÜ`m`,
3-10-2005, _hmb`m H$Q>H$
{dH«$_mãX 2062, AmpídZ A_mdmñ`mŸ& $$
5
{df` gyMr
AÜ`m`/{df` n¥ð>
1.{díd-d¥j Am¡a doX 1-15
AmJ_-{ZJ_-nwamU 1,{dÚm Am¡a _hm{dÚm 1,Ì`r H$mAW© doX-2,d¥j ê$n _|
ì`m»`m-3,{díd-d¥j Vm{bH$m-4&
{Q>ßnUr-1.nÄMm{¾-4, 2.A{¾gmo_-5, Aja{M•-6, 4.ndm] H$m AmH$ma-6,
5.XodVm-7, Aja nwéf -7Ÿ&
gmaUr-8
{Q>ßnUr-(1).àH$me-J{V go gå~ÝY 8, (2)_Z Ho$ñVa 9,(3) gm¡a _ÊS>b
10. (4)gmhg«r 10,(5)J«h à^md 11, (6) ja nwéf 11Ÿ&
gmV bmoH$ 12-
{Q>ßnUr-(1) H$mo{fH$m 13, (2) N>mQo >o {díd 13, (3) AUw 14, (4) Zm{^H$s
14, (5) AgV² [díd 14, (6) F${f 14&
pñQ´>¨J {gÕmÝV, Xod-Agwa-{nVa Ÿ15 Ÿ&
2.Xoe H$mb H$s _mn 16-81
1.g§»`m H$m Cn`moJ-16
2.^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$s _mn nÕ{V 17-
am{e 17,_yb ,ì`wËnÞ BH$mB© 17, bå~mB© H$s BH$mB`m§ 18, g_` H$s _mn 19
3.gá-`moOZ 19-
(1) Za `moOZ 20,(2) ^y `moOZ 21, (3) ^ `moOZ 24, (4) Ym_ `moOZ
26- dfQ²>H$ma joÌ 29, {Ìïw>n² N>ÝX 31, N>ÝXmo_m ñVmo_ 31, ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ ~‹S>o
ñVa 31Ÿ& (5) gm¡a `moOZ 32, (6) àH$me `moOZ 32, (7) à_mU `moOZ
34-nwamU _mn 34, O¡Z doX H$s EH$Vm 35,, ~‹S>o bmoH$ 36, _mn gmaUr 38
4.gyú_ _mn 37Ÿ&
5.H$mb Ho$ 9 _mZ 37-
9 gJm] go VwbZm 37-41Ÿ& (1) ~«m÷ 41, (2) àmOmnË` 41, (3) {Xì` _mZ
42, (4)Jwé _mZ 42, (5) gm¡a _mZ 42, (6) MmÝÐ _mZ 42, (7) {nVa
_mZ 42, (8) gmdZ _mZ 43, (9) ZmjÌ _mZ 43Ÿ&
6 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÜ`m`/{df` n¥ð>
6.`wJ 43-
(1) g§ñH$ma `wJ 43, (2) _Zwî` `wJ 44, (3) n[adV© `wJ 45, (4) ghò`wJ
45, (5) Y«wd `m H«$m¡ÄM `wJ 46, (6) A`Z `m B{Vhmg `wJ 46, (7)
Á`mo{Vfr` `wJ 48Ÿ&
7. `wJ MH«$ 49-
[Q>ßnUr -(1) V¥Vr` H$ën 50, (2) ~«÷m H$m H$mb , 7 ~«÷m, 28 d{gð>-
50, ñdm`å^wd, AmX_-51, (3) `wJ IÊS> 52, (4) H$í`n Am¡a _ÝdÝVa
54, (5) Ob-ßbmdZ 55, (6) gá{f© 55Ÿ&
8.ì`mg-gyMr 56Ÿ&
9.H${b nyd© Ho$ amOd§e 58-
gy`© d§e 58, MÝÐ d§e 61, AÝ` _w»` d§e-(1) {_{Wbm 63,(2) H$mÝ`Hw$ãO
64, (3) e`m©V 64, (4) H$mer 64, (5) ~mh©ÐW 64, (6) M¡Ú 64, (7)
nmÄMmb, AZw, Ðþøw, `mXd 64, H«$moïw> 65Ÿ&
10.H${b Ho$ amOd§e 66-
(1) MÝÐ 66,(2) gy`© 66, (3) _JY H$m ~mh©ÐW 66, (4) àÚmoV 67
(5) {eewZmJ 67, (6) ZÝX 68, (7) _m¡`© 68, (8) ew“ 69, (9) H$Êd
70, (10) AmÝY« 70, (11) Jwá 71, (12) H$í_ra amOd§e 72, (13)
_mbdm amOm 74, (14) Zonmb amOd§e 77, (15) Hw$N> _hmnwéfm| H$m H$mb-
naewam_,am_,{gÕmW©-79, e‘>amMm`©, lrH¥$îU-80, AÝ` ~wÕ 81,
_hmdra 81 Ÿ&
3.doXm“ Am¡a gm§»` 82-133
1.doX Ho$ nmX 82- _ÝÌ, ~«m÷U, AmaÊ`H$-82, Cn{ZfX² 83, nm¡éfo`Vm 83Ÿ&
2.Xe©Z H$m H$m`© 85-^oX 85, AmpñVH$-ZmpñVH$ dJ© Ho$ 3-3 Xe©Z 86Ÿ&
3.XedmX 86-(1) gXgÛmX 87-89, (2-5) aOmodmX,ì`mo_dmX, AnadmX,
AmdaUdmX-89,(6-8) Aå^modmX, A_¥V-_¥Ë`w dmX, AhmoamÌdmX-90, (9-
10) XoddmX, g§e`dmX-91Ÿ&
4.Xg Am`m_m| Ho$ 6 Xe©Z-91Ÿ&
5. fS²>Xe©Zm| H$m ñdê$n-93, (1-2)bmoH$m`V, d¡Zm{eH$-93,(3-5) O¡Z,
{df` gyMr 7
AÜ`m`/{df` n¥ð>
d¡e{o fH$, àmYm{ZH$ (gm§»`)-94, (6) emaraH$ 95Ÿ&
6.{dñV¥V dJuH$aU 95-6•6 dJ© 96, ZmpñVH$,B©ída_m{ÌH$,~«÷àH¥${Vgå~ÝY,
B©ída{d^y{V, VÝÌ, EH$Ëd-96Ÿ&
7.doX emIm`| 96Ÿ&
8.Hw$b Am¡a CnbãY emIm`| 97-F$½doX 97,H¥$îU `Ow 98, ewŠb `Ow 99,
gm_doX, gm_ Vn©U _| 13 emIm, ~«÷-Am{XË` gåàXm`-100Ÿ& AWd© emIm
101, CnbãY emIm`| 101-103Ÿ&
9.~«m÷U J«ÝW 103-F$J², `Ow (ewŠb,H¥$îU), gm_ 103,AWd©, AmaÊ`H$,
Cn{ZfX²,ñ_¥{V J«ÝW-104Ÿ&
10.B{Vhmg nwamU 105-5 VWm 10 bjU-105Ÿ& 18 {Z`_, dJ©,5 dmX-106,
H«$_ 106-108, nwamU Vm{bH$m 109, CnnwamU 110Ÿ&
11.doXm“ 110-(1) {ejm 110,(2) H$ën 111,(3) ì`mH$aU 112-115,
(4-5) {Zéº$, N>ÝX 116, (6) Á`mo{Vf 116-117Ÿ&
12.doX Ho$ Cnm“-118- _r_m§gm, doXmÝV, Ý`m`, d¡e{o fH$, gm§»`, `moJ-118,
nmíMmË` 118-120Ÿ&
13.CndoX 120-(1) AW©emó naånam 120, (2) Am`wdX} 121, (3) YZwdX}
122, (4) JmÝYd©dXo 123Ÿ&
14.AmJ_ `m VÝÌ 123-IÊS> 124, (1) nmÄMamÌ 124, (2) e¡d AmJ_
125-127, (3) emº$ AmJ_ 127-129, (4) gm¡a VÝÌ 129, (5-6)
JmUnË`, ~m¡Õ 130Ÿ&
15.àmH¥$V {dÚm 130-_Zmo{dÚm, kmZpÝÐ`,H$_}pÝXA` {dÚm-131,_yb{dÚm,
{Xì` Aó 132, eó, {eën 133Ÿ&
4.VÎd-g_mg 134-223
1.gm§»` H$m àU`Z 134-H${nb H$m H$mb, ñWmZ 134, VÎdg_mg H$s 5 ì`m»`m
134,Amgw[a, nÄM{eI,df©JÊ`, dmMñn{V {_l, _hm^maV, `w{º$Xr{nH$m,
H${nb gyÌ VWm B©ídaH¥$îU H$m[aH$m H$s VwbZm, H$m[aH$m Q>rH$m, gm§»` AmMm`©
135, {dkmZ{^jw, ^mdmJUoe 136, ~«÷mÊS> H$m d§ed¥j 136Ÿ&
2.VÎdg_mg gyÌ 137-22 VWm 26 gyÌ 137Ÿ&
8 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÜ`m`/{df` n¥ð>
(4.VÎdg_mg)
gyÌ 1-AWmVñVÎdg_mg:-138-140
gyÌ 2-Aï>m¡ àH¥$V`:141Ÿ&
3.fmoS>e {dH$mam:-142
4.nwéf-143-(1)àH¥${V-{dH¥${V(2) doX VWm {ed gyÌ Ho$ VÎd 143,(3)
e¡dXe©Z 1.$VÎd 144, 2. H$bm Am¡a CÝ_of 145, 3.g¥{ï> Ho$ ^mJ 146,
4.VÎd-ê$n, 5.g¥{ï> H$bm 146, 6.H$bm H$m AW© 147, 7.Ord H$s CÞ{V
H$bm 147, 8 .AÝ` H$bm`|, 9. CÝ_of 148, 10.ewÕ VWm AewÕVÎd 152Ÿ&
ZmgXr` gyº$ 150-152Ÿ&gå~pÝYV gyÌ 152Ÿ& nwéf H$m gdê$n 153Ÿ& EH$
Am¡a ~hþV nwéf 155Ÿ&
5.Ì¡JÊw `_² 155-ì`m»`m 156Ÿ& 3 Am¡a 7 àmU-157Ÿ& 3 `m 7 bmoH$-159Ÿ&
^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ _| 3 ^oX-160Ÿ& J{UV _| {ÌJwU 161Ÿ& eara Ho$ fQ²>MH«$
162Ÿ& gm§»` VWm doXmÝV H$m MVw:gyÌr 162Ÿ&
6.gÄMa à{VgÄmMa 163, AW©, ì`m»`m 163, g¥{ï>-àb`, gm§»`-doXmÝV
MH« 164Ÿ& amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m, àb` 165Ÿ&$ D$î_mJ{VH$s, BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ Va§J,
`moJ-166Ÿ& MH«$dV² JwU-167Ÿ&
7.AÜ`Ë_ A{Y^yV A{YX¡d 167, ì`m»`m 168Ÿ&
8.nÄM A{^~w{Õ 170,{MÎmd¥{Îm, AÝV:H$aU 170,^mdmJUoe 171Ÿ&
9.nÄM ѽ`mo{Z 171, kmZpÝÐ`, H$_}pÝÐ` 173Ÿ&
10.nÄMdm`w 173-e{º$ 173,gmo_-Am¡f{Y, g¥{ï> H$_© 174, nwéf H$bm.
àmUdm`w 175, _éV² 176,F${f, eara àmU 177, {edê$nr àmU 178,
eara Ho$ àmU ^oX 178-180Ÿ&
11.nÄM H$_m©Ë_m 180-{Xì`e{º$, Am`wdX} , gm_JmZ 180, _Yw{dÚm, öX`
Ho$ [XemAm| _| VÎd, ^mdmJUoe _V 181, eara H$_©, nÄMm{¾,J{V 182Ÿ&
12.nÄMndm© A{dÚm 182- 50 àË`` 183-185Ÿ& {dÚm A{dÚm 185-186Ÿ&
A{dÚm Ho$ nd© 186Ÿ& nd© ^oX 187Ÿ&
13.28 Ae{º$ 188-JUZm 188Ÿ& gmYZm H$s ~mYm 189Ÿ& 28 ~wÕ 189Ÿ&
14.ZdYm Vw{ï> 190-ì`m»`m 191Ÿ& ^{º$_mJ© 192Ÿ&
{df` gyMr 9
AÜ`m`/{df` n¥ð>
(4.VÎdg_mg)
15.Aï>{g{Õ 193-gm§»` ^oX, `moJ {g{Õ 193-194, D$h Am{X 195-198,
à_moX198-199,_w{XV, _moX_mZ 199,{g{Õ Ho$ ^oX 200,A‘x>e 201Ÿ&
16.Xg _m¡{bHmW© 201-Xg AW© Š`m| 202,_ybmW© gyMr 203-207, C^` Ho$
JwU 207Ÿ&
17.AZwJh« gJ© 208-ì`m»`m209Ÿ&
18.MVwX©e ^yVgJ© 210, Zm_ bmoH$,gJ© 211, `mo{Z 212-214Ÿ&
19.{Ì{dY ~ÝYZ 214Ÿ&
20{Ì{dY _moj 217-e¡d Xe©Z 217Ÿ&
21.{Ì{dY à_mU 217-à_m 218, AZw_mZ, eãX 219Ÿ&
22.Xw:I {ZdmaU 220-{Ì{dY Xw:I 221, {df` Xw:I 222, Šboe, H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm,
H$_©\$b 223Ÿ&
5.gm§»`H$m[aH$m 224-237
^y{_H$m 224Ÿ&
n¥ð> H$m[aH$m n¥ð> H$m[aH$m
224 1 231 37-41
225 2-7 232 42-46
226 8-12 233 47-52
227 13-17 234 53-59
228 18-24 235 60-64
229 25-30 236 65-68
230 31-36 237 69-72
6.gm§»`gyÌ 238-297
AÜ`m` 1/1-164 gyÌ -238-257Ÿ& 2/1-47 n¥.257-261Ÿ&A.3/1-
84 n¥.262-271Ÿ& A.4/1-32 n¥.272-275Ÿ&A.5/1-129 n¥.271-279Ÿ&
AÜ`m` 6/1-70 n¥ð> 289-297Ÿ&
7.n[a{eï> 298-309
1.gm§»` gyÌ gyMr 298-307Ÿ& 2.nÄM{eI gyÌ 307-309Ÿ&
gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÜ`m`-1
{díd-d¥j Am¡a doX
1.AmJ_-{ZJ_-nwamU-^maVr` `m {díd kmZ Ho$ `o VrZ _yb òmoV h¢Ÿ& BZ
VrZm| H$s CËn{Îm EH$ gmW hþ`r h¡-
àW_§ gd© emómUm§ nwamU§ ~«÷Um ñ_¥V_²Ÿ&
AZÝVa§ M dŠÌoä`mo doXmñVñ` {d{ZJ©Vm:Ÿ&&
(dm`w.nw.1/61;_Ëñ` nw.53/3)
g¥{ï> H$o Amaå^ _| ~«÷m H$mo g_P Zht Am ahm Wm {H$ g¥pîQ> H$m`© H¡$go H$a|Ÿ& V~
CÝhm§Zo o nwamU Ûmam nyd© H$ën H$s à{H«$`m H$m ñ_aU {H$`m Am¡a doXm| H$s aMZm H$sŸ&
Ü`mZ H$s {d{Y, à`moJ, AZwgÝYmZ-`o g^r VÝÌ Ho$ {df` h¢ {OZH$m {~Zm
CëboI H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
{dÚm Am¡a _hm{dÚm-doX lw{V h¡, BgH$m `h AW© Zht {H$ F${f {bIZm Zht
OmZVo Wo Omo AZn‹T> bmoJm| H$s YmaUm h¡Ÿ& kmZ H$m dmVmdaU go J«hU lw{V h¡Ÿ&
_yb g¥{ï> H$m Amaå^ AmH$me go hþAm,CgH$m JwU eãX h¡Ÿ& AV: lw{V H$m AW©
AÝ` kmZopÝÐ`m| Ûmam ^r J«hU h¡Ÿ& nwa H$m MoVZ nXmW© nwéf h¡, dh ~mha go Omo
J«hU H$aVm h¡ dh {dÚm `m doX hŸ¡& nwa H$m ~mhar AmdaU _ha² h¡Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ H$m`©
H$m Omo à^md _ha² Ûmam J«hU hmoVm h¡, dh _hm{dÚm h¡Ÿ&
{dÚm J{V _y{Îm©
nwéf _hm{dÚm nwéf
kmZ
_ha² `m AWd©
{dÚm-_hm{dÚm lw{V Ho$ VrZ nX
_yb AmYma `m ~«÷ AWd© (Wd©={hbZm, WaWamZm, AWd©=pñWa, emÝV) h¡Ÿ&
Bggo lw{V Ho$ 3 nXm|-nXmW© H$m ê$n, Cggo gyMZm H$m AmJ_Z,kmZ-Ûmam VrZ
doXm|-F$H²$, `Ow:, gm_- H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& gånyU© g¥{ï> _| _y{Îm©, J{V, à^md-
joÌ-`o F$H²$, `Ow:, gm_ h¢Ÿ& BÝht H$mo A{¾, dm`w, a{d ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& {dX²
YmVw Ho$ 4 AW© 4 doXm| Ho$ AZwgma h¢Ÿ&
2 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
VÎd doX {dX² YmVw H$m AW©
_y{Îm© F$H²$ gÎmm (pñW{V)-{dX gÎmm`m_²(nm.Ym. 4/60)
J{V `Ow: bm^ (àm{á)-{dX²>b¥ bm^o(6/141)
kmZ gm_ kmZ-{dX kmZo(2/57)
gÝX^© AWd© {dMma H$aZm-{dX {dMmaUo(7/13)
MoVZm»`mZ {Zdmgofw(10/177)
doX Ho$ 4 {d^mJm| H$m àm`: 40 àH$ma go dU©Z h¡, Cg_| EH h¡-
F$½ä`mo OmVm§ gd©emo _y{Îm©_mhþ:, gdm© J{V`m©Owfr h¡d eídV²Ÿ&
gdª VoO§ gm_ê$ß`§ h eídV², gdª hoX§ ~«÷Um h¡d g¥ï>_²Ÿ&&
(V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U3/12/8/1)
BÝh| A{¾, dm`w, a{d ^r H$hVo h¢-
A{¾ dm`w a{dä`ñVw Ì`§ ~÷ gZmVZ_²Ÿ&
XwXmoh `k {gÕçWª F$½`Ow: gm_ bjU_²Ÿ&&(_Zwñ_¥{V 1/23)
BZ XmoZm| íbmoH$m| _| ~«÷ H$m AW© AWd©-doX h¡, Omo àW_ doX h¡-
~«÷m XodmZm§ àW_§ gå~^yd {dídñ` H$Îmm© ^wdZñ` JmoámŸ&
g ~«÷{dÚm gd© {dÚm à{Vð>m_Wdm©` Á`oð> nwÌm` àmhŸ&&1Ÿ&&
Ûo {dÚo do{XVì`o, B{V h ñ_ `X² ~«÷{dXmo dXpÝV nam M¡d Anam M(4)
VÌmnam F$½doXmo `OwdX} :,gm_doXmo,AWd©dXo :,{ejm,H$ënmo, ì`mH$aU§, {Z麧$,
N>ÝXmo,Á`mo{Vf{_{VŸ& AW nam ``m VXja_{YJå`Vo(5)(_wÊS>H$ Cn.1/1)
F$H²$ VWm AÝ` doXm| _| ^r AWd© H$m àW_ doX Ho$ ê$n _| CëboI h¡-
Ëdm_¾o nwîH$amXÜ`Wdm© {Za_ÝWVŸ& _yÜZm} {dídñ` ~mYV:Ÿ&&13Ÿ&&
V_w Ëdm XÜ`L²>L>¥ {f: nwÌ B©Yo AWd©U:Ÿ& d¥ÌhU§ nwaÝXa_²Ÿ&Ÿ&14&Ÿ&
(F$H²$, 6/16/13-14; dm.`Ow.11/32-33,15/22-23; gm_ 9/10,
V¡.g§.3/5/11/3-4,4/13/2-3,4/4/1)
EH$ _yb doX go VrZ Am¡a hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Ì`r H$m AW© 4 doX hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ _yb
^r ~Zm ahVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m ^«m_H$ AW© bJm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ nhbo EH$ doX Wm ~mX _|
AWd© hþAmŸ& 4 doX-òï>m ê$n _| ~«÷m Ho$ 4 _wI h¢ VWm CZH$m {M• nbme d¥j h¡Ÿ&
nbme _| ^r EH$ emIm go VrZ nÌ {ZH$bVo h¢, O¡go AWd© go 3 AÝ`Ÿ& {hÝXr _|
C{º$ h¡-dhr T>mH$ Ho$ VrZ nmVŸ&
1. {díd-d¥j Am¡a doX 3
d¥j-ê$n _| ì`m»`m-JrVm _| doX H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {b`o d¥j-ê$n _| ì`m»`m
h¡Ÿ&_yb òmoV d¥j Ho$ _yb O¡gm h¡, Cgo D$na H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Cggo {Z_m©U H$s
{d{^Þ {Xem`| CgH$s emIm`| h¢Ÿ& {Z_m©U H$m n[aUm_ d¥j Ho$ \$b O¡gm h¡, AV…
XmoZm| H$mo \$b hr H$hVo h¢Ÿ& _yb go emIm, nÌ (\$b) H$m {Z_m©U VWm Cg_| nwZ…
b` hmoZo H$m H«$_ gXm MbVm ahVm h¡, AV…Bgo A{dZmer AídËW `m Aì``
nwéf H$hm OmVm h¡-
D$Üd©_by _Y…emI_ídËW§ àmhþaì``_²Ÿ&
N>ÝXm§{g `ñ` nUm©{Z `ñV§ doX g doX{dV²(JrVm 15/1)
Aì`` H$m AW© h¡, ì``(IM©) Zht hmoZm, _yb òmoVgo {OVZm H$_ hmoVm h¡, dh
nwéf H$mo ~ZmZo _| bJ OmVm h¡, AV…`moJ ~am~a ahVm h¡Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ _| 5
àH$ma Ho$ g§ajU {gÕmÝV h¢-_mÌm,D$ÁOm©,(`m gmnojdmX _| XmoZm| H$m `moJ),
AmdoJ, H$moUr` AmdoJ,na_mUw Ho$ _yb H$Um| H$m pñnZŸ& Aì`` nwéf H$m eara
Xmé (H$mð>) H$m H$hm JmVm h¡Ÿ& Mmamo Amoa \¡$bm hþAm nXmW© g_wÐ h¡, Cggo
AÝV…g§k d¥j AÞ H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢Ÿ& BÝhr d¥jm| Ho$ \$b Am{X go _Zwî` H$m
eara ~ZVm h¡Ÿ& Aì`` nwéf ja go nao VWm Aja go ^r loð> h¡, AV…CÎm_ nwéf
(`m nwéfmoÎm_=OJÞmW) H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ-
`ñ_mV² ja_VrVmo@h_jamX{n MmoÎm_…&
AVmo@pñ_ bmoHo$ doXo M à{WV… nwéfmoÎm_…Ÿ&&(JrVm 15/17)
bmoH$ VW doX(kmZ-{dkmZ) XmoZm| ^mfm`| EH$ gmW àM{bV ahVr h¢, AV… XmoZm|
H$m dÎm©_mZ H$mb _| dU©Z h¡Ÿ& nwéfmoÎm_ à{WV(first) h¡, AV… EH$ H$m H«$_
EH$s` Zht, àW_ hmoVm h¡, Am¡a EH$ H$mo (_`m©Xm-nwéfmoÎm_) am_ H$hm OmVm h¡&
g_wÐ (dmVmdaU) go d¥j Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Aì`` _mZd eara ~ZVm h¡, AV…OJÞmW
H$m eara ^r g_wÐ go ~h H$a Am`o H$mð> go ~ZVm h¡-
AXmo `Ômé ßbdVo {gÝYmo: nmao Anyéf_²Ÿ&
VXma^ñd Xwh©Umo VoZ JÀN> nañVa_²Ÿ&(F$H²$10/155/3)
AWm©V² Omo Anm¡éfo` Xmê$(H$mð>) g_wÐ go ~h H$a Am`m CgH$s AmamYZm H$a
XwJ©_ g§gma H$mo nma H$amoŸ&
{díd-d¥j Ho$ Á`mo{Vfr` Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ ê$nm| H$m gå~ÝY AmJo {X`m Om ahm
h¡Ÿ& Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ê$n H$B© ì`{º$-ê$nm| H$m g_Ýd` h¡Ÿ&
4 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
{díd-d¥j
_ÊS>b ê$n XodVm _mhoída-gyÌ Ho$ dU© eara Ho$ MH«$
ñda gdU© AÝV:ñW gm¡ÝX`© bhar 9H$m g¥{ï>-H«$_
11
1.ñdm`å^wd 10 H$U
123456789012
123456789012
~«÷m A h {dew{Õ
123456789012
(AmH$me-J“m g_yh 123456789012
123456789012
123456789012
(~¥hV²) (H$ÊR>-_yb)
123456789012
gånyU© {díd)123456789012
Ho$ ê$n _|
2.na_oð>r 1011 H$U {dîUw B
123456789012
123456789012 ` AZmhV
123456789012
123456789012
(AmH$me-J“m,~«÷mÊS>,123456789012
123456789012 (~mÝYZm,doï>Z) (öX`)
123456789012
Hy$_©-MH«$,JmobmoH$)
3.gm¡a BÝÐ C d ñdm{Yð>mZ
(gy`© H$m à^md-joÌ) ({d{H$aU) (Zm{^)
(5) Hw$ÊS>{bZr VH$ H$s _mn hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Cggo N>mQo >o H$U àH$me-nXmW© XmoZm| ê$n _|
h¢Ÿ& _mnXÊS> H$m g~go N>mQo >m ê$n dhr h¡ AV: CgH$s _mn Zht h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw na_mUw
Ho$ _ybH$U VWm CZHo$ òmoV ¹$mH©$ H$m {gÕmÝV Am¡a à`moJ Ûmam kmZ h¡Ÿ& Cggo
N>mQo >o Xmo ñVam|-{nVa VWm F${f H$m {H$gr àH$ma H$m kmZ gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ& AV:
BÝh| AgV² H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Ho$db gV² {JZZo na BZ {dídm| H$s e{º$ 5 àmU h¢,
AgV² {_bmZo na 7 àmU h¢-
n#mòmoVmo@å~w§ n#m`moÝ`wJ«dH«$m§ n#màmUmo{_ª n#m~wX>² Ü`m{X_ybm_²Ÿ&
(ídoVmídVa C. 1/5)
gá àUm: à^dpÝV Vñ_mV² gám{M©f: g{_Y: gá hmo_m:Ÿ&
gá B_o bmoH$m `ofw MapÝV àmUm Jwhme`m {Z{hVm: gá gá &&
(_wÊS>H C.$2/1/8)
(6) F${f AgV² àmU h¢ {OZgo g¥{ï> hþ`r h¡Ÿ& `o l_ Am¡a Vn go ItMVo h¢, AV:
F${f (añgr) H$hbmVo h¢-
AgÛm@BX_J«@AmgrV²Ÿ& VXmhþ:-qH$ VXmgr{X{VŸ& F$f`mo dmd Vo@J«@o gXmgrV²Ÿ&
VXmhþ:-Ho$ Vo F$f` B{VŸ& Vo `Ënwam@@ñ_mËgd©ñ_m{XX{_ÀN>ÝV: l_oU
Vngm[afZ²-Vñ_mÑf`:Ÿ&(eVnW ~«m.6/1/1/1)
(7) _Zwî` Ho$ AmH$ma(bå~mB© Mm¡S‹ >mB© H$m Am¡gV) 1.3 _rQ>a H$m H$mo{Q> JwUm
H$aZo na 13,000 {H$._rQ>a n¥Ïdr H$m ì`mg h¡Ÿ& CgH$m bmI ^mJ 10-5 _r.
H${bb `m eara H$mof H$m AmH$ma h¡Ÿ& CgH$m bmI ^mJ na_mUw 10-10 _r. VWm
na_mUw H$m bmI ^mJ CgH$s Zm{^ h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` AmH$ma H$m 7 ~ma bmI ^mJ H$aZo
na F${f H$m AmH$ma 1.3x10-35 _rQ>a h¡Ÿ& Bgo ¹$mÊQ>_ _oH$m{ZŠg _| g~go
N>mQo >r Xyar ßbm§H$ Xyar H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& `h pñQ´>J¨ {gÕmÝV Ho$ g^r 5 d¡H$pënH$
dU©Zm| H$m AmYma h¡Ÿ& F${f H$s n[a^mfm VWm _mn XmoZm| AmYw{ZH$ _mÝ`VmAm| H$o
AmYma h¢Ÿ&
(8) {nVa Ho$ g_mZ {H$gr nXmW© H$m dU©Z Zht h¡Ÿ& `h ~mX H r aMZmAm| H$m
AmYma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {nVa (Prototype) H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bggo Xod-
XmZd hþE {OZ_| Ho$db Xod go g¥{ï> hþ`rŸ& 33 Xod gm¡a _ÊS>b Ho$ 33 Ym_m| Ho$
1. {díd-d¥j Am¡a doX 15
n«mU h¡§, {OZH$s MMm© ~mX _| hmoJrŸ& n«Ë`oH$ joÌ _| 3 Agwa hmoZo go BZH$s g§»`m
99 Ÿh¡& `h V_ `m ~mYH$ hmoZo go Bggo g¥{ï> Zht hmoVrŸ& AV: Ho$db 1 nmX `m
MVwW© ^mJ go hr nyam {díd h¡, VrZ nmX {~Zm {Z_m©U Ho$ pñWa(A_¥V) h¢-
nmXmo@ñ` {dídm ^yVm{Z {ÌnmXñ`m_¥V§ {X{dŸ&3Ÿ&
[ÌnmXyÜd© CX¡V² nwéf: nmXmo@ñ`ohm^dV² nwZ:Ÿ&4Ÿ&(nwéf gyº$,F$H²$ 10/
90,dm `Ow.31, AWd© 19/6, gm_.619, V¡{Îmar` Am.3/12)
-******-
16
AÜ`m`-2
Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn
1. g§»`m H$m Cn`moJ-gm§»`-Xe©Z {dkmZ H$s _mn H$m Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& _mn Ho$ Xmo
AmYma h¢-EH$ g§»`m VWm _mn H$s BH$mB©Ÿ& CXmhaUmW©, 5 {_ZQ> _| 5 g§»`m h¡
VWm {_ZQ> _mn H$s BH$mB© h¡Ÿ& doX Ho g§»`mdmMH$ eãX gm§»` Ho$ AZwgma dJuH$aU
h¢ `m {H$gr nXmW© H$s _mn h¢Ÿ& BZH$m AW© g_PZo Ho$ {b`o _mn H$s {H$Z BH$mB`m|
H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡, `h OmZZm Oê$ar h¡Ÿ& gå^dV: g^r àH$ma H$s BH$mB`m| H$m
à`moJ h¡, {H$ÝVw CZH$m ahñ` g_PmZo dmbo emó CnbãY Zht h¢Ÿ& àm`: à{V
F$Mm _| N>mQo >r-~‹S>r H$B© àH$ma H$s g§»`mAm| H$m à`moJ h¡, dh _mn H$s ewÕVm
{XImVo h¢, Cgo {~Zm g_Po Ho$db H$ënZm na AmYm[aV _mZZm AnZr AkmZVm
H$mo doX Am¡a F${f`m| na S>mbZm h¡Ÿ& `hm§ {g\©$ Xoe(bå~mB©) VWm H$mb(g_`)
H$s _mn H$m dU©Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {OZHo$ ~mao _| Á`mo{Vf J«ÝWm| _| MMm© h¡ {H$ÝVw
H$m\$s ^«_ h¡Ÿ& BgH$m H$maU h¡¡ {H$ H$B© àH$ma H$s BH$mB`m| H$m ì`dhma hþAm h¡,
{H$ÝVw g~H$mo EH$ hr _mZH$a ì`m»`m H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& `{X EH$ go A{YH$ _mn-
BH$mB© H$s MMm© H$s Om` Vmo H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ doX _| {g\©$ ^«_ Am¡a H$ënZm h¡Ÿ&
gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ`oVm `h OmZVo hr Zht h¢, {dkmZ Ho$ N>mÌ ^r ^yb OmVo h¢ {H$
AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ _| ^r EH$ hr _mn Ho$ {b`o H$B© gw{dYmdmXr BH$mB`m§ h¢ {OZH$s
n[a^mfm ~XbVr ahVr h¡Ÿ& CZH$s VwbZm _| doX _| _mn H$s BH$mB`m| H$m Á`mXm
VH©$g§JV AmYma h¡Ÿ& VwbZm Ho$ {b`o ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$s AmYw{ZH$ BH$mB`m| H$s ^r
MMm© H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& doX _| 7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ VWm 7 `moOZm| H$m CëboI h¡Ÿ& `wJ VWm
`moOZ XmoZm| `wO² YmVw go ~Zo h¢, Omo {H$ doX _o§ 7 àH$ma Ho$ H$ho J`o h¢-
gá `wÄOpÝV aW_oH$ MH«$_oH$mo Aídmo dh{V gáZm_m(F$H²$ g§.1/164/2)Ÿ&
H$mb Ho$ 9 _mZ h¢ Š`m|{H$ g¥{ï> Ho$ 9 gJ© nwamUm| _| d{U©V h¢, CZHo$ AZwgma gy`©
{gÕmÝV _| 9 H$mb_mZ h¢ Ÿ& doX _| ^r 9 Ûmam g¥{ï> H$hr J`r h¡-
Zdmo Zdmo ^d{V Om`_mZ:(F$H²$ 10/85/19,AWd©7/81/2,14/1/24;
V¡.g§.2/3/5/3,4/14/1)
AWd© doX Ho$ Xmo H$mb-gyº$m| (19/53,54) _| 10+5 gyº$ h¡§Ÿ& dhm§ 7 apí_
$
2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 17
7 MH«$, 7 Aídm| H$m AW© 7 `wJ h¡-§
H$mbmo Aídmo dh{V gáapí_: ghòmjmo AOamo ^y[aaoVm:Ÿ&
V_m amohpÝV H$d`mo {dnpíMVñVñ` MH«$m ^wdZm{Z {dídmŸ&&1Ÿ&&
gá MH«$mÝ dh{V H$mb Ef gámñ` Z^ra_¥V§ Ýdj:Ÿ&
g B_ {dídm ^wdZmÝ`ÄOV² H$mb: g B©`Vo àW_mo Zw Xod:Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&
nyU:© Hw$å^mo@{Y H$mb Am[hVñV§ d¡ ní`m_mo ~hwYm Zw gÝV:Ÿ&..Am{XŸ&
2. ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$s _mn nÕ{V - n[a^mfm`| -
am{e-{H$gr KQ>Zm, dñVw `m AmH¥${V Ho$ JwU H$mo am{e H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{deof ê$n go CZHo$ n[a^m{fV `m _mn `mo½` JwU h¢ Ÿ& O¡go nXmW© H$s _mÌm `m
{dÚwV² Amdoe am{e h¢ Ÿ& MÝÐ_m H$s _mÌm `m àmoQ>moZ H$m Amdoe H$s _mn am{e H$s
_mn h¡ Ÿ& Á`mo{Vf _| d¥Îmr` J«h nW na 300 A§e H$m joÌ am{e h¡ Ÿ&
^m¡{VH$ am{e dh am{e h¡ {Ogo {dkmZ Am¡a `mpÝÌH$s Ho$ J{UVr` g_rH$aUm|
_| ì`dhma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
BH$mB© dh ^m¡{VH$ am{e h¡ Omo ì`dhma _| n[a^m{fV Am¡a ñdrH¥$V h¡ VWm
CgH$s VwbZm Ûmam Cgr àH$ma H$s AÝ` ^m¡{VH$ am{e`mo§ H$s _mn hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
^m¡{VH$ am{e H$s _mn EH$ g§»`m VWm BH$mB© H$m JwUZ\$b h¡ Ÿ& `h g§»`m
CgH$m gm§[»`H$ _mZ h¡ Omo BH$mB© Ho$ ì`dhma na {Z^©a h¡ Ÿ& O¡go {H$gr _Zwî` H$s
D§$MmB© 1.67 _rQ>a, 167 g|ÝQ>r_rQ>a `m 5 \w$Q> 6 B§M `m 1 JO 21/2 \w$Q> H$hr Om
gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
_yb BH$mB© VWm ì`wËnÞ BH$mB© - `mpÝÌH$s _| VrZ àH$ma H$s am{e`m| Ho$
_mn Ho$ Ûmam g^r BH$mB`m± _mnr Om gH$Vr h¢, ~mH$s am{e`m| H$s BH$mB© BÝht Ho$
{d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ JwUZ h¢ Ÿ& ì`dhma _| bå~mB©, _mÌm, g_` H$s _mn BH$mB`m|
H$mo _yb BH$mB© _mZZm gw{dYm OZH$ h¡, ~mH$s BH$mB`m± BZHo$ {d{^Þ KmVm| Ho$
JwUZ\$b h¢ Ÿ& 1901 _| {O`moJu Zo à_m{UV {H$`m {H$ BZHo$ gmW EH$ {dÚwVr`
BH$mB© (O¡go à{VamoY, `m Ymam Ho$ {bE Amo_, Apån`a) {_bmH$a g^r {dÚwV²
Mwå~H$s` am{e`m| H$s ^r _mn H$s Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ§ & BgHo$ A{V[aº$ {dÚwV Am¡a
Mwå~H$s` JwUm| H$m gå~ÝY {XImZo Ho$ {b`o AmH$me Ho$ _yb^yV JwU go gå~Õ EH$
BH$mB© br OmVr h¡, O¡go àH$me H$s J{V, AmH$me H$m _mÜ`_ JwU Am{X Ÿ& AV…
gm§»` Xe©Z Ho$ 5 VÝ_mÌmAm| Ho$ g_mZ 5 BH$mB`m§ n`m©á hmoVr h¡§Ÿ& ì`dhma _|
18 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$
AZoH$ àH$ma H$s BH$mB`m| H$m n«`moJ hmoVm h¡ -
(1) àm_m{UH$ _mnXÊS> g~ OJh g~ g_` gwb^ Am¡a ñWm`r hmo Ÿ&
(2) _mn H$s nÕ{V gwb^ Am¡a gyú_ hmo Ÿ&
(3) AbJ àH$ma Ho$ à`moJm| Ho$ {b`o AbJ n[a^mfm Am¡a _mnXÊS> Ÿ&
(4) ghO VwbZm Ho$ {b`o N>moQ>r g§»`m H$m à`moJ hmo... Am{X Ÿ&
AV… ì`dhma _| AÝVmam{ï´>` g§ñWm (SI) Zo 7 _yb Am¡a 2 A{V[aº$
BH$mB`m§ ñdrH¥$V H$s h¢ -
bå~mB©- _rQ>a, _mÌm - {H$bmoJm« _, g_`-goH$ÊS>, {dÚwV² Ymam- Aånr`a,
VmnH«$_- Ho$ pëdZ `m gopëg`g, nXmW© H$s _mn- _mobŸ&
A{V[aº$-H$moU-ao{S>`Z, AmH$meH$moU-ñQ>ao {o S>`ZŸ&
_mn H$s BH$mB`m| Ho$ ~‹S> o Am¡a N>mQo >o _mZm| Ho$ {b`o hOma Ho$ AZwnmV _|
10- go 1018 VH$ Ho$ CngJ© à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
18
bå~mB© H$s BH$mB`m§ - (1) nwamZr BH$mB`m§ - _Zwî` Ho$ nX H$s _mn `m
nX-ÌmU (OyVm) H$mo \w$Q> H$hm J`m Ÿ& \w$Q> - n¡a `m 30.48 goÝQ>r_rQ>a Ÿ& Bg_|
12 B#m h¢ Ÿ& 3 \w$Q> H$m EH$ JO Ÿ& JO H$m AW© hmWr `m _mnXÊS> XmoZm| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
2 JO H$m \¡$X_ (nwéf - hmW D$na H$aZo na CƒVm) 220 JO H$m \$bmªJ 8
\$bmªJ H$m _rb hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
(2) gm_w{ÐH$ _rb - n¥Ïdr H$s Y«dw r` n[a{Y H$m 1 H$bm H$moU AW©mV²
360 x 60 ^mJ= 1852 _rQ>a `m 6076.115 \$sQ>Ÿ&
(3) _rQ>a H$s Mma n[a^mfm`|- 18 dt eVmãXr _| Xmo n[a^mfm`| Xr
J`t-1 goH$ÊS AY©MH«$> Ho noÊSw>b_ H$s bå~mB©Ÿ& `h n¥Ïdr H$s AmH$f©U e{º$
-
Ho$ gmW ~XbVm h¡Ÿ& Xygar n[a^mfm h¡-n¥Ïdr Ho$ Y«dw r` n[a{Y nmX H$m H$mo{Q>
^mJŸ& 1791 _| Xygar n[a^mfm \«$o ÄM {dkmZ AH$mX_r Zo ñdrH¥$V H$sŸ-norag go
JwOaZo dmbr `må`moÎma aoIm na {dfwd go Y«dw Xyar H$m H$mo{Q> ^mJŸ& BgH$m _mnXÊS>
1/5 {_br _r. N>mQo >m ah J`m, AV: Bg N>mQo >o _mnXÊS> H$mo hr 1889 _| _rQ>a
H$hm J`mŸ& 1927 _| no[ag _| aIo ßb¡{Q>Z_-Bar{S>`_ N‹S> na 00> Vmn na Xmo
{M•m| Ho$ ~rM H$s Xyar H$mo _rQ>a H$hm J`mŸ&1960 _| {H«$ßQ>Z J¡g Ho$ 86 ^ma dmbo
na_mUw Ho$ (2 nr10) go (5-S>r-5) Ho$ ~rM BboŠQ´>Z ñWmZmÝVa go CËnÞ
àH$me Ho$ V§aJ- X¡¿`© H$m 16,50,763.73 JwUm Xyar H$mo _rQ>a H$hm J`m Ÿ&
2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 19
1983 go n[a^mfm h¡ - eyÝ` AmH$me _| goH$ÊS> Ho$ 29,97,92,458 ^mJ _|
àH$me Ûmam V` H$s J`r Xyar Ÿ&
(4) Á`mo{Vfr` BH$mB© -gy`© Ho$ÝÐ go n¥Ïdr Ho$ÝÐ H$s _Ü`_ Xyar
= 1.496 x 1011 _rQ>a= A
Bg Xyar Ûmam {OVZr Xyar na 1 goH$ÊS> H$moU ~ZVm h¡ Cgo "nagoH$' H$hVo
h¢ Ÿ& 1 nagoH$ = 3.0856 x 1016 _rQ>a Ÿ& ~‹S> o _mn Ho$ {b`o {H$bmo (103) VWm
_oJm (106) nagoH$ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
1 df© _| àH$me Ûmam V` H$s J`r Xyar àH$me df© h¡ Ÿ& `h F$Vw df© h¡ Ÿ&
1 àH$me df© = 9.4605 x 1015 _rQ>aŸ&
1 nagoH$ = 3.26 àH$me df©&
g_` H$s _mn - goH$ÊS> H$s n[a^mfm Wr 1 _Ü`_ gm¡a {XZ H$m 86,400
^mJ Ÿ& gm¡a {XZ gy`© Ho$ CƒV_ ñWmZ na Xw~mam AmZo H$m g_` h¡ Ÿ& ^maV _o§
ì`mdhm[aH$ gm¡a {XZ gy`m}X` go gy`m}X` H$m H$mb h¡ Ÿ& n¥Ïdr H$s H$jm _| H$B©
àH$ma Ho$ n[adÎm©Z hmoVo h¢ VWm n¥Ïdr H$m YyU©Z ^r Yr_m hmo ahm h¡, AV… 1900
B©.H$o gm¡a df© H$mo à_m{UH$ _mZm J`m Wm Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ KyU©Z VWm n[a^«_U _| H$B©
A{Z`{_V AÝVam| Ho$ H$maU 1967 _| Z`r n[a^mfm ñdrH$ma H$s J`r-gr{O`_-
133 AUw Ho$ {ZåZ AmYma ñVam| Ho$ ~rM BboŠQ´>Z n[adÎm©Z go CËnÞ àH$me Ho$
H$ånZ H$mb H$m 9,19,26,31,770 JwUm g_` goH$ÊS> h¡ Ÿ&
(3) gá `moOZ -
F$½doX Ho$ Añ`dm_r` gyº$ _| "gá `wÄOpÝV' H$m à`moJ h¡ Ÿ& Cgr gyº$ _|
VWm AÝ` H$B© ñWmZm| na 7 N>ÝXm| Ûmam dmH²$ (eãX `m eãX Ûmam ì`má AmH$me)
H$s _mn H$m C„oI h¡ Ÿ& `wO² `m `w{Oa² (`moJ AW© _|- nm{U{Z YmVwnmR> 7/7) go
Bg eãXH$s ì`wËn{Îm h¡ Ÿ& H$_©{U H¥$Ë`ë`wQ>m.o .. (3/3/113) `w{Oa²+ë`wQ>² =`moOZ
OmoS‹ > Zm Ÿ& {H$gr nXmW© `m AmH$me Ho$ {dñVma H$mo _mnXÊS> go OmoS‹ > H$a _mnm
OmVm h¡ `m àH$me J{V go VwbZm H$a _mnVo h¢, AV… `moOZ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `wJ
^r Bgr YmVw go ~Zm h¡-`wO² + KÄm² = `wJ Ÿ& AÝ` ê$n `w½_ `m `wJnV² H$m AW© 2
h¡, `wJ Ho$ 4 nmXm| Ho$ AZwgma `wJ eãX Á`mo{Vf _| 4 AW© _| {bIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& 7
àH$ma Ho$ `moOZm| Ho$ g_mZ 7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ ^r h¢, `h Xmo H$mb-MH«$m| H$m
20 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$
g_Ýd` h¡ Ÿ& 9 àH$ma Ho$ H$mb_mZm| go 7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ hm|J| Ÿ& A^r 7 àH$ma
Ho$ `moOZm| H$m dJuH$aU {X`m OmVm h¢ -
1) Za `moOZ -
J{UV Á`mo{Vf Ho$ ì`m»`mH$mam| Zo Xmo àH$ma Ho$ `moOZ H$s MMm© H$s h¡ -
Am`©^Q> `moOZ VWm ^mñH$a `m {gÕmÝV `moOZ & Am`©^Q>r` _| n¥Ïdr H$m ì`mg
1050 `moOZ VWm ^mñH$a 2 Ho$ {gÕmÝV[eamo_{U `m gy`© {gÕmÝV _| 1600
`moOZ _mZm J`m h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² n¥Ïdr ì`mg H$m CVZm ^mJ Ÿ& `h dJuH$aU ^«_mË_H$
h¡ Š`m|{H$ EH$ hr boIH$ ^mñH$amMm`© Zo AnZo Xmo J«ÝWm| _| Xmo àH$ma H$m `moOZ
ì`dhma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& {gÕmÝV {eamo_{U _| 5000 `moOZ H$s n[a{Y `m 1581
`moOZ ì`mg n¥Ïdr H$m _mZm J`m h¡ Ÿ& n¥Ïdr ì`mg = 12,756.280 {H$._r. gy`©
{gÕmÝV _| 1600 `moOZ h¡ Ÿ& gy`© {gÕmÝV H$m `moOZ = 12756.18 ÷ 1600 =
7.9727 {H$._r.Ÿ&
^mñH$amMm`© Zo 5000 {H$._r. n[a{Y Ho$ {b`o 1581 (1591 hmoZm Mm{h`o)
`moOZ ì`mg {b`m h¡ Ÿ&
brbmdVr _| 32,000 hmW H$m `moOZ H$hm J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h _Zwî` Ho$ H$m_
AmZodmbm `moOZ h¡, BgHo$ AmYma na IoV, O_rZ H$s _mn -OmoI H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
BgH$m _yb AmYma A§Jbw An[a^m{fV h¡ Ÿ& 24 A§Jwb H$m hmW AmOH$b 18 B#m
`m 45 go. _r. H$m _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV… 1 AJw§b = 45•24 = 1.875 go.
_r. Ÿ& Bggo N>mQo >r BH$mB© dmbmJ« (Ho$e H$s _moQ>mB©) H$m ì`dhma h¡ VWm g~go N>mQo >o
Ñí`H$U H$mo ÌgaoUw H$hm J`m h¡ Ÿ& _mZ-H«$_ _| g~go N>mQo >m _mZ na_mUw H$hm
J`m h¡, AWdm na_mUw H$s _mn Ho$ {b`o à`wº$ _mZ H$mo ^r na_mUw H$hm h¡Ÿ&
damh{_{ha H$s d¥hËg§{hVm Ho$ AZwgma-
8 na_mUw = 1 aO (_mZgma Ho$ AZwgma aWaoUw)
8 aO = 1 dmbmJ«, 8 dmbmJ« = 1 {bjm, 8 {bjm = 1 `d,
`d (_mZgma _| 4) = 1 A§Jw{b (~‹S> r),
24 A§Jw{b = 1 hñV (18 B§M)Ÿ& AV: dmbmJ«=1.875d 8 4 go._r.
=4.578c10-4 go._r.,`m 4.5 _mBH«$moZŸ&
na_mUw=4.578 c10-4d82=7.153c10-6 go._r.Ÿ&
2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 21
lrn{V Ho$ AZwgma `h dmñVd _| gy`© àH$me _| {XIZo dmbo Yy{b H$Um|
H$m AmH$ma h¡ Ÿ& `h ÌgaoUw h¡ {Og_| Am`wd}X Ho$ AZwgma 60 AUw h¢ Ÿ&
AV… AUw H$m AmH$ma = 1.2 x10-7 go._r.
b{bV {dñVa Ho$ AZwgma na_mUw aO = A§Jwb x 7-10 = 0.6 x10-8
go._r. Omo dmñVd _| hmBS´>moOZ na_mUw H$s {ÌÁ`m h¡ Ÿ&
{Vbmo` nÞ{V H$m ÌgaoUw = A§Jwb x 8-9=1.4 x 10-8 go._r.
EH$ hr ~«÷ H$m AmH$ma ~VmZo Ho$ {b`o A§Jðw > H$m ì`dhma h¡ Ÿ&
nwéf gyº$ _| nwéf A§Jbw Ho$ A{V[aº$ ^y{_ (n¥Ïdr, ~«÷mÊS>, gm¡a _ÊS>b
Am{X _ÊS>bm|) H$s _mn H$mo ^r A§Jbw H$hm J`m h¡-
g ^yq_ {dídVmo d¥ÎdmË`{Îmð>Ôem“xb_² (1)
^y{_ = ^y (H$ go 24 dm§ Aja, 24 ^mJ `m àH¥${V Ho$ 24 VÎd)+ {_
(25 dm§ Aja, 25 dm§ ^mJ `m gm§»` H$m nwéf VÎd)
n¥Ïdr Ho$ àg§J _| ^y `m n¥Ïdr H$s {ÌÁ`m H$m 24 ^mJ H$aZo na 1 ^mJ
dm`w_ÊS>b H$s C§MmB© hmoJr Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ ghò erf© hmoZo na 2000 Am§I| Am¡a n¡a
hm|Jo Ÿ& A§Jwb _mn _| `h dm`w_ÊS>b g{hV n¥Ïdr H$s n[a{Y hmoJr Ÿ& AV…
^y n[a{Y = 24/25 x 1000 x 2000 x 2000 A§Jwb
= 24/25 x 1/96 x 4 x 109 XÊS> = 4 x 107 (4 H$mo{Q>) XÊS>Ÿ&
_rQ>a H$s _yb n[a^mfm Ho$ AZwgma n¥Ïdr H$s Y«dw r` n[a{Y ^r 4 H$mo{Q> _rQ>a h¡ Ÿ&
AV… `hm± XÊS> = _rQ>a&
(2) ^y `moOZ -
n¥Ïdr H$s _mn Ho$ {b`o Zm¡{Q>H$b _rb H$s Vah n¥Ïdr Ho$ ì`mg `m n[a{Y Ho$ IÊS>m|
Ho$ AZwgma `moOZ H$m _mZ h¡ Ÿ-
gy`© {gÕmÝV(1/59) ì`mg =1600 `moOZŸ&
nÄMgÕm{VH$m(1/18)-n[a{Y=3200 `moOZŸ&
Am`©^Q>r`(1/10) VWm bëb-ì`mg=1050 `moOZŸ&
{gÕmÝV{eamo_{U JmobmÜ`m`,^wdZH$mof 52, ì`mg = 1581 1/24 `moOZ;
n[a{Y=4967 `moOZŸ&
22 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$
nwamUm| _| n¥Ïdr H$mo ghòXb nÙ H$hm J`m h¡, AWm©V² n¥Ïdr Ho$ ì`mg H$m hOma
^mJ `moOZ h¡-Vpñ_pÝhaÊ_`o nÙo ~hþ`moOZ {dñV¥VŸo &
gd© VoOmo JwU_`o nm{W©d¡b©jU¡d¥©Vo&VÀM nÙ§ nwam^yV§ n¥{Wdr ê$n_wÎm__²&
Zmam`U g_wX^ ² Vy § àdXpÝV _hf©`:Ÿ& (nÙ nwamU, g¥{ï>IÊS> 40/2-3)
Ëdm_¾o nwîH$amXÜ`Wdm© {Za_ÝWVŸ& _yÜZm} {dídñ` dmYV:Ÿ&
V_wËdmXÜ`L²> F${f nwÌ B©Yo AWd©U:Ÿ& d¥ÌhU§ nwaÝXa_²(F$H²$6/16/13-14)
dm`w_ÊS>b {_bmZo na n¥Ïdr H$m hOma ^mJ àm`: Am`©^Q> `moOZ Ho$ ~am~a
hmoJmŸ& Bg_| 1 `moOZ=12.75628 {H$._r.Ÿ& Bgr _mn go ^mJdV nwamU _|
`yaZo g VH$ H$s J«h H$jm H$mo 50 H$mo{Q> `moOZ H$s n¥Ïdr H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$
_ÊS>bm| H$m {dñVma hOma `moOZ BH$mB© _| Bg àH$ma h¡-
H«$_ {ÌÁ`m Mm¡S‹ >mB© Zm_
1 50 50 Oå~yÛrn
2 150 100 bdUg_wX«
3 350 200 ßbj Ûrn
4. 550 200 Bjwag gmJa
5 950 400 emë_[b Ûrn
6. 1350 400 _Ú g_wÐ
7 2150 800 Hw$e Ûrn
8. 2950 800 K¥V g_wÐ
9. 4550 1600 H«$m¡ÄM Ûrn
10. 6150 1600 jra gmJa
11. 9350 3200 eH$Ûrn
12. 12,550 3200 X{Y g_wÐ
13. 15,750 3200 _mZgmoÎma nd©V
14. 18,950 3200 nwîH$a Ûrn
15. 25,350 6400 _Ywa Ob g_wÐ
16. 41,100 15,750 bmoH$ df© (àH$m{eV ^mJ)
17. 1,25,000 83,900 {haÊ` df©
18. 2,50,000 1,25,000 A-bmoH$ df©({~Zm àH$me H$m)
2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 23
Bg_| Oå~y-Ûrn n¥Ïdr H$m AmH$f©U joÌ h¡, {Og_| àm`: 30,000 `moOZ
{ÌÁ`m H$s H$jm _| MÝÐ_m h¡ (Am¡gV Xyar 3,84,000 {H$._r.)Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX
Hw$e-Ûrn H$moo damh-joÌ H$hm J`m h¡, {OgH$s {ÌÁ`m n¥Ïdr H$s 4000 JwUr
(ewH«$-H$jm H$s Xyar H$m 60% ^mJ) _mZr J`r h¡Ÿ(`hm§ 50 go 1500 JwUm)&
Bggo n¥Ïdr H$s CËn{Îm hþ`r h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ^rVa ^r 7 joÌ _mZo J`o h¢Ÿ&AÝ` joÌ
n¥Ïdr Ho$ Mmamo Va\$ J«h H$jmAm| go ~Zo h¢Ÿ& `hm§-
{H$gr J«h H$s {ZH$Q>V_ Xyar= n¥Ïdr Am¡a J«h H$jm H$m AÝVa
~mhar db` H$s {ÌÁ`m= n¥Ïdr Am¡a J«h H$jm H$m `moJ
n¥Ïdr Am{X R>mgo J«hm| H$mo X{Y H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& AV: gy`© H$m n[a^«_U joÌ X{Y
g_wÐ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& 1 `moOZ =8.575 _rb _mZZo na H${b Amaå^(3101
B©.ny.) H$s J«h H$jmAm| Ho$ AZwgma Ûrn db`m| H$m AmH$ma h¡-
H«$_ J«h {dÝXw {ÌÁ`m Ûrn-{ÌÁ`m Aew{Õ% joÌZm_
1. ~wY {ZH$Q> 5976.0 6,150 2.1 jragmJa
2. ~wY Xya 15,701.1 15,750 0.3 _mZgmoÎma nd©V
3. ewH«$ {ZH$Q> 2851.0 2,950 3.5 K¥V gmJa
4. ewH«$ Xya 18,813.0 18,950 0.7 nwîH$a Ûrn
5. _§Jb {ZH$Q> 4,090.0 4,550 11.2 H«$m¡ÄM Ûrn
6. _§Jb Xya 25,736.5 25,350 -1.5 Obg_wÐ
7. Jwé {ZH$Q 43,422.8 41,100 -5.3 OZñWmZ
8. e{Z Xya 1,21,599.6 1,25,000> 2.8 {haÊ` df©
9. gy`© _Ü`_ 10,840.4 10.950 1.0 X{Yg_wÐ H$m _Ü`
*
10.{g[ag {ZH$Q> 16,312.8 15,750 -3.4 _mZgmoÎma nd©V
*
11.{g[ag Xya 42,683.2 41,100 -3.7 OZñWmZ
12.`yaZo g Xya 2,29,811.0 2,50,000 8.8 AbmoH$ df©
{Q>ßnUr*-_§Jb VWm ~¥hñn{V Ho$ ~rM Ho$ AdmÝVa J«hm| _| _w»` {g[ag h¡Ÿ&
CgH$s H$jm H$m AmH$ma 2,000 B©. H$s JUZm Ho$ AmYma na h¡Ÿ&
AmH$me-J“m H$mo nam bmoH$ `m na_oð>r H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& `h {nVm gy`© H$m {nVm
hmoZo go {nVm_h h¡Ÿ& nam H$m AW© 1017 hmoVm h¡& AV: `h n¥Ïdr ì`mg H$m
24 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$
1014 JwUm `m 1.2756c1018 {H$._r. `m 1,30,000 àH$me df© h¡ (AmYw{ZH$
AZw_mZ 1,00,000 àH$me df©)Ÿ& BgH$m Xg JwUm joÌ Hy$_© H$hm J`m h¡-_mZoZ
Vñ` Hy$_©ñ` H$W`m{_ à`ËZV:Ÿ&&7Ÿ&&
e‘>mo: eVghòm{U `moOZm{Z dnw: pñWV_²(Zan{V O`M`m© _| Hy$_©-MH«$)
`h g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡, AV: Hy$_© h¡-
g `ËHy$_m} Zm_Ÿ& EVÛ¡ ê$n§ H¥$Ëdm àOmn{V: àOm Ag¥OVŸ& `Xg¥OV AH$amoV² VV²
`X² AH$amoV² Vñ_mV² Hy$_©:(eVnW ~«m.7/5/1/5)
AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf _| Bgo AmH$meJ“m H$m Am^m_ÊS>b H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX
e¹$ar(am{Ì `m g¥{ï> H$m`© _| gj_-F$½doX H$m am{Ì-gyº$ 10/10/127) h¡,
AV: Bg joÌ H r _mn H$m N>ÝX e¹$ar h¡(14c4=56 Aja) `m n¥Ïdr H$m 253
JwUm,Am¡a Bg g§»`m H$s _mn e§Hw$=1013 _o§ hmoVr h¡-
e‘x> ^dË`•mo Y¥Ë`¡ `Ûm AY¥V§ e‘x>Zm VÔmYma(VmÊS>ç 11/10/11)
`{X_mZ² bmoH$mZ² àOmn{V: g¥îQ²dXo § gd©_eŠZmoX² VV² e¹$arUm§ e¹$arËd_²(EoVao`
~«m.5/7)
(3) ^-`moOZ-n¥Ïdr Ho$ AmH$f©U Ho$ÝÐ _| hr MÝX« h¡Ÿ& AV: MÝÐ H$jm VH$ H$s
_mn ^y-`moOZm| _| _mZZm C{MV h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw gm¡a n[a{Y H$s _mn Ho$ {b`o gm¡a ì`mg
Am¡a Xyar H$s dÎm©_mZ _mn go VwbZm H$aZr Mm{h`oŸ&
gy`© ì`mg=13,92,000 {H$._r.=6,500 `moOZ(gy`© {gÕmÝV 4/1)Ÿ&
AV: 1 `moOZ=13,920d65=214.1538 {H$._r.Ÿ&
`h gy`© {gÕmÝV Ho$ ^y-`moOZ 7.9727 {H$._r.H$m 26.86 `m 27 JwUm h¡Ÿ& AV:
Bgo ^-`moOZ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& ^=ZjÌ `m 27Ÿ&
gy`© H$jm=43,31,500 `moOZ(gy`© {gÕmÝV 12/86)n[a{YŸ&
{ÌÁ`m=1.47c108 {H$._r.(AmYw{ZH$ _V 1.50c108 {H$._r.)Ÿ&
ZjÌ H$jm=gy`© H$jm c 60 (gy`© {gÕmÝV 12/80)Ÿ&
g^r J«hm| H$s H$jm BgH$o ^rVa hr h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf Ho$ AZwgma ZonMyZ gy`©
go 30 JwUm Xyar na h¡ VWm ßbyQ>mo 39 JwUmŸ& ßbyQ>mo MÝÐ_m go ^r ~hþV N>moQ>m h¡Ÿ&
36-44 JwUm Xyar na 100 {H$._r. go ~‹S>o AmH$ma Ho$ àm`: 70,000 {nÊS> gy`© H$m
MŠH$a bJm aho h¢Ÿ& nhbr ~ma 1992 _| BZH$m nVm MbmŸ& Bgo ^mJdV
2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 25
_| 100 H$mo{Q> ì`mg H$m AbmoH$ ^mJ H$hm J`m h¡(nÄM_ ñH$ÝY)Ÿ& gy`© H$jm H$o
60 JwUm Xyar na `hr gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s ZjÌ H$jm h¡Ÿ& BZH$m AmH$ma A“xîR> Ho$
~am~a AWm©V² n¥Ïdr H$m 96 ^mJ `m 135 {H$._r. ì`mg h¡Ÿ& BZH$s g§»`m 60,000
h¡ {OZH$s CËn{Îm `k(H«$Vw) go hþ`r h¡-
H«$VmoíM gÝV{V^m©`m© dmb{Ië`mZgy`VŸ&f{ï>nwÌ ghòm{U _wZrZm_yÜd©aoVgm_²&
A“xð> nd© _mÌmUm§ ÁdbX²^mñH$a VoOgm_² ({dîUw nw.1/10/11)
VWm dmb{Ië`m§ F$f`mo@“xð> nd©_mÌm: f{ï> ghòm{U nwaV: gy`© gyº$ dmH$m`
{Z`wº$m: g§ñVwdpÝVŸ&(^mJdV nw.5/21/17)
~«÷mÊS> H$m H$s n[a{Y = 1.87c1016 ^-`moOZ(gy`© {gÕmÝV 12/90)
ì`mg=1.87c1016 c 214.1538 d p (=3.14159) {H$._r.
=1.27c1018 {H$._r.=1.3c105 àH$me df©Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ AZw_mZ 10 5 àH$me df© H$m h¡Ÿ&
gy`-© {gÕmÝV(12/86-89) _| MÝÐ-H$jm go MH«$-^«_U H$mb Ho$ AZwnmV _|
J«h H$jm`| ~‹T>m`r J`r h¢Ÿ& `hm§ grYm AZwnmV _mZZm C{MV Zht h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw
dmñV{dH$ JUZm Ho$ {b`o erK«-n[a{Y _| J«h-H$jm H$m ghr _mZ h¡-
~wY,ewH$« H$s n[a{Y = erK«-n[a{Y
gy`© H$jm 3600
~wY, ewH$« H$s N>mQo >r H$jm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BÝh| erK n[a{Y H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& _§Jb,
Jwé, e{Z Ho$ {b`o gy`© H$jm hr erK« n[a{Y h¡Ÿ& CZH$o {b`o-
J«h H$jm = 3600
gy`© H$jm erK«-n[a{Y
gy`© {gÕmÝV(2/34-37) Ho$ AZwgma erK« n[a{Y`m| Ho$ _Ü`_-_mZ-
Vmam-J«h _Ü`_ erK«-n[a{Y J«h-H$jm AmYw{ZH$ _mZ
(XmoZm| gy`© H$s VwbZm _o§)
~wY 133.5 0.368 0.386
ewH«$ 261 0.725 0.723
_§Jb 233.5 1.54 1.524
Jwé 71 5.070 5.2028
26 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$
e{Z 39.5 9.114 9.55
4. Ym_-`moOZ-Ym_ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ h¢-ja-Ym_ Am¡a Aja-Ym_Ÿ& BgHo AZwgma
gy`© Ho$ 30 Ym_m| H$s Xmo àH$ma H$s ì`m»`m h¡-
qÌeÕm_ {damO{V dmH²$ nV“m` Yr`Vo(F$H²$ 10/189/3)
(H$) ja-Ym_-`h n¥Ïdr n[a{Y Ho$ AZwgma a¡{IH$ _mn h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr ja h¡ VWm
`h Ym_ ~XbVm ahVm h¡, AV: Bgo ja Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡(boIH$ Ûmam)Ÿ& `h
Cfm gyº$ _| d{U©V h¡ {H$ Cfm H$mb gy`m}X` ñWmZ go 30 Ym_ npíM_ (déU
{Xem _|) VH$ ahVm h¡-
gÑeraÚ gÑer[aXw ídmo XrKª gMÝVo déUñ` Ym_Ÿ&
AZdÚmqóeV§ `moOZmÝ`oH$¡ H$m H«$Vw§ n[a`pÝV gÚ:Ÿ&(F$H²$ 1/123/4)
AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf _| gÝÜ`m H$mb 180 _mZm OmVm h¡, {H$ÝVw ^maVr` nwamUm| _|
{XZ `m am{Ì H$m 12dm§ ^mJ =150 gÝÜ`m _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& `Wm 1200 {Xì` df© Ho$
H${b`wJ _| 100 df© H$s gÝÜ`m h¡Ÿ& Ohm§ gy`m}X` hþAm h¡, Cggo 150 npíM_ VH$
Cfm _mZm Om`oJmŸ& 150 n[a{Y _| 30 Ym_ h¢, AV: 1 Ym_ 10/2 H$m hþAmŸ& `h
ha Ajm§e na AbJ-AbJ hmoJm, {dfwdV aoIm na AmYo A§e H$s Xyar H$mo Ym_
`moOZ H$hm Jm gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
1 Ym_ `moOZ={dfwd-n[a{Y d720 =40,000d720=55.5 {H$._r.Ÿ&
Bg `moOZ _mZ go AmH$me-J“m H$mo na_-namY© H$hm J`m h¡-
F$V§ {n~ÝVm¡ gwH¥$Vñ` bmoHo$,Jwhm§ à{dï>m¡ na_o namY}Ÿ&
N>m`mVnm¡ ~«÷{dXmo dXpÝV,nÄMm¾`mo `o M {ÌUm{MHo$Vm:(H$R> C.1/3/1)
AmH$meJ“m H$s n[a{Y = 105 àH$me df© &
=105 c 1016 d 55.5 = 0.55 c 1017 {H$._r.Ÿ&
(I) Aja-Ym_-gy`© Ho$ 30 Ym_m| H$m AmH$me _| AW© h¡ {H$ n¥Ïdr H$mo 30 ~ma
2 JwUm H$aZo go Omo joÌ hmoJm dhm§ VH$ gy`© H$m àH$me AÝ` Vmam| H$s VwbZm _|
A{YH$ ahVm h¡Ÿ& Bg _mn H$m AmYma n¥Ïdr H$m AmH$ma h¡-
_m N>ÝX:, VV² n¥{Wdr-.. (_¡Ìm`Ur g§.2/14/93, H$mR>H$ g§.39/39)
n¥Ïdr H$mo _mn-XÊS> _mZH$a H«$_e: 2-JwUo AmH$ma Ho$ Ym_ h¡ &§ n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^rVa 3
ñVam| H$mo {JZZo na Ym_-g§»`m N>ÝX Ho$ Aja-g§»`m Ho$ ~am~a hmoVr h¡,
2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 27
AV: Bgo Aja-Ym_ Zm_ [X`m J`m h¡(boIH$ Ûmam)Ÿ&
V
3
2 1
gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m ì`mg = n¥Ïdr ì`mg • 230= 6378.14 {H$._r.• 230 =1.448
àH$me df© (AmYw{ZH$ _mZ 1-2 àH$me df©)
N>ÝXm| Ho$ AZwgma _mn H$aZo Ho$ {b`o n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^rVa Xmo ~mø n¥Ïdr H$s à{V_mê$n
Xmo joÌ _mZo J`o h¢Ÿ&àW_ joÌ n¥Ïdr H$m 1/4 h¡ Omo ~«÷mÊS> H$s à{V_m h¡Ÿ&
{ÛVr` joÌ n¥Ïdr H$m AmYm h¡ Omo gm¡a _ÊS>b Ho$ n¥Ïdr H$s à{V_m h¡Ÿ&VrZ n¥Ïdr
(^y{_, _mVm) VWm VrZ Úw({nVm)-
{Vòmo _mV¥órZ² {nV¥Z² {d^¥XoH$ D$Üd©VñWm¡ Zo_d½bmn`pÝVŸ&
_ÝÌ`ÝVo {Xdmo A_wî` n¥ð>o {díd{_X§ dmM_{díd{_Ýdm_²(F$H²$ 1/123/8)
{Vòmo ^y_rYm©a`Z² ÌréVÚyÝÌr{U d«Vm {dXWo AÝVaofm_²Ÿ&
F$VoZm{XË`m _{h dmo _{hËd§ VX`©_Z² déU {_Ì Mmé(F$H²$ 2/27/8)
n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^rVa 3 bmoH$-
n¥{Wì`m{__o bmoH$m:(n¥Ïdr,AÝV[aj,Úm¡)à{VpîR>Vm:(O¡. ~«m.C.1/10/2)
^rVa Am¡a ~mha n¥Ïdr go _mn-
Vñ`m EVV² n[a{_V§ ê$n§ `XÝVd}{X(^y{nÊS>:) AW¡f ^y_m@n[a{_Vmo `mo
~{hd}[X:(_hmn¥{Wdr)-EoVao` ~«m.(8/5)Ÿ&
n¥Ïdr go {JZZo na Ym_ g§»`m H$mo AhJ©U H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& nÄMm“ JUZm _|
AhJU H$m AW© {XZ g§»`m h¡Ÿ& `hm§ AhJ©U H$m AW© 2 H$m KmV h¡Ÿ& AhJ©U
bå~mB© H$s _mn h¡Ÿ& Cg {ÌÁ`m joÌ Ho$ Jmobo H$m Am`VZ ñVmo_ VWm CgH$s gVh
H$m joÌ\$b n¥ð> H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr H$s gVh na Ho$ÝÐ go Vrgam AhJ©U hmoVm h¡
{OgH$s Xyar n¥Ïdr H$s {ÌÁ`m Ho$ ~am~a h¡Ÿ&
AV: H$ AhJ©U=V • 2(H$-3), Ohm§ V = n¥Ïdr H$s {ÌÁ`mŸ&
28 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$
AhJ©U _mn go gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m {dñVma 33 h¡; n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^rVa 3 VWm ~mha 30&
BgHo$ àmU XodVm ^r 3 Am¡a 30 AWm©V² 33 H$ho J`o h¢-B{VñVwVmgmoAgWm [agmXemo
`oñW Ì`íM [̧eÀM _ZmoXd} m `{k`mg:(F$H²$8/30/2)Ÿ&
Aï>m¡ dgd EH$mXe éÐm ÛmXe Am{XË`m: àOmn{VíM dfQ²>H$maíMŸ&
(EoVao` ~«m.2/18,3/7,3/22)
Cgr Ho$ AZwgma Aja hmoVo h¢, AV: H$ go h VH$ 33 ì`ÄOZ dU© h¢Ÿ& `h {M• ê$n
_| 33 Xodm| H$m ZJa h¡, AV: {b{n H$mo XodZmJar H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& AhJ©U _mn _|
n¥Ïdr H$s gVh (3 AhJ©U) go gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s gVh (33 AhJ©U) Ho$ joÌ H$mo 6-
6 AhJ©U Ho$ AÝVa go 6 joÌm| _| ~m§Q>m J`m h¡Ÿ& `h 6 dmH²$(eãX `m AmH$me) H$m
n[a_mU h¡, AV: dfQ²>H$ma H$hm J`m h¡-
Ef Ed dfQ²> H$mamo ` Ef:(gy`:© ) Vn{V (eVnW ~«m.1/7/2/11,11/2/
2/5)Ÿ&
dm½d¡ dfQ²>H$mamo f{S>Ë`¥Vdmo d¡ fQ²> Vñ_mXod§ dfQ²>H$amo{V (eVnW ~«m.1/7/2/11)Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vfr` JUZmAm| Ho$ gyú_V_ _mZ BZ nwñVH$m| _| h¡-
(1)Solar system Dynamics-C.D.Murray, S.F.Dermott-
Cambridge University Press-1998
(2) The Nine Planets, The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud-
W.Arnett
(3) Appendix of the commn textbook ‘Fundamentals of Phys-
ics’ by Halliday, Resnick and Walker.
(4) Introduction to Cosmology-J.V.Narlikar, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press-First chapter, appendix.
d¡{XH$ gm{hË` _| ha ñWmZ na AhJ©U _mn _| joÌm| H$s _mn h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ gm_ h¢-
aWÝVa, d¡ê$n, eŠdaŸ& gy`© Ho$ h¢-~¥hV², d¡amO, a¡dVŸ&
`Û¡ aWÝVa§ gÛ¡ê$n§, `X² ~¥hV² VÛ¡amO_²Ÿ& `ÐWÝVa§ VÀN>mŠda_²Ÿ& `X² ~¥hV² VV²
a¡dV_² (EoVao` ~«m.17/7/13)
BgHo$ A{V[aº$ EoVao` ~«m.(19/6/1), V¡{Îmar` ~«m.(1/4/6) ^r XoI|Ÿ&
aWÝVa gm_ Ho$ ñVmo_ h¢-9,15,17,21-àmUmo d¡ {Ìd¥V,² AY©_mg: nÄMXe:,
g§dËga: gáXe, Am{XË` EH$qde§-EVo d¡ ñVmo_m:(VmÊS>`² _.~«m.6/2/2)
17 dm§ ñVmo_ àOmn{V (gy`© {nÊS>) h¡-
2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 29
gáXe Ed ñVmo_mo ^d{V à{Vð>m`¡ àOmnË`¡(VmÊS>ç _.~«m.12/6/13)Ÿ&
49 _éV²-gá gá {h _méVm JUm:(7•7=49,dm.`Ow.17/80-85,39/7,
eVnW ~«m.9/3/1/25)
~«÷ Vn: bmoH$ _| h¡ VWm ~«m÷r _| 64 Aja h¢-
~«÷m Vn{g(à{V{ð>V_²)-EoVao` ~«m.(3/6), JmonW ~«m.CÎma(3/2)
{Ìf{ï>: MVw:f{ï>dm© dUm©: eå^w_Vo _Vm:(nm{UZr` {ejm 3)
33 AhJ©U ñdJ©(ZmH$) H$s gr_m h¡-
V_²(Ì`qóe§ ñVmo_§) C ZmH$ BË`mhþ:(VmÊS>ç _.~«m.10/1/18)
N>ÝXmo_m ñVmo_-Jm`Ì_`Z§(24) ^d{V ~«÷dM©gH$m_ñ`, Ì¡ï>w ^_`Z§(44) ^d{V
AmoOñH$m_ñ`, OmJV_`Z§(48) ^d{V newH$m_ñ`(Vm.14/1/10)
VÚÀN>ÝXmo{^{Z©{_©Vm: Vñ_mV² N>ÝXmo_m:(H$m¡frV{H$ ~«m.26/7)Ÿ&
Hy$_© MH«$ H$m AmH$ma 1018 `moOZ h¡Ÿ& e§Hw$=1013 Ÿ&
_mZoZ Vñ` Hy$_©ñ` H$W`m{_ à`ËZV:(7)
e‘>mo: eVghòm{U `moOZm{Z dnw:pñWV_²Ÿ&&
(Zan{V O`M`m©,ñdamoX` _| Hy$_© MH«$)
e‘x> eŠda gm_ H$m AmYma h¡, Bgr _| g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡, {Ogo ~«÷ d¡dÎm© nwamU
àH¥${V IÊS>, AÜ`m` 3 _|> JmobmoH$ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& doX _| `h Hy$_© h¡-
VX² (e‘x> gm_) CgrXpÝV B`{_Ë`_mhþ: (12)Ÿ&
e‘x> ^dË`•mo Y¥Ë`¡ `Ûm AY¥V§ e‘x>Zm VÔmYma(11)-VmÊS>ç _.~«m.11/10
`{X_mZ² bmoH$mZ² àOmn{V: g¥ï>² dXo § gd©_eŠZmoX² VX² eŠdarUm§ eŠdarËd_² (EoVao`
~«m.5/7)
g `ËHy$_m} Zm_m EVÛ¡ ê$n§ H¥$Ëdm àOmn{V: àOm Ag¥OV, `Xg¥OV AH$amoV-² VX²
`X² AH$amoV² Vñ_mV² Hy$_©:(eVnW ~«m.7/5/1/5)Ÿ&
dfQ²>H$ma joÌ-(1) 9 AhJ©U= nm{W©d joÌ `m A{¾_ÊS>b=26 `m 64 {ÌÁ`m
AmYw{ZH$ _mZ go MÝÐ H$s _Ü`_ Xyar=60.27 {ÌÁ`m(55.5-63.25)
(2)15 AhJ©U damh joÌ `m dm`w ^mJ=212 {ÌÁ`m=2.6125•107 {H$._r.Ÿ
n¥Ïdr Am¡a ewH«$ H$jmAm| H$m AÝVa=(150-108)• 106 {H$._r.Ÿ&
AV: damh ^mJ=(26.125•42)•100=62.2%Ÿ&
30 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$
amUm`Zr` Ho$ 9 ^oX _| bm“b Am¡a H$m¡Ww_ H$ho J`o h¢Ÿ&AÝ` 7 ^oX h¢-
emQ>çm`Zr`,gmËdV,_m¡XJ² b,Iëdb,_hmIëdb,Jm¡V_,O¡{_Zr`Ÿ&
gm_-Vn©U-{d{Y Ho$ 13 ^oX Bg àH$ma h¢-1.amUm`U, 2.emQ>ç_wÝ`, 3.ì`mg,
4.^mJw[a, 5.Am¡bwpÊS>, 6.Jm¡ëJwbdr, 7.^mZw_mZ Am¡n_Ý`d, 8.H$mam{Q>,
9._eH$ Jm½`©, 10.dmf©JÊ`, 11.Hw$Ww_, 12.em{bhmoÌ, 13.O¡{_Zr`Ÿ&
100 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
~«÷-gåàXm` _| gm_doX emIm
O¡{_{Z gw_ÝVw gwËdm gwH$_m©
nm¡î`pÄO Hw${eH$nwÌ {haÊ`Zm^
bmoH$m{j Hw$Ww{_ Hw$er{V bm“{b H¥${V
gw{_Ìm VWm 15 16 1.amS> 13.n[aH¥$ï>
VpÊS> H$m nwÌ agnmag namea ^mJ{d{Îm bm“{b 2._hmdr`© 14.CbyIbH$
amUm`Zr` 5 13 14 3.nÄM_ 15.`dr`
_ybMmar Amgwam`U 4.dmhZ 16.d¡emb
gwHo${V+ûm¥{“ nwÌ d¡emIr 5.VmbH$ 17.A§Jwbr`
n¡b àmMrZ`moJ gwamb ghgmË`nwÌ 6.nmÊS>H$ 18.H$m¡{eH$
1 2 3 4 àmMrZ`moJnwÌ 7.H$m{bH$ 19.gm{b
nVÄO{b 8.amOH$ 20._ÄO[a
bm“{b 9.Jm¡V_ 21.gË`
10.AmOdñV22.H$mnr`
11.gmo_amO 23.H$m{ZH$
12.n¥ð>¿Z 24.nmamea
^mbw{H$ H$m_hm{Z O¡{_{Z bmo^Jm_r H$ÊS> H$mobh em{bhmoÌ
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Am{XË` gåàXm` _| gm_doX emIm
gm_ldm Hw$Ww{_
agnmag nmamea ^mJ{d[Îm VoOñdr
Amgwam`U
d¡emIr
àmMrZ`moJnwÌ nVÄO{b
bm“{b
^mbw{H$ H$m_hm{Z em{bhmoÌ O¡{_{Z bmo^Jm_r
H$ÊS> H$mobh
BZ_| Ho$db amUm`Ur, H$m¡W_w r, VWm O¡{_Zr` emIm`| Cnb~Y h¢Ÿ& hOma
emIm`| àm`: Jm`Z ^oX go hr Wt `m AmH$me H$m gm_joÌ h¡Ÿ& H$m¡Ww_r` Am¡a
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 101
O¡{_Zr` emIm Ho$ _ÝÌ VWm JmZ {d^mJ {ZåZ{b{IV h¢Ÿ& nyU© ê$n _| Ho$db
O¡{_{Z emIm hr CnbãY h¡ {Ogo AmOH$b gm_doX H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
H$m¡Ww_r` emIm _ÝÌ O¡{_Zr` emIm_ÝÌ
nydm©{M©H$ 585 587
AmaÊ`H$ 59 59
CÎmam{M©H$ 1225 1041
_hmZmpåZ 6 6
`moJ 1875 1693
H$m¡Ww_r` JmZ O¡{_Zr` JmZ
J«m_Jo` JmZ 1197 1232
AmaÊ`H$ Jo` JmZ 294 291
D$h JmZ 1026 1802
Cø JmZ 205 356
`moJ 2722 3681
AWd©-doX H$s 9 emIm`| H$hr J`r h¢-n¡ßnb, XmÝV, àXmÝV, ñZmV, gm¡ËZ,
~«÷Xmdb, em¡ZH$, X¡drXe©Zr, MaU{dÚmŸ&
~«÷gåàXm` _| AWd©dXo H$s emIm`|
gw_ÝVw
H$~ÝY
nÏ` doXñne©
OmO{b Hw$_wXm[X em¡ZH$ _moX ~«÷~b {nßnbmX em¡ŠH$m` {ZñVmnZ
~^«w g¡ÝYdm`Z
_wÄOHo$e
Am{XË` gåàXm` _| AWd©dXo H$s emIm`|
em¡ZH$
Hw$_wXm{X OmO{b Om~mb g¡ÝYdm`Z ~^«w
_wÄOHo$e
AWd©dXo H$s _ÝÌ-g§»`m 12,300 h¡,{H$ÝVw dV©_mZ CnbãY em¡ZH$ emIm _|
20 H$mÊS>, 38 ànmR>H$, 760 gyº$ VWm 6000 _ÝÌ h¢Ÿ& {H$gr-{H$gr emIm _|
102 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
_| 80 AZwdmH$ ^r h¢Ÿ& {nßnbmX emIm H$s EH$ à{V H$í_ra amOm Ho$ nmg Oå_y
g§Jh« mb` _| Wr {Ogo MwamH$a O_©Zr Ho H¡$ga g§ñWm _| aIm J`m & EH$ AÝ` à{V
Amo{S‹ >em _o§ CnbãY Wr(_`ya^§O _|,_yb ñWmZ nwar Ho$ {ZH$Q> {nnbr)Ÿ& XmoZm| H$s
à{V`m| Ho$ AmYma na {díd^maVr Ho$ lr XrnH$ ^Å>mMm`© Zo 2 IÊS>m| _| BgH$m
àH$meZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm Zo Hw$N> A§e H$bH$Îmm {díd{dÚmb` go àH$m{eV
{H$`m WmŸ&
ì`m»`mZ Am¡a AÜ`mnZ H«$_ go F$½doX H$s 5 emIm`| h¢-1.emH$b, 2.~mîH$b,
3.Amídbm`Z, 4.em§Im`Z, 5._mÊSy>H$o ` & BgH$s AÝ` emImAm| H$m ^r CëboI
h¡ -1.Jmbd, 2.embr`, 3.am¡{e[a, 4.namea, 5.OmVyH$Ê`©, 6.em§Im`Z,
7.H$m¡ f rV{H$, 8._hmH$m¡ f rV{H$, 9.emåã`, 10.~h² d ¥ M , 11.n¡ L ² > ½`,
12.CÔmbH$, 13.JO, 14.dmîH${b H$s 3 emIm`|, 15.EoVao`, 16.d{gð>,
17.gwb^, 18.em¡ZH$Ÿ&
dmîH$b H$s _ÝÌ-g§»`m 10,622 VWm emH$b H$s 10,381 h¡Ÿ& na doX H$m
A{YH$m§e bwá hmoZo H$o H$maU Bg_| _V^oX h¡Ÿ& _ÝÌ g§»`m 10,402 go 10,628
VH$, eãX g§»`m 1,52,826 VWm eãXm§e g§»`m 4,32,000 h¡Ÿ, Omo H${b-`wJ
H$s df© g§»`m h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maU `h ^r AZw_mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ F$½doX Ho$ _ÝÌm|
_| Á`mo{Vf H$m {gÕmÝV VWm J«hm| H$s à{Vdf© `m `wJ Ho$ ~mX H$s pñW{V h¡Ÿ&
dV©_mZ `wJ _| Ho$db emH$ë` g§{hVm CnbãY h¡Ÿ, {Og_| 11 ~mb{Ië`m|
({Ib=n[a{eï> `m Cng§hma) H$mo {_bmH$a 1028 gyº$ h¢Ÿ& BgH$m 2 àH$ma go
{d^mOZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& EH$ {d^mOZ _| 10 _ÊS>b, 85 AZwdmH²$ Am¡a 2008
dJ© h¢Ÿ& Xygao {d^mOZ Ho$ AZwgma 8 Aï>H$, 64 AÜ`m` VWm 1028 gyº$ h¢Ÿ&
ewŠb-`OwdX} H$s dmOgZo`r g§{hVm _| 40 AÜ`m`, 303 AZwdmH$, Ed§ 1975
H$pÊS>H$m h¢Ÿ& H$mÊd g§{hVm _| 4 XeH$, 40 AÜ`m`, 328 AZwdmH$ VWm 2086
_ÝÌ h¢Ÿ& H¥$îU `OydX} H$s _¡Ìm`Ur emIm _| 4 H$mÊS>, 54 ànmR>H$, 654
AZwdmH$ VWm 3,144 H$pÊS>H$m h¢Ÿ& H$R> emIm _| 5 IÊS>, 40 ñWmZH$, (+13
AZwdMZ), 843 AZwdmH$, 3091 _ÝÌ h¢Ÿ& _ÝÌ-~«m÷Um| H$s gpå_{bV g§»`m
18,000 h¡Ÿ& H${nð>b emIm H$m AYyam ê$n dmamUgr _| CnbãY Wm {OgHo$
AmYma na lr aKwdra Zo 1941 _| BgH$m g§ñH$aU àH$m{eV {H$`mŸ&
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 103
F$½doX Ho$ g_mZ `h Aï>H$ VWm AÜ`m` _| {d^º$ h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU-`OwdX} H$s V¡{Îmar`
g§{hVm 7 H$mÊS>, 44 àíZ `m AÜ`m`, 651 AZwdmH²$ `m àH$aU VWm 2198
H$pÊS>H$m _| {d^º$ h¡ & 1 H$pÊS>H$m _| {Z`_V: 55 eãX hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Bg emIm Ho$
g^r J«ÝW CnbãY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gm_mÝ`V: Bgo hr H¥$îU-`OwdX} H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
9. ~«m÷U J«ÝW-F$½doX-1.EoVao` ~«m÷U _| 40 AÜ`m` (8 n{Ä MH$m),
285 H$pÊS>H$m h¢Ÿ& 2. em§Im`Z ~«m÷U _| 30 AÜ`m`, VWm 226 IÊS> h¢Ÿ&
3. H$m¡frV{H$ ~«m÷UŸ&
`OwdX} -ewŠb-1. _mÜ`pÝXZ eVnW ~«m÷U _| 14 H$mÊS>, 100 AÜ`m`,
438 ~«m÷U VWm 7,624 H$pÊS>H$m h¢Ÿ& H$mÊd eVnW ~«m÷U _| 17 H$mÊS>,
104 AÜ`m`, 435 ~«m÷U, VWm 6,806 H$pÊS>H$m h¢Ÿ& _mÜ`pÝXZ _| 68
ànmR>H$ h¢, {H$ÝVw H$mÊd eVnW _| ànmR>H$ Zht h¢Ÿ& Om~mb ~«m÷U H$m CëboI
h¡, bo{H$Z CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ&
H¥$îU-1. V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U hr nyUê© $n go CnbãY h¡ , {Og_| 3 ^mJ `m H$mÊS>
h¢Ÿ& àW_ 2 H$mÊS>m| _| 8-8 AÜ`m` `m ànmR>H$ h¢, AV: Bgo Aï>H$ ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
V¥Vr` H$mÊS> _| 12 ànmR>H$ h¢Ÿ, {OÝh| ^Å>^mñH$a Zo àíZ ^r H$hm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| Hw$b
353 AZwdmH$ h¢Ÿ& eVnW H$s Vah `h ^r gñda h¡Ÿ& H$mR>H$ ~«m÷U AnyU© h¡Ÿ&
AÝ` AZwnbãY-MaH$, ídoVmídVa, H$mR>H$, _¡Ìm`Ur, ImpÊS>H$o`Ÿ&
gm_doX-1. àm¡T‹ >(VmÊS>ç)-~«m÷U, 2. fS²>qde ~«m÷U, 3. gm_{dYmZ ~«m÷U,
4. Amf}` ~«m÷U, 5. XodVmÜ`m`~«m÷U, 6. N>mÝXmo½`mon{ZfX²-~«m÷U, 7.
g§{hVmon{ZfX²-~«m÷U, 8. d§e ~«m÷UŸ&
VmÊS>ç ~«m÷U H$moAÜ`m` g§»`m Ho$ AZwgma nÄ Mqde ~«m÷U VWm g~go ~‹S>m
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _hm-~«m÷U ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& fS²>qde ~«m÷U VmÊS>ç H$m hr
CÎma ^mJ _mZH$a Bgo 26dm§ AÜ`m` H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg_| 6 AÜ`m` h¢Ÿ& gm_{dYmZ
_| 3 AÜ`m` h¢Ÿ& Amf}` _| 6 AÜ`m`, XodVmÜ`m` _| 4 IÊS> h¢Ÿ& N>mÝXmo½`mon{ZfX²
~«m÷U Ho$ nhbo 2 ànmR>H$ _| {ddmh -H$_© Ho$ _ÝÌ h¢, ~mH$s 8 ànmR>H$ Cn{ZfX²
h¢Ÿ& g§{hVmon{ZfX² _| 5 VWm d§e _| 3 IÊS> h¢Ÿ&
O¡{_Zr` emIm _| Ho$db 3 ~«m÷U CnbãY h¢- O¡{_Zr`, O¡{_Zr`mon{ZfX² VWm
O¡{_Zr`mf}`Ÿ& AÝ` AZwnbãY- ^mëb{d, eQ>çm`Z, hm[aÐ{dH$Ÿ&
104 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AWd©dXo -n¡ßnbmX emIm H$m JmonW ~«m÷U CnbãY h¡ {OgHo$ nyyd© ^mJ _| 5
ànmR>H$, 135 H$[ÊS>H$m, VWm CÎma ^mJ _| 6 ànmR>H , 123 H$pÊS>H$m h¢Ÿ&
AmaÊ`H$-F$½doX-1.EoVao` _| 5 AmaÊ`H$ h¢-1.Jdm_`Z, 2._| àmU{dÚm VWm
nwéf(4-6 AÜ`m` EoVao` Cn{ZfX²), 3.g§{hVmon{ZfX², 4._hmZmåZr F$Mm,
5.{ZîH¡$dë` emóŸ&
2.em§Im`Z AmaÊ`H$ _| 30 AÜ`m` h¢Ÿ&
3. H$m¡frV{H$ AmaÊ`H$ _| 3 IÊS> VWm 15 AÜ`m` h¢Ÿ& 3-6 AÜ`m` H$m¡frV{H$
Cn{ZfX² h¡Ÿ&
`OwdX} -ewŠb-eVnW ~«m÷U H$m ApÝV_ (_mÜ`pÝXZ H$m 14dm§, H$mÊd H$m 17
dm§) H$mÊS> hr ~¥h XmaÊ`H$ h¡ & BgHm$ ApÝV_ 6 AÜ`m` Cn{ZfX² h¡Ÿ&
H¥$îU-V¡{Îmar` AmaÊ`H$Ÿ&
gm_doX-VdbH$ma AmaÊ`H$ H$mo O¡{_Zr`mon{ZfX² ~«m÷U ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
BgH$m EH$ ^mJ VdbH$ma Cn{ZfX² , h¡ Omo Ho$Z eãX go Amaå^ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
Ho$Zmon{ZfX² ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& N>mÝXmo½` AmÊ`H$ H$mo Am aÊ`-JmZ ^r H$hm
OmVm h¡Ÿ&
AWd©dXo -Bg_| H$moB© AmaÊ`H$ CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ&
Cn{ZfX²-1131 Cn{ZfXm| _| 108 H$mo _w{º$H$mon{ZfX² _| _w»` H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ&
BZ_| 10 F$½doX Ho$, 19 ewŠb-`OwdX} Ho$, 32 H¥$îU `OwdX} Ho$, 16 gm_doX Ho$
VWm 31 AWd© doX Ho$ h¢Ÿ& dmgwXdo bú_U nUerH$a Or Zo 108 Cn{ZfX²
àH$m{eV H$am`o h¢Ÿ({ZU©`gmJa)& AS>çma {W`mogmo{\$H$b gmogmBQ>r Ûmam 179
Cn{ZfX² àH$m{eV hþ`o h¢Ÿ& _wå~B© Ho$ JwOamVr {àpÊQ>¨J àog go àH$m{eV Cn{ZfX²
dmŠ` _hmH$mof _| 238 Cn{ZfXm| H$o CÕaUm| H$m g§Jh« h¡Ÿ& _w»` 13 h¢ {OZ na
^mî` {bIo J`o h¢- B©e, Ho$Z, H$R>, _wÊS> H$, _mÊSy> Š`, àíZ, EoVao`, V¡{Îmar`,
N>mÝXmo½`, ~¥hXmaÊ`H$, ídoVmídVa, H$m¡frV{H$, _¡Ìm`UrŸ&
ñ_¥{V-J«ÝW-d¡{XH$ gm{hË` H$mo lw{V VWm CgHo$ AmYma na g_mO ì`dñWm Ho$
{Z`_m| H$mo ñ_¥{V H$Vo h¢Ÿ& _Zwñ_¥{V g~go {d»`mV h¡Ÿ {Ogna _oYm{V{W H$s
{dñV¥V Q>rH$m h¡Ÿ& BgH$m A§JO
o« r AZwdmX lr J§JmZmW Pm Ûmam 9 IÊS>m| _| _moVrbmb
~ZmagrXmg Ûmam àH$m{eV h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ ZmJ àH$meZ Ûmam àH$m{eV
Aï>mXe- ñ_¥{V _| d{U©V ñ_¥{V Zm_ h¢ -1.A{Ì-g§{hVm, 2.{dîUw, 3.hmarV,
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 105
4.Am¡eZg, 5.Am{“ag, 6.g§dÎm©, 7. bKw `_-ñ_¥{V, 8. AmnñVå~,
9.d¥hñn{V, 10.H$mË`m`Z, 11.nmamea, 12.ì`mg, 13.e§I, 14.{b{IV,
15.Xj, 16.Jm¡V_, 17.emVmVn, 18.~wYŸ&
10.B{Vhmg-nwamU-doX Ho$ d{U©V {gÕmÝVm| H$s ì`m»`m B{VhmgnwamU Ho$
dmñV{dH$ CXmhaUm| go hr hmoVr h¡-
B{ghmg nwamUmä`m§ doX§ g_wn~¥§h`oV²Ÿ& {~^oË`ënlwVmÛoXmo _m_`§ àh[aî`{VŸ&
(_hm^maV,1/1/267)
g¥{ï> H$m d¡km{ZH$ aMZmH«$_ nwamU h¡- nwamU§ H$ñ_mV²Ÿ& nwam Zd§ ^d{VŸ(`mñH$
{Zéº$,3/19)Ÿ& AWm©V² nwamZm ê$n Z`m H¡$go hþAm BgH$m AÜ``Z nwamU h¡Ÿ&
Bggo {_bVm emó B{Vhmg h¡ {Og_| MoVZ _mZdm| H$m M[aÌ d{U©V h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| _|
B{Vd¥Îm H$s àYmZVm h¡Ÿ& B{Vhmg=B{V+h+Amg=Eogm hr hþAm WmŸ& nwamU Ho$ 5
`m 10 bjU H$ho J`o h¢Ÿ& 5 bjU-
1.gJ©-g¥{ï> {dkmZŸ&
2. à{VgJ©-g¥{ï> H$m {dñVma, b` VWm nwZ: g¥{ï>Ÿ&
3. d§e- {d{^Þ Om{V`m| Am{X H$s d§emdbrŸ&
4. _ÝdÝVa- à{V _Zw H$s Ad{Y Am¡a Cg g_` H$s KQ>Zm`|Ÿ&
5. d§emZwM[aV-gy`©, MÝÐ d§e Am{X Ho$ amOmAm| H$m dU©ZŸ&
10 bjU-
1.gJ©-g¥{ï> {dkmZŸ&
2.{dgJ©-g¥{ï> {dñVma, _mZg, X¡dr, _mZwfr Am{X g¥{ï>Ÿ&
3. ñWmZ- ~«÷mÊS> H$s pñW{VŸ&
4. nmofU- Ordm| H$m Y_©, H¥$Ë`, gXmMma, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Ÿ&
5.D${V- Ord H$s H$_© dmgZm, ñdJ© ZaH$ Am{X dU©ZŸ&
6. _ÝdÝVa-_ZwAm| H$m H$mb, M[aÌ Am¡a d§e {dñVmaŸ&
7. AdVma- {dîUw Ho$ AdVma Am¡a M[aÌŸ&
8. {ZamoY- AmË_ g§`_ Ho$ e_, X_, `moJ Am{X _mJ©Ÿ&
9. _w{º$- kmZ-`moJ, Xe©Z emóŸ&
10. Aml`-^{º$ _mJ©Ÿ&
106 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
nwamUm| H$s 18 g§»`m Ho$ AZwgma 18 {Z`_ ^r H$ho J`o h¢-g¥{ï>, à{Vg¥{ï>, d§e,
d§emZwM[aV, _ÝdÝVa, JmWm, H$ënew{Õ, nwamU, g§{hVm, S>m_a, `m_b,
Á`mo{Vf MH«$, ^wdZH$mof, d¥{Îm, ajm, AÝVa, hoVw Am¡a Anml`Ÿ&
18 nwamUm| H$m H$B© àH$ma go dJuH$aU h¡-
gmpÎdH$-{dîUw, ZmaX, ^mJdV, Jé‹S>, nÙ, damhŸ&
amOg-~«÷mÊS>, ~«÷d¡dÎm©, _mH©$ÊS>`o , ^{dî`V², dm_Z, ~«÷Ÿ&
Vm_g-_Ëñ`, Hy$_©, {b“, {ed, ñH$ÝX, A{¾Ÿ&
XodVm AZwgma-
~«÷m-~«÷, nÙŸ&
gy`-© ~«÷d¡dÎm©Ÿ&
A{¾-A{¾Ÿ&
{ed-{ed, ñH$ÝX, {b“, Hy$_©, dm_Z,damh, ^{dî`, _Ëñ`, _mH©$ÊS>`o , ~«÷mÊS>
{dîUw- ZmaX, ^mJdV, Jé‹S>, {dîUwŸ&
{df` Ho$ AZwgma 5 ^oX h¢-
g¥{ï>dmX, _VdmX, AdVmadmX, Am`{VdmX, VWm Am`VZdmXŸ&
nwamUm| H$m H«$_ VWm H$ën_mZ Bgr H«$_ _| h¡Ÿ& Amaå^ Ho$ 6 nwamU CŠW h¢(CŠW
dh _yb h¡ {Oggo CËWmZ hmoVm h¡, ^moOZ H$m OyR>m)Ÿ& g~go nhbo ~«÷nwamU h¡
Š`m|{H$ ~«÷m g¥{ï> Ho$ àdÎm©H$ h¢Ÿ& ~«÷m H$m AmYma nÙ {ÛVr` nwamU h¡Ÿ& nÙ H$m
AmYma {dîUw H$s Zm{^ h¡, AV: Vrgam {dîUw nwamU h¡Ÿ& {dîUw ^JdmZ eofZmJ
na e`Z H$aVo h¢Ÿ& eofZmJ dm`w ê$n h¡Ÿ& {dîUw ê$nr gy`© AmH$meJ“m Ho$ AÝ`
(eof) Vmam| Ho$ AmH$f©U VWm MH«$s` J{V(ZmJ) Ûmam AmH$me _| {ñWV h¡Ÿ& AV:
dm`w nwamU H$m H«$_ Mm¡Wm h¡Ÿ& eofZmJ jragmJa (AmH$meJ“m-milkyway)
_| pñWV h¢, dhr JmobmoH$ h¡ {OgH$m dU©Z nm§Md| ^mJdV nwamU _| h¡Ÿ& ^mJdV H$s
àoaUm ZmaX Ûmam doXì`mg H$mo {_br, AV: ZmaX nwamU N>R>m h¡Ÿ&
g¥{ï> Ho$ Amapå^H$ CËWmZ Ho$ ~mao _| 4 _V h¢Ÿ& àW_ _V Ho$ AZwgma gÎd, aO,
V_-BZ VrZ JwUm| Ho$ {_lU go g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡-`h dU©Z _mH©$ÊS>`o nwamU _| h¡Ÿ&
Cgr nwamU _| 3 JwUm| Ho$ AZwgma Xodr Ho$ 3 ê$nm| H$m dU©Z XwJm© gáeVr _| h¡Ÿ&
Xygao _V Ho$ AZwgma A{¾ `m D$Om©(Primordial Fireball) Ûmam g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
AV: 8 dm§ A{¾-nwamU h¡Ÿ& nm{W©d g¥{ï> H$m _yb gy`© h¡ AV: Zd_ nwamU gy`©
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 107
(^{dî`) h¡Ÿ& doXmÝV Ho$ AZwgma BZ VrZm| H$m g_Ýd` _V h¡ {H$ `h g¥{ï> EH$ hr
{ZamH$ma ~«÷ H$m {ddÎm© ({d{dY XrIVm hþAm ê$n) h¡Ÿ& AV: Xgdm§ nwamU
~«÷d¡dÎm© h¡Ÿ&
{damQ²> ê$n {dîUw ^JdmZ Ho$ AdVma H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma AJbo 6 nwamU h¢- {b“,
damh, dm_Z, Hw$_ma(ñH$ÝX), Hy$_© Am¡a _Ëñ`Ÿ&
{b“ {ZamH$ma Ho$ gmH$ma ê$n H$mo H$hVo h¢-
_ybñdê$n{b“ËdmÝ_yb_ÝÌ B{V ñ_¥V:Ÿ&
gyú_ËdmËH$maUËdmÀM b`ZmX²J_ZmX{nŸ&9Ÿ&
bjUmËna_oeñ` {b“{_Ë`{^Yr`Vo(`moJ{eImon{ZfV² 2/9)
{b“=brZ_² J_`{V-{Og_| brZ hmo dh [b“ h¡Ÿ&
brZ§ J_`{V `pñ_Z² _ybñdê$no, g gyú_ê$nH$maU:-{díd H$m _yb gyú_ ê$n
H$maU h¡, {díd Cgr _| nwZ: brZ hmoVm h¡, AV: dh {b“ h¡Ÿ& `h ñd`å^y _ÊS>b
`m {b“ h¡Ÿ-{ZamH$ma go AmH$meJ“mAm| H$m g_yh ê$nŸ&
brZ§ J_`{V `pñ_Z² {Xem`m_²-{Og {Xem _| brZ hmo dh ^r {b“ h¡Ÿ& J{V H$s
{Xem H$mo ~mU go B§{JV {H$`m OmVm h¡, AV: `h ~mU qbJ h¡Ÿ& ñd`å^y qbJ EH$
hr h¡, na 3 Am`m_ Ho$ AmH$me _| J{V H$s 3 {Xem`| hm|Jr , AV: 3 ~mU qbJ h¡Ÿ&
AmH$meJ§Jm go hr J{V H$m Amaå^ hmoZo go `h ~mU qbJ h¡Ÿ&
brZ§ J_`{V `pñ_Z² ~mø AmdaUo(na_oída bjU:)-na_oída Ho$ bjU ê$n
{Og ~mhar AmdaU _| dñVw brZ hmo dh ^r qbJ h¡Ÿ& dñVwAm| H$m ê$n AZÝV
àH$ma H$m h¡, na gy`© Ho$ 12 am{e`m| _| 12 àH$ma H m VoO ê$n hmoZo go BZHo$ 12
dJ©(am{e=T>oa,g_yh)Ÿ& `h ê$n AbJ-AbJ h¢ , AV: Bgo BVa(other)qbJ
H$hVo h¢Ÿ& F$½doX _| ~mø ê$n(_y{Îm©) H$m dU©Z hmoZo go BgH$m ~«m÷U EoVao`
H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ ê$n _| `h gy`© Á`mo{V Ho$ dJm] na AmYm[aV hmoZo go Á`mo{V{b©“
h¡Ÿ& gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s {d{dY g¥{ï Am¡a nm{W©d ê$n BVa qbJ h¢Ÿ&>
eara _| _ybmYma MH«$ Ûmam _¡WwZr g¥{ï> hmoZo go `h ñd`å^y qbJ h¡Ÿ& dm`w Am¡a aº$
gÄMma H$m Ho$ÝÐ öX` ~mU qbJ h¡Ÿ& ~mø ê$nm| H$m kmZ _pñVîH$ Ho$ Amkm-MH«$
go hmoVm h¡, AV: Bgo BVa qbJ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
^m¡{VH$ ê$n _| {ZamH$ma qbJ EH$qbJ(amOñWmZ Ho$ _odm‹S> _|) VWm gmH$ma ñd`å^y
qbJ qbJamO(^wdZoída _| nwar Ho$ OJÞmW Ym_ H$s gr_m na)Ÿ& BgHo$
108 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
{ZH$Q> ~mU ê$nr {ÌqbJ(Vobm§JZm) h¡Ÿ& nyao ^maV _| 12 Á`mo{V{b©“ h¢Ÿ&
AmH$me Ho$ 3 Ym_-ñd`å^y, na_oð>r(~«÷mÊS>), VWm gm¡a-_ÊS>bm| H$m Am{X
{Og {ZamH$ma _yb go hþAm dh Am{XË` h¡Ÿ& 3 _ÊS>bm| Ho$ Am{XË` h¢- A`©_m
(ñd`å^y H$m), déU (~«÷mÊS> H$m), {_Ì (gm¡a H$m)Ÿ& {ZamH$ma go nXmW© Ho$
^ÊS>ma ê$nH$mo damh H$hVo h¢ {Oggo g¥{ï> hþ`rŸ& ñd`å^y (AmH$meJ§Jm g_yh) H$m
_yb nXmW© Am{Xdamh h¡Ÿ& AmH$meJ§Jm go g¥{ï> ê$nm| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m `k Amaå^
hþAm, AV: Bgo `kdamh H$hVo h¢Ÿ& gy`© g_mZ VmamAm| go àH$me H$m {d{H$aU
Amaå^ hþAm AV: BgH$m _yb ídoVdamh h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr J«h H$m {Z_m©U {Og joÌ Ho$
nXmW© go hþAm dh ^y damh h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ A{V {ZH$Q> dm`w_ÊS>b _| dfm© Am{X go
O¡d OJV H$m nmbZ hmoVm h¡, A{V {ZH$Q> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h E_yf damh h¡Ÿ&
dm_Z-eara ê$nr aW _| AmË_m hr dm_Z h¡Ÿ& OJV² H$s AmË_m gy`© h¡-gy`© AmË_m
OJVñVñWwfíM-dm.`Ow.7/42,13/46)Ÿ& gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m {dñVma gy`© H$m
aW h¡Ÿ& Cg_| gy`-© {nÊS> dm_Z h¡Ÿ& R>mgo J«hm| H$m joÌ X{Y-dm_Z h¡-^mJdV
nÄM_ ñH$ÝY _| X{Y g_wÐ H$m AmH$maŸ&
n¥Ïdr na O¡d-g¥{ï> H$m¡_ma gJ© h¡Ÿ& `h 5 ndm] go {ZH$bZo Ho$ H$maU ñH$ÝX
h¡Ÿ& Hy$_©-joÌ AmH$meJ“m H$m Am^m-_ÊS>b (Nutrino corona) h¡ Omo CgH$m
10 JwUm h¡-
_mZoZ Vñ` Hy$_©ñ` H$W`m{_ à`ËZV:Ÿ&
e§H$mo: eVghòm{U `moOZm{Z dnw: pñWV_²Ÿ&
(Zan{VO`M`m©, ñdamX` _| Hy$_©-MH«$)
eyÝ` AmH$me Ho$ ag-g_wÐ _| ñdÀN>ÝX ê$n go V¡aVo ~«÷mÊS> hr _Ëñ` h¢Ÿ&
_Ëñ`,dm_Z,damh,`k, {damQ²>-`o 5 {ZË` AdVma h¢Ÿ& n¥Ïdr na _Zwî` ê$n _|
10 AdVma h¢; 24 H$s ~‹S>r gyMr ^r h¡Ÿ&
17d| Jé‹S> nwamU _| Am`{VdmX `m J{V H$m dJuH$aU h¡Ÿ& Bg_| gÄMa(gO©Z) `m
g¥{ï> {dH$mg, à{VgÄMa `m àb`, H$_©-nXmW© H$s CËn{Îm, CËH«$mpÝV (CËn{Îm),
AZwËH«$mpÝV (_yb ê$n _| dmng hmoZm) AWm©V² _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX J{V Am¡a nwZO©Ý_ H$s
ì`m»`m h¡Ÿ&
18d| Am`VZdmX H$m ~«÷mÊS> nwamU h¡Ÿ& {díd H$m ñdê$n ~«÷mÊS> h¡Ÿ& ~«÷mÊS> _|
{d{^Þ bmoH$m| H$s pñW{V H$mo Am`VZ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 109
nwamU-Vm{bH$m
dmX nwamU H$ën íbmoH$g§»`m CnbãY^mJ
g¥{ï> 1.~«÷ gd© 10,000 14,000
(6) 2.nÙ {haÊ_` 55,000 48,452
3.{dîUw damh 23,000 6,000
4.dm`w({ed) ídoV 24,000 24,000
5.^mJdV gmañdV 18,000 18,000
6.ZmaX ~¥hV² 25,000 18,110
_V 7._mH©$ÊS>o` eHw$Z 9,000 6,900
(4) 8.A{¾ B©emZ 15,400 15,400
9.gy`©(^{dî`) AKmoa 14,500 4 àH$ma H$s à{V
10.~«÷d¡dÎm© aWÝVa 18,000 18,000
AdVma 11.{b“ Am¾o` 11,000 11,000
(6) 12.damh _mZd 24,000 10,000
13.dm_Z Hy$_© 10,000 10,000
14.Hw$_ma(ñH$ÝX)VËnwéf 81,100 7_|3IÊS>,AÝ` àH$ma
7IÊS>-81,000
15.Hy$_© bú_r 17,000 6,000
16._Ëñ` gá 24,000 15,000
Am`{V 17.Jé‹S> Jmé‹S> 19,000 9,000
Am`VZ 18.~«÷mÊS> ^{dî` 12,000 10,000
`moJ 4,10,000
dm`w nwamU _| {ed nwamU H$s íbmoH$ g§»`m Xr J`r h¡Ÿ& dm`w nwamU H$m íbmoH$
{_bmZo na Hwb íbmoH$ g§»`m 4,32,000 hmoJrŸ& H${b`wJ _| gm¡a df© H$s g§»`m
VWm F$½doX Ho$ eãXm| H$s g§»`m BVZr hr h¡Ÿ&
18 Cn-nwamU-1.gZËHw$_ma, 2.Zaqgh, 3.ZÝX, 4.{edY_©, 5.Xwdm©gm,
6.~¥hÞmaXr`, 7.H${nb, 8.CeZg², 9.déU, 10.H${d, 11._hoída,12. gm¡a,
14.namea, 15._marM, 16._mZd, 17.^mJ©d, 18.Xodr^mJdVŸ&
110 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
Xodr CnmgH$ bmoJ ^mJdV Ho$ ~Xbo Xodr ^mJdV H$mo hr _hmnwamU _mZVo h¢Ÿ&
CgH$s íbmoH$ g§»`m ^r 18,000 hr h¡Ÿ& Bg_| XwJm© gáeVr H$s {deX ì`m»`m
h¡Ÿ& nadÎmu g_` Ho$ Hw$N> Am¡a Cn-nwamU h¢- 1.H$m{bH$m, 2.ZpÝXHo$ída, 3.
d{gð>, 4.^mJ©d, 5.Am{X, 6._wXJ² b, 7._hm^mJdV, 8.~¥hÕ_m}Îma, 9. {dîUw-
Y_m}Îma(`h g§^dV: {dîUwnaw mU H$m bwá A§e h¡ {OgHo$ AZwgma ~«÷Jwá Zo AnZm
Á`mo{Vf J«ÝW ~«m÷-ñ\w$Q>-{gÕmÝV {bImŸ& ~«÷Jwá Am¡a ^mñH$a Am{X Ho$ J«ÝWm|
H$m ApÝV_ g§emo{YV ê$n MÝÐeo²Ia H$m {gÕmÝV-Xn©U h¡Ÿ&). 10.namZÝX,
11.newn{V, 12.h[ad§e(_hm^maV H$m n[a{eï>)Ÿ&
doXì`mg Zo doX na AmYm[aV EH$ hr nwamU g§{hVm Ho$ 18 ^mJ {H$`oŸ& Cg nwamU
g§{hVm H$m bmoH$ _| gyV Zo àMma {H$`mŸ& gyV Ho$ {eî`m| Zo Cº$ 18 {d^mJm| Ho$
A{V[aº$ 3 AÝ` g§{hVm`| ^r ~Zm`tŸ& àYmZ nwamU g§{hVm Ho$ àMmaH$ gyV
amo_hf©U Ho$ Zm_ go {d»`mV hþ`,o CÝhm|Zo 6 nwéfm| Ho$ nañna g§dmX H«$_ go 7
nwamUm| H$s aMZm H$s WrŸ& CgHo$ ~mX gyVnwÌ CJ«ldm Zo nwZ: {ÛVr` nÙnwamU,MVwW©
dm`wnaw mU,VWm nÄM_ AmnnwamU H$s AÝ` ZdrZ aMZm H$sŸ& ~mH$s Aï>_ Am{X
nwamU `WmdV ahoŸ& Bg H$maU nÙnwamU 2 àH$ma H$m, dm`w 2 àH$ma H$m, Am¡a Amn
ñWmZr` ^mJdV ^r 2 àH$ma Ho$ hþ`-o EH$ {dîUw gå~ÝYr ^mJdV, Xygam Xodr
^mJdVŸ& AÝ` nwamU 1-1 hr ahoŸ&
~mX _| {dH«$_m{XË` H$mb _| ~oVmb ^Å> Ûmam nwamUm| H$m nwZ: gånmXZ {dembm
ZJar _| hþAm(n¥ð> 80)Ÿ& ^{dî` nwamU _| n¥ÏdramO H$mb H$s KQ>Zm`| A{YH$ h¢
VWm {dŠQ>m[o a`m H$mb H$m dU©Z h¡, AV: BZ H$mbm| _| ^r Hw$N> OmoS‹ >m J`m h¡Ÿ&
11. doXm“-doX Ho$ 6 A“ VWm 6 Cnm“ (Xe©Z) h¢Ÿ&
doXm“-1.{ejm-`h doX H$s Zm{gH$m h¡Ÿ& BgH$m Cn`moJ XoX H$m ewÕ CÀMmaU
H$aZo _| h¡Ÿ& ñda, ì`ÄOZ dUm] Ho$ CÀMmaU ñWmeZ, à`ËZ, ñda (CXmÎm,g_mhma,
ñd[aV) Am{X Ho$ AZwgma CÀMmaU Ho$ {Z`_ Bg_| h¢Ÿ& Jm`Z Ho$ {b`o N>ÝX, b`
Am¡a amJm| H$m dU©Z ^r h¡Ÿ& à{V doX Ho$ CÀMmaU Ho$ {Z`_ AbJ-AbJ h¢Ÿ&
F$½doX Ho$ H«$_ nmR> H$s ì`dñWm O¡Jrfì` Ho$ {eî` nmÄMmb dm^«ì` `m Jmbd Zo
H$s WrŸ& ^maÛmO {ejm H$m àH$meZ nwUo Ho$ ^ÊS>maH$a BÝñQ>rÀ`yQ> Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
àmo.H$sbhmZ© H$mo H$í_ra _| Mmam`Ur` {ejm H$s hñV{b{IV à{V {_br WrŸ&
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 111
Am{ne{b (amOeoIa H$s H$mì`_r_m§gm _| CëboI) Ho$ ~mX nm{U{Z {ejm {bIr
J`rŸ& ñdm_r X`mZÝX Zo nm[UZr` {ejm H$m àH$meZ {H$`m WmŸ& BgH$m Cn`moJ
F$½doX Ho$ {b`o h¡Ÿ& dmamUgr g§ñH¥$V {díd{dÚmb` Ûmam àH$m{eV {ejm g§J«h _|
Jm¡V_, ZmaX(ZmaX nwamU H$m), _mÊSy>H$s` Am¡a ^maÛmO {ejm Am{X h¢Ÿ& `OwdX}
H$s `mkdëŠ` {ejm, gm_doX H$s ZmaX {ejm, Am¡a AWd© doX H$s _mÊSy>H$s {ejm
CnbãY h¢Ÿ&
2.H$ën-X¡{XH$ AZwð>mZm| Ho$ {b`o H$ën J«ÝWm| H$m {Z_m©U hþAm h¡Ÿ& ZmaX nwamU Ho$
nyd© ^mJ(2/51) Ho$ AZwgma 5 àH$ma Ho$ H$ën J«ÝW h¢-
1.ZjÌ H$ën _| ZjÌm| Ho$ ñdm_r Am{X H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
2.doX H$ën _| F$½doX Am{X H$m {dYmZ h¡ Omo 4 nwéfmW©-Y_©, AW©, H$m_, _moj
-H$s {g{Õ H$amVm h¡Ÿ&
3.g§{hVm H$ën _| _ÝÌm| Ho$ F${f, XodVm N>ÝX H$m {ZX}e h¡Ÿ&
4.Am{“ag H$ën _| ~«÷m Ûmam A{^Mma {d{Y Ho$ 6 H$_m] H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
5. empÝV H$ën _| {Xì`, ^m¡_ Am¡a AÝV[aj Ho$ CËnmVm| H$s empÝV {d{Y h¡Ÿ&
{d{^Þ `km| Ho$ {dYmZ Ho$ {b`o doX H$ën _| 3 àH$ma Ho$ gyÌ h¢-lm¡V gyÌ, J¥ø
gyÌ, Y_© gyÌŸ& `k doXr {Z_m©U Ho$ {b`o ewë~ gyÌ h¡Ÿ(lm¡V H$_© H$m A§J)&
~m¡Ym`Z, AmnñVå~, H$mË`m`Z, Am¡a _mZd ewë~ gyÌm| H$m A§JO o« r AZwdmX VWm
J{UVr` ì`m»`m Ho$ gmW ^maVr` {dkmZ AH$mX_r {Xëbr Ûmam àH$meZ hþAm h¡Ÿ&
lm¡V `k J¥h-`k
gmo_-g§ñWm h{d-g§ñWm `m nmH$-g§ñWm
1.A{¾ï>mo_ 1.A½Ý`mYo` 1.gm`§ hmoÌ
2.AË`{¾ï>mo_ 2. A{¾hmoÌ 2.àmVhm}Ì
3.CŠÏ` 3. Xe© 3.ñWmbrnmH$
4.fmoS>er 4.nm¡U©_mg 4. Zd `k
5.dmOno` 5.AmJ«`U 5.d¡ídXod
6.A{VamÌ 6.MmVw_m©ñ` 6.{nV¥`k
7.Amámo`m©_ 7.new~ÝY 7.Aï>H$m
BZ 21 `km| Ho$ Abmdm H$ën gyÌ _| 5 _hm`k Am¡a 16 g§ñH$ma `k(OÝ_,{ejm,
112 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
CnZ`Z, {ddmh Am{X)- Hw$b 42 H$_m] H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& doX g§{hVm Am¡a emIm Ho$
AZwgma 1131 H$ën gyÌ hmoZo Mm{h`o, {H$ÝVw AmOH$b àm`: 40 CnbãY h¢-
5 Y_© gyÌ-AmnñVå~, {haÊ`Ho$er, ~m¡Ym`Z, Jm¡V_, d{gð>Ÿ& BZ_| dUm©l_
Y_©, AmMma, amOY_©, g§ñH$ma, {Z`_ Am{X h¢Ÿ&
J¥ø gyÌm| _| N>mQo >o `k, 16 g§ñH$ma Am¡a Vrgao ^mJ _| {_l {df` O¡go J¥h {Z_m©U,
lmÕ, {nV¥ `k Am{X h¢Ÿ& CnbãY J¥ø gyÌ-
F$½doX-em§Im`Z, emå~ì`, Amídbm`ZŸ&
H¥$îU `OwdX} -AmnñVå~, {haÊ`Ho$er, ~m¡Ym`Z, ^maÛmO, _mZd, d¡ImZgŸ&
ewŠb `OwdX} -nmañH$aŸ&
gm_doX-Jmo{^b, Im{Xa, O¡{_{ZŸ&
AWd©dXo -H$m¡{eH$, d¡VmZŸ&
{ZåZ{b{IV lm¡V gyÌ àH$m{eV h¢-Amídbm`Z, em§Im`Z, d¡VmZ, bmQ>çm`Z,
H$mË`m`Z, AmnñVå~, AmnñVå~ `k-n[a^mfm-gyÌ VWm _mZd lm¡V-gyÌŸ&
(3) ì`mH$aU-F$H²$-VÝÌ-ì`mH$aU(1/4) Ho$ AZwgma ì`mH$aU CËn{Îm H$m
H«$_ h¡-~«÷m-~¥hñn{V-BÝÐ-^aÛmO-F${f-~«m÷UŸ& _hm^mî` Ho$ AZwgma
~¥hñn{V Zo BÝÐ H$mo à{V-nX-nmR> Ûmam eãX H$m CnXoe {X`m WmŸ& dhr ì`dñWm
A~ ^r MrZ Am¡a OmnmZH$s ^mfmAm| _| h¡Ÿ& BZ_| {g\©$ eãX-{M• h¢, AbJ-
AbJ Ajam| H$m {d^mOZ Zhr § h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$s ì`dñWm H${R>Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
empãXH$ AmMm`© dm`w H$s ghm`Vm go BÝÐ Zo bjUmË_H$ ì`m»`m H$sŸ-dmH²$ H$s
ì`m»`m Ho$ H$maU Cgo ì`mH$aU H$hm J`mŸ& Cg BÝÐ H$m g_` 13,000 df© go
A{YH$ nwamZm h¡ (Ob-ßbmdZ H$m g_` 11,000 df© nyd)© Ÿ& ì`mH$aU 3 àH$ma
Ho$ h¢Ÿ-
1.d¡{XH$ eãX [{df`H$-àm{Vem»` Am{XŸ&
2.bm¡{H$H$ eãX {df`H$-H$mVÝÌ Am{XŸ&
3.C^` eãX {df`H$-Am{ne{b, nm{U{Z Am{XŸ&
àm{Vem»` àdº$m-1.F$H²$ àm{Vem»`-em¡ZH$ àUrVŸ&
2.dmOgZo`r (ewŠb `Owd}X emIm) àm{Vem»`-H$mË`m`ZŸ&
3.V¡{Îmar` àm{Vem»` (H¥$îU `Owd}X emImŸ)4&
4.gm_ àm{Vem»`Ÿ&
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 113
5. AWd© àm{Vem»`Ÿ&
6._¡Ìm`Ur` àm{Vem»` (H¥$îU `OwdX} emIm)Ÿ&
7.Amídbm`Z àm{Vem»` (F$H²$ emIm)&
8.dmîH$b àm{Vem»` (F$H²$ emIm)Ÿ&
9.Mmam`U àm{Vem»`(H¥$îU `OwdX} emIm)Ÿ&
AÝ` N>ÝXmo (d¡{XH$) ì`mH$aU-1.F$H²$ VÝÌ-emH$Q>m`Z `m Am¡X~² m« {O H¥$VŸ&
2.bKw F$H²$ VÝÌ, 3.gm_-VÝÌ, 4.Aja VÝÌ-Am{ne{b H¥$VŸ&
5.AWd© MVwamÜ`m`r-em¡ZH$ `m H$m¡Ëg àUrVŸ&
6.à{Vkm-gyÌ, 7.^m{fH$ gyÌŸ&
àm{Vem»` Am¡a d¡{XH$ ì`mH$aU J«ÝWm| _| nm{U{Z nyd© Ho$ 57 AmMm`m] H$m CëboI
h¡Ÿ& nm{U{Z ì`mH$aU _| 10 VWm AÝ` ì`mH$aUm| _| 13 AÝ` AmMm`m] Ho$ Zm_ h¢-
1.BÝÐ, 2.dm`w, 3.^aÛmO, 4.^mJw[a, 5.nm¡îH$agm{X, 6.Mmam`U, 7.H$me-
H¥$ËñZ, 8.d¡`mK«nÚ, 9._mÜ`pÝX{Z, 10.am¡{‹T>, 11.em¡ZH$, 12.Jm¡V_,
13.ì`m{S>, 14.Am{ne{b, 15.H$mí`n, 16.Jmbd, 17.Jm½`©, 18.MmH«$d_©U,
19.^maÛmO, 20.eH$Q>m`Z, 21.emH$ë`,22.goZH$, 23.ñ\$moQ>m`ZŸ&
àmMrZ ì`mH$aUm| _| ApÝV_ nm{U{Z H$m ì`mH$aU h¡Ÿ& `h {dH«$_ nyd© àm`: 2800
df© _| {bIm J`m WmŸ& BgHo$ 5 J«ÝW h¢-1.eãXmZwemgZ-8 AÜ`m`(Aï>mÜ`m`r),
à{V AÜ`m` _| 4 nmX, Hw$b 4,000 gyÌŸ& 2.YmVwnmR>, 3.JUnmR>, 4.CUm{X
gyÌ, 5.{b“mZwemgZŸ&
nm{U{Z Ho$ ì`m»`m-J«ÝW-
1.dm{Îm©H$-nm{U{Z gyÌ H$s ì`m»`m `m CgH$s H$_r H$s ny{Îm© Ho$ {b`o Omo gyÌ
{bIo J`o CÝh| dm{Îm©H$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& nm{U{Z Ho$ nyd© dm{Îm©H$-H$mam| Zo nwamZo ì`mH$aU
J«ÝWm| H$s ì`m»`m H$s WrŸ& àmMrZ J«ÝWm| _| 7 dm{Îm©H$H$mam| Ho$ Zm _ {_bVo h¢-
1.H$mË`m`Z(àm`: 2700 df© {dH«$_ nyd-© g~go {d»`mV), 2.^maÛmO, 3.gwZmJ,
4.H«$moï>m, 5.dm‹S>d, 6.ì`mK«^{y V,7.d¡`mK«nÚŸ&
2._hm^mî`-nm{U{Z gyÌ Am¡a nyaH$ dm{Îm©H$m| (àm`: H$mË`m`Z Ho$) H$r Jå^ra
ì`m»`m JmoZX© (CÎmaàXoe Ho$ JmoÊS>m {Obm) Ho$ Jmo{UH$m-nwÌ nVÄO{b Zo H$sŸ&
`h doX-ì`mg Ho$ g_H$mbrZ Wo Š`m|{H$ BZHo$ `moJ-gyÌ na ì`mg H$m ^mî` h¡Ÿ&
nVÄO{b Zo MaH$g§{hVm, `moJ-gyÌ VWm ì`maU _hm^mî`-3 J«ÝW {bIo h¢-
114 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
`moJoZ {MÎmñ` nXoZ dmMm _b§ earañ` Vw d¡ÚHo$Z&
`mo@nmH$amoÎm§ àda§ _wZrZm§ nVÄOqb àmÄO{bamZVmo@pñ_Ÿ&(^moO H$m amOdm{Îm©H$)
_hm^mî` bwá hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Jm¡S‹ > nmX(CZHo$ àoV `m naånam Ûmam) Ho$ CnXoe go
MÝÐe_m (© MmÝÐ-ì`mH$aU Ho$ aM{`Vm) Zo nwZ: _hm^mî` {bIm (H$Wm-g[aËgmJa
VWm amOVa{“Ur)Ÿ& `h g§Ý`mg Ho$ ~mX Jmo{dÝXnmX hþ` o(e‘>amMm`© Ho$ Jwé-
àm`: 600 B©.ny)Ÿ& AV: Bg_| nwî`{_Ì ew“(1218-1158 B©.ny.) Ho$ Aíd_oK
`k H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
3._hm^mî` Q>rH$m-^Îm©h¥ [a(Jmo{dÝXnmX Ho$ nwÌ, 457B©.ny. Ho$ lrhf© {dH«$_ Ho$
~‹S>o ^mB©) H$s _hm^mî`-Xr{nH$m H$s nmÊSw>{b{n ~{b©Z nwñVH$mb` _| h¡Ÿ& CgHo$
A{V[aº$ àm`: 20 ì`m»`m`| hþ`tŸ& CZ_| g~go {d»`mV h¡ H¡$`Q> CnmÜ`m` H$m
_hm^mî`-àXrnŸ& ~mX_| àXrn H$s hr àm`: 15 Q>rH$m`| hþ`tŸ& ZmJoe ^Å> H$s
àXrnmoÚmoV ì`m»`m Mm¡Iå~m àog dmamUgr Ûmam àH$m{eV h¡Ÿ&
4.d¥{Îm-J«ÝW- ñd`§ nm{U{Z Zo AnZo gyÌm| H$s d¥{Îm (g§{já ì`m»`m) {bIr Wr
Omo A^r CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ& _hm^mî` Ho$ nhbo Hw${U Am¡a _mWwa d¥{Îm hþ`r WrŸ&
~mX _| Mwpëb, ^{Å>, {Zbya© , Am{X d¥{Îm hþ`r WrŸ& g~go [d»`mV d¥{Îm h¡ H$m{eH$mŸ&
CgHo$ àW_ 5 AÜ`m` O`m{XË` Am¡a ~mH$s 3 AÜ`m` dm_Z Ûmam {b{IV h¢Ÿ&
gå^dV: CZH$s AbJ-AbJ nyU© ì`m»`m`| WtŸ& AÝ` CnbãY d¥{Îm`m§ h¢-
{d_b`{V, ^Îm¥h© [a H$s ^mJd¥{Îm, nwéfmoÎm_Xod H$s ^mfmd¥{Îm, eaUXod H$s XwKQ© >
d¥{Îm, AÞ_^Å> H$s {_Vmjam, Amoa_ ^Å> H$s ì`mH$aU Xr{nH$m, ñdm_r X`mZÝX
H$m Aï>mÜ`m`r ^mî`, ~«÷XÎm {Okmgw Ûmam {hÝXr Q>rH$mŸ& H$m{eH$m d¥{Îm H$s 2
ì`m»`m CnbãY h¢-{OZoÝÐ~w{Õ H$m Ý`mg VWm haXÎm H$r nmX_ÄOar-XmoZm| H$m
àH$meZ Cñ_m{Z`m {díd{dÚmb`, h¡Xam~mX go hþAm h¡Ÿ&
5.à{H«$`m-J«ÝW-Aï>mÜ`m`r H$m gyÌ-H«$_ N>mS‹o >H$a à{H«$`m (g§km, {H«$`m, àË``
Am{X) Ho$ AZwgma ì`m»`m hr àm`: 500 dfm] go àM{bV h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ _w»` J«ÝW h¢-
{dH«$_ 12 dt eVmãXr-Y_©H$s{Îm© H$m ê$nmdVmaŸ&
[dH«$_ 16 dt eVmãXr àW_ MaU-am_MÝÐH$s à{H«$`m-H$m¡_Xw rŸ&
[dH«$_ 16 dt eVmãXr 2,3 MaU-^Å>m{o O Xr{jV H$s {gÕmÝV-H$m¡_Xw rŸ&
[dH«$_ 16 dt eVmãXr MVwW© MaU-Zmam`U ^Å> H$m à{H«$`m-gd©ñdŸ&
à{H«$`m-H$m¡_Xw r na eofH¥$îU Am¡a {dÆ>b H$s Q>rH$m`| h¢Ÿ& {gÕmÝV H$m¡_Xw r H$s
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 115
Q>rH$m`|-J«ÝWH$ma Ûmam àm¡T‹ >-_Zmoa_m, dmgwXdo Ûmam ~mb-_Zmoa_m, kmZoÝÐ gañdVr
H$s VÎd-à~mo{YZr VWm ZmJoe ^Å> H$m bKweãXoÝXw-eoIaŸ&
6.nm{U{Z Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ñdVÝÌ J«ÝW-
H$mVÝÌ-ì`mH$aU- {dH«$_H$mbrZ H$mË`m`Z (daé{M) ÛmamŸ& A{¾ Am¡a Jé‹S>-
nwamU _| Bg ì`mH$aU H$mo H$m¡_ma Am¡a ñH$ÝX H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ&
MmÝÐ-ì`mH$aU-{dH«$_ go 1000 df© nyd© H$í_ra amOm A{^_Ý`w(1234-1182
B©.ny.) Ho$ AmXoe go ~m¡Õ {dÛmZ MÝÐJmo{^ Ûmam {bIm J`m WmŸ& {g\©$ 6 AÜ`m`
CnbãY h¢Ÿ&
O¡ZoÝÐ-{dH«$_ 500-550 _| AmMm`© XodZpÝX ÛmamŸ&BgH$s 4 Q>rH$m`| CnbãY h¢Ÿ&
{dlmÝV-{dÚmYa-dm_Z({dH«$_ nyd© 600 df©)
A{^Zd emH$Q>m`Z-A_moKdf©({dH«$_ 871-924) amÁ` _| O¡Z AmMm`©
nmë`H$s{Îm© ÛmamŸ&
gañdVr-H$ÊR>m^aU-Ymamn{V ^moO({dH«$_ 1075-1110) Ûmam EH$ Ab‘>ma
J«ÝW ^r Bgr Zm_ H$m h¡Ÿ&
ho_-eãXmZwemgZ-JwOamV Ho$ O¡Z AmMm`© ho_MÝÐ Ûmam({dH«$_ 1145-1220)
gmañdV-{d.g§.1300 _| AZw^y{Vñdê$nmMm`© ÛmamŸ&
Om¡_ma-H«$_Xrída Ho$ g§{jßgma na {dH«$_ 1200 _| Ow_amZÝXr H$s gañdVr
d¥{ÎmŸ&
_w½Y~moY-{d.14dt eVmãXr Ho$ nydm©Y© _| ~monXod H$m g§{já ì`mH$aUŸ&
n[a{eï> J«ÝW-Am{ne{b Am¡a nm{U{Z Ho$ YmVwnmR>Ÿ& nm{U{Z YmVwnmR> H$s
jrañdm_r, _¡Ì`o a{jV, Am¡a gm`U d¥{Îm h¡Ÿ& MmÝÐ YmVwnmR>, emH$Q>m`Z, O¡ZÝo Ð,
ho_MÝÐ, Am{X Ho$ n[a{eï> h¢Ÿ& àm`: g^r Ho$ JUnmR>, CUm{X-gyÌ Am¡a
{b“mZwemgZ ^r h¢Ÿ&
ì`mH$aU Xe©Z-g§Jh« -ì`m{S> `m Xmjm`U Ho$ g§Jh« _| àm`: 10,000 nXmWm] H$s
narjm h¡Ÿ&
dmŠ`nXr`-^Îm¥h© [a Ûmam 3 H$mÊS> _| h¡Ÿ-~«÷H$mÊS>, nXH$mÊS>, àH$sU©H$mÊS>Ÿ&CgHo$
Cna nwÊ`amO Am¡a hobamO H$s ì`m»`m h¡ Omo n§. aKwZmW e_m© H$s Q>rH$m Ho$ gmW
dmamUgr g§ñH¥$V {díd{dÚmb` go àH$m{eV h¡Ÿ&
bKw _ÄOyfmZmJmo{O ^Å> ÛmamŸ&
116 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
4.{Zéº$-_yb eãX-H$mof {ZKÊQw> h¡-BgH$s ì`m»`m {Zéº$ h¡Ÿ, Omo eãX H$m AW©
Am¡a ì`wËn{Îm ~VmVm h¡Ÿ& A^r Ho$db `mñH$ H$m {ZKÊQw> Am¡a {Zéº$ CnbãY h¡
{Ogna XwJm©Mm`© H$s ì`wËn{Îm h¡Ÿ& `mñH$({dH«$_ nyd© 2800) Ho$ nhbo H$m H$moB© ^r
{ZKÊQw> `m {Zéº$ CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ& `mñH$ Ho$ ~mX nhbm Aja-H«$_ H$m eãXH$mof
lr MÝXeoIa CnmÜ`m` Ûmam 1940-55 _| {bIm J`m Omo 1995 _o§ ZmJ àH$meZ
{Xëbr Ûmam 3 IÊS>m| _| àH$m{eV hþAmŸ& BgHo$ nhbo _m¡[ag ãby_\$sëS> H$s d¡{XH$
eãX-gyMr VWm 1927 _| n§. h§gamO VWm ^JdÔÎm H$s ~«m÷U J«ÝW H$s eãXgyMr
d¡{XH$-H$mof Ho$ Zm_ go àH$mseV hþ`rŸ& ~Zmag {hÝXy {díd{dÚmb` Ûmam gy`H© $mÝV
H$m d¡{XH$ H$mof ^r 1970 _| àH$m{eV hþAmŸ&
5.N>ÝX-Aja-n[a_mU H$mo N>ÝX H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$mË`m`Z H$s gdm©ZHw $« _{UH$m
_| 7 d¡{XH$ N>ÝXm| H$m dU©Z h¡-Jm`Ìr go OJVr VH$Ÿ& doX H$m AÝ` Zm_ N>ÝXg h¡Ÿ&
bm¡{H$H$ Jmfm _| AZwïw>n² N>ÝX H$s àW_ aMZm dmë_r{H$ am_m`U(4500 B©.ny.)
h¡Ÿ& H$mË`m`Z Ho$ ~mX N>ÝX-emó Ho$ {d»`mV {Z_m©Vm {n“b hþ`,o {n“b eãX
N>ÝX-emó H$m n`m©m` ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& {n“b Ho$ N>ÝX-emó _| 8 AÜ`m`, Am¡a 308
gyÌ h¢Ÿ& Cg_| CÕ¥V AÝ` AmMm`© h¢- EHo$, H$mí`n, H«$m¡ï>w {H$, VpÊS>, `mñH$,
amV, _mÊS>ì`, EoVH$Ÿ& N>ÝX-emó na hbm`wY ^Å> H$s ì`m»`m h¡Ÿ& A{¾, Jé‹S>
VWm ZmaX nwamUm| _| àm`: d¡gm hr N>ÝX dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
~mX Ho$ {dñV¥V J«ÝW h¢-N>ÝX H$m¡ñVw^, d¥Îm aËZmH$a, N>ÝX _ÄOarŸ& H$m{bXmg
(fîQ> eVmãXr Ho$ ^moOamO Ho$ g_H$mbrZ) H$m N>mQo >m J«ÝW lwV~moY h¡Ÿ&
6.Á`mo{Vf-_Zwî` Ho$ A“m| Ho$ g_mZ doX Ho$ A“m| H$s VwbZm-ZoÌ-Á`mo{Vf,
H$mZ-{Zéº$, ZmH$-{ejm, _wI-ì`mH$aU, hmW-H$ën, n¡a-N>ÝXŸ&
Á`mo{V H$m AW© Á`mo{V: {nÊS> AWm©mV² J«h ZjÌm| H$s pñW{V, O{V Am¡a CZHo$
à^md H$m AÜ``Z h¡Ÿ& doX H$m dmñV{dH$ d¡km{ZH$ AW© Á`moVf Ûmam hr _mby_
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Á`mo{Vf ê$nr ZoÌ Ho$ {~Zm doX n‹T>Zo dmbm dmñVd _| AÝYm h¡Ÿ& doX Ho$
àm`: à{V gyº$ Ho$ 3 àH$ma Ho$ AW© hmoVo h¢- AmH$me {nÊS> VWm bmoH$
gå~ÝYr(Am{YX¡{dH$), _mZd eara gå~ÝYr (Amû`mpË_H$), VWm Ñí`
dmVmdaU g_mO Am{X go gå~pÝYV (Am{Y^m¡{VH$)Ÿ& CgHo$ AZwgma Á`mo{Vf Ho$
3 IÊS> h¢-J{UV IÊS> _| J«h pñW{V, J{V JUZm, Xoe-H$mb-{XH²$ {ZU©`, J«hU,
`w{V Am{X, g¥{ï> H$s CËn{Îm Am¡a AmH$me Am{X H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& \${bV Á`mo{Vf _|
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 117
J«h pñW{V H$m _mZd OrdZ Ho$ Cna à^md H$m AÜ``Z hmoVm h¡Ÿ& g§{hVm _| amï´>
H$m ^{dî`, ew^ _whÎÿ m©, nd© Cndmg Am{X H$m {ZU©` hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
J{UV Á`mo{Vf Ho$ 3 IÊS> h¢-{gÕmÝV J«ÝW _| H$ën Amaå^ go(432 H$mo{Q> df© H$m
~«÷m H$m {XZ {Og_| 198 H$mo{Q> df© ~rV MwH$o h¢Ÿ) ~rVo g_` Ho$ AZwgma J«h J{V
H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& dÎm©_mZ {gÕmÝV J«ÝWm| H$m AmYma gy`© {gÕmÝV h¡ {OgH$m
CnXoe {ddñdmZ² Ûmam _` Agwa H$mo amo_H$-nÎmZ(CÁO¡Z go 900 nyd© a~mV,
a~=a{d `m gy`,© BgHo$ {ZH$Q> haHw$bg `m {dîUw gy`© H$m ñVå^ Wm) _| 9,223
B©.ny._| (gË``wJ _| O~ 121 df© ~mH$s Wo) {X`m J`m WmŸ& Bg H$maU ^maV go
boH$a _opŠgH$mo VH$ Á`mo{Vf Ho$ Zm_, {Z`_, {gÕmÝV EH$ hr h¢Ÿ& Bg_| n¥Ïdr H$s
Aj-À`w{V, n¥Ïdr H$jm H$m XrK©dÎ¥ mmH$ma, X¡{ZH$ J{V H$m _mZ Am{X Ob-àb`
Ho$ ~mX Cgr H$mb Ho$ h¢Ÿ& ApÝV_ {gÕmÝV Amo{S>em Ho$ lr MÝÐeoIa gm_ÝV Ûmam
1870 _| {gÕmÝV Xn©U h¡ Omo H$bH$Îmm {díd{dÚmb` Ûmam 1899 _| àH$m{eV
hþAm VWm BgH$m AZwdmX Am¡a ì`m»`m AéU Hw$_ma CnmÜ`m` Ûmam 1998 _|
àH$m{eV hþAmŸ& VÝÌ J«ÝW _| `wJ `m H${b Amaå^ (17.18-2-3102 B©.ny.
CÁO¡Z _Ü`am{Ì) go ~rVo H$mb Ûmam J«h pñW{V H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& àW_ CnbãY
VÝÌ J«ÝW damh{_{ha(6-3-95 B©.ny. _| OÝ_) H$r nÄM{gÕmpÝVH$m h¡Ÿ& CgHo$
~mX Am`©^Q> Ûma 499 B©. _| Am`©^Q>r` {bIm J`mŸ& BgHo$ nhbo EH$ Am¡a Am`©^Q>
Wo {OZH$s aMZm CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ& ~mX _| Vrgao Am`©^Q> H$m Am`©^Q> {gÕmÝV
CnbãY h¡Ÿ& H$aU J«ÝW _| {H$gr {ZH$Q> g_` go gab JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bgo AmOH$b
gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| _| h¡ÊS>~Hw $ `m _¡ZA
w b H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
AmJ_ Am¡a {ZJ_ gå~ÝYr AZwð>mZ F$Vw MH«$ na AmYm[aV h¢Ÿ& F$Vw df© H$s
JUZm doXm“ Á`mo{Vf H$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ& Bg_| àË`oH$ AY©-df© _| MÝÐdf© Ho$ ~mX Ho$
~Mo g_`-F$Vweof H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& J«hm| H$s pñW{V, J{V, ZjÌ Am{X Ho$
AZwgma VmËH$m{bH$ AZwð>mZ hmoVo h¢- BgH$s JUZm {gÕmÝV Á`mo{Vf (`m VÝÌ,
H$aU) _| h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ Ûma XrK©H$m{bH$ `wJ, df© Am{X H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
ì`mdhm[aH$ _mZ{MÌ ~ZmZo Ho$ {b`o n¥Ïdr H$mo g_Vb _mZH$a Cg na ñWmZ, J«h
Am{X H$m A‘>Z O¡Z Á`mo{Vf H$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ& Á`mo{Vf H$s `h VrZ Ymam`| nañna
nyaH$ h¢ VWm H$_ go H$_ 10,000 dfm] go EH$ gmW àM{bV h¢Ÿ&
118 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
12.doX Ho$ Cnm“-doX Ho$ Cnm“Ho$ ê$n _| 6 Xe©Z h¢ {OZHo$ AmYma J«ÝW
{ZåZ{b{IV h¢-
1._r_m§gm-`m nyd© _r_m§gm-ì`mg {eî` O¡{_{Z Ûmam _r_m§gm gyÌ-12 AÜ`m`,
909 A{YH$aU,2644 gyÌŸ&
2.doXmÝV `m CÎma _r_m§gm-~mXam`U ì`mg H$m ~«÷-gyÌ `m emaraH$ gyÌ-4
AÜ`m`,16 nmX, 223 A{YH$ma, 564 gyÌŸ&
3.Ý`m`-AjnmX Jm¡V_ H$m Ý`m` gyÌ-5 AÜ`m`, 10 Am{•H$, 530 gyÌ, 95
dm{Îm©H$Ÿ&
4.d¡e{o fH$-Am¡bŠy ` H$UmX Ûmam-10 AÜ`m`, 20 Am{•H$, VWm 370 gyÌŸ&
5.g§»` Xe©Z-H$[nb Ho$ VÎd g_mg _| 22 `m 24 gyÌ h¢Ÿ(1 gyÌ 3 ^mJ _|
{d^º$)Ÿ& H${nb gm§»` gyÌ _| 6 AÜ`m` Am¡a 523 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& H${nb {eî` Amgw[a
Ho$ {eî` nÄM{eI (_hm^maV goH$w N> g_` nyd)© Zo H${nb {ejm H$m {dñVma
{H$`mŸ& EH$ _V go gm§»` gyÌ CÝht H$m {bIm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX df©JÊ` Zo f{ï>VÝÌ
{bImŸ& Bg_| 60 AÜ`m` `m 60,000 íbmoH$ h¢Ÿ& `m Bg_| àYmZ àH¥${V Ho$ 10
bjU, _Zwî` Ho$50 Ae{º$ Vw{ï> Am{X Hw$b 60 VÎdm| H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& `h J«ÝW
CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ& CgH$m g§jno B©ídaH¥$îU(2800 B©.ny.) Zo 70 íbmoH$m| H$s gm§»`-
H$m[aH$m _| {H$`mŸ& A^r gm§»` Xe©Z àm`: Bgr H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$s g~go
à{gÕ Q>rH$m dmMñn{V {_l (300 B©.ny.) H$s gm§»`-VÎd-H$m¡_Xw r h¡Ÿ&
6.`moJ Xe©Z-{haÊ`J^©(JrVm 6/8, _hm^maV 12/349/65) gyÌ Ho$ AmYma
na nVÄO{b (3300-2800 B©.ny.-àm`: 500 df© Am`w) Zo `moJ Xe©Z {bImŸ&
Cg_| 4 nmX Am¡a 195 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& BgH$s g~go à{gÕ ì`m»`m ì`mg ^mî` h¡ ,
{OgH$s ì`m»`m dmMñn{V {_l H$s VÎd-d¡emaXr Am¡a {dkmZ {^jw H$m VÎd-
dm{Îm©H$ h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| ^moOamO(12dt eVmãXr) Zo amO_mÎm©ÊS> {bImŸ&
nmíMmË` Xe©Z-^maVr` Xe©Z _| VÎdm| H$sì`m»`m h¡ VWm CgHo$ 3 VÎd h¢-
AmË_m (MoVZ Ord), O‹S> àH¥${V, Am¡a {damQ²>Ÿ& BgHo$ 4 CÔoí` h¢Ÿ-
ho`(Ë`mÁ`)-Xw:I H$m ñdê$n
ho` hoV-w Xw:I H$m H$maU
hmZ-Xw:I Ho$ A^md H$m ñdê$n
hmZmonm`-Xw:I {Zd¥{Îm H$m gmYZŸ&
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 119
nmíMmË` Xe©Zm| _| OrdZ H$m AmMma emó Am¡a _moj AdñWm H$m {dMma Zht h¡,
`h Amgwar Xe©Z naånam h¡Ÿ& dhm§ ì`{º$ H$s Vm{H©$H$ Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ loð>Vm H$m
àXe©Z hr Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z ^r O‹S>dmXr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$B© ~ma Mmdm©H$
H$mo ^r Agwa H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw CgZo ^r VÎd H$mo àYmZVm Xr h¡Ÿ VWm
ì`{º$JV nmIÊS> H$m {damoY {H$`mŸ h¡, AnZr _hmZVm H$m àXe©Z ZhtŸ& AmMma
Am¡a _moj ^maV _| Xe©Z H$m na_ bú` h¡, Amgwar gä`Vm _| Cgo ZrMo ñWmZ {X`m
J`m h¡ (relegate) Bg AW© _| dh ao{bOZ (religion) h¡Ÿ& `h e{º$hrZ
godH$ ê$n Am¡a kmZeyÝ` nwam{hVm| H$m$ H$m`© _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& nmíMmË` Xe©Z 2
àH$ma H$m h¡-VÎd _r_m§gm (metaphysics) g§gma H$s CËn{Îm H$m Xe©Z h¡Ÿ&
Xygam h¡ VH©$ ~w{Õ H$m AmYma (metamathematics )Ÿ& `h ^maV Ho$
AZrídadmXr 6 Xe©Zm| Ho$ dJ© H$m {^Þ ê$n h¡Ÿ& nmíMmË` {dMmaYmam H$m _yb h¡
{_l Xoe(Egypt) H$m kmZŸ& dhm§ {haÊ`H${enw H$m Agwa amÁ` Wm, CgHo$ nwÌ
à‡mX H$mo J«rH$ ^mfm _| {b{~`m H$hVo h¢, Omo {_l Ho$ npíM_ Ho$ EH$ Xoe H$m
Zm_ h¡Ÿ& {_l _| AÜ``Z H$a J«rH$ {dÛmZm| AañVy, Woëg, ßboQ>mo, {nWmJmoag Am{X
Zo Cgo AnZr ^mfm _| {bImŸ& J«rH$ naånam H$m o amo_Z amÁ` Zo Omar aImŸ&
CÝhm|Zo {_l go {ZîH$m{gV `hÿXr Om{V Ho$ Y_© g§ñWmnH$ B©gm _grh H$mo \$m§gr
XoH$a ~mX _| AnZo H$mo BZH$m AZwJm_r Kmo{fV H$a {X`mŸŸ& A^r ^r `hÿXr B©gm
Ho$ AZw`m`r `hÿ{X`m| Ho$ X_Z _| bJo hþ`o h¢Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX npíM_ E{g`m H$s
n¡Jå~a naånam _| _whå_X Am`oŸ& CZHo$ {déÕ ^r B©gm Ho$ VWmH${WV AZw`m`r
B©amH$, VwH$u _| Y_©`Õ w H$aVo aho h¢Ÿ& Bg H$maU nmíMmË` boIH$ ^maVr`
B{Vhmg _| ^r Am`©-Ð{d‹S> g§Kf© Am{X H$s PyR>r H$ënZm`| H$aVo ahVo h¢Ÿ&
npíM_ E{g`m H$s {_lr naånam AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| Bgbm_ Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV
hþ`rŸ& {_l Am¡a ^maV Ho$ gr_m joÌ BamZ _| {e`m ({ed `m H$mí_ra e¡d)
gåàXm` VWm doXmÝV Ho$ g_mZ gy\$s (gy\$=JoéAm , ImH$s dó) gåàXm` H$m
OÝ_ hþAm Omo Bgbm_ Ho$ A§J h¡Ÿ&
Bgbm_ à^m{dV BgmB© gåàXm` _| ^r Xmo àH$ma Ho$ dmX {dH${gV hþ`-o 12dt
eVmãXr _| \«$mpÝgñH$Z _| amoOa ~oH$Z VWm S>m{o _{ZH$Z gåàXm` _| Q>m_g E{¹$ZmŸ&
15dt eVmãXr _| BQ>br Ho$ {b`moZmS>m} Xm qdMr Zo d¡km{ZH$ à`moJdmX H$s Ztd
S>mbrŸ & 17 dt eVmãXr _| AÛ¡V ^m¡{VH$dmX _| hm¡ãg VWm Q>>mob¡ÊS>, AÛ¡V
120 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
{dkmZdmX _| pñnZmoOm, Û¡VdmX _| bm¡H$ Am¡a ~w{ÕdmX _| XoH$mÎm© VWm {b~{ZËO
hþ`Ÿo & 18dt eVmãXr _| `yamon Ho$ Xme©{ZH$ Wo- {dkmZdmX _| ~H©$bo Am¡a H$mÊQ>,
gÝXohdmX _| øy_Ÿ& 19 dt eVmãXr _| 4 _Vm| H$m àMma hþAm-{\$»Q> VWm hrJob
Ûmam {dkmZdmX, ZrËeo Ûmam Û¡VdmX, ñnoÝga Ûmam Ako`VmdmXŸ& ^m¡{VH$dmX H$m
OÝ_ ~wIba, bwS>{dH$ \w$Ea~mI VWm H$mb© _mŠg© Ûmam hþAm, {Ogna gmå`dmX
H$s amOZr{V AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ&
20dt eVmãXr _| ìhmBQ>hSo > VWm `yH$Z Ûmam B©ídadmX, ~O©gm§ VWm ~Q´>Ê© S>
agob Ûmam gÝVwbZdmX(Nihilism), {d{b`_ Ooåg Ûmam Û¡VdmX VWm E§Oëo g-
_mŠg© Ûmam ÛÝÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX H$m {dH$mg hþAmŸ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ ^m¡{VH$
{dkmZ H$s Xmo Z`r YmamAm| Ho$ H$maU {díd Ho$ ~mao _| d¡km{ZH$ YmaUm ~Xb
J`rŸ& ¹$mÊQ>_ _oH$m{ZŠg H$m {gÕmÝV h¡- nXmW©, COm©, g_` Ho$ _mn H$s Ý`yZV_
gr_m, nXmW© COm© H$m EH$Ëd, VWm A{ZíM` {gÕmÝV(hoOZo ~J©)Ÿ& AmBÝgQ>mBZ
Ho$ gmnojVmdmX H$m {ZîH$f© h¡-àH$me J{V A{YH$V_ h¡, AmH$me({XH²$) Am¡a
H$mb gå~pÝYV VWm gmnoj h¡Ÿ&
13. CndoX-MaU-ì`yh _| 4 CndoX H$ho J`o h¢-
F$H²$-Am`wdX} , `Ow:-YZwdX} , gm_-JÝYd©dXo , AWd©-AW©emñÌŸ&
{H$ÝVw gwlVw , ^mdàH$me VWm MaH$ Ho$ AZwgma Am`wdX} AWd©dXo H$m CndoX h¡Ÿ&
`h _V R>rH$ bJVm h¡ , Š`m|{H$ AWd© doX _| {M{H$Ëgm VÎd ^ao n‹S>o h¢Ÿ& AV:
AW©emó H$mo F$½doX H$m CndoX _mZZm C{MV h¡Ÿ&
AW©emó H$s naånam-{ÌdJ© (Y_©, AW©, H$m_) H$s ì`m»`m Ho$ {b`o ~«÷m Zo 1
bmI AÜ`m`m| H$m emó {bIm WmŸ(ñdm`å^wd29,000 B©.ny. `m Cggo nyd©)Ÿ&
CgHo$ ~mX 3 AbJ-Ab naånam`| Amaå^ hþ`t-
~«÷m-1 bmI AÜ`m` H$m {ÌdJ©
Y_©emó AW©emó H$m_emó
ñdm`å^wd_Zw {dembmj={ed Ûmam 12,000 AÜ`m` &
BÝÐ H$m ~mhþXÝVH$ J«ÝW(5 `m 12 hOma AÜ`m`)Ÿ&
XmZd nwbmo_m &
~¥hñn{V Ûmam ~mhþXÝVH$ H$m g§jno -3000 AÜ`m` _|&
CeZm H${d(ewH«$)-1000 AÜ`m`&
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 121
ZmaX `m {newZ(MwJbr)
~wY nwÌ nwéadm
gwYÝdm Am{“ag
_éV²
_Zw-ñdm`å^wd, àmMoVg, d¡dñdVŸ&
d{gð> H$m MVw{dªe{V ì`dhma {ZU©`Ÿ&
^aÛmO H$m 700 AÜ`m` H$m AW©emóŸ&
Jm¡a{eam H$m 400 AÜ`m` H$m Ÿ&
namea H$m Z¥nemó, ì`mg Ûmam 300 AÜ`m` _| g§jonŸ&
^rî_, H$m¡UnXÝV, ÐmoU ^maÛmO, CÕd dmVì`m{YŸ&
emå~ì` (F$½doX H$m H$ën gyÌ, Am`wdX} Am¡a AW©emó)&
emb‘>m`Z-Z¥nemó&
{dîUwJwá H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AW©emó (1625 B©.ny.)&
H$m¡{Q>ë` AW©emó g§nyU© VWm CeZm H$m ewH«$Zr{V g§{jáê$n _| CnbãY h¡Ÿ&
^rî_ H$m amOZr{V H$m CnXoe _hm^maV Ho$ empÝVnd© _| {dñVma go h¡Ÿ& AÝ`
H$B© {dXwa, Hw${UH$ Am{X H$s Zr{V _hm^maV VWm AÝ` J«ÝWm| _| CÕ¥V h¡Ÿ&
Am`wdX} naånam-gwlwV g§{hVm Ho$ AZwgma ~«÷m Zo 1000 AÜ`m` VWm 1 bmI
íbmoH$m| _| Am`wdX} emó {bIm WmŸ {OgHo$ 8 IÊS> Wo-1.eë` VÝÌ, 2. embmŠ`
VÝÌ, 3.H$m`{M{H$Ëgm VÝÌ, 4.^yV{dÚm VÝÌ, 5.H$m¡_ma^¥Ë` VÝÌ, 6.AJX
VÝÌ, 7.agm`Z VÝÌ, VWm 8.dmOrH$aU VÝÌŸ&
Bg Aï>m“ Am`wdX} _| XohVÎd, eara {dkmZ, eó {dÚm, ^ofO Am¡a Ðì`
JwUVÎd, {M{H$Ëgm VÎd VWm YmÌr -{dÚm ^r h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ {M{H$Ëgm àUmbr
Ho$ g_mZ gÑe {M{H$Ëgm (hmo{_`mon¡Wr), {damoYr {M{H$Ëgm (Ebmon¡Wr) Am¡a
Ob- {M{H$Ëgm ^r h¡Ÿ&
~«÷m go Xj àOmn{V, CgHo$ ~mX XmoZm| ApídZr-Hw$_ma-ZmgË` Am¡a Xò-
Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX BÝÐ Zo grImŸ& Agwam| _| ^mJ©d CeZm Am`wd}X Ho$ AmMm`© WoŸ&
nwZd©gw AmÌo`, YÝdÝV[a Am¡a ^aÛmO àm`: g_H$mbrZ WoŸ& amoJ ~‹T>Zo na {h_mb`
_| ^aÛmO H$s AÜ`jVm _| F${f`m| H$s g^m hþ`rŸ (MaH$ g§{hVm)& AmÌo` nwZd©gw
Ho$ AZwamoY na ^aÛmO BÝÐ Ho$ nmg Am`wdX} grIZo J`o Š`m|{H$ ^aÛmO Ho$ {nVm
122 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
Am{“ag ~¥hñn{V XodJwé WoŸ& nwZ: ^aÛmO go nwZd©gw AmÌo` VWm AÝ` F${f`m| Zo
Am`wdX} grImŸ& {XdmoXmg YÝdÝV[a Zo AnZo _mZd OÝ_ _| ^aÛmO go Am`wdX}
grImŸ& nydd© Îmu YÝdÝV[a g_wÐ-_ÝWZ Ho$ g_` ^JdmZ Ho$ AdVma Ho$ ê$n _|
àH$Q> hþ`o WoŸ&
nwZd©gw AmÌo` go 1. A{¾doe, 2.ídoV, 3.OmVyH$U©, 4.namea, 5.hmarV,
6.jmanm{U Zo Am`wdX} grImŸ&
OmVyH$U© Am¡a namea ^mB© Wo, namea Ho$ nwÌ ì`mg hþ`oŸ& A{¾doe ÐþnX VWm
ÐmoU Ho$ Jwé WoŸ Am¡a Am`wd}X Ho$ ^r AmMm`© WoŸ& hmarV gm§»` naånam _| nÄM{eI
Ho$ {eî` Wo VWm BgHo$ A{V[aº$ CZH$m Am`wd}X VWm Y_©gyÌ ^r h¡Ÿ&
A{¾doe go Am`wd}X VÝÌ H$m nwZb}IZ d¡eånm`Z Zo MaH$ g§{hVm Ho$ ê$n _|
_hm^maV `wÕ Ho$ Hw$N> ~mX {H$`mŸ& d¡eånm`Z H$mo MaH$ H$hm OmVm h¡, g§^dV:
CZHo$ g§ñWmZ _| nVÄO{b Zo {bImŸ&
{XdmoXmg YÝdÝV[a go CZHo$ {eî` gwlwV Zo Am`wd}X grIm VWm gwlwV-g§{hVm
{bIrŸ& CgHo$~mX _w»² `V: MaH$ Am¡a gwlVw g§{hVm H$s hr ì`m»`m hþ`rŸ& ì`m»`mAm|
H$m H$mb-H«$_ Bg àH$ma h¡-
1. Amfm‹T> d_m©, gwdra, ZpÝX, damh, h[aíMÝÐ, ñdm{_Xmg, MoëbXod, {h_XÎm,
H$m{Îm©H$ Hw$ÊS>Ÿ&
2. OoÁPQ> ({dH«$_ 100)
3. J`Xmg, ^mñH$a (XmoZm| npÄOH$m- H$ma), _mYdH$a (Amo{S‹ >gm Ho$)Ÿ&
4. ~«÷Xod , JmodÕ©Z (H$m¡_Xw r Am¡a aËZ_mbm), JXmYaŸ&
5. MH«$nm{U ({dH«$_ g§. 1100)
6. S>ëhU,d¥ÝXŸ&
7. ho_m{П&
OoÁPQ> Ho$ Jwé dm½^Q> H$m Aï>m“ g§Jh« , MH«$nm{U H$m MH«$XÎm Am¡a S>ëhU Am{X
Ho$ J«ÝW {d»`mV h¢Ÿ&
3.YZwdX} -~ñVr (CÎma àXoe) Ho$ n§. YZamO(1924) Ho$ AZwgma YZwdX} Ho$ 3
àmMrZ J«ÝW Wo- YZwdX} , YZwf-MÝÐmoX` VWm YZwf-àXrnŸ& àW_ Xmo J«ÝWm| _|
60-60 hOma íbmoH$ WoŸ&
_YwgXy Z gañdVr Ho$ àñWmZ-^oX Ho$ AZwgma {dídm{_Ì Ho$ YZwdX©o Ho$ 4 nmX Wo-
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 123
Xrjm, g§Jh« , {g{Õ Am¡a à`moJŸ& Xrjm nmX _| YZwf H$m AW© 4 àH$ma Ho$ Am`wY
h¢-1._wº$-MH«$ Am{X AóŸ& 2.A_wº$-IS²>J, JXm Am{X AóŸ& 3._wº$m_wº$-
eë` `m AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ Am¾o`mñÌ {OgH$m _w»` ^mJ à`moJH$Îmm© Ho$ nmg ah
OmVm h¡Ÿ& 4. `ÝÌ_wº$-[_gmBb `m `ÝÌ _wº$ {Xì`móŸ&
^maÛmO H$m `ÝÌ-gd©ñd H$m 40 dm§ AÜ`m` d¡_m{ZH$ àH$aU h¡ {Og_| 8 AÜ`m`,
100 A{YH$ma VWm 500 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& Bg_| `wÕ VWm AÝ` Cn`moJm| Ho$ {b`o {d_mZm|
H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& AÝ` nydd© Îmu AmMm`m] Ho$ Zm_ Bg_| h¢-Zmam`U(Za-Zmam`U F${f
~ÝYw) H$s {d_mZ-MpÝÐH$m, em¡ZH$ (nwamU gånmXH$) H$m ì`mo_-`mZ-VÝÌ,
JJ© (H¥$îU Ho$ Jwé) H$m `ÝÌ-H$ën, dmMñn{V H$m `mZ{dÝXw, MmH«$m`U (CfpñV)
H$m IoQ>`mZ-àXr{nH$m VWm KwpÊS>ZmW H$m ì`mo_`mZmH©$-àH$meŸ& AÝ` 25 J«ÝWm|
_| à_wI h¡-AJñË` H$m A§e_w VÝÌ, AmH$me-emó VWm `ÝÌ-gd©ñd, emH$Q>m`Z
H$m dm`wVÎd-àH$aU, ZmaX H¥$V d¡ídmZa VÝÌ, Yy_-àH$aU Am{XŸ& ^aÛmO H$s
A§e~w mo{YZr _| d{U©V ÜdmÝV-à_mnH$ `ÝÌ H$s d¡km{ZH$ ì`m»`m ñnoŠQ´>m_o rQ>a Ho$
ê$n _| BpÊS>`Z OZ©b Am¡\${hñQ´>r Am¡\$ gmBÝg Ho$ {Xgå~a, 1994 A§H$ _o§ H$s h¡Ÿ&
YZwdX} Ho$ AÝ` AmMm`©-^mJ©d CeZm H${d, A{¾doe, eaÛmZ² Am¡a CZHo$ nwÌ
H¥$n, ^aÛmO nwÌ ÐmoU, O_X{¾ Am¡a naewam_Ÿ&
4. JÝYd©dXo -`h gm_doX H$m Cnm“ h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ 4 AmMm`© à{gÕ h¢-gmo_ío da
({ed?), ^aV, hZw_mZ, Am¡a H$pëbZmWŸ&
^aV H$m ZmQ>ç-emó àW_ CnbãY J«ÝW h¡Ÿ& Bg_| F$½doX go nmR>çdñVw, gm_doX
go JmZ, `Owd}X go A{^Z` Am¡a AWd©doX go ag {b`m J`m h¡Ÿ (ZmQ>çemó 1/
17)& BgHo$ Am{X AmMm`© {ed h¢Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX ZmaX, hZw_mZ, JÝYd© Vwå~wé
Am{X Zo grImŸ&
14. AmJ_ `m VÝÌ-AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| AmJ_ emó H$m àMma H$_ h¡, CgH$m
{dH¥$V ê$n A{YH$ XrIVm h¡Ÿ& {ZJ_ _yb kmZ h¡ Omo gy`© go n¥Ídr H$s Va\$ AmVm
h¡, AWm©V² ~mhar gË` H$m AÝVO©JV² _| AZw_d h¡Ÿ& AmJ_ ì`mdhm[aH$ emó-
nm{W©d kmZ h¡ AWm©V² dh AmÝV[aH$ e{º$ Ûmam ~mhar OJV² H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm
h¡Ÿ& {ZJ_ H$s AZw^y{V ñd`§ hmoVr h¡Ÿ, AmJ_ H$s {ejm Jwé naånam go hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
AmJ_ H$m \$b VwaV {_bVm h¡, Cg_| AnZr hr e{º$ àH$Q> hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$àMbZ Ho$ AZwgma {ZJ_ H$mo gmBÝg VWm AmJ_ H$mo BÄOr{Z`[a¨J
124 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| nañna gå~pÝYV h¢Ÿ& AmJ_ gm{hË` Ho$ 6 _w»` IÊS>
VWm CgHo$ 120 CnIÊS> h¢Ÿ-
1.g§{hVm J«ÝW-18-B{Vhmg, VmpÎdH$ {df` Am{XŸ&
2.{gÕmÝV-14-agm`Z Am{X d¡km{ZH$ {df`Ÿ&
3.H$ën J«ÝW-6-6 AmåZm`Ÿ&
4.`m_b J«ÝW-10-d¥{ï> {dkmZ Am{X Z¡{_{ÎmH$ {dkmZŸ&
5. S>m_a J«ÝW-8-A{^Mma {dÚmŸ&
6.VÝÌ J«ÝW-64-_{U, _ÝÌ, AmofY-{dkmZŸ&
Bï> Xod ^oX go 3 àH$ma Ho$ AmJ_ h¢-1.d¡îUd, 2.e¡d, 3.emº$Ÿ&
BgHo$ A{V[aŠ 4.gm¡a VÝÌ VWm 5. JmUnË` VÝÌ ^r h¢ {H$ÝVw CZH$m àMma H$_
h¡Ÿ& Ad¡{XH$ AmJ_m| _| 6.~m¡Õ VWm 7.O¡Z VÝÌ h¢Ÿ&
d¡îUd AmJ_ _| nmÄMamÌ,d¡ImZg, Am¡a lr_X²^mJdV nwamU _w»` h¢Ÿ& nmÄMamÌ
Zm_ H$m {ZåZ{b{IV H$maU h¡-
1.gm¡a df© (gy`©={dîUw) _| 365 {XZ h¢, gmdZ df© _| 360 {XZ (12 _mg•30
{XZ) h¢Ÿ& ApÝV_ 5 {XZ dfm©ÝV H$s Nw>Å>r h¢ {Og_| `k hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {H«$g_g VWm
hO Bgr àH$ma dfm©ÝV Ho$ `k VWm Nw>Å>r h¢Ÿ& gmdZ df© Ho$ ~mX gm¡a df© Ho$ ~Mo 5
{XZ hr nmÄMamÌ h¢Ÿ& 4 df© _| EH$ ~ma 6 {XZ A{YH$ hmoVo h¢-`h EoVao` VWm
JmonW ~«m÷U Ho$ AZwgma fS>mh h¡Ÿ&
2.AkmZ=am{Ì,nÄM CgH$m ZmeH$ h¡Ÿ&
3.A{dÚm Ûmam 5 am{Ì hmoVr h¡, CZH$m Zme nmÄMamÌ H$aVm h¡Ÿ&({dîUwVÝÌ,1/
77-79)
4.^JdmZ Ho$ 5 Am`wY 5 F${f`m| Ho$ ê$n _| àH$Q> hþ`-o empÊS>ë`, Am¡nJm`Z,
_m¡ÄOm`Z,H$m¡{eH$, Am¡a ^maÛmOŸ& à{V H$mo 1-1 {XZ _| 1-1 emó H$m CnXoe
{X`m J`mŸ& 5 am{Ì`m§ h¢-~«÷am{Ì, {edam{Ì, BÝÐam{Ì, ZmJam{Ì, Am¡a F${fam{ÌŸ&
dm`wXdo Ûmam g§H$f©U H$mo doX Ho$ AZwgma 3 {Xì` emóm| H$m CnXoe {X`m J`m WmŸ-
gmËdV, nm¡îH$a, O`m»`Ÿ& gmËdV g§{hVm H$mo EH$m`Z doX H$hm OmVm h¡-dh doX
d¥j H$m EH$_mÌ _yb h¡Ÿ&
g§H$f©U Zo 7 F${f`m| Ûmam g§gma _| nmÄMamÌ H$m àMma {H$`m Wm-gZH$, gZV²,
gwOmV, gZÝX, gZãX, gZËHw$_ma, H${nbŸ&
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 125
4 àH$ma Ho$ emó h¢-1.gmpËdH$-36-dmgwXdo Ûmam CnXoeŸ&
2.amOg-36-gmpËdH$ H$m AW© {dñVmaŸ&
3.Vm_g-36-F${f {Z{_©VŸ&
4._Zwî` {Z{_©VŸ&
{df` Ho$ AZwgma nmÄMamÌ Ho$ 4 ^oX h¢-
1. AmJ_ {gÕmÝV J«ÝW _| 4 ì`yh (dmgwXdo , g§H$f©U, àÚwåZ Am¡a A{ZéÕ) H$s
AmamYZm h¡Ÿ& `h Jwé naånam go Am`m h¡Ÿ&
2. _ÝÌ {gÕmÝV- Bg_| AÝ` XodVmAm| H$s CnmgZm h¡Ÿ Omo erK« \$b XoVr h¡Ÿ&
3. VÝÌ g§{hVm- dmH²$ _ÝÌ Ûmam ^JdmZ Ho$ ê$n, _y{Îm© H$s nyOmŸ&
4.VÝÌmÝVa {gÕmÝV- _y{Îm©, Xod-n[adma, Am`wY, ^yfU Am{X H$s nyOmŸ&
d¡ImZg AmJ_-dmZàñW AdñWm (50-75 df©) Ho$ {b`o d¡ImZg eãX H$m
ì`dhma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nÄ Mqde ~«m÷U (14/4/7) Ho$ AZwgma nm¡am{UH$ F${f`m|
Ho$ EH$ Hw$b H$m Zm_ d¡ImZg WmŸ& V¡{Îmar` AmaÊ`H$ (1/23/3) _| ^r CgH$s
MMm© h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU `Owd}X Ho$ J¥ø gyÌ H$mo d¡ImZg J¥ø gyÌ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& d¡ImZg Y_©
gyÌ VWm lm¡V gyÌ ^r h¢Ÿ& d¡{XH$ d¡ImZg emIm H$m H«$_ Bg àH$ma h¡-
Zmam`U (damh ^JdmZ=d¡ImZg)
~«÷m
d¡ImZg F${f
H$í`n ^¥Jw A{Ì _ar{M
d¡ImZg AmJ_ _| _pÝXa {Z_m©U, _y{Îm© aMZm Am¡a à{Vð>m, AM©Zm Am {X H$m
{deX dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
2.e¡d AmJ_-{ed Ho$ 5 _| 3 _wI {MV², AmZÝX Am¡a kmZ ê$n h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ {d{^Þ
àH$ma {_bZ go 10 {ed AmJ_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& BÀN>m Am¡a {H«$`m ê$n AÝ` Xmo _wI
{_bmZo go 5 _wIm| Ho$ {d{^Þ {_bZ Ûmam 18 am¡Ð AmJ_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& 4 _wI ( B©emZ,
VËnwéf, gÚmoOmV, Am¡a dm_Xod) H$m 5d| _wI AKmoa _| b` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& b` `m
pñW{V àË`oH$ _wI _| 2 ^oX h¢Ÿ& AV: 4 _wIm| Ho$ 2•2•2•2=16 ^oX h¢Ÿ& dmUr
(eãX) Ho$ 4 àH$ma Ho$ ^oX-CËn{Îm H$s 2 AdñWm-nam Am¡a ní`ÝVr ê$n _| ~mha
{ZH$bZo Ho$ {b`o àñVwV VWm _Ü`_m Am¡a d¡Iar ê$n _| àH$Q>Ÿ& dmUr {ZH$bZo Ho$
~mX ^r 2 ^oX h¢- lmoVm Ûmam J«hU, à{V{H«$`mŸ& Hw$b 16•4=64 ^oXm| Ho$
126 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AZwgma 64 ^¡ad AmJ_ h¢Ÿ& àñWmZ ^oX Ho$ AZwgma ^r 8 gmXm{ed MH«$ VWm
à{V MH«$ Ho$ 8 ^oX h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Hw$b 92 e¡d AmJ_ h¢-
10 e¡d AmJ_+18 am¡Ð AmJ_+64 ^¡adŸAmJ_&
_yb e¡d AmJ_m| H$s 8 àH$ma H$s gmåàXm{`H$ ì`m»`m h¡-
1.nmewnV {gÕmÝV- Ý`m` Am¡a d¡eo{fH$ Xe©Z Ûmam à^m{dVŸ& H$moB© nwñVH$
CnbãY Zhr § h¡Ÿ&
2.gÚmoÁ`mo{V (Û¡VdmX)-gÚmoÁ`mo{V Ho$ {eî`m| Ûmam àMma &
3.bHw$bre nmewnV (Û¡VmÛ¡V)-dm`w Am¡a {b“ nwamUm| Ho$ AZwgma JwOamV _| {ed
H$m bHw$bre Ho$ ê$n _| AdVma hþAm WmŸ& `h V¡{Îmar` AmaÊ`H$ Ûmam à^m{dV h¡Ÿ&
4.{d{eï>mÛ¡V e¡d {gÕmÝV- CËnbmMm`© H$s B©ída àË`{^km H$m[aH$m VWm
A{^ZdJwá H$s ì`m»`mna AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& H$í_ra _| àM{bVŸ&
5.{deofmÛ¡V e¡d {gÕmÝV-`h X{jU ^maV _| {b“m`V ê$n _| àM{bV h¡Ÿ&
BgHo$ AÝ` Zm_ h¢-1.ewÔ Û¡VmÛ¡V, _mhoídamÛ¡V,3.{deofmÛ¡V,4.e¡dmÛ¡V, 5 gd©
lw{Vgma _mVm, 6.e{º${d{eï>mÛ¡V, 7.drae¡dŸ& Bg _V Ho$ AmYma h¢-AJñË`
H$m emº$ gyÌ, {Ìnwamahñ` Am¡a~«÷gyÌ ^mî`(e¡d _V AZwgma)Ÿ&
6.ZpÝXHo$ída e¡d {gÕmÝV-ZpÝXHo$ída Zo Ü`mZ _| {ed Ho$ S>_ê$ go 14 gyÌ gwZo
{OZH$r ì`m»`m VÝÌ Am¡a ì`mH$aU Ho$ AZwgma hþ`rŸ& Bgr _mhoída gyÌ Ho$ AmYma
na nm{U{Z Ho$ g§ñH¥$V ì`mH$aU Ho$ 8 AÜ`m`m| _| 4,000 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& ZpÝXHo$ída
H$m{eH$m _| gm§»` Xe©Z Ho$ 25 VÎd g{hV {ed, e{º$, 5 àmU, 3 JwU Am¡a
B©ída {_bmH$a 36 VÎd H$ho J`o h¢Ÿ& CgsH$s ì`m»`m h¡ Cn_Ý`w H$s VÎd{d_{e©Zr
(H$í_ra-B©.ny. MVwW© eVmãXr)Ÿ&
7.agoída e¡d {gÕmÝV-`h agm`Z {dkmZ H$m {gÕmÝV h¡Ÿ& nmaX VWm A^«H$ Ho$
à`moJ go eara H$mo XrK©Ordr H$aZo H$s {d{Y H$m Bg_| dU©Z h¡Ÿ& BgH$m _yb AmYma
F$½doX H$m n[a{eï> lrgyº$ h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| ì`mg (3,400 B©.ny.) Ho$ nwÌ
ewH$Xod Ho$ {eî` Jm¡‹S>nmX (àm`: 1500 B©.ny.) Zo BgH$m àMma {H$`mŸ& CZHo$
{eî`m| _| ~m¡Õ ZmJmOw©Z Am¡a e‘>amMm`© (509-476 B©.ny.) Ho$ Jwé Jmo{dÝXnmX
à{gÕ h¢Ÿ& Bg {gÕmÝV H$m dU©Z BZ nwñVH$m| _| h¡-dm½^Q> g§{hVm, agmU©d VÝÌ,
àíZmon{ZfX², ag _hmoX{Y Am{XŸ&
8. H$mí_ra e¡d {gÕmÝV- BgH$m _w»` AmYma e§H$a Ho$ g_H$mbrZ (500 B©.ny.)
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 127
A{^ZdJwá H$m B©ída-àË`{^km-{d_{e©Zr VWm VÝÌmbmoH$ h¡ {OZH$r ì`m»`m
amOmZH$ O`aW Zo H$s h¡Ÿ&
AÝ` e¡d gåàXm`m| H$mnm{bH$ Am¡a H$mbm_wIH$m gm{hË` Cnb ãY Zht h¡Ÿ&
3.emº$-AmJ_-Bg_| {ed VÎd H$mo nmZo Ho$ {b`o e{º$ H$mo AmYma ~Zm`m
OmVm h¡Ÿ& {dÚm Ho$ 2 ^oX h¢-{dÚm Am¡a A{dÚmŸ `m nam (ewÕ) {dÚm VWm Anam
(ì`mdhm[aH$) {dÚm& Anam {dÚm Ho$ 10 ê$n hr Xodr Ho$ 10 _hm{dÚm ê$n h¢Ÿ&
{ed Ho$ 5 _wI {díd Ho$ 5 Am`m_ h¢-à{V Am`m_ aoIm Ho$ 2 N>mao h¢Ÿ& 5 Am`m_m|
H$s 10 gr_m Ho$ ê$n _| 10 _hm{dÚmAm| H$s 5 nyaH$ OmoS‹ >r h¡-
1.H$mbr-~Jbm_wIr, 2.Vmam-H$_bm, 3.{ÌnwagwÝXar-{Ìnwa^¡adr,
4.^wdZoídar-Yy_mdVr, 5.{N>Þ_ñVm-_mV§JrŸ&
_hm{dÚmAm| Ho$ àVrH$mË_H$ JwU h¢-
1.H$mbr-àMÊS> e{º$Ÿ& 2.Vmam-eãX e{º$Ÿ& 3.{Ìnwa gwÝXar-gm¡ÝX`©, AmZÝXŸ&
4.^wdZoídar-Ðï>m e{º$Ÿ& 5.{N>Þ_ñVm-g§hma,_maUŸ& 6.Yy_mdVr-_yT‹ > AdñWmŸ&
7.7.~Jbm_wIr-ñVå^Z e{º$Ÿ& 8.H$_bm-g§`_ e{º$Ÿ& 9._mV§Jr-H«$s‹S>m e{º$Ÿ&
10.^¡adr-nwÊ` e{º$Ÿ&
gmYZm ^oX-nam gmYZm _| CÀM H$mo{Q> Ho$ XodVmAm| H$s gmYZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Cggo
{g{Õ {_bVr h¡ {H$ÝVw _w»` bú` h¡ BÀN>m H$s g_m{áŸ& _Ü`_ H$mo{Q> Ho$ XodVmAm|
H$s gmYZm Hmo Anam gmYZm H$hVo h¢- Bggo ì`{º$ H$s BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma da
{_bVm h¡Ÿ& AmH$m§jm ewÕ hmoZo na ì`{º$ H$s CÞ{V hmoVr h¡, Zht Vmo nVZ hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& {ZåZ gmYZm go {ZåZ H$mo{Q> Ho$ XodVmAm|-^yV, ~oVmb, {nemM, `mo{JZr Am{X
H$s nyOm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `h AmÜ`mpË_H$ _mJ© _| ~mYm h¡Ÿ&
3 àH$ma Ho$ gmYZm _V h¢-
H$m¡b `m emº$-Hw$b `m d§e H$m AW© ~m§g hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ^mJdV nwamU _mhmËå` _|
eara _| 7 MH«$ dmbo _oéXÊS> H$mo 7 Jm§R> H$m ~m§g H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& 1-1 Jm§R> H$mo ^oX
H$a 7 ñVam| Ho$ ~mX _w{º$ {_bVr h¡Ÿ& emº$ _V _| e{º$ H$mo Hw$ÊS>{bZr H$hm OmVm
h¡ Omo Hw$b _mJ© go CR>H$a 7 MH«$m| H$mo ^oXVr hþ`r ghòma _| na_{ed go {_b
OmVr h¡Ÿ& Hw$b _mJ© Ho$ àUoVm AmMm`© AëbH$ `m ^mbaËZ WoŸ& CZHo$ AZw`m{`Am|
H$mo H$m¡b `m emº$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& H$m¡b gm{hË` _| AmU©d, `m_b, {ZU©` Am{X AZoH$
àH$ma Ho$ g§{hVm Am¡a J«ÝW h¢Ÿ {OZH$s g§»`m 64 `m 100 h¡Ÿ& CZ_| _w»` h¢-
128 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
H$m¡b {ZU©`, H$m¡b VÝÌ, Hw$bmU©d VÝÌŸ&
2.{_l _V-gm§»` Xe©Z H$m AmYma F$½doX, ídoVmídVa Cn{XfX² H$m gyº$ h¡-
AOm_oH$m§ bmo{hV ewŠb H¥$îUm_² .... Ÿ& AWm©V² àH¥${V EH$ h¡, {H$ÝVw CgHo$ 3 JwU
`m a§J Ho$ AZwgma 3 ê$n h¢-
H¥$îU-H$mbrŸ&
ewŠb-VmamŸ&
bmo{hV-lr{dÚm, fmoS>er `m {Ìnwa gwÝXarŸ&
AO `m {damQ²> nwéf Ho$ ^r 3 ê$n h¢-H¥$îU `m {dîUw, ~«÷m Am¡a {edŸ& 3 e{º$
ê$nm| Ho$ 3 _ÝÌ `m {dÚm h¢-
H$m{X {dÚm ( H$ go _ÝÌ H$m Amaå^)- H$ E B© b õt-H$mbrŸ&
hm{X {dÚm-h g H$ h b õt-{Ìnwa gwÝXarŸ&
gm{X {dÚm- g H$ b õt-VmamŸ&
H$m{X {dÚm H$m ~§Jmb, hm{X {dÚm H$m H$í_ra VWm gm{X {dÚm H$m {Vã~V _|
A{YH$ àMma Wm, AV: BÝh| CÎma AmåZm` (Am_Zm-gm_Zm) H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
3.g_` _V-`h ~«÷dmXr AmMma H$m dJ© h¡Ÿ& BgH$s 5 _w»` g§{hVm`| h¢-d{gð>
g§{hVm, ewH$ g§{hVm, gZV g§{hVm, gZÝXZ g§{hVm VWm gZËHw$_ma g§{hVmŸ&
à_wI J«ÝW h¡- ew^mJ_ nÄ MH$Ÿ&
Xg _hm{dÚmAm| Ho$ AbJ-AbJ _ÝÌ h¢, CZH$s CnmgZm MÝÐ_m H$s am{e Ho$
AZwgma hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ _ÝÌ, ê$n, J«ÝW {ZåZ {b{IV h¢-
1.H$mbr-ñne©_{U, {MÝVm_{U, gÝV{VàXm, {g{ÕXm, Jwø, h§g, X{jU Am¡a
^ÐH$mbr ê$nŸ& H«$s¨ ~rOŸ& _ÝÌ-H«$s¨ H«$s¨ H«$s¨ õt õt õt hÿ§ hÿ§Ÿ&
H$m_H$bm H$mbr Ho$ 11 gmYH$ h¢-BÝÐ, déU, Hw$~oa, ~«÷m, _hmH$mb, ~mU,
amdU, `_, MÝÐ, {dîUw Am¡a _h{f©JUŸ&
BgHo$ àm`: 30 J«ÝW h¢ {OZ_| _w»` h¢-_hmH$mb g§{hVm, 2 IíS>m| _| H$m_H$bm
VWm JwøH$mbr IÊS>Ÿ&
2.Vmam-6 ê$n-CJ«Vmam, ZrbgañdVr, EH$OQ>m, ewŠbVmam, ZrbVmam, Am¡a
{MÌmŸ& › ~rOŸ& › õt õt hþ§ \$Q²>Ÿ&
BgHo$ àm`: 26 J«ÝW emó Am¡a g§{hVm h¢-Vmam VÝÌ, Zrb gañdVr VÝÌ Am{XŸ&
3.fmoS>er-Bgo {Ìnwa gwÝXar `m H$m_oídar ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ 3 ê$n h¢-~mbm,
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 129
gwÝXar Am¡a ^¡adrŸ& ~mbm, Hw$_mar Am¡a `wdVr ê$n gÎd, aO Am¡a V_ JwU Ho$
àVrH$ h¢Ÿ& VrZ Hy$Q>m| Ho$ AbJ-AbJ ~rO _ÝÌ h¢-dm½^d Hy$Q>-E|Ÿ& H$m_amO
Hy$Q>-ŠbtŸ& e{º$ Hy$Q>-gm¡:Ÿ&fmoS>er _ÝÌ Ho$ 3 ^mJ H$m{X, hm{X, gm{X BZ 3 Hy$Q>m|
Ho$ _ÝÌ h¢Ÿ& BgH$m `ÝÌ lr `ÝÌ g¥{ï> H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ& VrZ {dÚmAm| Ho$ J«ÝW h¢-
H$m{X {dÚm-{Ìnwamon{ZfX², ^mdZmon{ZfX²Ÿ&
hm{X {dÚm-{ÌnwaVm{nZr Cn{ZfX²Ÿ&
gm{X {dÚm-VÝÌamO VÝÌ, _mV¥H$mU©d VÝÌ, `mo{JZr öX` VÝÌ, {ÌnwamU©d VÝÌŸ&
4.^wdZoídar-gm§»` Xe©Z H$s àH¥${V, doX H$s A{X{VŸ& ~rO-õtŸ& J«ÝW-^wdZoídar
ahñ`, ^wdZoídar ñVmoÌ, ^wdZoídar nm[aOmVŸ&
5.{Ìnwa ^¡adr-`h {Ìnwa gwÝXar H$m àH$Q> ê$n h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ 3 Hy$Q>m| Ho$ ~rO _ÝÌ h¢-
h²ò¢, h²ñŠb¥§, h²g²lm¡:Ÿ& `h 3 _ÝÌ ~«÷ J«pÝW (_ybmYma, ñdm{Yð>mZ), {dîUw
J«pÝW (_{Unya, AZmhV, {dew{Õ) VWm éÐ J«pÝW (Amkm, ghòma) Ho$ _ÝÌ h¢Ÿ&
J«ÝW-{Ìnwa ^¡adr VÝÌ, {Ìnwa ^¡adr `m_b, {Ìnwa Vm{nZr VÝÌŸ&
6.{N>Þ_ñVm-naewam_ H$s _mVm aoUHw $m, àMÊS> MÊS>rŸ& 3 J«pÝW `m g§H$ën,
{H«$`m, \$b ê$nr H$_© ~ÝYZ Ho$ d¥j H$mo H$mQ>Zo dmbr e{º$Ÿ& ~rO-h§ `m hÿŸ§ &
_ÝÌ-gm AO`m gmo@h§Ÿ&
J«ÝW-e{º$g§J_ VÝÌ, {N>Þ_ñVm öX`, {N>Þ_ñVm IÊS>Ÿ&
7.Yy_mdVr-`moJ_m`m, V_g (H$mbam{Ì `m _moham{Ì), A{dÚmŸ& ~rO-YyŸ§ &
_ÝÌ-Yy§ Yy§ Yy_mdVr \$Q²> ñdmhmŸ& J«ÝW-Yy_mdVr VÝÌ, àmUVmo{fUr VÝÌŸ&
8.~Jbm_wIr-ñVå^Z e{º$Ÿ& ~rO-h²bŸ§¥ & g§»`m`Z VÝÌ, ~Jbm_wIr VÝÌ, emº$
à_moX, ~JbmH«$_ H$ëndëbrŸ&
9._mV§Jr-dm½dm{XZr, _pÝÌUr, gw_wIr, _hm[nem{MZrŸ& ~rO-ht, hÿ§Ÿ& _mV§Jr
VÝÌ, _mV§J öX`, emº$ à_moX, _mV§Jr ghòZm_Ÿ&
10. H$_bm-bú_rŸ& ~rO-lrŸ& VÝÌgma, emaXm{VbH$, H$_bmpË_H$m VÝÌŸ&
4.gm¡a VÝÌ-gy`© {dîUw H$m dh ê$n h¡ {Oggo g¥{ï> H$m nmbZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gm¡a nyOm
H$m dU©Z gmå~ nwamU _| h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU Ho$ nwÌ gmå~ Zo Hw$ð> amoJ Xya H$aZo Ho$ {b`o
Amo{S‹ >gm Ho$ H$moUmH©$ _| gy`© nyOm H$s WrŸ& am_m`U b§H$mH$mÊS> _| amdU H$mo namñV
H$aZo Ho$ {b`o AJñË` Zo am_ H$mo Am{XË` öX` H$dM {X`m WmŸ& gy`© go e{º$ àmá
H$aZm hr N>mÝXmo½` Cn{ZfX² H$s _Yw{dÚm h¡Ÿ& gm¡a VÝÌ Ho$ _yb J«ÝW-
130 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
VÝÌ J«ÝW-30, VÎd J«ÝW-96, g§{hVm-4, Cng§{hVm-2, nwamU-5, H$ën-10,
S>m_a-2, `m_b-2, CÈ>re VÝÌ-2, CÈ>mb VÝÌ-2, H$jnw{Q>-2, {d_{e©Zr-3,
MyS‹ >m_{U-5, AdVma-2, A_¥V-3, Xn©U-3Ÿ&
gm¡a e{º$ VÝÌ H$mo Jm`Ìr VÝÌ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& gy`© go Omo e{º$ {ZH$bVr h¡
dh gm{dÌr h¡, Omo n¥Ïdr H$mo `m h_| àmá hmoVr h¡ dh Jm`Ìr h¡Ÿ& Jm`Ìr N>ÝX _|
8-8 Ajam| Ho$ 3 nmX `m 6 Ajam| Ho$ 4 nmX hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Jm`Ìr _ÝÌ Ho$ F${f
{dídm{_Ì h¡, XodVm g{dVm `m gy`Ÿ© & _yb _ÝÌ h¡- › VËg{dVwda© Êo `_², ^Jm}
Xodñ` Yr_{h, {Y`mo `mo Z: àMmoX`mV²Ÿ& › Ho$ ~mX 3 `m 7 ì`mö{V (bmoH$m| H$m
Zm_) bJmVo h¢-3 ì`mö{V-^y,^wd:,ñd:Ÿ&
7 ì`mö{V- ^y:, ^wd:, ñd:, _h:, OZ:, Vn:,gË`:Ÿ&
J«ÝW-Jm`Ìr ñVmoÌ, Jm`Ìr ahñ`, Jm`Ìr VÝÌŸ&
gm¡a VÝÌ _| gy`©nwÌ `_ VWm e{Z H$s ^r nyOm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
5.JmUnË` VÝÌ-84 bmI `mo{Z`m| H$mo JU VWm CgHo$ ñdm_r H$mo JUn{V H$hm
OmVm h¡Ÿ& ~rO _ÝÌ-J§Ÿ& Amkm MH«$ (^«_y Ü` Ho$ nrN>)o Jwé Am¡a JUn{V H$s
YmaUm H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& Bggo gå~pÝYV 50 VÝÌ, 25 CnVÝÌ, 2 nwamU, 1 S>m_a,
VWm 8 nmÄ MamÌ h¢Ÿ&
6.~m¡Õ VÝÌ-Jwø g_mO VÝÌ, gmYZ_mbm, VWmJV JwøH$, Hw$Ñ{ï> {Z`m©VZ,
VÎd aËZmdbr, MVw_Щw m, àkmonm`, {d{ZíM` {g{Õ, kmZ {g{ÕŸ&
O¡Z VÝÌ-Ádm{bZr _V, {dÚmZwemgZ, ^¡ad nÙmdVr H$ën, Z_ñH$ma _ÝÌ
H$ën, H$m_ MmÊS>m{bZr H$ën, à{Vð>m H$ën, gañdVr _V H$ënŸ&
15.àmH¥$V {dÚm-AmJ_ Am¡a {ZJ_ Ho$ g§`moJ Ûmam 4 àH$ma Ho$ {dÚm {d^mJ
h¢Ÿ& Cg_| àË`oH$ Ho$ 2 IÊS> VWm à{V _| 4 {dÚm h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma 64 àmH¥$V
({ZJ_+ AmJ_) {dÚm h¢Ÿ&
1. _Zmo {dÚm-1.`moJ {dÚm (8), 2. {Xì` Ñ{ï> {dÚm (8)Ÿ&
2. kmZopÝÐ` {dÚm-1.Vnmo {dÚm (8), 2.Xod~b {dÚm (8)&
3.H$_}pÝÐ` {dÚm-1.H$_}pÝÐ` {dÚm (8), 2. AmJ_ _ÝÌ {dÚm (8)&
4.^yV {dÚm-1._hm¡f{Y {dÚm (8), 2.`ÝÌ {dÚm (8)&
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 131
_Zmo {dÚm
`moJ{g{Õ (_Z H$m g§`_) {Xì` Ñ{ï> (BpÝÐ` g§`_)
1.A{U_m 9.^yV ^{dî`, OÝ_mÝVa kmZ
2._{h_m 10. Xya, namoj kmZ
3.J[a_m 11. gd© ^yV éV kmZ
4.b{K_m 12._Zmo{dkmZ
5.àm{á 13. ^yJ^© kmZ
6.àmH$må` 14.^wdZ kmZ
7.B©{eËd 15.Amof{Y à^md kmZ
8.d{eËd 16.Vmam Á`mo{V à^md kmZ
kmZopÝÐ` {dÚm
Vnmo~b (öX` g§`_) Xod ~b (àmU g§`_)
17.Xod gmjmËH$ma-N>m`m nwéf 25. H$m` ì`yh
18.dëJm H¥$Ë`m 26. naH$m`m àdoe
19.AmË_moËH«$_ gmjmËH$ma 27.àmUhm[aUr
20._¥V nwéf gmjmËH$ma 28._¥Vg§Or{dZr
21.{dídê$n Xe©Z 29.ñWmUw g§Or{dZr
22._m`m {d_mohZ 30.N>m`m {ZJ«{hUr
23.Cnlw{V {dÚm 31.AmH¥${V n[ad{Îm©Zr
24.g§ñH$mamonYmZr 32.{b“ n[ad{Îm©Zr
{ZJ_ _ÝÌ H$_}pÝÐ` {dÚm AmJ_ _ÝÌ
33.gdm©H${f©Ur 41._maU
34.A{¾ Ob ñVpå^Zr 42._mohZ
35.Aj` H$aUr 43.CÀMmQ>Z
36.{ZJ«hmZwJ«{hUr 44.derH$aU
37.gyÌo{ï> 45.{dÛofU
38.Obd{f©Ur 46.ñVå^Z
39.AmnmoZßÌr` 47.AmH$f©U
40._Yw{dÚm 48. g§ajU
132 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
^yV {dÚm
_hm¡f{Y ~b _ÝÌ ~b
49._¥Vg§Or{dZr 57.{Xì` {d_mZ-{ÌMH«$ aWH$ma
50.g§OrdZ H$aUr 58.nwînH$ {d_mZ-h§g aW-~‹T>Zdo mbm
51.{deë` H$aUr 59.gm¡^ {d_mZ-ZJamH$ma
52.gmdÊ`© H$aUr 60.gyV {d_mZ-Zm¡H$mH$ma
53.gÝYmZ H$aUr 61.h`©íd {d_mZ-KmoS‹ >m g_mZ
54.A[aï> ^¡fÁ`m 62.ßbd {d_mZ-njr AmH$ma
55.{S>å^ àg{dZr 63.A_¥VJdr-{díd ê$nm
56.~bm-A{V~bm 64.{ebm gÝVaUr
eómó {dÚm-{Xì`mó
1.X¡dmó 2._m¡Zmó 3.^m¡Vmó 4.H$_m©ó
1.~«÷{ea 17.ñH$ÝXmó 33._H$amó 49.CÝ_mXmó
2.~«÷mó 18.à_Wmó 34.gm¡nUm©ó 50.ñVå^Zmó
3.nmewnV 19.d¡Zm`H$ 35.^méÊS>mó 51.H$ënmó
4.d¡îUd 20.Hy$î_mÊS>mó 36.CbyH$mó 52.O¥å^Umó
5.dméUmó 21.JUmó 37.JmbUmó 53.Oå^H$mó
6.Zmam`Umó 22.JmÝYdm©ó 38.H$mbHy$Q>mó 54._yÀN>mó ©
7.EoÝÐmó 23.amjgmó 39.MmH«$mó 55.{Z_rbZmó
8.àmOmnË` 24.n¡emMmó 40.EofrH$mó 56.CËnmVmó
9.Am¾o` 25.^m¡Vmó 41.~bmó 57.àñdmnmó
10.dm`ì` 26.d¡Vmbmó 42.A{V~bmó 58.Ádamó
11.H$m¡~ao 27.ea^mó 43.Am¡Xåw ~amó 59.^«m_H$mó
12.nmO©Ý` 28.Vmú`m©ó 44.amOgmó 60.AMoVmó
13.Ëdmï´>mó 29.em~amó 45.h¡_Zmó 61._mohZmó
14 .H$mbmó 30.^¡admó 46.nmfmUmó 62.d¡ÚVw mó
15.`må`mó 31._mV“mó 47.Jwømó 63.{V{_amó
16.XmZdmó 32.ZmJmó 48.Jm¡amó 64.V_gmó
3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 133
eó
_ÝÌàhma ^yVàhma
_ÝÌm`wY _ÝÌ_wº$ eó (18 bm¡{H$H$ eó)
gáeVr _| _Yw{dÚm(3/38) VWm _ÝÌ Am`wY H$m dU©Z h¡-hþ‘>mam{^hVm§
(3/12), hþ‘>maoUd¡ V§ ^ñ_ gm MH$mampå~H$m VV:(6/13)Ÿ&
_ÝÌm`wY VWm _ÝÌ_wº$ eó H$mo {Xì`mó H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ 4 dJ© h¢-X¡dmó,
`m¡Zmó, ^m¡Vmó, H$_m©óŸ& à{VdJ© _| 16-16 VWm Hw$b 64 {Xì`mó h¢Ÿ& dmë_r{H$
am_m`U _| 50 {Xì`mó VWm 50 {Xì`mó g§hma H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
bm¡{H$H$ Aó Xodr XodVmAm| Ho$ Am`wY Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$s {d{^Þ àH$ma H$s e{º$ Ho$
àVrH$ h¢Ÿ& 18 Aó h¢-
1.IS²>J-T>mb g{hV, 2.YZw ea, 3.n[aK-H$mbXÊS>, 4.n{Å>e, 5.Vmo_a,
6.Hw$ÝV, 7.IoQ>, 8.JXm, 9.naew, 10.MH«$, 11.eyb, 12.e{º$, 13._wÒa,
14.nme, 15._wgb-hb, 16.{^pÝXnmb, 17. Nw>[aH$m, 18.eV¿Zr-^wepw ÊS>Ÿ&
d¡í` {dÚm, {eën
64 {dÚm ~«m÷Um| Ho$ {b`o, 64 {Xì`mó j{Ì`m| Ho$ {b`o VWm 64 H$bm eyÐ Ho$
{b`o h¢Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma gmao g_mO Ho$ nmofU Ho$ {b`o d¡í`m| H$s H¥${f, Jmoajm Am¡a
dm{UÁ` {dÚm H$m {dñVma h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ H$B© A§e {d{^Þ nwamUm| _| {_bVo h¢Ÿ& {eën
H$m AW© h¡ {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ `ÝÌ, J¥h, CnH$aU, Am{X H$m {Z_m©UŸ& dÎm©_mZ `wJ
_| Bgo BÄ Or{Z`[a¨J H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
******
134 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÜ`m`-4
VÎd-g_mg
1.gm§»` H$m àU`Z-gm§»` Xe©Z Ho$ àdÎm©H$ H${nb VWm `moJ Ho$ àdÎm©H$
{haÊ`J^© _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& _hm^maV empÝV nd©(349/65) _|-
gm§»`ñ` dº$m H${nb: na_{f©: g CÀ`VoŸ&
{haÊ`J^m} `moJñ` doÎmm ZmÝ`: nwamVZ:Ÿ&&
JrVm (10/26) _| ^JdmZ H¥$îU Zo H$hm h¡-{gÕmZm§ H${nbmo _w{Z:Ÿ& ^mJdV
Ho$ AZwgma {dÝXw ga VQ> na _h{f© H$X©_ Am¡a CZH$s nËZr Xodhÿ{V Ho$ nwÌ Ho$ ê$n
_| ^JdmZ Zo H${nb AdVma {b`mŸ& n¥ð> 57 na ì`mg JUZm _| 12 d| ì`mg A{Ì
Ho$ g_` gm§»` A{Ì hþ`o Wo O~ gm§»` Xe©Z àm`: 8,500 B©.ny._| ñWm{nV hmo
MwH$m WmŸ& gJa H$m g_` àm`: 6,760 B©.ny. h¡ O~ àW_ `dZ AmH«$_U-
H$m[a`m| H$mo ^Jm`m J`m Wm (_oJmñWZrO)Ÿ& gm§»` Xe©Z Cg g_` {ZíM` WmŸ&
H${nb Zo Cg H$mb _| gm§»` gyÌm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m VWm ~mX _| CZH$s naånam Ho$
AÝ` F${f Zo gJa nwÌm| H$mo Obm`mŸ& gJa Zo `dZm| H$mo XÊS> XoZo Ho$ {b`o `dZm| H$s
5 {eIm H$a Xr WrŸ& H${nb Ho$ {eî` nÄ M{eI Am¡a Amgw[a àm`: CZHo$ g_H$mbrZ
WoŸ& nÄM{eI H$m AW© 5 {eIm `m 5 ndm© gm§»` Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& H${nb H$mo {gÕ H$hm
J`m h¡Ÿ& gy`{© gÕmÝV (12/37-42) Ho$ AZwgma {gÕnwa CÁO¡Z go 1800 nyd©
h¡Ÿ& dmë_r{H$ am_m`U {H$pîH$ÝYm H$mÊS> (44/33) Ho$ AZwgma dhm§ bmb a§J Ho$
emoU ZX Ho$ {ZH$Q> {gÕ {Zdmg H$aVo h¢ VWm (44/64) Ho$ AZwgma nyd© {Xem H$s
gr_m na ~«÷m Zo nd©V na Ûma ~Zm`m WmŸ& `h _opŠgH$mo H$m {nam{_S> h¡Ÿ& CgHo$
{ZH$Q> H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m Hw$N> bmoJm| Ho$ _V go H${nbmaÊ` h¡Ÿ& ^maV H$m J§JmgmJa
dhm§ VH$ OmZo H$m g_wÐr _mJ© _mÌ h¡Ÿ& gJa nwÌ dhm§ go nmVmb(A_o[aH$m) VH$
J`o WoŸ& ^JdÔÎm Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ à_mUm| go àm`: 11,000 df© nhbo H${nb H$m
g_` _mZm h¡Ÿ& ~m¡Õ J«ÝWm| Ho$ AZwgma BúdmHw$ d§er` emŠ` amOm Zo AnZr amOYmZr
H${nbdñVw dht ñWm{nV H$s Wr Ohm§ H${nb Vnñ`m H$a MwHo$ WoŸ&
H${nb H$m VÎd g_mg Ho$db 22 `m 25 gyÌm| H$m h¡Ÿ {OgH$m CnXoe CÝhm|Zo
Amgw[a H$mo {X`m WmŸ& BgH$s 5 ì`m»`m`| CnbãY h¢-lr {f_mZÝX(jo_mZÝX)-
gm§»`-VÎd-{ddoMZ_²Ÿ&^mdmJUoe-gm§»`-VÎd-`m²mÏ`©-XrnZ_²Ÿ& AkmV boIH$-
4.VÎd-g_mg 135
gdm}nH$m[aUr d¥{Îm, gm§»`-gyÌ-{ddaU_², H«$_Xr{nH$mŸ& H${nb H$m ~‹S>m gyÌ
J«ÝW gm§»` fS>mÜ`m`r `m H${nb gm§»`gyÌ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| 6 AÜ`m` VWm
164+47+84+32+130+71=528 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& Bg na 4 ì`m»`m`| à{gÕ h¢-
1.A{ZéÕ H$s d¥{Îm, 2._hmXod H$m d¥{Îmgma, 3.{dkmZ{^jw H$m gm§»`-àdMZ-
^mî`, 4.ZmJoe ^Å> H$m ^mî`-gma `m bKw-gm§»`-d¥{ÎmŸ&
Amgw[a H$m H$moB© J«ÝW `m CÕaU Zht {_bVmŸ& nÄ M{eI _w{Z Ho$ CnXoem| H$mdU©Z
(OZH$ H$mo) ZmaX nwamU VWm _hm^maV empÝVnd© _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$m f{ï>VÝÌ
B©ídaH¥$îU Zo H$hm h¡Ÿ& MrZ H$s nwñVH$m| Ho$ AZwgma Bg_| 60,000 íbmoH$ WoŸ&
Bg_| 60 n[aÀN>Xo `m {df`m| H$m dU©Z hmoZo go ^r gå^dV: Bgo f{ï>VÝÌ H$hVo
WoŸ& Hw$N> bmoJ Bgo df©JÊ` H$s H¥${V _mZVo h¢Ÿ& BgH$m íbmoH$ df©JÊ` Ho$ Zm_ go
ì`mg Ho$ `moJXe©Z ^mî` _| h¡Ÿ& nÄ M{eI Ho$ Zm_ go AÝ` íbmoH$ `m gyÌ ì`mg^mî`
_|, dmMñn{V {_l H$s ^m_Vr, _hm^maV, `w{º$Xr{nH$m _| CÕ¥V h¢Ÿ&
BgHo$ ~mX B©ídaH¥$îU Zo gm§»`H$m[aH$m `m gm§»`-gá{V 70 íbmoH$m| _| f{ï>VÝÌ
Ho$ AmYma na {bIrŸ& ` fS>Ü`m`r Ho$ 528 gyÌm| H$m ^r g§jno h¡Ÿ& gab VWm ñnï>
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bgr H$mo H$B© bmoJ _yb gm§»` Xe©Z _mZVo h¢Ÿ VWm _mYdmMm`©,
dmMñn{V {_l Am{X Zo Bgr H$m CÕaU {X`m h¡Ÿ& fS>Ü`m`r go BgH$m g_Ýd` Bg
àH$ma h¡-
AÜ`m` {df` H${nbgyÌ B©ídaH¥$îU H$m[aH$m
1.gm§»`emó {df` 164 1-20
2.nwéf go g¥{ï> 47 21-37
3._hm^yV, ñWyb gyú_ eara 84 38-68
4.CXmhaU 32 --
5.Amjonm| H$m CÎma 130 --
6.{eî`m| H$m gÝXoh g_mYmZ 71 69-70
BgH$s à_wI Q>rH$m`| h¢-(1) _mR>a d¥{Îm g~go àmMrZ h¡Ÿ& (2) BgHo$ ~mX
e‘>amMm`© Ho$ na_ Jwé Jm¡S‹ >nmX H$m ^mî` h¡Ÿ& (3) Jm¡V_ H$s O`_“bm Q>rH$mŸ&
(4) dmMñn{V {_l H$s gm§»`-VÎd-H$m¡_Xw rŸ& (5) `w{º$Xr{nH$m, (6) MpÝÐH$mŸ&
BZ J«ÝWm| Ho$ AZwgma gm§»` Xe©Z Ho$ AmMm`© h¢-H${nb, Amgw[a, nÄ M{eI,
O¡Jrfì`, df©JÊ`, {dÝÜ`dmgr (é{Ðb), OZH$, namea (~mX[a ?), ì`mg,
136 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
B©ídaH¥$îU VWm Am`© ({dkmZ{^jw Ho$ AZwgma)Ÿ& _mR>a d¥{Îm Ho$ AZwgma AÝ`
AmMm`© h¢-^mJ©d, CbyH$, dmë_r{H$, hmarV, XodbŸ& `w{º$Xr{nH$m Ho$ AZwgma-
~mh{b, H¡$amV, nm¡[aH$, F$f^oída, nÄMm{YH$aU, H$m¡pÊS>Ý` VWm _yH$Ÿ&
O`_“bm Ho AZwgma$- JJ©, Jm¡V_Ÿ&
BZHo$ ~mX {dkmZ{^jw H$m gm§»`-gma-{ddoH$, VWm ^mdmJUoe H$m gm§»`-
gma$, gm§»`n[a^mfm VFWm gm§»`-VÎd-àXr{nH$m ñdVÝÌ J«ÝW h¢Ÿ&
25 VÎdm| H$s g§»`m go g¥{ï> CËn{Îm Ho$ {gÕmÝV Ho$ H$maU Bgo gm§»` Xe©Z
H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& AÝ` _V Ho$ AZwgma Aja nwéf Ho$ nydm©Õ© VWm CÎmamÕ©-àË`oH$ _|
432 H$mo{Q> ~rO-nwéfm| H$s JUZm Ho$ H$maU Bgo gm§»` Xe©Z H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& _oao
_V go g¥{ï> Ho$ AZÝV-àm` VÎdm| H$s g§»`mË_H$ `m J{UVr` ì`m»`m (Statis-
tical physics) Ho$ H$maU Bgo gm§»`Xe©Z H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& h[a^Ð gy[a Ho$ AZwgma
g§I H$m AW© nwéf h¡ {OgH$m dU©Z Bg Xe©Z _| h¡Ÿ& {VbH$ Ho$ JrVm-ahñ`, n¥ð>
180 Ho$ AZwgma gm§»` _V go 25 VÎdm| H$s CËn{Îm H$m H«$_ {ZåZ{b{IV h¡-
~«÷mÊS> H$m d§e-d¥j
1.nwéf (XmoZm| ñd`å^y, AZm{X) 2.àH¥${V
({ZJw©U,n`m©`-k,Ðï>m (gÎd,aO,V_moJwUr, n`m©`-àYmZ,
B©ída) Aì`º$,_m`mŸ& àgd-Y{_©Ur)
3._hmZ² `m ~w{Õ (ì`º$ Am¡a gyú_,
n`m©`-Amgwar, _{V, kmZ, »`m{V)
4.Ah‘>ma (ì`º$ Am¡a gyú_,n`m©`-
A{^_mZ,V¡Og)
gmpÎdH$ AWm©V² ì`º$ Am¡a Vm_g AWm©V² {Z[apÝÐ` g¥{ï>
gyú_ BpÝÐ`m§ 5 VÝ_mÌm`| (gyú_)
5 kmZopÝÐ`m§ 5 H$_}pÝÐ`m§ _Z(5) 5 {deof `m _hm^yV (ñWyb)
Am§I H$mZ ZmH$ Or^ M_© eãX ñne© ê$n ag JÝY
6 7 8 9 10 AmH$me dm`w A{¾ Ob n¥{Wdr
dmH²$ nm{U nmX nm`w CnñW (16,17) (18,19)(20,21)(22,23) (24,25)
11 12 13 14 15
à{V _hm^yV _| EH$ EH$ VÝ_mÌm `m JwU ~‹T> OmVm h¡Ÿ& AmH$me _| {g\©$ eãX h¡Ÿ&
4.VÎd-g_mg 137
dm`w _| eãX Ho$ gmW ñne© ^r h¡Ÿ& ê$n Omo‹S>Zo na A{¾ ^r hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$
^mfm _| eãX H$m AW© Va“ (Electromagnetic wave) h¡ Omo eyÝ`
AmH$me(Space) _| Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& dm`w H$m AW© J{Verb nXmW© h¡ {Og_|
AmÝV[aH$ J{V `m H$ånZ Ho$ H$maU Vmn(Temperature) H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
A{YH$ Vmn hmoZo na àH$me {ZH$bVm h¡ Omo ê$n JwU hþAmŸ& ag JwU Ðdm| H$s gVh
H$m VZmd (Surface tension) `m CZH$m Jm‹T>mnZ (Viscosity) hþAmŸ& JÝY
H$m AW© gyú_ H$Um| H$s CnpñW{V h¡Ÿ& _hm^yV n¥{Wdr H$m AW© _mÌm (Mass) `m
^ma (Weight) hþAmŸ&
`hm§ nwéf H$m AW© MoVZ VÎd h¡ Omo OrdmË_m h¡ VWm àË`oH$ eara _o {^Þ-
{^Þ h¡Ÿ& `h AZm{X, gyú_ h¡Ÿ {H$ÝVw gd©k B©ída Zht h¡Ÿ& AV: gm§»` H$mo {Zarída-
gm§»` VWm gm§»` Am¡a `moJ H$mo goída gm§»` H$hVo h¢Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ hr {damQ²> ê$n H$mo
B©ída H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& g^r doXm| H$m nwéf gyº$ h¡-ghòerfm© nwéf: ghòmj:
ghònmV²Ÿ& erf© 1•1000 • Am§I 2•1000 •n¡a 2•1000 = 4• 109 nwéf
Ho$ ^oX hþ`oŸ& 100 H$mo 108 {JZZo na `h 432 H$mo{Q> hmoVm h¡Ÿ, Omo D$na {bIm h¡Ÿ&
2.VÎd-g_mg gyÌ-VÎd g_mg H$mo g^r EH$ _V go H${nb H$m _mZVo h¢Ÿ&
{g\©$ BZ gyÌm| Ho$ AmYma na gm§»` Xe©Z Zht g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& `h gm§»` gyÌ
_| VÎdm| H$s {JZVr ñ_aU aIZo H$m hr gyÌ h¡Ÿ& BgH$s ì`m»`m Ho$ {b`o _yb
gm§»`-gyÌm|, CZH$m g§jno B©ídaH¥$îU H$s gm§»`-H$m[aH$m VWm gå~pÝYV Xe©Zm|
`moJgyÌ, `moJdm{gð>, `m doXmÝV-Xe©Z H$m ghmam boZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& g_mg-gyÌm|
Ho$ 2 nmR> àM{bV h¢ {OZ_| 22 `m 26 gyÌ h¢, na XmoZm| _| dhr eãX h¢ Omo ZrMo
H$s gmaUr go ñnï> hmo Om`JmŸ&
22 gyÌ 26 gyÌ
1.AWmVñVÎd g_mg: --24.EVV² naåna`m `mWmVÏ`_²
2.Aï>m¡ àH¥$V`: 1.Aï>m¡ àH¥$V`:
3.fmoS>e {dH$mam: 2.fmoS>e {dH$mam:
4.nwéf: 3.nwéf:
5.Ì¡JwÊ`_² 4.Ì¡JwÊ` gÄMma
6.gÄMa: à{VgÄMa: 5.à{VgÄMma:
138 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
7.AÜ`mË__m{Y^yV_m{YX¡d§ M 6.AÜ`mË__², 7.A{^yV_², 8.A{YX¡d_²
8.nÄMm{^~wÕ`: 9.nÄMm{^~wÕ`:
9.nÄMѽ`moZ`: 10.nÄMH$_©`moZ`:
10.nÄMdm`d: 11.nÄMdm`d:
11.nÄMH$_m©Ë_mZ: 12.nÄMH$_m©Ë_mZ:
12.nÄMndm© A{dÚm 13.nÄMndm© A{dÚm
13.Aï>mqde{VYm@e{º$: 14.Aï>mqde{VYm@e{º$:
14.ZdYm Vw{ï>: 15.ZdYm Vw{ï>:
15.Aï>Ym {g{Õ: 16.Aï>Ym {g{Õ:
16.Xe _m¡{bH$mWm©: 17.Xe _y{bH$mWm©:
17.AZwJ«h: gJ©: 18.AZwJ«h: gJ©:
18.MVwX©e{dYmo ^yVgJ©: 19.MVwX©e{dYmo ^yVgJ©:
19.{Ì{dYmo ~ÝY: 20.{Ì{dYmo ~ÝY:
20.{Ì{dYmo _moj: 21.{Ì{dYmo _moj:
21.{Ì{dY§ à_mU_² 22.{Ì{dY§ à_mU_²
22.EVV² gå`J²kmËdm H¥$VH¥$Ë`:ñ`mV² 23.{Ì{dY§X:w I_²
Z nwZ{ó{dYoZ Xw:IoZm{^^y`VoŸ& 25.EVÁkmËdm H¥$VH¥$Ë`: ñ`mV²
26.Z nwZ{ó{dYoZ Xw:IoZm{^^y`VoŸ&
`hm§ ì`m»`m Ho${b`o 22 gyÌm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m Om`oJm VWm nmR>-^oX H$m CëboI
hmoJmŸ&
gyÌ-1.AWmVñVÎdg_mg:
AÝd`-AW AV: VÎd g_mg:Ÿ&
`h {df` H$m àmaå^ h¡Ÿ& 26 gyÌr nmR> _| {df` H$s MMm© 24 d| gyÌ _| h¡-24.
EVV² naåna`m `mWmVÏ`_²Ÿ&-AWm©V² naånam go gm§»` Xe©Z _| `hr (VÎd) h¢Ÿ&
eãXmW©-AW=AW©+C; Bg_| a H$m bmon hmoZo go AW hþAmŸ& BgH$m AW© `hm§, A~
=_“b, Amaå^ A{YH$maŸ& ~«÷m Ho$ _wI² go g¥{ï> Ho$ Amaå^ _| › Am¡a AW-`o Xmo
eãX {ZH$bo Wo, AV: BÝh| _“b H$m gyMH$ _mZm J`mŸ-
›H$maíMmWeãXíMÛmdoVm¡ ~«÷U: nwamŸ&
H§$R>§ {^Îdm {d{Z`m©Vm¡ Vñ_mÝ_m“{bH$mdw^m¡Ÿ&Ÿ& (ZmaX nw.51/10)
4.VÎd-g_mg 139
`hm§ VÎd g_mg H$m Amaå^ hþAm, AV: AW H$m ì`dhma hþAmŸ&
BgH$m Xygam AW© h¡-V~, CgHo$ níMmV²Ÿ& gm§»` gyÌ _| VÎdm| H$s ì`m»`m Ho$
~mX CZHo$ ñ_aU VWm g§jno _| g_PZo Ho$ {b`o `h AJbm dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
AV:-AVg²=BX_²+V{gb²=Bg H$maU goŸ& AV: eãX go AW H$m Xygam AW©,
níMmV² ñnï> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nhbo {dñVma go gm§»`-gyÌm| H$mdU©Z hþAm, AV: A~
g§jon _| hmo ahm h¡Ÿ&
VÎd-VÎd=VV²+{¹$n², bwH$² -AWm©V² VV²+ËdŸ& H$^r-H$^r V² H$m bmon H$a VËd
^r {bIm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m AW© dmñV{dH$ pñW{V, VÏ`, `WmW© Am{X h¡Ÿ& g§gma
H$s dmñV{dH$ pñW{V `m VÎd {XImZm Bg {df` H$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ&
AWmV: Ho$ ~Xbo AÝ` nmR> 24 d| gyÌ _| h¡-
AW+AV:=EVV² naåna`m=`h naånam Ho$ AZwgmaŸ&
VÎd=`mWmVÏ`_²=`WmW©+VÏ`Ÿ&
g§gma Ho$ _yb^yV H$maUm| H$mo VÎd H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& _yb VÎd EH$ hr h¡ {Ogo AmË_m
(_Zwî` H$s dmñV${dH$ àH¥${V), na_mË_m `m {damQ²> nwéf ({díd H$m dmñV{dH$
ê$n), _yb àH¥${V (g¥{ï> H$m _yb òmoV) Am{X H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
O‹S> Am¡a MoVZ `m nwéf Am¡a _yb àH¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| Xmo VÎd {d^mJ h¢Ÿ&
JwU Am¡a {H«$`m Ho$ AZwgma VrZ àH$ma Ho$ VÎd h¢Ÿ- g¥[ï>, pñW{V, b`-`m gÎd
AWm©V² VoO Am¡a nXmW© H$s pñW{V, aO AWm©V² J{V Am¡a àH$me, V_ AWm©V²
AÝYH$ma, J{VhrZVmŸ& nwéf Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ VrZ AdñWmAm| Ho$ `moJ go {damQ²>
nwéf Ho$ 6 Am`m_ (dimensions) h¢Ÿ& Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z Ho$ AZwgma 4 ^m¡{VH$
nXmW© h¢-n¥Ïdr, Ob, A{¾, dm`wŸ& `{X nXmW©hrZ ñWmZ (AmH$me) H$mo {_bm`m
Om` Vmo 5 nXmW© hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
3 JwUm| Ho$ nañna {_lU go 2•2•2=8, àH¥${V Ho$ 8 ^oX hmoVo h¢Ÿ& VrZ JwU
gËd, aO, V_ h¢Ÿ&
4 nXmWm] Ho$ nañna {_lU go 24=16 {dH$ma h¢Ÿ& `m 4 Am`m_m| Ho$ g§gma Ho$
4•4 {dH$ma O‹S> àH¥${V _| hþ`oŸ& MoVZ AmË_m H$m VÎd {_bmZo go 5 nXmWm] Ho$
5•5=25 VÎd {damQ²> nwéf Ho$ hþ`oŸ&
140 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
e¡d Xe©Z _| {ed VÎd 6 Am`m_ Ho$ {damQ²> nwéf `m {dîUw H$m AmdaU h¡Ÿ& Bg_|
5 {ed VÎd (3 empÝV VWm 2 emÝË`mVrV-{ed, e{º$, gXm{ed, B©ída,
ewÕ{dÚm), _m`m VWm _m`m Ho$ 5 AmdaU-`o 11 VÎd A{YH$ h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma 6
Am`m_ Ho$ {dîUw Ho$ AZwgma 6•6=36 VÎd e¡dXe©Z Ho$ hþ`Ÿo & 3 JwUm| Ho$ 3-3
{d^mJmo§ go 9 {d^mJ hmoVo h¢ ,{OZ_| gr_mdÎmu 2 {d^mJ {_b H$a 7 {d^mJ hmoVo
h¢Ÿ& gËd _| gËd, aO,V_ VrZ {d^mJŸ& Bgr àH$ma aOg² VWm V_ XmoZm| Ho$
gËd,aO,V_; 3-3Ÿ& gËd-V_ VWm aO-gËd EH$ hr h¢Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma aO-V_
VWm V_-gËd EH$ hr h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma 7 {d^mJ h¢Ÿ& AÝ` _V h¡ {H$ EH$ EH$ JwU
go 3 ^mJ, 2-2 JwUm| Ho$ {_bZ go 3 ^mJ VWm 3 JwUm| Ho$ {_bZ go 1 ^mJ-Hw$b
7 ^mJ h¢Ÿ& AV: d¡eo{fH$ VWm Ah©V² Xe©Zm| _| 7 VÎd `m nXmW© h¢Ÿ& d¡eo{fH$ _|
nXmW© Ho$ 24 JwU `hm§ àH¥${V Ho$ 8 ^oX `m àH¥${V-{dH¥${V Ho$ 24 ^oX H$r Vah h¢-
nXmW© VWm àH¥${V XmoZm| O‹S> h¢Ÿ&
g_mg=g_+«g+ ² KÄm²Ÿ& BgHo$ AW© h¢-1.{_bZ `m {_lU, 2.eãX aMZm `m CZH$m
{_bZŸ& 3.g§J«h, g§KmVŸ& 4. _V^oX Xya H$aZmŸ& 5.nyU©Vm `m g_{ï>Ÿ & 6.
{gHw$S‹ >Zm `m g§jno Ÿ& `hm§ g_mg Ho$ g^r AW© Cn`wº$ h¢Ÿ-
1.{díd; nwéf VWm àH¥${V Ho$ 25 VÎdm| H$m {_lU h¡Ÿ&
2.eãXm| go VÎdm| VWm CZHo$ JwUm|, ê$n g^r H$m dU©Z hmo ahm h¡Ÿ&
3.VÎdm| H$m {_lU Ho$db EH$ gmW ahZm hr Zht, CZH$s à{V{H«$`m `m
g§KmV ^r h¡Ÿ&
4.g^r VÎd {_bH$a EH$ hr nyU© ~«÷ H$s ì`m»`m H$aVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$m ewÕ AbJ
ñdê$n Zht h¡Ÿ&
5.Bg kmZ H$m AÝ` Xe©Zm| go H$moB© ^oX Zht h¡Ÿ&
6.`h _yb H$m g§jon h¡Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma VÎd g_mg H$m AW© hþAm VÎdm| H$s g§h{V H$m dU©Z `m gm§»` Xe©Z
H$m g§jno _| dU©Z `m g^r Xe©Zm| VWm kmZm| H$m g_Ýd`Ÿ& VÎd H$m AW© kmZ ^r
h¡Ÿ& àW_ gyÌ H$m empãXH$ AW© hþAm- {dñVma go gm§»` gyÌm| Ûmam gm§»` VWm
gå~pÝYV Xe©Zm| H$m àg§Jde kmZ XoZo Ho$ ~mX A~ g§jno _| VÎdm| VWm kmZ H$m
g_Ýd` ~Vm`m Om ahm h¡Ÿ&
4.VÎd-g_mg 141
2. Aï>m¡ àH¥$V`:Ÿ&
Aï>m-¡ Aï>Z=² A§e+H$m{ZZ², bwQ>² MŸ& H$_©-Aï>mŸ¡ & ^oXm| H$s g§»`m 8Ÿ&
àH¥$V`:-àH¥${V=à+H¥$+{º$Z²Ÿ& 1.Z¡g{J©H$ pñW{V, _m`m, O‹S> -OJV²Ÿ&
2.ñd^md, Aä`mgŸ& 3.~ZmdQ> `m ê$nŸ& 4.d§e naånamŸ& 5._yb òmoVŸ`m _m¡{bH$
H$maU, CnmXmZ H$maU (~«÷gyÌ 1/4/23)Ÿ& 6.nwéf go {^Þ g¥{ï> H$m òmoV
{OgHo$ 3 àYmZ JwU h¢ŸŸ& 7._yb YmVw `m eãXŸ& 8.AmXe© `m Z_yZmŸ& 9.órŸ&
10.g¥{ï> Ho$ {b`o na_mË_m H$s BÀN>mŸ& 11. _mVmŸ&
ì`m»`m-àH¥${V H$m AW© h¡ , {OgHo$ ~mX H$moB© Z`r H¥${V `m VÎd CËnÞ hmoŸ&
AWm©V² àH¥${V {H$gr H$m _yb H$maU h¡Ÿ& {OgHo$ ~mX H$moB© Z`m VÎd CËnÞ Z hmo,
dh àH¥${V H$m CëQ>m {dH¥${V h¡Ÿ& _yb àH¥${V Ho$db àH¥${V h¡ ,{Ogo {H$gr Zo CËnÞ
Zht {H$`m h¡,{H$ÝVw Cggo AÝ` CËnÞ hþ`o h¢Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ AÝ` ^oX àH¥${V go CËnÞ
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {dH¥${V h¢ VWm AÝ` VÎdm| H$mo CËnÞ H$aZo Ho$ H$maU àH¥${V ^r h¢Ÿ&
àW_ gyÌ _| VÎd g_mg H$m CëboI h¡, AV: nhbo VÎdm| H$m dU©Z-àH¥${V
Am¡a {dH¥${V VWm CgHo$ ~mX nwéf VÎd H$m dU©Z hmoJm Omo BZ g~Ho$ g_mg,
g_Ýd` `m nañna gå~ÝY H$m H$maU h¡Ÿ&
àH¥${V {Z_m©U H$m CnmXmZ H$maU h¡, AWm©V² {Z_m©U Ho$ {b`o Omo O‹S> dñVw`|
h¢, CZH$mo àH¥${V H$hVo h¢Ÿ& nm§Mdo gyÌ _| BgHo$ 3 JwUm| H$m dU©Z h¡-gÎd, aO
Am¡a V_Ÿ& VrZ JwUm| Ho$ ahZo go O‹S>- nXmW© Ho$ 8 ^oX hm|JŸo & àË`oH$ nXmW© _| gÎd
hmoJm `m Zht hmoJm, AV: àW_ JwU Ho$ AZwgma 2 ^oX h¢Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma aO JwU go
^r 2 ^oX `m 2•2 ^oX 2 JwUm| go hm|JŸo & Vrgao V_ JwU H$mo {_bmZo go 2•2•2=8
^oX hm|JŸo & 8 VÎdm| _| à{V Ho$ 3-3 ^oX hm|Jo Omo AÝ` VÎdm| Ho$ CnmXmZ H$maU
hm|JŸo & dh àH¥${V Ho$ hr ^oX hm|Jo Omo {H$gr AÝ` VÎd H$mo CËnÞ Z H$a ñd`§ H$m`©
H$a|JŸo & dh 2 àH$ma Ho$ h¢ -kmZ `m gÎd ê$n(kmZopÝÐ`) VWm {H«$`m `m aO ê$nŸ&
V_ JwU {ZpîH«$` hmoZo go CgH$m H$moB© ^oX Zht hmoVmŸ& Bg àH$ma {dH¥${V Ho$
8•2=16 ^oX h¢Ÿ&
_yb àH¥${V _| VrZ JwUm| H$s gmå`mdñWm hmoZo go H$moB© JwU Zht {XIm`r XoVmŸ&
Cggo _hmZ² VÎd CËnÞ hþAm {Og_| g^r JwU XrIVo h¢, {H$ÝVw {df_ hmoZo Ho$
H$maU EH$ Xygao H$mo gÝVw{bV Zht H$a Zï> Zht H$aVoŸ& _hmZ² `m _hV² Ho$ 3 ^oX
h¢- Vm_g Ah‘>ma _| V_ A{YH$ hmoZo go H$moB© {H«$`m Zht hmoVr Am¡a dh CnmXmZ
142 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
ê$n _| àH¥${V VÎd hr ah OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ 5 ^oX 5 VÝ_mÌm`| H$hbmVr h¢Ÿ-eãX,
ñne©, ê$n, ag, JÝYŸ& Bg àH$ma àH¥${V, _hV², Ah‘>ma (Vm_g) VWm 5
VÝ_mÌm`|-`o 8 àH¥${V Ho$ ^oX hþ`Ÿo &
gmpËdH$ Am¡a amOg Ah‘>ma go O‹S> VÎdm| Ho$ 16 ^oX àH$Q> hmoVo h¢, Omo {g\©$
{dH¥${V h¢, àH¥${V ZhtŸ& BZH$m dU©Z AJbo gyÌ _| h¡Ÿ&
3. fmoS>e {dH$mam:Ÿ&
eãXmW©-fmoS>e=`mñH$ Ho$ AZwgma- Xe XñVm Bï>mWm© dmŸ& AWm©V² {Og A‘> na
g§»`m nyar hmo OmVr h¡, Cgo Xe H$hVo h¢Ÿ& f=gmo+H$=gdm}Îm_Ÿ& e:=hm{Z,{dZme,
ŸAÝV, Ad{eï> & AV: fmoS>e=f:+Xe={OgHo$ ~mX Am¡a {H$gr VÎd H$m {Z_m©U
Zht hmo, Ohm§ àH¥${V H$m H$m`© nyU© `m AÝV hmo J`mŸ& {H$gr VÎd H$s nyU©Vm CgHo$
{dH$mg H$m AÝV h¡, AV: Cgo Cg VÎd H$s 16 H$bm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& AV: fmoS>e H$m
g§»`mdmMH$ AW© 16 h¡Ÿ& CUm{X 1/156 Ho$ AZwgma-Xgw Cnj`o, H${ZZ²Ÿ& AWm©V²
Xgw H$m AW© Zme h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Xe= Xgw+H${ZZ²=Zme `m nyU©VmŸ& f: VWm
Xe-XmoZm| hr VÎd {Z_m©U {H«$`m H$s nyUV© m Am¡a AÝV ~VmVo h¢ {Ogo {dH$ma
H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
{dH$mam:-{dH$ma: H$m ~hþdMZŸ& {dH$ma:={d+H¥$+KÄm²Ÿ& BgHo$ empãXH$ AW© h¢-
1.ê$nmÝVaU, àH¥${V H$m ~XbZm, 2.n[adV©Z, gwYma, 3.~r_mar, 4. _Z `m
A{^àm` H$m ~XbZmŸ& 5.^mdZm, 6.{djmo^, 7,{dH¥$V ê$n, {gHw$S‹ >Zm, 8.gm§»`
H$s n[a^mfm- Omo nyd© òmoV `m àH¥${V go {dH${gV hmoŸ&
ì`m»`m-_hÎmÎd V_ go {_b H$a Ah§H$ma ~ZmVm h¡ {OgHo$ ^oX 5 VÝ_mÌm`| h¢Ÿ&
BZH$m dU©Z {nN>bo gyÌ _| hmo MwH$m h¡Ÿ& dh gÎd VWm aO Ho$ g_Ýd` go {_bH$a
_Z H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {g\©$ gÎd VWm _hV² {_bH$a 5 kmZopÝÐ`m§ VWm aO
Am¡a _hV² {_bH$a 5 H$_}pÝÐ`m§ CËnÞ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Bg_o§ gÎd VWm aO H$m `moJ hmo
MwH$m h¡Ÿ& nwZ: V_ H$m `moJ hmoZo na BZ_| {ZpîH«$`Vm Ho$ H$maU H$moB© Z`m VÎd
Zht CËnÞ hmoVmŸ& Vm_g Ah§H$ma H$s 5 VÝ_mÌmAm| go aOmoJwU Ho$ H$maU 5
_hm^yV CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
JwU g§`moJ dm`w kmZopÝÐ` H$_}pÝÐ` _hÎmÎd VÝ_mÌm
gÎd àYmZ àmU H$U© dmH²$ AmH$me eãX
aO: àYmZ CXmZ ËdH²$ nm{U dm`w ñne©
4.VÎd-g_mg 143
aO: àYmZ ì`mZ Mjw nmX VoO: ê$n
aOñV_g àYmZ g_mZ {Oˆm CnñW An² ag
V_: àYmZ AnmZ Zmgm nm`w n¥{Wdr JÝY
4.nwéf:
nwéf:-nw[a Xoho eooVo g: nwéf:Ÿ& AWm©V² nwa _| Omo ahVm h¡ dh nwéf h¡Ÿ& nwa² H$m AW©
^r `hr h¡-nw_mZ² a_{V `pñ_Z²-AWm©V² nwéf {Og_| ahVm h¡ dh nwa h¡Ÿ&BZ g_mg
ê$n ì`m»`mAm| H$m H$moB© ñnï> AW© Zht hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {damQ²> nwa `m {díd _| Omo MoVZ
VÎd h¡ dh nwéf h¡Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma N>moQ>o eara H$m ^r MoVZ VÎd nwéf h¡Ÿ& {damQ²>
nwéf EH$ hr h¡, AÝ` nwéf H$B© h¢Ÿ& nwéf H$s g^r n[a^mfm`| Bg íbmoH$ _| h¢-
nwg§ k§ o Vw earao@pñ_Z² e`ZmËnwéfmo h[a:Ÿ& eH$mañ` fH$mamo@`§ ì`Ë``oZ à`wÁ`VoŸ&
`Xm nwao earao@pñ_ÞmñVo g nwéfmo h[a:Ÿ& `{X dm nwédmgr{V nwéf: àmoÀ`Vo h[a:Ÿ&
`{X dm nyd_© do mg{_ho{V nwéf§ {dXw:Ÿ& `{X dm ~hþ XmZmÛ¡ {dîUw nwéf CÀ`VoŸ&
nyUË© dmËnwéfmo {dîUw: nwamUËdÀM em{“©U:Ÿ& nwamU^OZmÀMm{V {dîUw: nwéf B©`V© o
`Ûm nwéf eãXmo@`§ ê$T>çm d{º$ OZmX©Z_²Ÿ&(nmÙnwamU)
ì`m»`m-1.àH¥${V-{dH¥${V•• BZ JwUm| Ho$ AZwgma 4 àH$m a H$o VÎd h¢-
Z àH¥${V, Z {dH¥${V- nwéf - XmoZm| AZm{X, AZÝV,gd©ì`mnrŸ&
{g\©$ àH¥${V - _yb àH¥${V&
àH¥${V+{dH¥${V- àH¥${V Ho$ 7 ^oX-_hV², Ah‘>ma, 5 VÝ_mÌm &
{g\©$ {dH¥${V - àH¥${V Ho$ 16 ^oX-_Z, 5 H$_}pÝÐ`, 5 kmZopÝÐ`, VWm
5 _hm^yV &
2.doX VWm {edgyÌ Ho$ VÎd-{ed AmdaU VÎd h¡Ÿ& 5 Am`m_ `m {dñVma H$m
{ed ê$n {díd([ed={dídZmW) 6 Am`m_ Ho$ {damQ²> nwéf `m {dîUw Ho$ OJV²
({dîUw=OJÞmW) H$m AmdaU h¡Ÿ& 3 AmdaU H$s n¥Ïdr H$m AmdaU CgH$s
JmobmH$ma gVh h¡ Omo bå~mB©, Mm¡‹S>mB©-BZ Xmo Am`m_m| H$s hr h¢Ÿ& EH$ nyU© OJV²
H$m AmdaU {ed VWm 5 VÝ_mÌmAm| VWm 5 _hm^yVm| Ho$ 10 AmdaU-Bg àH$ma
11 {ed VÎdm| Ho$ gmW e¡d Xe©Z _| Hw$b 36 VÎd h¢Ÿ, {Og_| gm§»` Ho$ 25 VÎd
em{_b h¢Ÿ& ñdm_r {dîUwVrW© Zo BgH$s ì`m»`m F$½doX Ho$ ZmgXr` gyº$ (_ÊS>b
10, gyº$129) Ho$ AmYma na H$s h¡Ÿ&
144 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
Aja na~«÷-Zm gXmgrÞmo gXmgrÎmXmZt, ZmgrÐOmo Zmo ì`mo_m namo `V²Ÿ&
{H$_mdard: Hw$h H$ñ` e_©Þå^: {H$_mgrX² JhZ§ J^ra_²Ÿ&1Ÿ&
Z _¥Ë`wamgrV² A_¥V§ Z V[h©, Z amÍ`m A• AmgrV² àHo$V:Ÿ&
VÎd H$bm CÝ_of gyº$
ewÕ VÎd àW_ CÝ_of AmZrXdmV§ ñdY`m VXoH$§ Vñ_mÕmÝ`§ Z na:
1.{ed emÝË`VrVm AÜ`mË_^md {H$ÄMZmgŸ&2Ÿ& V_ AmgrÎm_gm Jyùh_J«o
2.e{º$ A{Y^yV ^md @àHo$V_² g{bb gd© _m BX_²Ÿ&
{ÛVr` CÝ_of VwÀN²>`Zo mä`{n{hV§ `XmgrV², VngñgÝ_-
3.gXm{ed Ah_²-BX§ {d_e© {hZm@Om`XoH$_²Ÿ&3Ÿ& H$m_ñVXJ«o g_dV©Vm{Y,
V¥Vr` CÝ_of
4.B©ída empÝV Ah_² {d_e© _Zgmo aoV: àW_§ `XmgrV²Ÿ&
5.ewÕ {dÚm BX_² {d_e©
ewÕmewÕ VÎd gVmo~ÝYw_g{V {Za{dÝXZ² ,
6._m`m ö{X àVrî`m H$d`mo _Zrfm:Ÿ&4Ÿ&
7.H$mb _m`m AgV² {VaíMrZmo {dVVmo apí_aofm,
8.H$bm Ho$ 5 {dÚm lr_ØmJdV² _Y: pñdXmgr Xwn[apñdXmgrV²Ÿ&
9.{Z`{V H$ÄMwH$ H$bm JrVmoº$ aoVmoYm AmgZ² _{h _mZ AmgZ²,
10.{dÚm nam àH¥${V ñdYm AdñVmV² à`{V: nañVmV²Ÿ&5Ÿ&
11.amJ
12.nwéf Ord^md({edgyÌmoº$ em§^d,emº$,AmUd)
AewÕ VÎd(Anam àH¥${V) -3 OrdmoÝ_of
13.Aì`º$-VrZ JwUm| H$s gmå`mdñWm H$mo AÕm doX H$ Bh àdmoMV²Ÿ,
14._hV² --- {df_mdñWm Hw$V AOmVm Hw$V B`§ {dg¥{ï>:Ÿ&
15.g_{ï> Ah‘>ma -- {ÌJwUmË_H$ Adm©½Xodm Añ` {dgO© ZoZmW,
16 --_Z - gmpÎdH$ Ah‘>ma go à{Vð>m H$mo doX `V Am~^ydŸ&6Ÿ&
17-21.5kmZopÝÐ`m§ amOg Ÿ H$bm B`§ {dg¥{ï>`V© Am~^yd,
22-26. 5H$_}pÝÐ`m§ Ah‘>ma go `{X dm XYo `{X dm ZŸ&
27-31.5 VÝ_mÌm-Vm_g Ah‘>ma go `mo Añ`mÜ`j: na_o ì`mo_Z²
32-35.AmH$me, dm`w, A{¾, Amn gmo A“ doX `{X dm Z doXŸ&7Ÿ&
4.VÎd-g_mg 145
36.n¥{Wdr-Vm_g-{Zd¥{ÎmHbm-{d_fm©{d_fm}© Zm_ {dídmH$maoU {díd àH$meZoZŸ
{dídg§hmaoU dm AH¥$V`mo@h{_{V ñ\w$aU_²Ÿ&&
H$bm Am¡a CÝ_of-`o eãX e¡d Xe©Z Ho$ h¢ Am¡a D$na H$s gyMr _| gm§»` Xe©Z go
A{XamoY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BZH$m CëboI hþAm h¡Ÿ&
H$bm-H$b² YmVw H$m empãXH$ AW©-1.{JZZm,2.eãX H$aZm (ädm{X JU),
Mwam{XJU _|-1.YmaU H$aZm,boZm,aIZm,2.{JZZm,{hgm~ bJmZm, 3.g§^mbZm,
4.OmZZm, g_PZm, gmoMZm, 5. AmXa H$aZm, 6.ghZ H$aZm, à^m{dV H$aZm,
7.gånmXZ H$aZm, 8.OmZm, Amgº$ hmoZm, boQ>Zm, gpÁOV hmoZm,Ÿ&
H$bm=H$b²+AM²+Q>mn²Ÿ&1.{H$gr dñVw H$m N>mQo >m IÊS>, Qw>H$‹S>m, bd_mÌ, 2. MÝÐ_m
H$s EH$ aoIm, _ybYZ na ì`mO, 4.g_` H$m N>mQo >m A§e(1/60 XÊS>), 5.H$moU
H$m N>moQ>m ^mJ (am{e H$m 30dm§ ^mJ A§e, A§e H$m 60dm§ ^mJ H$bm),
6.à`moJmË_H$ H$bm, 7.Hw$ebVm,_oYm{dVm, 8.OmbgmOr, 9. N>ÝXemó _|-
_mÌm N>ÝX, 10.{H$íVr, 11.aO:òmdŸ&
H$bm H$s VmpÝÌH$ ì`m»`m-1. g^r naVÝÌ MrO| H$m`© h¢Ÿ& H$m`© 3 àH$ma Ho$ h¢-
Ord new H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ, Š`m|{H$ dh nme~Õ h¡Ÿ& Ord Ho$ JwUm| H$mo {dÚm H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
JwU ñm[hV n¥Ïdr Am{X O‹S> Ðì`m| H$mo H$bm H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
MoVZ Ho$ AYrZ ahZo dmbr H$bm Ho$ 2 ^oX h¢- H$m`© Ho$ ê$n _| H$bm ({df` ê$nm
H$bm) VWm H$maU Ho$ ê$n _| H$bm (BpÝÐ` ê$nm H$bm) Ho$ 10 ^oX h¢-n¥Ïdr Am{X
nÄM VÎd (_hm^yV) VWm ê$n Am{X 5 JwU (VÝ_mÌm)Ÿ& H$maUm»` H$bm Ho$ 13
^oX h¢-5 kmZopÝÐ`m§, 5 H$_}pÝÐ`m§ VWm 3 àH$ma Ho$ AÝ:H$aU-
{MÎmd¥{Îm`m§ AÜ`dgm` A{^_mZ g‘>ën
(`m {ZíM`) (eara H$mo AmË_m g_PZm)
AÝV:H$aU ~w{Õ Ah‘>ma _Z
2.kmZ àmá H$aZo Ho$ ñVa na H$bm Ho$ AZwgma kmVm Ho$ 7 ^oX h¢-1.{ed à_mVm,
_ÝÌ _hoída, 3._ÝÌoída, 4._ÝÌ, 5.{dkmZmH$b, 6.àb`mH$b, 7.gH$bŸ&
_b H$s {d{^Þ H$bm `m A§e dmbo ApÝV_ 3 ^oX Ord `m new Ho$ h¢Ÿ& {dkmZmH$b
_| Ho$db EH$ AmUd _b hmoVm h¡Ÿ, àb`mH$b _| 2 AWm©V² AmUd Am¡a _m`r` _b
VWm gH$b _| AmUd, _m`r` Am¡a H$m`© VrZm| _b hmoVo h¢Ÿ& _b Ho$ H$maU AmË_m
H$m dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n Zht nVm MbVm h¡Ÿ& `h _yb AWm©V² H$maU H$m CëQ>m H$m`©
146 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
`m {dH$ma h¡Ÿ& AmUd _b H$m AW© h¡, AmË_m Ho$ ewÕ ê$n Ho$ ~Xbo AUw _bm| H$mo
o hr AmË_m g_PZmŸ& _b `m {dH$ma 16 àH$ma Ho$ h¢ {Og àH$ma nhbo én`o _| 16
AmZm (AmUd) hmoVo WoŸ& _m`m Ho$ AmdaU Am¡a g§H$moM Ho$ H$maU ^«mpÝV hmoVr h¡,
dh _m{`H$ _b h¡Ÿ& H$_© Ho$ H$maU CËnÞ dmgnm`o § H$m{_©H$ _b h¢Ÿ&
3.g¥{ï> Ho$ ^mJ Ho$ AZwgma 5 àH$ma H$s H$bm`| h¢-
H$bm VÎd ^wdZ dU© _ÝÌ,nX
1.{Zd¥{Îm 1.n¥Ïdr-1 16 H$mbm{¾ éÐ-{ZåZV_ 1.i `m j 1
2.à{Vð>m 2 go 24-Ob go 56 23-h go Q> VH$ 5
àH¥${V VÎd-23
3.{dÚm 25-31 nwéf go 28 7-^ go K VH$ 1
_m`m VH$-7
4.emÝVm 23-34 ewÕ{dÚm 18 3-H$,I,J 1
B©ída,gXm{ed-3
5.emÝË`VrVm 35,36-{ed,e{º$-2 --- 16-ñda dU© 2
5 H$bm 36 VÎd 118 ^wdZ 50 dU© 10 _ÝÌ
{Zd¥{Îm g~go ^rVa H$s H$bm h¡Ÿ& ~mX H$s H$bm`| nhbo H$mo Mmam| Va\$ go Koao
hþ`o h¢Ÿ&
4.VÎd ê$n _| H$bm H$m AW© H$Îm¥Ë© d `m gmYH$Vm H$m g§H$moM h¡Ÿ&
{ed _| dV©_mZ e{º$ AUw `m Ord _| e{º$ H$m g§H$w {MV ê$n
1.gd© H$Îm¥Ë© d H$bm `m {H$[ÄMËH$Îm¥Ë© d
2.gd©kËd {dÚm `m AënkËd
3.{ZË`Ëd amJ `m {df`m| _| Amg{º$
4.nyU©Ëd H$mb `m A{ZË`Ëd
5.ì`mnH$Ëd {Z`{V=Xoe Am¡a H$maU H$m ~ÝYZ
5.g¥{ï> H$bm Ho$ D$na ~Vm`o J`o 50 dUm] Ho$ 8 dJm] H$s 8 e{º$`m§ h¢Ÿ Omo 8
{g{Õ`m§ XoVt h¢Ÿ(gyÌ 15)Ÿ& BZ e{º$`m| Ho$ _m`m AmdaU go AmË_m H$m ñdê$n
Zht XrIVmŸ-1.~«m÷r- H$ dJ©, 2._mhoídar-M dJ©, 3.H$m¡_mar-Q> dJ©,
4.d¡ î Udr-V dJ© , 5.dmamhr-n dJ© , 6.BÝÐmUr-` dJ© ( AÝV:ñW),
7.Mm_wÊS>m-e dJ©(D$î_), 8._hmbú_r-A dJ© (ñda)Ÿ&
4.VÎd-g_mg 147
6.H$bm H$m AW© h¡ JwUm| H$m H«${_H$ {dH$mg {Oggo EH$ dñVw Am¡a Xygao _| ^oX
{H$`m Om gHo$Ÿ& H$bmAm| H$s nyUV© m {dÝXw h¡ {Og_| 16 H$bm h¢Ÿ& Bg_| n[adV©Z
Zht hmoVmŸ& 1 go 15 VH$ H$bm`| MÝÐ {V{W Ho$ g_mZ H«$_e: 1 go 15 VH$ ~‹T>Vr
h¢ VWm 15 go 1 VH$ KQ>Vr h¢Ÿ& 1 go 14 VH$ H$s O‹S> Am¡a B©ída H$s H$bmAm| Ho$
g§`moJ go 14 àH$ma Ho$ Ordm| H$s g¥ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ(gyÌ 18)Ÿ&
7. Ord H$s CÞ{V H$s H$bm`|-24 O‹S>-VÎdm| _o B©ída `m nwéf (MoVZ VÎd)
H$s 14 H$bm`| {_bZo go 38 H$bm`| nyU© {dH${gV Ord H$s hmoVr h¢Ÿ& A_¥V {dÝXw
* VWm 0 k `o H$bm`| h¢Ÿ& _Zwî` _| 8 H$bm`| nhbo go {gÕ hmoVr h¢Ÿ& {dÝXwnmV go
D$h, eãX, AÜ``Z, {Ì{dY Xw:I {dZme, gwöËàm{á, VWm XmZ (ew{Õ)-`o
8 {g{Õ`m§ h¢Ÿ& nydm}º$ {dn`©`, Ae{º$ Am¡a Vw{ï> ê$n {Ì{dY àË`` {g{Õ Ho$
{ZdmaH$ h¢Ÿ&(VÎd H$m¡_Xw r _| AÜ``Z, eãX, D$h, gwöËàm{á, XmZ Am¡a Xw:I
{dKmV-Bg H«$_ go ì`m»`m h¡Ÿ&
Z {dZm ^md¡{b©“§ Z {dZm {b“oZ ^md {Zd©{¥ Îm:Ÿ&
{b“m»`mo ^mdm»`ñVñ_mX² {Û{dY: àdV© Vo gJ©:Ÿ&52Ÿ&
Z ^md (~w{Õ Ho$ Y_m©{X n[aUm_) Ho$ {~Zm qb“ (VÝ_mÌ n[aUm_) gå^d h¡,
Z {b“ Ho$ {~Zm ^md hrŸ& Bg {b`o {b“, ^md-BZ Zm_m| H$o 2 gJ© àd¥Îm hmoVo h¡Ÿ&
234 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
Aï >{dH$ënmo XodñV¡`½© `moZíM nÄMYm ^d{VŸ&
_mZwî`íM¡H${dY: g_mgVmo ^m¡{VH$ gJ©:Ÿ& 53Ÿ&
Xodg¥{ï> (Xod`mo{Z) 8 àH$ma H$s h¡, {V`©H²$ g¥{ï> ({V`©½`mo{Z) 5 àH$ma H$s VWm
_Zwî` g¥{ï> (_mZd Om{V) 1 àH$ma H$s h¡Ÿ& `hr g§jon _| ^m¡{VH$ g¥{ï> h¡Ÿ&
D$Ü dª gÎd {dembñV_mo {dembíM _ybV: gJ©:Ÿ&
_Ü`o aOmo {dembmo ~«÷m{X ñVå~ n`©ÝV:Ÿ&54Ÿ&
D$Üd© bmoH$m| _| gÎd àYmZ Am¡a AYmo bmoH$m| _| V_: àYmZ g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ& _Ü` _|
aO: àYmZ g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `hr ~«÷m go boH$a ñVå~ n`©ÝV g¥{ï> h¡Ÿ&
VÌ Oam _aU H¥$V§ Xw:I§ àmßZmo{V MoVZ: nwéf:Ÿ&
{b“ñ`m {d{Zd¥ÎmoñVñ_mX² Xw:I§ ñd^mdoZŸ&55Ÿ&
{b“ Am¡a nwéf H$m ^oXkmZ Z ahZo go H$maU (AWdm {b“ H$s {d{Zd¥{Îm Z
hmoZo VH$) MoVZ nwéf earam{X _| CËnÞ Oam-_aU-hoVHw $ Xw:I ^moJVm h¡Ÿ&
AV: `h {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ ñd^md go hr Xw:I hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
BË`od àH¥${V H¥$Vmo _hXm{X {deof ^yV n`©ÝV:Ÿ&
à{V nwéf {d_mojmW} ñdmW© B d namW© Amaå^:Ÿ&56Ÿ&
àË`oH$ nwéf Ho$ _moj Ho$ {b`o _hÎmÎd go boH$a _hm^yVm| VH$ H$s g¥{ï> àH¥${V Ûmam
H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& `h g¥{ï> AnZo {b`o H$s J`r h¡, Eogm àVrV hmoZo na ^r dñVwV:
Xygao Ho$ {b`o hr h¡, Š`m|{H$ àË`oH$ nwéf H$m _moj hmoZm BgH$m \$b h¡Ÿ&
dËg {dd¥{Õ {Z{_Îm§ jrañ` `Wm àd¥{Îmakñ`Ÿ&
nwéf {d_moj {Z{_Îm§ VWm àd¥{Îm: àYmZñ`Ÿ&57Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma ~N>‹S>o H$s nw{ï> Ho$ {b`o AMoVZ Xw½K (ñdV:) {Z:g¥V hmoVm h¡, Cgr
àH$ma nwéf Ho$ _moj Ho$ {b`o (AMoVZ) àH¥${V ^r (ñdV:) àd¥Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
Am¡ËgwŠ` {Zd¥Î`Wª `Wm {H«$`mgw àdV©Vo bmoH :$Ÿ&
nwafñ` {d_mojmWª àdV©Vo VÛXì`º$_²Ÿ&58Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma CËgwH$Vm H$s {Zd¥{Îm (BÀN>m H$s ny{Îm©) Ho$ {b`o H$moB© ì`{º$ H$m`m] _|
àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma àH¥${V nwéf Ho$ _moj Ho$ {b`o àd¥Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
a“ñ` Xe©{`Ëdm {ZdV©Vo ZV©H$s `Wm Z¥Ë`mV²Ÿ&
nwéfñ` VWmË_mZ§ àH$mí` {d{ZdV©Vo àH¥${V:Ÿ&59Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma H$moB© ZV©H$s a“ñW (ZmQ>ç-ñWmZ-pñWV) Xe©H$m| Ho$ g_j Z¥Ë` H$a
5.gm§»`-H$m[aH$m 235
MwH$Zo Ho$ ~mX {\$a Z¥Ë` Zht H$aVr, Cgr àH$ma àH¥${V nwéf Ho$ g_j AnZo H$mo
àH$m{eV H$a XoZo Ho$ ~mX {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&
ZmZm {dY¡ é nm`¡ é nH$m[a Ê`Zw nH$m[aU: nwg§ :Ÿ&
JwUdË`JwUñ` gVñVñ`mW©_nmW©H$§ Ma{VŸ&60Ÿ&
JwUdVr ({ÌJwU_`r) Ed§ CnH$m[aUr àH¥${V ì`W© hr {ZJw©U Ed§ AZwnH$mar
(CnH$mahrZ) nwéf H$m AW© (^moJ AndJ© ê$n nwéfmW©) AZoH$ Cnm`m| Ûmam
gånm{XV H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
àH¥$Vo: gwH$w _maVa§ Z {H$pÄMXñVr{V _o _{V^©d{VŸ&
`m Ñ ï>m ñ_r {V nwZZ© Xe©Z_wn{¡ V nwé fñ`Ÿ&61Ÿ&
_oar (B©ídaH¥$îU H$s) `h YmaUm h¡ {H$ àH¥${V go A{YH$ gwH$w _ma (A{VH$mo_b)
H$moB© AÝ` nXmW© Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h kmV hmoVo hr {H$ nwéf Zo _wPo XoI {b`m h¡,
àH¥${V CgH$s Ñ{ï> _| nwZ: Zht AmVrŸ&
gm§»`-VÎd-H$m¡_Xw r H$s Á`mo{Vf_Vr ì`m»`mH$ma n§. am_e§H$a ^Å>mMm`© Ho$
AZwgma _yb nmR> Bg àH$ma Wm-
àH¥$Vo: gwH$w _maVa§ Z {H$pÄM{XË`pÝV_m _{V^©d{VŸ&
ApÝV_m _{V: ^d{V(CËnÞ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&)-gá^y{_ àkm H$s fð> ^y{_H$m -_{V
`m _ZZ h¡Ÿ&
Vñ_mÞ ~Ü`Vo@Õm Z _wÀ`Vo Zm{n g§ga{V H$píMV²Ÿ&
g§ga{V ~Ü`Vo _wÀ`Vo M ZmZml`m àH¥${V:Ÿ&62Ÿ&
(An[aUm{_Ëd Ed§ {ZJwU © Ëd Ho$ H$maU) {H$gr nwéf H$m Z Vmo (dñVwV:) ~ÝYZ
Am¡a _moj hmoVm h¡, Z g§gaU hr h¡; AZoH$ nwéfm| Ho$ Aml` _| ahZo dmbr àH¥${V
H$m hr g§gaU Am¡a _moj hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
ê$n¡: gá{^aod Vw ~ÜZmË`mË_mZ_mË_Zm àH¥${V:Ÿ&
g¡d M nwéfmWª à{V {d_moM`Ë`oH $ê$noUŸ&63Ÿ&
^moJ Am¡a AndJ© ê$n 2 nwéfmWm] H$s {g{Õ Ho$ {b`o) àH¥${V hr AnZo gmV ê$nm|
Ûmam ñd`§ H$mo ~mÝYVr h¡ (^moJ) Am¡a dhr AnZo EH$ ê$n(kmZ) Ûmam ñd`§ H$mo
_wº$ H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
Ed§ VÎdmä`mgmÞmpñ_ Z _o Zmh{_Ë` n[aeof_²Ÿ&
A{dn`©`m{ÛewÕ§ Ho$db_wËnÚVo kmZ_²Ÿ&64Ÿ&
236 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
nydm}º$ àH$ma go VÎd {df`H$ kmZ Ho$ Aä`mg go Zmpñ_ (_¢ {H«$`mdmZ² Zht hy)± ,
Z _o (_oam ñdm{_Ëd Zht h¡) Am¡a Zmh§ (_¢ H$Îmm© Zht hÿ±), Eogm kmZ CËnÞ hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& `h kmZ An[aeof (gd©{df`H$), {dn`©`m^md hoVw {dewÕ Am¡a Ho$db
({_Ï`m kmZ go _wº$) h¡Ÿ&
VoZ {Zd¥Îm àgdm_W© demV² gá ê$n {d{Zd¥Îmm_²Ÿ&
àH¥$qV ní`{V nwéf: àojH$dXdpñWV: ñdñW:Ÿ&65Ÿ&
Bg VÎd kmZ go AnZo ñdê$n _| pñWV Ed§ àojH$ (CXmgrZ) H$s Vah emÝV
hmoH$a nwéf {ddoH$kmZê$n gm_Ï`© go Y_©, AY_© Am{X gmV ê$nm| go a{hV VWm
{Zd¥Îm àgd (nwZ: ZdrZ H$m`m}ËnmXZ go {Zd¥Îm) àH¥${V H$mo XoIVm h¡Ÿ&
Ñï>m _`oË`wnj o H$ EH$mo Ñï>mh{_Ë`wna_Ë`Ý`mŸ&
g{V g§`moJ@o {n V`mo: à`moOZ§ ZmpñV gJ©ñ`Ÿ&66Ÿ&
EH$ ([MÐÿn nwéf) _¢Zo Cgo XoI {b`m-Eogm {dMma H$a CXmgrZ hmo OmVm h¡,
Am¡a AÝ` (àH¥${V) CgZo _wPo XoI {b`m-Eogm gmoM H$a H$m`m}ËnmXZ ê$n ì`mnma
go AbJ hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma XmoZm| H$m g§`moJ ahZo na ^r (àH¥${V-nwéf H$s
^mo½`Vm-^moº$¥ Vm ahZo na ^r) g¥{ï> (àH¥${V ì`mnma) H$m H$moB© à`moOH$ Zht
ah OmVm Ÿ&
gå`½kmZm{YJ_mX² Y_m©Xr Zm_H$maUàmám¡Ÿ&
{Vð>{V g§ñH$mademÀMH«$ ^«{_dÕ¥V eara:Ÿ&67Ÿ&
VÎd kmZ Ho$ A{YJ_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Y_©, AY_© Am{X H$s H$maUVm (^moJm{X
CËnmXH$Ëd) Zï> hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& VWm{n (àmaãY H$_m] H$o) g§ñH$mam| Ho$ ~b go
(nwéf) Cgr àH$ma eara YmaU {H$`o ahVm h¡, {Og àH$ma XÊS> go Mbm`m J`m
Hw$åhma H$mMH«$ (XÊS> H$m MmbZ Z hmoZo na ^r) g§ñH$ma (doJ) go (Hw$N> H$mb
n`©ÝV) Ky_Vm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
àmáo eara ^oXo M[aVmW©ËdmV² àYmZ {d{Zd¥Îmm¡Ÿ&
EoH$mpÝVH$_mË`pÝVH$_w^`§ H¡$dë`_mßZmo{VŸ&68Ÿ&
eara Ho$ AÝV Ho$ ~mX ^r ^moJ Am¡a AndJ© ê$n AW© gånÞ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
àH¥${V {ddoH$r go hQ> OmVr h¡ VWm nwéf EoH$mpÝVH$ (Adí`å^mdr) Am¡a
AmË`pÝVH$ (A{dZmer) H¡$dë` nmVm h¡Ÿ&
5.gm§»`-H$m[aH$m 237
nwéfmW© kmZ{_X§ Jwø§ na_{f©Um g_m»`mV_²Ÿ&
pñWË`wËn{Îm àb`mpíMÝË`ÝVo `Ì ^yVmZm_²Ÿ&69Ÿ&
nwéfmW© (^moJ Am¡a AndJ©) H$mo ~VmZo dmbm `h Jwá ahñ` na_{f© (H${nb) Ho$
Ûmam R>rH$ àH$ma go H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg kmZ Ûmam hr ^yVm| (àm{U`m|) H$s g¥{ï>,
pñW{V VWm àb` {dMm[aV hþ`o h¢Ÿ&
EVËn{dÌ _½`«§ _w{Zamgwa`o@ZwH$ån`m àXXm¡Ÿ&
Amgw[aa{n nÄM{eIm` VoZ ~hþYm H¥$V§ VÝÌ_²Ÿ&70Ÿ&
_w{Z H${nb Zo H¥$nm nydH© $ Amgw[a H$mo `h n{dÌ H$aZo dmbm loð> kmZ {X`m Wm,
Amgw[a Zo nÄ M{eI H$mo (`h kmZ) {X`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo Bg VÝÌ H$m ZmZm
àH$ma go à{VnmXZ {H$`mŸ&
{eî` naåna`m@@JV_rídaH¥$îUoZ M¡VXm`m©{^:Ÿ&
g§{já_m`ª _{VZm gå`p½dkm` {gÕmÝV_²Ÿ&71Ÿ&
Am`©_{V (VÎdkmZr) B©ídaH¥$îU Zo gm§»`{gÕmÝV Hmo gå`H²$ OmZH$a {eî`
naånam go Am`o hþ`o Bg VÝÌ H$mo Am`m© N>ÝXm| _| g§{já {H$`mŸ&
gáË`m§ {H$b `o@Wm©ñVo@Wm©: H¥$ËñZñ` f{ï>VÝÌ ñ`Ÿ&
Am»`m{`H$m {da{hVm: nadmX {dd{O©VmíMo{VŸ&72Ÿ&
Bg gá{V (70 H$m[aH$m Ho$ J«ÝW) _| Omo {df` {Zê${nV hþ`o h¢ do g^r f{ï>VÝÌ
Ho$ hr h¢Ÿ& (Ho$db) {df` Am»`m{`H$m Ed§ na_V IÊS>Z Zht h¡Ÿ&
*****
238 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÜ`m` 6
gm§»`gyÌ
àW_ AÜ`m`-gyÌ 1-
AW {Ì{dY Xw:ImË`ÝV{Zd¥{ÎmaË`ÝVnwéfmW©:Ÿ&1/1Ÿ&
Xw:I {Ì{dY h¢-AmÜ`mpË_H$, Am{Y^m¡{VH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$Ÿ& BZH$s AmË`pÝVH$
{Zd¥{Îm (nwZ: Z hmo) hr AË`ÝV (na_) nwéfmW© h¡Ÿ& Bggo gm§»` Xe©Z H$m
Amaå^ _m§J{bH$ AW eãX Ûmam hþAmŸ&
Z Ñï>mV² V{Ëg{Õ{Z©dÎ¥ mo@ß`Zw d¥{Îm Xe©ZmV²Ÿ&1/2Ÿ&
Ñï> (bm¡{H$H$) Cnm`m| go {Ì{dY Xw:Im| H$s AË`ÝV{Zd¥{Îm Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$
YZ Am{X bm¡{H$H$ Cnm`m| go Xw:I {Zd¥[Îm hmZo na do {\$a CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
àmË`{hH$jwËàVrH$madV² VËàVrH$maMoï>ZmV² nwéfmW©Ëd_²&1/3Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma à{V{XZ jwYm H$s empÝV Ho$ {b`o Moï>m H$s OmVr h¡ Am¡a dh Moï>m Hw$N>
g\$b ^r hmoVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma bm¡{H$H$ Cnm`m| go A§eV: Xw:I{Zd¥{Îm hmoZo go do
^r nwéfmW© ê$n _| ñdrH¥$V Zht hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
gdm©gå^dmV² gå^do@{n gÎmmgå^dmX² ho`: à_mUHw$eb¡:Ÿ&1/4Ÿ&
bm¡{H$H$ Cnm` nmZo na ^r CZgo g^r Xw:I nyar Vah Zï> Zht hmoVoŸ& àVrH$ma
gå^d hmoZo na ^r CZHo$ gmW {ZË` gå~pÝYV Xw:Im| H$s àm{á ^r hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AV:
à_mU Hw$eb bm¡{H$H$ Cnm`m| H$mo ho` g_PVo h¢Ÿ&
CËH$fm©X{n _mojñ` gdm}ËH$f© lwV:o Ÿ&1/5Ÿ&
Ñï> gmYZOÝ` \$bm| H$s VwbZm _| _moj H$m na_ CËH$f© h¡Ÿ& Bg {df` _| lw{V
à_mU h¡Ÿ&
A{deofíMmo^`mo:Ÿ&1/6Ÿ&
AË`ÝV Xw:I {Zd¥{Îm ê$n _moj Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| Ñï> Cnm`(YZ Am{X H$m bm^)
Am¡a AÑï> Cnm` (d¡{XH$ H$_©) g_mZ h¢Ÿ&
Z ñd^mdVmo ~Õñ` _mojgmYZmonXoe{d{Y:Ÿ&1/7Ÿ&
~Õ AmË_m (Ord) Xw:I go _w{º$ nmZo Ho$ {b`o gmYZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& `hm§ àíZ h¡ {H$
`h ~Õ AdñWm ñd^md Ho$ H$maU h¡ `m {H$gr ~mhar H$maU goŸ& CÎma h¡ {H$
AmË_m ñd^mdV: ~Õ Zht h¡Ÿ& ~Õ hmoZm `{X ñd^md hmoVm Vmo {MaH$mb go _moj
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 239
gmYZ H$m CnXoe Omo aånam go Mbm Am ahm h¡ dh ~oH$ma hmoVmŸ&
ñd^mdñ`mZnm{`ËdmXZZwð>mZbjU_àm_mÊ`_²Ÿ&1/8Ÿ&
O~ VH$ Ðì` ahVm h¡ V~ VH$ CgH$m ñd^md ~Zm ahVm h¡Ÿ& AV: `{X ~ÝYZ
ñdm^m{dH$ hmoVm Vmo _moj gmYZ H$m CnXoe ~oH$ma hmoJmŸ&Eogr pñW{V _| gmYZ
AZwð>mZ H$m CnXoe H$aZo dmbm emó à_m[UH$ Zht ahoJmŸ&
ZmeŠ`monXoe{d{Yén{Xï>@o ß`ZwXe o :Ÿ&1/9Ÿ&
AeŠ` H$m`m] Ho$ {df` _| H$^r CnXoe Zht {X`m OmVmŸ Š`m|{H$ `h ì`W© hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
doX ^r ~m{YV AW© H$m à{VnmXZ Zht H$aVmŸ&
ewŠbnQ>d×rOdÀMoVŸ² &1/10Ÿ&
ñd^md go hr ewŠb dó H$s ewŠbVm ^r Z`m a§J bJZo na Zï> hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& ~rO
H$s ñdm^m{dH$ A‘x>a OZZ e{º$ ^r A{¾ à`moJ go Zï> H$s Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& AV:
`h e§H$m hmoVr h¡ {H$ ñdm^m{dH$ nXmW© H$m ^r Zme hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
eŠË`wX^ ² dmZwX^² dmä`m§ ZmeŠ`monXoe:Ÿ&1/11Ÿ&
`o Ñï>mÝV g§JV Zht h¢Ÿ& `hm§ e{º$(Y_©) H$m CX²^d Am¡a {Vamo^md hr hmoVo h¢,
ñdm^m{dH$ Y_© H$m Zme Zht hmoVmŸ& a§JZo go dó H$s ñdm^m{dH$ ew^V« m {N>n
OmVr h¡, Hw$N> à{H«$`m go `h dmng bm`r Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& A‘x>a H$s OZZ e{º$ H$m
^r nwZéÕma hmo gH$Vm h¡ ( `moJr Ho$ g‘>ën `m {H$gr à{H«$`m go)Ÿ&
Z H$mb`moJVm o ì`m{nZmo {ZË`ñ` gd©gå~ÝYmV²Ÿ&1/12Ÿ&
`h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡ {H$ [H$gr H$mb _| AmË_m ~Õ hþAm h¡ Š`m|{H$ H$mb
ì`mnr Am¡a A{ZË` h¡Ÿ& Eogo H$mb go `{X AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ hmoJm Vmo dh ~ÝYZ
^r {ZË` hmoJm, H$moB© AmË_m _wº$ Zht hmo nm`oJrŸ&
Z Xoe`moJVmo@ß`ñ_mV²Ÿ&1/13Ÿ&
Xoe Ho$ H$maU ^r AmË_m ~Õ Zht hmoVm Š`m|{H$ Xoe ^r ì`mnr Am¡a {ZË` h¡,
CgH$m ~ÝYZ ^r {ZË` hmoJmŸ&
ZmdñWmVmo XohY_©ËdmÎmñ`m:Ÿ&1/14Ÿ&
AdñWm {g\©$ Xoh H$m Y_© h¡ AV: Cggo ^r AmË_m ~Õ Zht hmoVmŸ&
Ag“mo@`§ nwéf B{VŸ&1/15Ÿ&
lw{V Ho$ AZwgma ^r nwéf Ag§J h¡, AV: AdñWm Ho$db Xoh H$m hr Y_© h¡Ÿ&
Z H$_©Um@Ý`Y_©ËdmX{Vàgºo$íMŸ&1/16Ÿ&
240 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
H$_© Ûmam _wº$ AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ Zht hmoVm Š`m|[ H$_© AZmË_ nXmWm] H$m Y_© h¡Ÿ&
`{X H$_© go _wº$ AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ _mZm Om` Vmo A{Vàg{º$ hmoJr, AWm©V² gmYZ
~b go _wº$hmoZo Ho$ ~mX nwZ: ~ÝY hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ahoJr, emídVr _w{º$ H$^r
Zht hmoJrŸ&
{d{MÌ^moJmZwnn{ÎmaÝ`Y_©ËdoŸ&1/17Ÿ&
Xw:I^moJ ê$nr ~ÝY `{X {MÎm H$m Y_© hmo Vmo ^moJ-d¡{MÍ` H$s AZwnn{Îm hmoJrŸ&
^moJd¡{MÍ` H$s Cnn{Îm Ho$ {b`o `h _mZZm hmoJm {H$ nwéf H$o H$maU ~ÝY h¡Ÿ& dh
~ÝY à{V{~å~ ê$n h¡Ÿ&
àH¥${V{Z~ÝYZmÀMoV² Vñ`m A{n nmaVÝÍ`_²Ÿ&1/18Ÿ&
àH¥${V Ho$ H$maU ^r ~ÝYZ Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ àH¥${V g§`moJ naVÝÌ
h¡Ÿ&àH¥${V Ho$ gmW g§`moJ hmoZo na hr AmË_m ~ÝYZ-`wº$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$
ApñVËd_mÌ go AmË_m H$m Xw:I`moJ ê$n ~ÝY Zht hmoVmŸ& g§`moJ {deof Ho$ {~Zm
àH¥${V `{X ~ÝYH$m[aUr hmoVr Vmo àb` Am{X _| ^r Xw:I ê$n ~ÝY H$m àg§J
hmoVmŸ&
Z {ZË`ewÕ~wÕ_wº$ñd^mdñ` VÚmoJñVÚmoJmÑVoŸ&1/19Ÿ&
{ZË`-~wÕ-ewÕ-_wº$-ñd^md AmË_m H$m Omo Xw:I`moJ ê$n-~ÝY hmoVm h¡, dh
àH¥${V Ho$ `moJ Ho$ {~Zm Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
Zm {dÚmVmo@ß`dñVwZm ~ÝYm`moJmV²Ÿ&1/20Ÿ&
A{dÚm go ^r _wº$ AmË_m H$m ~ÝY Zht hm o gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ dh AdñVw h¡
(j{UH$ {dkmZdmX H$m _V)
dñVwËdo {gÕmÝVhm{Z:Ÿ&1/21Ÿ&
A{dÚm H$mo dñVw _mZZo go AnZo hr {gÕmÝV H$s hm{Z hmoVr h¡ (Š`m|{H$ CZHo$ _V
go A{dÚm {_Ï`m go CËnÞ h¡)
{dOmVr`Û¡Vmn{ÎmíMŸ&1/22Ÿ&
A{dÚm H$mo dñVw _mZZo go {dOmVr` Û¡V H$s Amn{Îm hmoJrŸ& AWm©V² j{UH$
{dkmZ go AbJ Om{V Ho$ A{dÚm Zm_H$ {ÛVr` dñVw H$s H$ënZm H$aZr hmoJrŸ&
Bggo -j{UH${dkmZgÝVmZ_mÌ_{ÛVr` VÎd_²-_V IpÊS>V hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
{déÕmo^`ê$nm MoVŸ² &1/23Ÿ&
(àíZ) A{dÚm gV²-AgV² ê$nr Xmo {déÕ Y_m] go `wº$ h¡ `m CZ XmoZm| go {dbjU?
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 241
Z VmX¥H$² nXmWm©àVrVo:Ÿ&1/24Ÿ&
(CÎma) Eogm Zht _mZ gH$Vo Š`m|{H$ Eogo$ {H$gr nXmW© H$s àVr{V Zht hmoVrŸ&
Z d`§ fQ²>nXmW©dm{XZmo d¡e{o fH$m{XdV²Ÿ&1/25Ÿ&
(e‘>m) My§{H$ h_ d¡eo{fH$ H$s Vah 6 (`m Z¡`m{`H$m| H$m 16) nXmW© Zht _mZVo,
AV: O¡gr BÀN>m hmo d¡gm nXmW© _mZ gH$Vo h¢-gV², AgV², gXgV²,
gXg{ÛbjU Am{XŸ&
A{Z`VËdo@{n Zm`m¡{º$H$ñ` g§Jh« mo@Ý`Wm ~mbmoÝ_Îmm{X g_Ëd_²Ÿ&1/26Ÿ&
(g_mYmZ) nXmW© H$s {ZË`Vm Zht _mZZo na ^r {~Zm `w{º$ Ho$ nXmWm] H$mo Zht
_m Z gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ Bggo e§H$m H$aZo dmbm Ak Am¡a CÝ_Îm Ho$ g_mZ hmoJmŸ&
ZmZm{X {df`monamJ {Z{_Îmmo@ß`ñ`Ÿ&1/27Ÿ&
_wº$ AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ AZm{X {df` dmgZm go ^r Zht hmoVmŸ(EH$ àH$ma H$m
~m¡Õ_V h¡ {H$ j{UH$ ~mø {df` H$s dmgZm go Ord H$m ~ÝYZ hmoVm h¡)Ÿ&
Z ~mømä`ÝVa`mo é naÄÁ`mo n aÄOH$^mdmo @ {n Xo e ì`dYmZmV²
òw¿ZñWnmQ>{bnwÌñW`mo[adŸ&1/28Ÿ&
BZ _Vm| H$m AmYma h¡ {H$ ~mø {df` Am¡a AÝV:ñW AmË_m H$m CnamÁ`-CnaÄOH$
^md gå^d Zht h¡, O¡go òw¿Z Am¡a nmQ>{bnwÌ -BZ Xmo Xya ñWmZm| H$s dñVwAm| _|
à^mdr gå~ÝY Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
Û`moaHo $XoebãYmo namJmÞ ì`dñWmŸ&1/29Ÿ&
{df` _| OmZo go AmË_m {df` g§`moJ H$a Cggo CnamJ hmoVm h¡-`h _mZZo na
~ÝY-_moj H$s H$moB© ì`dñWm Zht hmo gHo$Jr-_wº$ ^r ~Õ hmo Om`JmŸ&
AÑï>demÀMoVŸ² &1/30Ÿ&
(e‘>m) `{X AÑï> Ûmam CnamJ _mZm Om` Vmo {df`-gh`moJ H$m gmå` ahZo na
^r AÑï> Ûmam CnamJ hmoJm AÝ`Wm ZhtŸ&
Z Û`moaHo $H$mbm`moJmXwnH$m`m}nH$maH$^md:Ÿ&1/31Ÿ&
(CÎma) j{UH$dmX Ho$AZwgma H$Îmm© Am¡a ^moº$m H$s pñW{V EH$ H$mb _| Zht
hmoVr, AV: CnH$m`©-CnH$maH$ ^md Zht {gÕ hmoVmŸ&
nwÌH$_©d{X{V MoVŸ² &1/32Ÿ&
(e‘>m) nwÌ{o ï> `k Am{X go O¡go nwÌ H$m CnH$ma hmoVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma ì`{YH$aU
(AÝ` _| ahZo dmbo) AÑï> go {df` H$m CnamJ Š`m| Z _mZ|? AWm©V² AÑï> H$Îmm©
242 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
go AÑï> ^moº m $ Š`m| Zht CËnÞ hmo gH$Vm?
ZmpñV {h VÌ pñWa EH$mË_m `mo J^m©YmZm{XZm(H$_©Um)g§pñH«$`oVŸ&1/33Ÿ&
(CÎma) Eogm Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ (e‘>mH$mar _o _V go) J^m©YmZ go OÝ_ VH$
H$moB© EH$ hr pñWa AmË_m Zht hmo gH$Vm, AV: nwÌ H$_©dmbm Ñï>mÝV Zht KQ>
gH$VmŸ&(j{UH$dmXr Ho$ _V go OÝ_ go CÎma H$mb VH$ {H$gr H$s gÎmm Zht
ahVr)Ÿ&
pñWaH$m`m© {gÕo: j{UH$Ëd_²Ÿ&1/34Ÿ&
My{§ H$ H$m`© H$s pñWaVm {gÕ Zht hmoVr, Bg{b`o ~ÝY j{UH$ h¡(j{UH$dmX)
AZw_mZ-~ÝY Am{X Xrn{eIm H$s Vah gËd hmoZo go$j{UH$ h¢Ÿ&
Z àË`{^km~mYmV²Ÿ&1/35Ÿ&
nhbo {Ogo XoIm Wm dhr AmO XoIVm hÿ§-`h àË`[^km h¡Ÿ& Bggo nXmW© H$m
j{UH$Ëd IpÊS>V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: ~ÝY Am{X pñWa {gÕ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
lw{VÝ`m`{damoYmÀMŸ&1/36Ÿ&
j{UH$dmX lw{V Am¡a VH©$ H$o {déÕ h¡Ÿ&
Ñï>mÝVm{gÕoíMŸ&1/37Ÿ&
Xrn{eIm Ho$ Ñï>mÝV go `h {gÕ Zht hmoVmŸ&
`wJnÁOm`_mZ`moZ© H$m`©H$maU ^md:Ÿ&1/38Ÿ&
j{UH$VmdmX _mZZo na {_Å>r Ho$ KQ> H$m gd©bmoH$-{gÕ VWm H$m`© H$maU ^md ^r
Zht {gÕ hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ V~ H$m`©-H$maU XmoZm| hr `wJnV² Om`_mZ(EH$ gmW
CËnÞ) hmo Om`J|Ÿ& H$m`©-H$maU ^md _| nhbo H$maU V~ H$m`© hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
nydm©nm`o CÎmam`moJmV²Ÿ&1/39Ÿ&
j{UH$dmX _mZZo na H$maU H$m Zme hmoZo na hr H$m`© CËnÞ hmo gH$Vm h¡, na
H$m`© gXm CnmXmZ (gm_J«r) H$maU go {_bm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
VX²^mdo VX`moJmXw^`ì`{^MmamX{n ZŸ&1/40Ÿ&
j[UH$dmX _| CnmXmZ H$maU VWm H$m`© XmoZm| H$m AdYmaU (EH$ gmW hmoZm)
Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ O~ H$maU H$s pñW{V h¡ V~ CgHo$ ~mX CËnÞ H$maU H$m
H$moB© gå~ÝY Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
nyd^ © md_mÌo Z {Z`_:Ÿ&1/41Ÿ&
H$moB© nXmW© H$m`© Ho$ nyd© _| {ñWV h¡-Bgr go dh CnmXmZ H$maU Zht hmo OmVm,Š`m|{H$
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 243
{Z{_Îm H$maU ^r H$m`© go nhbo ahVm hr h¡&(20-41 gyÌ VH$ j{UH$dmX H$m
IÊS>Z h¡Ÿ)Ÿ&
Z {dkmZ_m̧ ~møàVr{V:Ÿ(Vo:)&1/42Ÿ&
~m¡Õg§JV {dkmZ_mÌ VÎd Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ {Og àH$ma {dkmZ H$s àVr{V hmoVr
h¡, Cgr àH$ma ~mø nXmWm] H$s ^r àVr{V hmoVr h¡Ÿ&({MÎm, _Z, {dkmZ H$m
EH$ hr AW© h¡)Ÿ&
VX^mdo VX^mdmÀNy>Ý`§ V{h©Ÿ&1/43Ÿ&
~mø àVr{V Z _mZZo na {dkmZ ^r AdñVw hr à_m{UV hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ ~mø
dñVw Ho$ A^md go {dkmZ H$m A^md hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
eyÝ`§ VÎd§ , ^mdmo {dZí`{V, dñVwY_©Ëdm{ÛZmeñ`Ÿ&1/44Ÿ&
(e‘>m) eyÝ` H$mo VÎd VWm ^mdnXmW© H$mo Zída _mZ gH$Vo h¢ Š`m|{H$ {dZme
(^md nXmW© H$m A^md hmoZm) hr dñVw H$m Y_© h¡Ÿ&
AndmX_mÌ_~wÕmV²Ÿ&1/45Ÿ&
(CÎma) ^md nXmW© H$m nyUV© : A^md hmoVm h¡-Eogm _mZZm _yIV© m h¡(^md {H$gr
Z {H$gr ê$n _| Adí` ahoJm)Ÿ&
C^`njg_mZjo_ËdmX`_{nŸ&1/46Ÿ&
{dkmZdmX Am¡a j{UH$dmX {Og ê$n _| {ZañV hmoVo h¢, eyÝ`dmX ^r Cgr ê$n go
{ZañV hmoVm h¡ (àË`{^km Am¡a ~mø àVr{V go)Ÿ&
AnwéfmW©Ëd_w^`WmŸ&1/47Ÿ&
ñdV: hmo `m Xygao go, eyÝ`Vm H$s nwéfmW©Vm g§^d Zht h¡Ÿ&
Z J{V{deofmV²Ÿ&1/48Ÿ&
J{V {deof (eara _| àdoe Am{X go) AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ Zht _mZm Om gH$VmŸ&
{ZpîH«$`ñ` VXgå^dmV²Ÿ&1/49Ÿ&
Š`m|[ H$ {ZpîH«$` AmË_m H$s J{V Zht hmo gH$VrŸ&
_yVË© dmX² KQ>m{XdV² g_mZY_m©nÎmmdn{gÕmÝV:Ÿ&1/50Ÿ&
emó _| AmË_m Ho$ J_ZmJ_Z Ed§ CgHo$ A“xð>_mÌê$n H$s ~mV Am`r h¡Ÿ& ggH$m
`h AW© Zhr h¡ {H$ AmË_m (nwéf) KQ> Am{X Ho$ g_mZ _yÎm© (n[apÀN>Þ) h¡,
Š`m|{H$ Eogm _mZZo na dh gmd`d Am¡a {dZmer {gÕ hmoJmŸ&
J{Vlw{Vaß`wnm{Y`moJmXmH$medV²Ÿ&1/51Ÿ&
244 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
emó _| AmË_m H$s J{V (bmoH$m| _| J_ZmJ_Z) H$s Omo ~mV gwZr OmVr h¡, dh
J{V Cnm{Y `moJ go _mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma AmH$me gd©ì`mnr h¡, CgH$s J{V
Zht h¡Ÿ& na KQ> Am{X Cnm{Y`m| H$s J{V XrIVr h¡Ÿ&
Z H$_©Um@ß`VÕ_©ËdmV²Ÿ&1/52Ÿ&
~ÝY H$m H$maU H$_© (AWm©V² AÑï>=Y_©mY_©) Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ AmË_m
H$m H$moB© Y_© Zht h¡Ÿ&
A{Vàg{º$aÝ`Y_©ËdoŸ&1/53Ÿ&(1/54)
EH$ Ho$ Y_© go AÝ` H$m ~ÝYZ _mZZo na A{Vàg{º$ hmoJr, AWm©V² _wº$ H$m nwZ:
~ÝYZ àgº$ (H$m`_) hmoJmŸ&
{ZJwU© m{XlwV{damoYíMo{VŸ&1/54Ÿ&(1/53)
~ÝY ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ `m _wº$ ñd^md Ho$ AmË_m Ho$ H$_© Am{X Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡-`h
_mZZm R>rH$ Zht h¡; Š`m|{H$ BgH$m AmË_m Ho$ {ZJ©U
w Vm, Ho$dbVm, Ag§JËd Am{X
Ho$ lw{V dMZm| go {damoY hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
VÚmoJmo@ß`{ddoH$mÞ g_mZËd_²Ÿ&1/55Ÿ&
àH¥${V Ho$ gmW AmË_m H$m `h `moJ A{ddoHo $_ybH$ h¡Ÿ& _wº$ nwéf _| A{ddoH$ Zht
hmoVm, AV: nwZ: ~ÝY Zht hmoVmŸ& AV: nydm}º$ Xmof Bg_| Zht hmoVoŸ&
{Z`VH$maUmV² VXwpÀN>{VÜdm©ÝVdV²Ÿ&1/56Ÿ&
g§`moJH$maH$ Bg A{ddoH$ H$m CÀN>Xo EH$ {ZpíMV Cnm` (AWm©V² {ddoH$) go hr
{H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma AÝYH$ma Ho$db AmbmoH$ Ûmam hr Zï> hmo gH$Vm
h¡, Cgr àH$ma {ddoH$ go hr A{ddoH$ H$m CÀN>Xo hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
àYmZm{ddoH$mXÝ`m{ddoH$ñ` VÕmZo hmZ_²Ÿ&1/57Ÿ&
`h A{ddoH$ ñWyb-gyú_ ê$n go ~hþ{dY h¡ Ed§ EH$ gyú_ A{ddoH$ AÝ` ñWyb
A{ddoH$ H$m H$maU hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {MÐÿn nwéf Am¡a A{MV² àYmZ (=àH¥${V) H$mo EH$mË_
_mZZm _yb A{ddoH$ h¡, {Oggo AÝ` ñWyb A{ddoH(_¢ ê$ndmZ², _¢ YZr .. BË`m{X)
CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& _yb A{ddoH$ `{X Zï> hmoZo na Cggo CËnÞ g^r ñWyb A{ddoH$
Zï> hmoVo h¢Ÿ&Ÿ& {MV²-A{MV² H$m nmW©Š` kmZ ApÝV_ {ddoH$ h¡ ({ddoH$ H$m AW©
nmW©Š` ^r h¡-`Wm Zra-jra {ddoH$)
dmL²>_m̧ Z Vw (Vw Z) VÎd§ {MÎmpñWVo:Ÿ&1/58Ÿ&
~ÝY, A{ddoH$, {ddoH$-`o g^r {MÎm _| hr pñWV h¢Ÿ& {ZJwU © {MÐÿn nwéf _|~ÝYm{X
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 245
H$m Am¡nMm[aH$ à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& nwéf H$m ~ÝY VmpÎdH$ gË` Zht h¡Ÿ&
`w{º$Vmo@{n Z ~mÜ`Vo {XL²>_T‹y >dXnamojmÑVoŸ&1/59Ÿ&
Anamoj kmZ ({Z{XÜ`mgZnydH© $ VÎdm| H$m gmjmV² kmZ) Ho$ {~Zm ~ÝY Am{X
ldU go `m `w[º$ go ~m{YV Zht hmoV;o {Og àH$ma {XL²>_T‹y > ì`{º$ {XemAm| Ho$
gmjmV² kmZ Ho$ {~Zm ^«_ go _wº$ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Cgr àH$ma {ddoH$ gmjmËH$ma
Ho$ {~Zm A{ddoH$ H$m nyU© CÀN>Xo Zht hmoVmŸ&
AMmjwfmUm_Zw_mZoZ ~moYmo Yy_m{X{^[ad d•o:Ÿ&1/60Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma Yy_ Am{X go A{¾ H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma, àH¥${V Am{X
AVrpÝÐ` nXmWm] H$m {ZíM` AZw_mZ go hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
gÎdaOgñV_gm§ gmå`mdñWm àH¥${V:, àH¥$Vo_h© mZ² , _hVmo@h‘>mamo@h‘>mamV²
nÄM VÝ_mÌÊ`w ^ `{_pÝÐ`_² , VÝ_mÌo ä `: ñWy b ^y V m{Z, nw é f B{V
nÄMqde{VJ©U:Ÿ&1/61Ÿ&
gm§»`emñ _| 25 JU (nXmW© ì`yh) _mZo J`o h¢-àH¥${V,Omo gÎd-aO-V_; Zm_H$
VrZ JwU (~ÝYZmW© aÁOw) ê$n Ðì`m| H$m gmå`dñWm ê$n h¡; àH¥${VOmV _hmZ²
(_hÎmÎd); _hV²-OmV Ah‘>ma; Ah‘>ma-OmV nm§M VÝ_mÌ-eãX-ñne©-ê$n-
ag-JÝY; nm§M kmZopÝÐ`m§,nm§M H$_}pÝÐ`m§, Ed_² BpÝÐ`mYre _Z; VÝ_mÌ-OmV
nm§M ñWyb ^yV-n¥{Wdr, An²,VoO, dm`w, AmH$me VWm BZ g^r go {dbjU nwéfŸ&
ñWybmV² nÄMVÝ_mÌ ñ`Ÿ&1/62Ÿ&
n¥Ïdr Am{X ñWyb ^yVm| H$mo XoIH$a CZHo$ H$maU^yV (CnmXmZ ê$n) nm§M VÝ_mÌm|
H$m ~moY (AZw_mZ go) hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
~mømä`ÝVamä`m§ V¡íMmh‘>mañ`Ÿ&1/63Ÿ&
(Xg) ~møopÝÐ`, Amä`ÝVa BpÝÐ` ê$n _Z Ed§ nm§M VÝ_mÌ ê$n H$m`© Ðì`m| H$mo
XoIH$a Ah‘>maÐì` H$m kmZ (AZw_mZ go) hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
VoZmÝV:H$aUñ`Ÿ&1/64Ÿ&
Ah‘>ma-ê$n H$m`© Ðì` H$mo XoIH$a CgHo$ CnmXmZ ^yV _w»` AÝV:H$aU
(_hÎmÎyd=~w{ÕVÎd) H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
VV: àH¥$Vo:Ÿ&1/65Ÿ&
_hÎmÎd ê$n H$m`© go CgH$m àH¥${V ê$n CnmXmZ H$maU AZw{_V hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
g§hVnamW©ËdmV² nwéfñ`Ÿ&1/66Ÿ&
246 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
g§h{VH$mar dñVw namW© hmoVr h¡-Bg {Z`_ go nwéf H$s gÎmm H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm
h¡Ÿ&àH¥${V Am¡a CgHo$ H$m`© g§hV h¢, AV: do {H$gr na(nwéf VÎd) Ho$ {b`o hr h¢Ÿ&
_ybo _ybm^mdmX_yb§ _yb_²Ÿ&1/67Ÿ&
23 VÎdm| go (^yV go _hV² n`©ÝV) H$m Omo _yb CnmXmZ h¡, CgH$m _moB© _yb Zht
h¡Ÿ& AV: àH¥${V (àYmZ=Aì`º$) {ZîH$maU H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&(àH¥${V H$m ^r _yb
h¡-Eogm _mZZo go Aì`dñWm hmoJr)Ÿ&
nmaån`}@ß`oH$Ì n[a{Zð>{o V g§km_mÌ_²Ÿ&1/68Ÿ&
BZH$m CnmXmZ H$maU H$moB© h¡, CgH$m H$moB© AÝ` H$maU h¡-Bg àH$ma H$s H$maU-
naånam XoIr OmVr h¡, na Bg naånam H$s n[a{Zð>m (g_m{á) H$ht Adí`
hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `h g_m{á O‹S> {ÌJwU _o§ hr hmo gH$Vr h¡, An[aUm_r nwéf _| ZhtŸ&
Ohm§ Bg H$maU naånam H$s g_m{á hmoVr h, CgH$m Zm_ àH¥${V h¡, Omo {ZË` h¡Ÿ&
g_mZ: àH¥$VoÛ`© mo:Ÿ&1/69Ÿ&
_yb Hm$aU H$o {dMma _| A{dÚm Am¡a àH¥${V H$m nj g_mZ h¡; na gyú_ {dMma go
àH¥${V H$m OJV² H$maUËd VWm A{dÚm H$m {Z{_Îm H$maUËd hr {gÕ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
A{YH$m[a Ì¡{dÜ`mÞ {Z`_:Ÿ&1/70Ÿ&
AZw_mZ Ho$ A{YH$mar VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢-_ÝX, _Ü`_, CÎm_Ÿ& Bg ^oX Ho$
AZwgma AZw_mZ- à`moJ H$aZo _| ^oX hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
_hXm»`_mÚ§ H$m`© VÝ_Z:Ÿ&1/71Ÿ&
àH¥${V H$m àW_ {dH$ma^yV Omo _hÎmÎd h¡, dh (gm§»`r` gåàXm` _|) _Z: nX
go ^r A{^{hV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _ZZ (AÜ`dgm`={ZíM`) ê$n d¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU hr
_Z: eãX à`wº$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Ma_mo@h‘>ma:Ÿ&1/72Ÿ&
_hV² Ho$ ~mX Omo VÎd CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ dh A{^_mZ d¥{Îm dmbm Ah‘>ma h¡Ÿ&
VËH$m`©Ëd_wÎmaofm_²Ÿ&1/73Ÿ&
VÝ_mÌ Am{X CÎma H$m`© Ah§H$ma H$o _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
AmÚhoVVw m VX²Ûmam nmaån`}@ß`UwdV²Ÿ&1/74Ÿ&
àH¥${V g^r {dH$ma^yV nXmWm] H$m ApÝV_ CnmXmZ h¡Ÿ& ^yV, VÝ_mÌ, _Z, BpÝÐ`,
Ah§H$ma, _hV² Am{X {dH$mam| _| ^r AdmÝVa H$m`©-H$maU-naånam h¡Ÿ& Eogr Ñ{ï>
AUwdmXr _| ^r h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ _V _| AUw Am{X_ H$maU h¡Ÿ& KQ> H$m gmjmV² H$maU
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 247
H$nmb h¡, AUw Zht (AUw go ÛçUwH$, Cggo ÌgaoU,w Bg H«$_ go H«$_e: H$nmb
~ZVm h¡Ÿ&
nyd^© m{dËdo Û`moaHo $Vañ` hmZo@Ý`Va `moJ:Ÿ&1/75Ÿ&
Am{X_ CnmXmZ H$maU àH¥${V Ed§ gd© {Z{_Îm Ðï>m nwéf-`o Xmo {ZË` Ed§ AZm{X
h¢Ÿ& nwéf {ZpîH«$` h¡, AV: H$m`© ê$n n[aUm_ Ho$ à{V CgH$m gmjmV² H$Îm©Î¥ d Zht
h¡, gwVam§ {dH$mam| Ho$ gmW gmjmV² gå~ÝY àH¥${V H$m hr h¡Ÿ& òï¥>Ëd dñVwV:
àH¥${V H$m h¡, na CgH$m CnMma nwéf _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
n[apÀN>Þ§ Z gdm}nmXmZ_²Ÿ&1/76Ÿ&
My§{H$ àH¥${V g^r H$m CnmXmZ h¡ AV: dh n[apÀN>Þ Zht h¡, AWm©V² dh Xoe Am¡a
H$mb go AdpÀN>>Þ Zht hmoVrŸ (Aì`º$ àH¥${V H$m H$moB© AmYma Zht h¡Ÿ& Xoe
H$mbmVrV _yb àH¥${V {Zad`d Ed§ AZm{lV h¡Ÿ)&
VXwËn{ÎmlwVío MŸ&1/77Ÿ&
n[apÀN>Þ ì`º$ nXmWm] H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡, Eogr lw{V h¡Ÿ& (AnapÀN>Þ àH¥${V
H$m H$moB© CnmXmZ H$maU Zht h¡; AV: -Hm$aU _| b` hmoZm-ê$n Zme ^r àH¥${V
H$m Zht hmoVm h¡, dh Am{X hrZ VWm AÝVhrZ h¡)Ÿ&
Zm@dñVwZmo dñVw{g{Õ:Ÿ&1/78Ÿ&
A^md hr dñVw H$m H$maU h¡,Eogm _mZH$a ^mdê$n àH¥${V Ho$H$maUËd H$mIÊS>Z
Zht {H$m Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ A^md ê$n AdñVw go dñVw H$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$VrŸ&
A~mYmXXwï>H$maUOÝ`ËdmÀM ZmdñVwËd_²Ÿ&1/79Ÿ&
ñdßZ H$s Vah OJV² H$mo AdñVw Zht H$h gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ OJV² H$m ~mY Zht
hmoVmŸ& OJV² H$m kmZ BpÝÐ` Ûmam ^r Zht h¡, AV: OJV² AdñVw Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
^mdo VÚmoJZo VpËg{Õa^mdo VX^mdmV² Hw$VñVpËg{Õ:Ÿ&1/80Ÿ&
H$maU `{X ^md nXmW© hmo Vmo CgHo$ `moJ go H$m`© ^md^yV nXmW© hr CËnÞ hmoJmŸ&
H$maU `{X A^md ê$n hmoJ Vmo dh {H$g ê$n go H$m`© CËnÞ H$aoJm ?
Z H$_©U CnmXmZËdm`moJmV²Ÿ&1/81Ÿ&
H$_© hr OJV² H$m H$maU h¡-àH¥${V ê$n CnmXmZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡-Eogm Zht
H$hm Om gH$VmŸ& H$_© {H$gr H$m CnmXmZ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& H$_© {Z{_Îm H$maU
_mÌ h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {_Ï`mkmZ ê$nm A{dÚm hr OJV² H$m H$maU h¡, Eogm Zht
H$hm Om gH$VmŸ&
248 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
ZmZwl{dH$mX{n VpËg{Õ: gmÜ`ËdoZmd¥{Îm`moJmXnwéfmW©Ëd_²Ÿ&1/82Ÿ&
AmZwl{dH$ (doXmoº$) Cnm`m| go ^r na_ nwéfmW© H$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$
doXmoº$ `km{X-H$_m] Ho$ ~hþ{H«$`mgmÜ` hmoZo H$o H$maU CZgo nwZamd¥{Îm (g§gma _|
nwZ: AmJ_Z) H$s gå^mdZm ahVr hr h¡Ÿ& {dZmer Ðì`-hoVHw $ `km{X H$_m] go
{H$gr A{dZmer \$b H$s àm{á gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ&
VÌ àmá{ddoH$ñ`mZmd¥{Îmlw{V:Ÿ&1/83Ÿ&
H$_©-{deof Ho$ \$b Ho$ ê$n _| AZmd¥{Îmê$n _moj _| A{YJ_ H$m CëboI `{X emñÌ
_o§ hmo Vmo `h g_PZm Mm{h`o {H$ gmYH$ Zo H$_©bãY ~«÷bmoH$mA{X _| {ddoH$ kmZ
_| AÜ`mg {H$`m WmŸ, {Oggo CgH$mo AnwZamd¥{Îm ê$n _moj {_bmŸ& ~«÷bmoH$m{X
_| kmZmä`mg H$mar CÀM gmYH$m| H$m CëboI nwamUm{X _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
Xw:ImX² Xw:I§ Obm{^foH$dÞ OmS>ç {d_moj$:Ÿ&1/84Ÿ&
`km{X H$_m] _| bmo^, qhgm Am{X Xmof h¢, AV: CZH$m Aml`H$mar _mojmWu EH$
Xw:I go AÝ` Xw:I _| {JaVm h¡Ÿ& erVpŠbï> ì`{º$ H$m Obm{^foH$ H$aZo na O¡gr
AdñWm hmoVr h¡,g§gma Xw:I go N>Qy >Zo Ho$ {b`o Ðì``km{Xê$n H$_© H$m AZwð>mZ
H$aZo dmbo H$s dhr AdñWm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
H$må`o@H$må`o@{n gmÜ`Ëdm{deofmV²Ÿ&1/85Ÿ&
H$m_ gH$m_ hmo$ `m {ZîH$m_, Cggo Xw:I hr {_bVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ gH$m_ H$s Vah
{ZîH$m_ H$_© ^r (O‹S> dñVw Ûmam hr) gmÜ` h¡Ÿ& {ZîH$m_ H$_© àm`: gÎdew{Õ
H$maH$ h¡, na gÎdew{Õ-H$maH$ kmZ ^r {ÌJwUmË_H$ hmoZo go Xw:ImË_H hr$ h¡&
Û`moaHo $Vañ` dm@ß`g{ÞH¥$ï>mW© n[apÀN>{Îm: à_m, VËgmYH$V_§ `V² VV²
{Ì{dY§ à_mU_²Ÿ&1/87Ÿ&
Aàmá dñVw H m$ nyar Vah YmaU à_m h¡Ÿ&`h AdYmaU ~w{Õ-nwéf ê$n XmoZm|
VÎdm| H$m Y_© _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡, Ho$db nwéf `m Ho$db ~w{Õ H$m ^r _mZm Om
gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& dñVw H$m AdYmaU ê$n kmZ ~w{Õ H$m EH$ n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ& `h nwéf ê$n
{Z{d©H$ma hoVw Ho$ g{ÞYmZ (g§gJ©) go hr ì`º$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h ~w{Õn[aUm_ê$n
à_m nwéf _o§ CnM[aV_mÌ hmoVr h¡, AV: à_m H$mo {d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go ~w{Õ H$m
Y_©, nwéf H$m Y_©, `m ~w{Õ-nwéf-Y_© H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&Bg à_m H$m Omo
gmYH$V_(\$b Ho$ gmW `wº$) H$aU h¡, dh à_mU H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `h à_mU
àËdj, AZw_mZ, Am¡a eãX ê$n go {Ì{dY h¡Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 249
VpËgÕm¡ gd© {gÕoZm©{YŠ` {g{Õ:Ÿ&1/88Ÿ&
VrZ à_mU go hr g~ àH$ma Ho$ {df`m| H$r {g{Õ hmo gH$Vr h¡, AV: Cn_mZ
Am{X H$mo AbJ à_mU _mZZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡Ÿ&
`V² gå~Õ{gÕ§ VXmH$mamoëbo{I {dkmZ§ VV² àË`j_²Ÿ&1/89Ÿ&
Omo {dkmZ (~w{Õd¥{Îm) dñVw go gå~Õ hmoH$a CgHo AmH$ma H$m hmo OmVm h¡, dh
àË`j à_mU H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `hm§ d¥{Îm hr àË`j à_mU h¡, Omo ñd-AW©-
g{ÞH$f©-O{ZV AmH$ma H$m Aml` h¡Ÿ& d¥{Îm àXrn{eIm Vwë` h¡, Omo AWm©H$ma
H$s Cëbo{IZr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
`mo{JZm_~møàË`jËdmÞ Xmof:Ÿ&1/90Ÿ&
{nN>bo gyÌ _| BpÝÐ` Ho$ àË`j H$m bjU ^r H$hm h¡Ÿ& `moJr _| `h bjU Zht
XrIZm H$moB© Xmof Zht h¡Ÿ& `moJr H$m AVrV-AZmJV kmZñWyb ê$n _| dñVw Ho$
{dÚ_mZ Z ahZo na ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
brZ dñVw bãYm{Ve` gå~ÝYmÛm Z Xmof:Ÿ&1/91Ÿ&
`moJr H$m {MÎm `moJOmV Eogo A{Ve` go `wº$ h¡ {H$ dh H$maU _| brZ dñVw Ho$ gmW
^r AnZm gå~ÝY H$a gH$Vm h¡ {Oggo dñVw H$m àË`j kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
B©ídam{gÕo:Ÿ&1/92Ÿ&
B©ída {ZË` kmZ `wº$ h¡, Am: CgHo$ àË`j hmoZo Ho$ {b`o g{ÞH$f© H$s Anojm Zht
h¡Ÿ& e§H$mH$mar Ûmam ñdrH¥$V B©ída Ho$ Z hmoZo go àË`j bjU XmofhrZ hr h¡Ÿ&
_wº$~Õ`moaÝ`Vam^mdm Þ VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&1/93Ÿ&
e§H$mH$mar {Og àH$ma Ho$ nXmW© H$mo B©ída g_PVo h¢ dh Z _wº$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a
Z ~ÕŸ& ~Õ Am¡a _wº$ Ho$ Abmdm H$moB© AÝ` H$mo{Q> Zht h¡Ÿ&
C^`Wm@ß`gËH$aËd_²Ÿ&1/94Ÿ&
B©ídaH$mo _wº$ _mZZo go CgH$m OJV²-òïwËd CËnÞ Zht hmoVm Š`m|{H$ _wº$ nwéf _o§
BÀN>m-à`ËZ Am{X Zht hmo gH$VoŸ& `{X B©ída H$mo ~Õ _mZ| Vmo CgHo$ {b`o g¥{ï>
H$aZm gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ&
_wº$mË_Z: àe§gm Cnmgm {gÕñ` dmŸ&1/95Ÿ&
B©ída Ho$ {df` _| Omo lw{V dMZ h¢ CZ_|H$w N> _wº$mË_m H$s àe§gm H$aVo h¢, Hw$N>
[gÕ H$s CnmgZm H$o {b`o h¢Ÿ&
VËg{ÞYmZmX{Yð>mV¥Ëd§ _{UdV²Ÿ&1/96Ÿ&
250 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
nwéf Ho$ g{ÞYmZ go hr A{Yð>mV¥Ëd (g¥{ï>H$m[aËd) {gÕ hmoVm h¡, {Og àH$ma
A`ñH$mÝV _{U g{ÞYmZ-_mÌ go hr eë` H$mo AnZr Amoa ItMVm h¡Ÿ&
{deof H$m`}îd{n OrdmZm_²Ÿ&1/97Ÿ&
{deof H$m`m] _| AWm©V² ì`{ï> g¥{ï> _| ^r Ordm| (AÝV:H$aU à{V{~på~V MoVZm|)
H$m g{ÞYmZ ê$nA{Yð>mV¥Ëd ahVm h¡Ÿ&
{gÕê$n~moÕË¥ dmÛmŠ`mWm}nXoe:Ÿ&1/98Ÿ&
{haÊ`J^© Am{X AmMm`© `WmW© AW© OmZVo h¢, AV: CZH$m CnXoe à_mU h¡Ÿ&
AÝV:H$aUñ` VXwÁÁd{bVËdmëbmohdX{Yð>mV¥Ëd_²Ÿ&1/99Ÿ&
bm¡h {Og àH$ma A{¾g§`moJ Ûmam Vá hmoH$a ObmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma {MXm^mg`wº$
O‹S> AÝV:H$aU Xohm{X H$m A{Yð>mVm hmoH$a CZH$mo MbmVm h¡Ÿ&
à{V~ÝYÑe: à{V~ÕkmZ_Zw_mZ_²Ÿ&1/100Ÿ&
à{V~ÝY Ho$ kmVm H$mo ì`má dñVw Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ ~mX ì`mnH$ H$m Omo {ZíM` hmoVm
h¡, dh AZw_mZ à_mU h¡Ÿ&
AmámonXoe: eãX:Ÿ&1/101Ÿ&
Amá(kmZr) H$m CnXoe ê$n Omo eãX h¡, Cggo àmá kmZ eãX à_mU h¢Ÿ&
C^`{g{Õ: à_mUmV² VXwnXoe:Ÿ&1/102Ÿ&
AmË_m Am¡a AZmË_m (nañna ^oX OmZZm) H$s {g{Õ à_mU go hmoVr h¡, Bg {b`o
à_mU H$m {dMma {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
gm_mÝ`VmoÑï>mXw^`{g{Õ:Ÿ&1/103Ÿ&
gm_mÝ`VmÑï> Zm_H$ AZw_mZ à_mU go àH¥${V-nwéf ê$n XmoZm| AVrpÝÐ` VÎdm|
H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V: XrIZo Ho$ H$maU Zht XrIZo na ^r {H$gr dñVw H$mo
gd© ì`má _mZm Om`, `h gm_mÝ`Vmo Ñï> AZw_mZ h¡Ÿ&
{MXdgmZmo ^moJ:Ÿ&1/104Ÿ&
^moJ ê$n {g{Õ H$s g_m{á {MV²ñdê$nnwéf _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ&(^moJê$n {dH$ma ~w{Õ _|
hr ah nmVm h¡, Cggo nwéf {dH¥$V Zht hmoVmŸ& nwéf ^moJ H$m {Z{d©H$ma gmjr ê$n
_| ahVm h¡Ÿ& ^moJ na_mW©V: ~w{Õ H$m h¡)Ÿ&
AH$Vwa© {n \$bmon^moJmo@ÞmÚdV²Ÿ&1/105Ÿ&
`Ú{n nwéf ~w{ÕñW ^moJm{X H$m H$Îmm© Zht h¡,VWm{n ~w{Õ go AbJ nwéf H$mo d¥{Îm
\$b H$m ^moº$m _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ AÞCËnÞH$aVm h¡, AÝ` CgH$m ^moJ H$aVm
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 251
h¡-`h bm¡{H$H$ Cn_m Bgr àH$ma H$s h¡Ÿ&
A{ddoH$mÛm VpËgÕo: H$Vw:© \$bmdJ_:Ÿ&1/106Ÿ&
AWdm A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU nwéf H$m ^moº$¥ Ëd _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& nwéfJV ^moJ hr
H$_©\$b h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õ Ho$ H$_© Ûmam nwéf _| \$b CËnÞ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Zmo^`§ M VÎdm»`mZoŸ&1/107Ÿ&
VÎdm| H$m gmjmËH$ma hmoZo na gwI-Xw:I ê$n ^moJ H$m CX²^d Zht hmoVmŸ&
{df`mo@{df`mo@ß`{VXyamXohm©ZmonmXmZmä`m{_pÝÐ`ñ`Ÿ&1/108Ÿ&
A{VXyaVm, A{V {ZH$Q>Vm Am{X Ho$ H$maU BpÝÐ`m| go {df`m| H$m kmZ Zht hmoVm;
Bgr àH$ma BpÝÐ`m| H$m AnKmV (A_W©Vm) `m AÝ`_ZñH$Vm Am{X Ho$ H$maU ^r
{df` kmZ Zht hmoVmŸ&
gm¡úå`mV² VXZw nbpãY:Ÿ&1/109Ÿ&
AË`ÝV gyú_ hmoZo (Ad`d Zht hmoZ)o Ho$ H$maU BZH$m AZw^d Zht hmoVmŸ&
H$m`©Xe©ZmV² VXwnbãYo:Ÿ&1/110Ÿ&
àH¥${V Am{X gyú_ nXmW© Zht ahZo na ^r CZHo$ Ûmam H$m`© hmoZo go CZH$m
ApñVËd {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
dm{X{dà{VnÎmoñVX{g{Õ[a{V MoVŸ² &1/111Ÿ&
(e§H$m) {Og gËH$m`©dmX go H$maU^yV {ZË` àH¥${V H$m AZw_mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡,
`{X dh dmX hr A{gÕ hmo VmoŸ&
VWmß`oH$VaÑï>çm EH$Va{gÕo Zm© nbmn:Ÿ&1/112Ÿ&
(g_mYmZ) _V^oX {gÕ hmoZo na ^r `h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ H$m`© hmoZo na CgH$m
H$maU Adí` hmoJmŸ&
{Ì{dY[damoYmnÎmo:Ÿ&1/113Ÿ&
{H$gr H$m`© H$m {Ì{dY ì`dhma h¡-AVrV, dV©_mZ ,^{dî`Ÿ& `h ^oX CgHo$
AÜd(_mJ©) ^oX go hmoVo h¢, AV: H$m`© H$maU _| gyú_ê$n go h¡Ÿ&
ZmgXwËnmXmo Z¥ûm¥“dV²Ÿ&1/114Ÿ&
Omo nXmW© Zaûm¥“ H$s Vah AgV²({dÚ_mZ Zht) h¡, CgH$s CËn{Îm Zht hmoVr&
CnmXmZ {Z`_mV²Ÿ&1/115Ÿ&
CnmXmZ {Z`_ Ho$ H$maU _mZZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ AnZo {ZpíMV CnmXmZ _| H$m`©
(Aì`º$ ê$n _|) ahVm h¡Ÿ& KQ> {_Å>r go hr hmoVm h¡, nQ> VÝVw go hr CËnÞhmoVm h¡,
252 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÝ`m| go Zht, AV: H$m`© AnZo CnmXmZ _| gyú_ ê$n go {dÚ_mZ h¡Ÿ&
gd©Ì gd©Xm gdm© gå^dmV²Ÿ&1/116Ÿ&
nydm}º$ CnmXmZ {Z`_ Z _mZZo na gd©Ì g~ Hw$N> CËnÞ hmoJm, {H$ÝVw Eogm Zht
XrIVm, AV: CnmXmZ {Z`_ _mZZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ {Oggo gËH$m`©dmX {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
eº$ñ` eŠ`H$aUmV²Ÿ&117Ÿ&
eº$(H$m`© j_Vm dmbm) H$maU hr `mo½`VmZwê$n H$m`© H$mo CËnÞ H$a gH>Vm h¡Ÿ&
`h e{º$ H$m`© H$s AZmJV AdñWm hr h¡Ÿ& AV: A{dÚ_mZ H$m`© H$s CËn{Îm
Zht hmoVrŸ&
H$maU^mdmÀMŸ&1/118Ÿ&
CËn{Îm go nhbo H$m`© H$maU go {^Þ h¡-Eogr lw{V h¡, AV: AgV² go CËn{Îm Zht
_mZ gH$VoŸ&
Z ^mdo ^md`moJíMoVŸ² &1/119Ÿ&
(e§H$m) H$m`© `{X CnmXmZ _| {dÚ_mZ h¡-Vmo Cgo {ZË` _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ& V~
^mdê$n H$m`© _| CËn{Îm H$m gå~ÝY Zht h¡Ÿ& AWm©V² HmoB© nXmW© CËnÞ Zht hmo
nm`oJmŸ&
Zm{^ì`{º${Z~ÝYZm¡ ì`dhmamì`dhmam¡Ÿ&1/120Ÿ&
`h e§H$m ~oH$ma h¡ Š`m|{H$ H$m`© CËnÞ hmoZm `m Zht hmoZm A{^ì`{º$-{Z~ÝYZ
h¡Ÿ& AWm©V² H$m`© ñWyb ê$n _| àH$Q> hmoZo H$mo CËnÞ hmoZm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma
Aì`º$ ahZo na Cgo CËnÞ Zht _mZVoŸ&
Zme: H$maUb`:Ÿ&1/121Ÿ&
(gËH$m`©dmX H$s Ñ{ï> _|) Zme H$m AW© h¡-H$m`© H$m CnmXmZ H$maU _| b`Ÿ&
nmaån`©VmoÝdofUm ~rOm‘x>adV²Ÿ&1/122Ÿ&
(`{X gËH$m`©dmX Ho$ AZwgma) A{^ì`{º$ H$mo H$m`© _mZ| Vmo AZdñWm-Xmof hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& V~ ~rOm‘x>anaånam-Ý`m` go CgH$m g_mYmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
CËn{ÎmdÛm@Xmof:Ÿ&1/123Ÿ&
gËH$m`©dmX _| H$maU _| gyú_ ê$n go pñWV dñVw H$m ñWyb _y{Îm©ê$n H$m`© _mZZo na
A{^ì`{º$ na Amjon hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `hr Xmof Amaå^dmX _| ^r h¡ Omo Z`o H$m`© H$s
CËn{Îm _mZVm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma go d¡e{o fH$ Am{X AgËH$m`©dmXr BgH$m g_mYmZ
H$aVo h¢, Cgr àH$ma A{^ì`{º$ nj H$m ^r g_mYmZ hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 253
hoV_w X{ZË`§ (Aì`m{n) g{H«$`_ZoH$_m{lV§ {b“_²Ÿ&1/124Ÿ&
{b“ ({OgH$m b` hmo-AWm©V² ì`º$ nXmW©) hoVw_mZ² (H$maU g{hV), A{ZË`
(EH$ ê$n Z| Zht ahZo dmbm), Aì`mnr, g{H«$`, AZoH$ (àË`oH$ g¥{ï> _| {^Þ)
Ed§ Am{lV h¡Ÿ&
AmÄOñ`mX^oXVmo dm JwUgm_mÝ`mXoñVpËg{Õ: àYmZì`nXoemX² dmŸ&1/125Ÿ&
H$maU go AbJ {b“ ê$n H$m`© H$ht ñnï> XrIVm h¡,H$ht AbJ JwU Am¡a gm_mÝ`
{b“ go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& H$m`©-H$maU H$m ^oX-A^oX gå~ÝY ~VmZo Ho$ {b`o gm§»`mMm`m]
Zo àH¥${V H$mo àYmZ H$hm h¡, AWm©V² Bg_o§ H$m`© AZw^yV hmoVm h¡ (àYr`Vo Apñ_Z²
H$m`©_)² &H$m`© H$maU AbJ hmoZo na XmoZm| _| AmYma-AmYo` gå~ÝY Zht hmoJmŸ&
{ÌJwUmMoVZËdm{X Û`mo:Ÿ&1/126Ÿ&
Ë`º$ _hV²-Ah‘>ma Am{X nXmW© Am¡a Ë`º$ àH¥${V Am{X _o§ Hw$N> g_mZVm h¡-
XmoZm| {ÌJwU, A{ddo{H$`m| H$s Ñ{ï> _| {df`, gm_mÝ`, àgdY_u h¢Ÿ&
àrË`àr{V{dfmXmÚ¡JU ©w mZm_Ý`mo@Ý`§ d¡Yå`©_Ÿ² &1/127Ÿ&
VrZ JwU EH$ Xygao na Am{lV h¢Ÿ& V~ ^r CZHo$ Y_© AbJ h¢-g$Îd àr{V Y_©H$,
aO Aàr{V H$maH$, VWm V_ {dfmX ~‹T>mZo dmbm h¡Ÿ&
b¿dm{XY_£: gmYå`© d¡Yå`ª M JwUmZm_²Ÿ&1/128Ÿ&
(b¿dm{XY_£aÝ`moÝ`§ gmYå`© d¡Yå`©{_Vaofm_²) g^r ì`{º$`m| _| gÎd bKwVm,
aO J{V H$aVm h¡,V_ ^marnZ bmVm h¡&EH$ H$m gmYå`© AÝ` Xmo H$m d¡Yå`© h¡Ÿ&
C^`m Ý`ËdmV² H$m`©Ëd§ _hXmXoKQ© >m{XdV²Ÿ&1/129Ÿ&
àH¥${Vê$n _yb CnmXmZ Ed§ nwéf ê$n An[aUm_r MoVZ go Omo {^Þ h¡ dh H$m`© h¡Ÿ&
_hV² Am{X `moJ h¡Ÿ, AV: nwéf Zht h¢Ÿ& `o {dZmer h¢, AV: àH¥${V Zht h¢Ÿ&
n[aUm_mV²Ÿ&1/130Ÿ&
_hV², Ah‘>ma, VÝ_mÌ Am{X H$m`© h¢, Š`m|{H$ do n[apÀN>Þ n[aUm_ dmbo h¢Ÿ&
A_o` àH¥${V H$m àË`oH$ {dH$ma Agr_ hr hmoJmŸ&
g_Ýd`mV²Ÿ&1/131Ÿ&
g_Ýd` go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡ {H$ _hV², Ah‘>ma Am{X H$m`© h¢Ÿ& Cndmg Ûmam
jrU ~w{Õ Am{X H$m g_Ýd` AÞ Am{X go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: do H$m`© h¢Ÿ& gXm {~Zm
Ad`d H$m hmoZo na Ad`dm| Ho$ àdoe go g_Ýd` Zht hmoVmŸ&
e{º$VíMo{VŸ&1/132Ÿ&
254 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
e{º$=H$m`©Ÿ& nwéf H$m H$aU Mjw Am{X ^r H$m`© h¢& _hV² VÎd `{X H$m`© hmo Vmo
Cggo CËnÞ Ah‘>ma Am{X ^r H$m`© hr hm|JoŸ&
VÕmZo àH¥${V: nwéfmo dmŸ&1/133Ÿ&
`{X H$moB© nXmW© H$m`© Z hmo Vmo dh `m Vmo àH¥${V hmoJm (`{X O‹S> Ed§ n[aUm_r
hmo), `m nwéf hmoJm (`{X An[aUm_r ^moº$m hmoŸ)&
V`moaÝ`Ëdo VwÀN>Ëd_²Ÿ&1/134Ÿ&
`[X H$moB© nXmW© H$m`© Zht h¡, gmW hr dh nwéf `m àH¥${V ^r Zht h¡, Vmo dh
VwÀN>(eeûm¥“ H$s Vah H$mën{ZH$) hmoJmŸ&
H$m`m©V² H$maUmZw_mZ§ VËgm{hË`mV²Ÿ&1/135Ÿ&
_hV² Am{X H$m`© ê$n {b“ go CZHo$ CnmXmZ H$maU H$m AZw_mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡,
Š`m|{H$ H$m`© gXm H$maU g{hV h¡Ÿ&
Aì`º§$ {ÌJwUmpëb“mV²Ÿ&1/136Ÿ&
VrZ JwUm| dmbr àH¥${V _hÎmÎd Ho$ H$maU go ^r A{YH$ gyú_ h¡Ÿ& _hV² Ho$ JwUm|
H$m gmjmV² hmo gH$Vm h¡, àH¥${V Ho$ JwUm| H$m gmjmËH$ma Zht hmoVmŸ&
VËH$m`©VñVpËgÕoZm©nbmn:Ÿ&1/137Ÿ&
Aì`º$ àYmZ H$m ApñVËd AnZo _hV² Am{X H$m`m] go hr {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV:
AZw^d _| Zht AmZo na ^r CgH$m Anbmn Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ&
gm_mÝ`oZ {ddmXm^mdmÕ_©dÞ (VV²) gmYZ_²Ÿ&1/138Ÿ&
nwéf Ho kmVm hmoZo _| {ddmX Zht h¡, {Og àH$ma Y_©-gm_mÝ` _| H$moB© {ddmX Zht
h¡Ÿ& MoVZ ê$n AmË_m H$m ApñVËd g~H$mo ñnï> h¡, CgHo$ {b`o VH©$ Oê$ar Zht h¡Ÿ&
earam{Xì`{V[aº$: nw_mZ²Ÿ&1/139Ÿ&
nwéf (^moº$m AmË_m) eara Am{X O‹S> nXmWm] go AbJ h¡Ÿ&
g§hVnamW©ËdmV²Ÿ&1/140Ÿ&
Š`m|{H$ àH¥${V, _Z, eara Am{X O‹S> nXmW© g§hV h¢, g§hV nXmW© namW© hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
dh na Adí` Ag§hV hmoJm Omo O‹S>Ëd hrZ {MÐÿn nwéf (AmË_m) h¡Ÿ&
{ÌJwUm{X{dn`©`mV²Ÿ&1/141Ÿ&
{ÌJwU Am{X go {déÕ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {MÐÿn nwéf H$s gÎmm _mZVo h¢Ÿ& eara Ho$ gwI
Am{X Omo Y_© h¢, dh gwI Am{X Ho$ ^moº$m Ho$ Zht hmo gH$VoŸ& AV: ^moº m$ nwéf
H$mo gÎd Am{X go AbJ dñVw _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 255
A{Yð>mZmÀMo{VŸ&1/142Ÿ&
A{Yð>mZ go ^r {MÎm Am{X go AbJ nwéf {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V A{Y{ð>V h¡,
CgH$m A{Yð>mZ H$aZo dmbm nwéf Cggo AbJ hmoJmŸ&
^moº$¥ ^mdmV²Ÿ&1/143Ÿ&
^moº$m ^md eara Am{X _| Zht hmoZo Ho$ H$maU eara go AbJ nwéf H$s gÎmm
{gÕ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
H¡$dë`mWª àd¥Îmo (íM)Ÿ&1/144Ÿ&
`{X eara Am{X ^moº$m hmoVo Vmo {dZmer eara Ho$ H¡$dë`(Xw:Im| H$m nyU© Zme) Ho$
{b`o {H$gr H$s àd¥{Îm Zht hmoVrŸ&
O‹S>àH$me`moJmV² àH$me:Ÿ&1/145Ÿ&
nwéf àH$me-ñdê$n h¡Ÿ& O‹S> _| Eogm àH$me Zht hmoVmŸ&
{ZJwU © ËdmÞ {MÕ_m©Ÿ&1/146Ÿ&
nwéf {ZJwU © h¡, dh àH$me `m VoO aê$n Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg_| Y_©-Y_u ^md Zht
h¡Ÿ& AV: àH$meê$n {MV² CgH$m Y_© Zht H$hm Om gH$VmŸ&
lwË`m {gÕñ` ZmnbmnñVËàË`j~mYmV²Ÿ&1/147Ÿ&
nwéf {ZJw©U h¡-`h _V lw{V Ûmam g_{W©V h¡Ÿ& nwéf _| JwU `m Y_© lw{V Ûmam
~m{YV h¡Ÿ&
gwfßw Ë`mÚgm{jËd_²Ÿ&1/148Ÿ&
OmJ«V-ñdßZ-gwfw{á-BZ VrZ AdñWmAm| H$m gmjr hmoZo Ho$ Ho H$maU nwéf
An[aUm_r h¡Ÿ&
OÝ_m{Xì`dñWmV: nwéf~hþËd_²Ÿ&1/149Ÿ&
AbJ AbJ OÝ_ Am¡a _aU go nwéf H$m ~hþËd {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Cnm{Y^oX@o ß`oH$ñ` ZmZm`moJ:, AmH$meñ`od KQ>m{X{^:Ÿ&1/150Ÿ&
`{X AmË_m EH$ h¡ Vmo AZoH$ Cnm{Y`m| Ho$ gmW CgH$m gXm `moJ _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ&
{Og àH$ma EH$ KQ> ^§J hmoZo na AÝ` KQ> Ho$ gmW AmË_m H$m `moJ ahVm h¡Ÿ& Bg
àH$ma EH$ AmË_m Ho$ {b`o ~ÝYZ _moj Zht hmoVmŸ&
Cnm{Y{^©ÚVo Z Vw VÛmZ²Ÿ&1/151Ÿ&
`{X AmË_m EH$ hr hmo Vmo dh ~Õ Cnm{Y go gå~Õ ahZo Ho$ H$maU ~Õ H$hbm`oJmŸ&
Ed_oH$ËdoZ n[adV©_mZñ` Z {déÕY_m©Ü`mg:Ÿ&1/152Ÿ&
256 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÝ`Y_©Ëdo@{n ZmamonmÎmpËg{ÕaoH$ËdmV²Ÿ&1/153Ÿ&
gwIm{X ~w{Õ H$m Y_© hmoZo na ^r CZHo$ Amamon go AmYma nwéf H$mo EH$ Zht
_mZm Om gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ Bggo ì`dñWm Zht ~ZVrŸ&
ZmÛ¡Vlw{V{damoYmo Om{VnaËdmV²Ÿ&1/154Ÿ&
AmË_m H$m EH$Ëd `m AÛ¡V ~VmZo dmbr AZoH$ lw{V`m§ h¢, na Eogo lw{V dmŠ`
Om{VnaH$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& àË`oH$ AmË_m EH$ hr O¡gm h¡, Cg_| H$moB© ^oX H$aZo dmbm Y_©
Zht h¡Ÿ& CZH$s EH$ Om{V Ho$ ~mao _| hr AÛ¡VdmX H$s lw{V`m§ h¢Ÿ&
{d{XV~ÝYH$maUñ` Ñï>çm VÐÿn_²Ÿ&1/155Ÿ&
àË`oH$ nwéf Vwë` hmoZo na ^r ~Õ Ordm| H$s Ñ{ï> _| {^Þ bJVm h¡Ÿ&
ZmÝYmÑï>çm Mjw î_Vm _Zw nb å^:Ÿ&1/156Ÿ&
`{X àË`oH$ nwéf EH$ê$n h¡ Vmo dh XrIZm Mm{h`o, na CgHo$ AbJ AbJ ê$n
XrIVo h¢Ÿ& AÝY Zht XoI gH$Vm Vo Am§Idmbm| Ho$ XoIZo H$mo ^yb Zht _mZZm
Mm{h`oŸ&
dm_Xodm{X_wº© mo ZmÛ¡V_²Ÿ&1/157Ÿ&
`{X AmË_m _wº$ hmoVr Vmo dm_Xod Am{X _wº$ Am¡a AÝ` H$B© ~Õ Zht hmoVŸo &
AZmXmdÚ`mdX^mdmX² ^{dî`Xß`od_²Ÿ&1/158Ÿ&
`{X `h _mZ| {H$ AmO VH$ H$moB© ~Õ> AmË_m _wº$ Zhr § hþAm, Vmo ^{dî` _| ^r
_wº$ Zht hmo nm`oJmŸ&
BXmZr{_d gd©Ì ZmË`ÝVmoÀN>Xo :Ÿ&1.159Ÿ&
Š`m|{H$ V~ AZw_mZ hmoJm {H$ O¡go Bg H$mb _| {H$gr H$m ~ÝYZ CÀN>Xo Zht
hþAm Cgr àH$ma ^{dî` _| ^r Zht hmoJmŸ&
ì`md¥Îmmo^`ê$n:Ÿ&1/160Ÿ&
~Õ Am¡a _moj -BZ Xmo AdñWmAm| _| nwéf H$m ñdê$n AbJ Zht hmoVmŸ&
gmjmËgå~ÝYmV² gm{jËd_²Ÿ&1/161Ÿ&
nwéf H$m H$Îmm©nZ ~w{Õ Ho$ H$maU h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m kmVm hmoZm nwéf H$o H$maU h¡Ÿ&
{ZË`_wº$Ëd_²Ÿ&1/162Ÿ&
nwéf Xw:I ê$nr ~ÝY go gXm _wº$ h¡Ÿ&
Am¡XmgrÝ`§ Mo{VŸ&1/163Ÿ&
H$m`©, g‘>ën, {dH$ën, lÕm Am{X go nwéf CXmgrZ (AbJ) h¡Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 257
CnamJmV² H$Îm¥Î© d§ {MËgm{ÞÜ`mpÀMËgm{ÞÜ`mV²Ÿ&1/164Ÿ&
nwéf H$m Omo H$Îm¥Ë© d h¡ dh ~w{Õ Ho$ CnamJ Ho$ H$maU h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m JwU nwéf Ho$
H$maU h¡Ÿ&
{ÛVr` AÜ`m`
{d_wº$ ({d)_mojmWª (+ñdmWª ) dm àYmZñ`Ÿ&2/1Ÿ&
àYmZ (àH¥${V) H$s àd¥{Îm {ZË`_wº$ nwéf Ho$ {ddoH$mä`mgnydH© $ _moj Ho$ {b`o
Ed§ AnZo {b`o (Xw:I go _w{º$ Ho$ {b`o) hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ñd^mdV: Xw:ImVrV nwéf H$s
Omo _w{º$ h¡ , CgH$m AW© à{V{~å~ ê$n Xw:I go _w{º$ h¡Ÿ&
{daº$ñ` VpËgÕo:Ÿ&2/2Ÿ&
{d{dY Xw:I go Vá hmoZo na d¡am½` hmoJm Am¡a Cggo _moj {g{Õ hmoJrŸ&
Z ldU_mÌmV² VpËg{ÕaZm{XdmgZm `m ~bdÎdËdmV²Ÿ(nQw>ËdmV²)&2/3Ÿ&
Ho$db ldU go d¡am½` Zht hmoVm, Š`m|{H$ Ord AZm{XH$mb go dmgZm~Õ h¡Ÿ&
~hþ^Ë¥ `dÛm àË`oH$_²Ÿ&2/4Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma EH$ J¥hñW Ho$ Ûmam ^aU `mo½` AZoH$ ór-nwÌ Am{X hmoVo h¢, Cgr
àH$ma JwUm| go _wº$ hmoZo Ho$ {b`o Ag§»` nwéf h¡Ÿ& ~hþV go nwéf _wº$ hmoZo na ^r
H$B© nwéf {dÚ_mZ ah|Jo, g¥{ï> naånam H$^r ~ÝX Zht hmoJrŸ&
àH¥${VdmñVdo M nwéfñ`mÜ`mg{g[Õ:Ÿ&2/5Ÿ&
g¥{ï> VrZ JwUm| go hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àH¥${V H$m hr Y_© h¡, {ZJ©wU nwéf dmñV{dH$
H$Îmm© Zht h¡Ÿ&
H$m`©ñVpËg[Õ:Ÿ(Õo:)&2/6Ÿ&
H$Îmm©nZ nwéf _| Zht àH¥${V _| h¡, Š`m|{H$ {ÌJwU `wº$ gV² nXmW© hr àYmZ
H$maH$ h¡, dh {MÐÿn nwéf H$m H$m`© Zht h¡Ÿ&
MoVZmonXoem{Þ`_: H$ÊQ>H$_mojdV²Ÿ&2/7Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma Omo ì`{º$ Cnm` OmZVm h¡ CgH$mo H$m§Q>m go H$ï> Zht hmoVm, Cgr
àH$ma {ddoH$s gmYH$ H$mo àH¥${V go H$ï> Zht hmoVmŸ&
AÝ``moJ@o {n VpËg{ÕZm©ÄOñ`oZm`moXmhdV²Ÿ&2/8Ÿ&
àH¥${V go g§`moJ hmoZo na ^r g¥{ï> {H«$`m àH¥${V H$m hr Y_© hmoVm h¡, nwéf H$m ZhtŸ&
{Og àH$ma A{¾`wº$ bmohm O~ ObVm h¡ Vmo A{¾ ObVr h¡, bmohm ZhtŸ&
amJ{damJ`mo`m}J: g¥{ï>:Ÿ&2/9Ÿ&
258 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
amJ go g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡ Am¡a {damJ go ñdê$nmdñWmZ ê$n `moJ {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
_hXm{X H«$_oU nÄ M ^yVmZm_²Ÿ&2/10Ÿ&
g¥{ï> H$m H«$_ h¡-àH¥${V go _hmZ², _hmZ² go Ah‘>ma, Ah§ go 11 BpÝÐ`m§ Ed§ 5
VÝ_mÌ, VÝ_mÌ go ^yV(gyÌ 1/16)Ÿ&
AmË_mW©ËdmV² g¥ ï>o Z£ fm_mË_mW© Amaå^:Ÿ&2/11Ÿ&
g¥{ï> AmË_mW© h¡Ÿ&Ÿ_hV² Am{X go Omo {dH$mam| H$s g¥{ï> h¡, dh AnZo {b`o Zht nwéf
_moj Ho$ {b`o h¡Ÿ& My§[H$ _hV² Am{X {dZmer h¢, CZH$m _moj Zht hmoVmŸ&
{XŠH$mbmdmH$mem{Xä`:Ÿ&2/12Ÿ&
Omo IÊS> {XH²$ Am¡a H$mb h§, do AmH$me go CZ Cnm{Y`m| Ho$ `moJ go CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
AÜ`dgm`mo ~w{Õ:Ÿ&2/13Ÿ&
_hÎmÎd (~w{Õ) H$m bjU AÜ`dgm` ({ZíM`) h¡Ÿ& gyÌ _| Y_© Am¡a Y_u H$mo
EH$ _mZH$a AÜ`dgm` H$mo hr ~w{Õ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ&
VËH$m`ª Y_m© {X:Ÿ&2/14Ÿ&
Y_©-kmZ-d¡am½`-Eoíd`©-`o 4 _hÎmÎd ~w{Õ Ho$ (gmpÎdH$) H$m`© (ê$n) h¢Ÿ&
_h Xw namJm{Û nar V_²Ÿ&2/15Ÿ&
CnamJ go (V_ Ho$ à^md go) gÎd~hwb ~w{Õ VÎd _| AY_©-AkmZ-d¡am½`-
AZ¡íd`© ê$n 4 Y_© hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
A{^_mZmo@h‘>ma:Ÿ&2/16Ÿ&
Ah‘>ma (AÝV:H$aU H$m EH$ A§e) A{^_mZ Y_©H$ h¡ (A{^_mZ=Ah§, __Vm)Ÿ&
EH$mXe nÄMVÝ_m̧ VËH$m`©_Ÿ² &2/17Ÿ&
5 kmZopÝÐ`, 5 H$_}pÝÐ`, 1 _Z (11 nXmW©) VWm 5 VÝ_mÌ (eãX-ñne©-ê$n-
ag-JÝY) Ah‘>ma VÎd Ho$ H$m`© h¢Ÿ&
gmpÎdH$_oH$m XeH§$ àdV©Vo d¡H$¥ VmXh‘>mamV²Ÿ&2/18Ÿ&
11 dt B[ÝÐ` _Z gmpÎdH$ Ah‘>ma go CËnÞ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& (AWm©V² 5 kmZopÝÐ` ,5
H$_}pÝÐ` amOg Ah‘>ma go hmoVo h¢)Ÿ&
H$_}pÝÐ` ~wÕr pÝÐ`¡ amÝVa_o H$m XeH$_²Ÿ&2/19Ÿ&
5 kmZopÝÐ`, 5 H$_}pÝÐ` VWm 1 _Z ê$n AmÝVa B[ÝÐ` H$mo {_bmH$a BpÝÐ` 11
hmoVr h¢Ÿ&
Amh‘>m[aH$Ëd lwVZo © ^m¡{VH$m{ZŸ&2/20Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 259
`o 11 BpÝÐ`m§ ^yV {Z{_©V Zht h¢, ~pëH$ Amh‘>m[aH$ h¢ , Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| Eogm
H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ&
XodVmb ` lw{V (Vo) Zm© aå^H$ñ`Ÿ&2/21Ÿ&
lw{V Ho$ AZwgma BpÝÐ`m| H$m b` AnZo A{Yð>mV¥ XodVm _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: BpÝÐ`m|
H$m CnmXmZ Ah‘>ma (fð> A{deof ê$n Apñ_Vm) Zht h¡-Eogm Zht H$hm Om
gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Eogm dMZ AnZo H$maU _| b` Ho$ à{VnmXZ Ho$ {b`o Zht H$hm
J`m h¡Ÿ&
VXwËn{Îm lwV{o d©Zme Xe©ZmÀMŸ&2/22Ÿ&
BpÝÐ`m§ CËnÞ hmoVr h¢ ({ZË` Zht h¢) Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| Eogm H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& CZHo$
{dZme Ho$ H$maU ^r do A{ZË` h¢Ÿ&
AVrpÝÐ`{_pÝÐ`§ ^«mÝVmZm_{Yð>mZo( Z_²)Ÿ&2/23Ÿ&
dñVwV: BpÝÐ` AVrpÝÐ` (BpÝÐ` Ûmam gmjmËH$aUr` Zht) h¡Ÿ& BpÝÐ` Ho$ A{Yð>mZ
(eara Ho$ `ÝÌ {deof Omo JmobH$ H$hbmVo h¢) H$mo Ak hr BpÝÐ` g_PVo h¢Ÿ&
e{º$^oX@o {n ^oX{gÕm¡ Z¡H$Ëd_²Ÿ&2/24Ÿ&
Eogm gÝXoh Zht hmo gH$Vm {H$ EH$ hr BpÝÐ` h¡ Omo e{º$^oX go {dbjU H$m`©
H$aVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ e{º$^oX go e{º$_mZ _| ^oX ñdV: {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& (e{º$
hr BpÝÐ` h¡, ê$n-J«hU e{º$ hr Mjw BpÝÐ` h¡)Ÿ&
Z H$ënZm {damoY: à_mU Ñï> ñ`Ÿ&2/25Ÿ&
EH$ Ah‘>ma go AZoH$ BpÝÐ`m| H$s CËn{Îm _mZZo _| H$moB© {damoY Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$
`h à_mU {gÕ h¡(AbJ AbJ H$m`© go)Ÿ&
C^`mË_H§$ _Z:Ÿ&2/26Ÿ&
_Z kmZopÝÐ`-H$_}pÝÐ` XmoZm| h¡Ÿ&
JwU n[aUm_ ^oXmÞmZmËd_dñWmdV²Ÿ&2/27Ÿ&
_Z H$m ZmZmËd JwUm| Ho$ n[aUm_ ^oX go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma g§J ^oX go EH$
_Zwî` H$m_wH$, {daº$ Am{X hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
ê$nm{X ag_bmÝV C^`mo:Ÿ&2/28Ÿ&
kmZopÝÐ`m|-Mjw, ËdH²$, lmoÌ, {Oˆm, Zmgm- Ho$ {df` h¢-ê$n-ñne©-eãX-
ag-JÝYŸ& H$_}pÝÐ`m| Ho$ {df` h¢-dmH²$ H$m dº$ì`, nm{U H$m AmXmVì`, nmX
H$m JÝVì`, nm`w H$m CËg¥ï>ì`, CnñW H$m AmZÝX{`Vì`Ÿ& ApÝV_ H$m H$m`©
260 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
_b CËgJ© h¡Ÿ&
Ðï¥>Ëdm{XamË_Z:, H$aUËd{_pÝÐ`mUm_²Ÿ&2/29Ÿ&
Ðï¥>Ëd Am{X ì`mnma nwéf Ho$ h¢Ÿ& H$maUËd BpÝÐ`m| H$m h¡Ÿ&
Ì`mUm§ ñdmbjÊ`_²Ÿ&2/30Ÿ&
~w{Õ, Ah‘>ma, _Z-H$s AgmYmaU d¥{Îm`m§ AbJ-AbJ h¢Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m AÜ`dgm`,
Ah‘>ma H$m A{^_mZ, _Z H$m g‘>ën-{dH$ën& `o d¥{Îm`m§ BZHo$ bjU ^r h¢Ÿ&
gm_mÝ` H$aU d¥{Îm: àUmÚm dm`d: nÄMŸ&2/31Ÿ&
àmU, AnmZ, g_mZ, CXmZ Am¡a ì`mZ- `o 5 dm`w (dm`w Ho$ g_mZ gÄMaUerb)
h¢, AÝV:H$aU H$s gmYmaU d¥{Îm (n[aUm_ ^oX) h¢Ÿ&
H«$_emo@H«$_eíMopÝÐ`d¥{Îm:Ÿ&2/32Ÿ&
BpÝÐ`m| H$s d¥{Îm`m§ H«$_e: ^r hmoVr h¢, EH$ gmW ^rŸ&
d¥Îm`: nÄMVæ`: pŠbï>mpŠbï>m (íM)Ÿ&2/33Ÿ&
`o d¥{Îm`m§ 5 àH$ma H$s h¢, àË`oH$ d¥{Îm Xmo àH$ma H$s h¢-pŠbï> Am¡a ApŠbï>Ÿ&
pŠbï> go Šbof ~‹T>Vm h¡, ApŠbï>=AmË_»`m{V-àYmZ go Šbof Am{X jrU hmoVo
h¢)Ÿ& `o 5 h¢-à_mU, {dn`©`, {dH$ën, {ZÐm, ñ_¥{V(`moJgyÌ 1/2)Ÿ&
V{Þd¥ÎmmdwnemÝVmonamJ: ñdñW:Ÿ&2/34Ÿ&
d¥{Îm`m| H$m {ZamoY hmoZo na AmË_m ñdÀN> AWm©V² ñdê$nmdpñWV hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$
Bg H$mb _| CnamJ(d¥{Îmà{V{~å~) emÝV hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
Hw$gw_dÀM _{U:Ÿ&2/35Ÿ&
AmË_m _| Om o AdmñV{dH$ ñdñWVm Am{X XrIVr h¡, dh _{U Ho$ g_mZ h¡Ÿ& {Og
àH$ma Onmnwîn Ho$ gmW ahZo na _{U aº$dU© hmo OmVm h¡ VWm CgHo$ Z ahZo na
{~Zm a§J H$m hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma {MÎmd¥{Îm ì`º$ hmoZo na AmË_m d¥{Îmdmbm
XrIVm h¡, {MÎm brZ hmoZo na AnZo ê$n _| XrIVm h¡Ÿ&
nwé fmW© H$maUmo X² ^dmo @ß`Ñ ï>mëo bm gmV²Ÿ&2/36Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma àYmZ H$s àd¥{Îm nwéf Ho$ {b`o h¡, Cgr àH$ma HmaUm| H$s àd¥{Îm ^r
nwéfmW© h¡Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ AÑï> Ho$ AZwgma `h H$aU-àd¥{Îm àd{V©V hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
YoZdw X² dËgm`Ÿ&2/37Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma dËg Ho$ {b`o YoZw (Jm`) H$m Xw½Y ñd`§ {ZH$bZo bJVm h¡, Cgr
àH$ma AMoVZ àH¥${V Ho$ H$aUm| H$s àd¥{Îm ^r nwéf Ho$ {b`o ñdV: hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 261
H$aU§ Ì`moXe{dY _dmÝVa ^oXmV²Ÿ&2/38Ÿ&
AdmÝVa ^oXm| H$s JUZm H$aZo na H$aU 13 hmoVo h¢ - (5 kmZopÝÐ` + 5
H$_} pÝÐ`+ _Z+ Ah‘>ma+~w{Õ)Ÿ&
BpÝÐ`ofw gmYH$V_Ëd JwU`moJmV² Hw$R>madV²Ÿ&2/39Ÿ&
~w{Õ H$m nwéfmW©-gmYZ ê$n JwU AÝ` BpÝÐ`m| _| naånam go _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go
d¥j Vmo àhma go H$Q>Vm h¡ , na Hw$R>ma H$mo ^r H$aU H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
Û`mo: àYmZ§ _Zmo bmoH$dV² ^¥Ë`dJ}fŸw &2/40Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma bmoH$ ì`dhma _| AZoH$ ^¥Ë`m| _| EH$ àYmZ hmoVm h¡ , Cgr àH$ma
~mø (kmZ-H$_©) Am¡a ^rVar BpÝÐ`m| _| _Z àYmZ h¡Ÿ&
Aì`{^MmamV²Ÿ&2/41Ÿ&
Aì`{^Mma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~w{Õ àYmZ h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m AÜ`dgm` Y_© g^r H$maUm|
_| em{_b h¡Ÿ& {H$gr ^r H$aU H$m ì`mnma ~w{Õ H$mo N>mS‹o >H$a Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
VWm @ eof g§ñH$mamYmaËdmV²Ÿ&2/42Ÿ&
~w{Õ _| hr g^r g§ñH$ma nyUV© : AmY¥V h¢, ~mø H$aU `m Ah‘>ma-_Z _|
Zht, AV: ~w{Õ gd© àYmZ h¡Ÿ&
ñ_¥Ë`m @ Zw _mZm ÀMŸ&2/43Ÿ&
gd©d¥{Îm loð> {MÝVZê$n ñ_¥{V (Ü`mZ H$s àW_ AdñWm) ~w{Õ _| à{V{ð>V h¡Ÿ&
Bggo ^r ~w{Õ H$m gd© àYmZ hmoZo H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
gå^doÞ ñdV:Ÿ&2/44Ÿ&
ñ_¥{V nwéf H$m Y_© Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ AmË_m {ZJwU © , {ZY©_H© $ h¡Ÿ& AÝ`
AW©-ê$n Am{X Ho$ Xe©Z Am{X _| ~w{Õ ñdV: H$aU Zht hmo gH$VrŸ&
Amno{jH$mo JwUàYmZ ñd^md: {H«$`m {deofmV²Ÿ&2/45Ÿ&
H$aUm| _| Omo Jm¡U _w»` ^md hmoVm h¡, dh Amno{jH$ h¡, {H«$`m {deof na {Z^©a h¡Ÿ&
VËH$_m© {O©VËdm ÎmXW© _{^Moï>m bmoH$dV²Ÿ&2/46Ÿ&
o H$aU {Og nwéf H$o H$_© go CËnÞ hmoVm h¡, CgH$s Moï>m Cgr nwéf Ho$ {b`o hmoVr
h¡Ÿ& nwéf Hy$Q>ñW h¡, na CgHo$ ñdm_r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nwéf H$m H$_© H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ&
g_mZH$_© `mo Jo ~wÕ:o àmYmÝ`§ bmo H$dëbmo H$dV²Ÿ&2/47Ÿ&
H$aUm| H$s Ñ{ï> _| g^r g_mZ hmoZo na ^r CZ_| ~w{Õ àYmZ h¡Ÿ& O¡go g^r amOm Ho$
H$_©Mmar hmoZo na ^r CZ_| _ÝÌr àYmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
262 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÜ`m` 3
A{deofm{Ûeofmaå^:Ÿ&3/1Ÿ&
A{deof (emÝV-Mmoa-_yT‹ >Ëdm{X ê$n go eyÝ`) VÝ_mÌ go nÄM^yV ê$n {deof H$s
CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
Vñ_mÀN>arañ`Ÿ&3/2Ÿ&
nyd©d{U©V 23 VÎdm| go ñWyb Am¡a gyú_ earam| H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
VX² ~r OmV² g§g{¥ V:Ÿ&3/3Ÿ&
VÎdmË_H$ gyú_ eara-~rO go nwéf H$s g§g{¥ V(_¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX J{V) hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
Am {ddoH$mÀM àdÎm©Z_{deofmUm_²Ÿ&3/4Ÿ&
g^r àH$ma Ho$ àm{U`m|(~«÷m go H$sQ> Am{X n`©ÝV) H$m V~ VH$ Adí` hr g§gaU
hmoVm ahoJm O~ VH$ CZ_| {ddoH (Ðï>m-Ñí` H$m nmW©Š` kmZ) CËnÞ Z hmoŸ&
Cn^moJm{XVañdŸ&3/5Ÿ&
Omo A{ddoH$s h¡, CgHo$ {b`o ñdr` H$_m] H$m \$b^moJ H$aZm Adí`å^mdr h¡Ÿ&
gm à{V n[a_wº$mo Ûmä`m_²Ÿ&3/6Ÿ&
g§g¥{VH$mb _| nwéf erVmoîU, gwI-Xw:I Am{X ÛÝÛm| go _wº$ hr ahVm h¡Ÿ&
_mVm {nV¥O§ ñWyb§ àm`e BVaÞ VWmŸ&3/7Ÿ&
ñWyb eara àm`: _mVm-{nVm go CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ(H$^r -H$^r A`mo{ZO ñWyb
eara ^r hmoVo h¢)Ÿ& gyú_ eara _mVm-{nVm go CËnÞ Zht hmoVm, dh gJm©{X
H$mb _| CËnÞ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
nydm}ËnÎmo ñVËH$m`© Ëd§ ^mo JmXoH$ñ` ZoVañ`Ÿ&3/8Ÿ&
gJm©m{X _| CËnÞ {b“ eara H$m hr gwI-Xw:I hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg eara _| hr
^moJ hmoVm h¡, ñWyb eara _| ZhtŸ&
gáXe¡H$§ {b“_²Ÿ&3/9Ÿ&
gyú_eara ({b“eara) gJm©{X _| EH$ hr hmoVm h¡(g_{ï>ê$n go) {Og_| 17
nXmW© hmoVo h¢-11 BpÝÐ`m§, 5 VÝ_mÌ, 1 ~w{ÕŸ&(Bg {b“ eara _| ^moJ hmoVm h¡,
`hr _w»` eara h¡)Ÿ&
ì`{º$ ^oX: H$_© {deofmV²Ÿ&3/10Ÿ&
gJ©m{X _| ([haÊ`J^© Cnm{Y ê$n) {b“ eara EH$ hmoZo na ^r H$_© {deof Ho$
AZwgma CgHo$ A§e^oX hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 263
VX{Yð>mZml`o Xoho (VÛmXmV²) VÛmX:Ÿ&3/11Ÿ&
H$m`©O{ZV ^moJ {b“ eara _| hmoVm h¡, `hr VÎdV: ^moJm`VZ h¡Ÿ& Cg {b“ H$m
A{Yð>mZ ^yVnÄMH$ H$m Aml` fmQ²>H$m¡{eH$ ñWybXoh h¡Ÿ& Bg Aml`-gå~ÝY go
hr ñWyb eara H$mo ^moJm`VZ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&`hm§ {dkmZ {^jw 3 Xoh _mZVo h¢-
(1) {b“ eara,(2) CgH$m A{Yð>mZ nÄM^yV H$m gyú_ Xoh, (3) ñWyb XohŸ&
Z ñdmVÝÍ`mV² VÑVo N>m `m dpÀMÌ dÀMŸ&3/12Ÿ&
{b“ eara Am¡a fmQ²>H$m¡{eH$ ñWyb eara Ho$ ~rM _| Omo {b“ H$m A{Yð>mZ eara
_mZm J`m h¡, CgHo$ {~Zm {b“ eara H$m`© Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& `>hm§ 3 Xoh H$ho
J`o h¢- ñWybXoh, {b“Xoh H$m AmYma ^yV Xoh VWm {b“XohŸ&
_yVË© do@{n Z g”mV`moJmV² Va{UdV²Ÿ&3/13Ÿ&
{b“ eara H$m Aml` gyú_eara h¡, A_yV© AmH$me Zht, Š`m|{H$ O¡go gy`© Am{X
H$m VoO nm{W©d Ðì` _wº$ hmoH$a hr pñWV ahVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma VÎdàH$me_`
{b“eara ^r gyú_ ^yV_` eara na hr à{V{ð>V hmoH$a H$m`© H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
AUw n[a_mU§ VV² H¥${V lwV:o Ÿ&3/14Ÿ&
{b“ eara AUw n[a_mU (n[apÀN>Þ n[a_mU, AWm©V² Ad`d`wº$) h¡, Š`m|{H$
CgH$s (J_Z Am{X) {H«$`m H$m CëboI lw{V _| h¡Ÿ&
VXÞ_`ËdlwVío MŸ&3/15Ÿ&
{b“eara n[a{ÀN>Þ n[a_mU_mÌ h¡, {d^w Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh _Z àYmZ h¡ Am¡a
_Z AÞ_` h¡Ÿ(AÞ_` _Z H$m àmYmÝ` {Og_| h¡, dh {d^w Z hmoH$a n[apÀN>Þ
hr hmoJmŸ& AÞ J«hUm{X go _Z _o| JwU àYmZ hmoVm h¡)Ÿ&
nwéfmW© g§g{¥ V {b“mZm§ gynH$madÐmk:Ÿ&3/16Ÿ&
{b“ earam| H$m g§gaU nwéf Ho$(^moJ H$o) {b`o hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma gynH$ma
(agmoB`m) amOm Ho$ {b`o agmoB© _| OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma g§hV {b“Ymar Ag§hV
ñdn¥WH²$ nwéf Ho$ {b`o àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
nmÄ M ^m¡{VH$mo Xoh:Ÿ&3/17Ÿ&
Xoh (ñWyb eara) 5 ^yVm| Ho$ {_lU H$m n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ&
MmVw^m£{VH${_-Ë`oH$o Ÿ(Ë`Ý`o)&3/18Ÿ&
Hw$N> (Mmdm©H$) Ho$ _V go ñWyb eara 4 ^yVm| go ~Zm h¡(Cg_| AmH$me Zht h¡)
EoH$^m¡{VH${_Ë`naoŸ&3/19Ÿ&
264 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
EH$ AÝ` _V h¡ {H$ ñWyb eara Ho$db EH$ ^yV (n¥{Wdr) go hr {Z{_©V h¡Ÿ (AÝ`
^yV Cnï>å^H$ `m bwá ahVo h¢)& AÝ` AW© h¡ {H$ EH$ àH$ma H$m eara EH$ hr ^yV
go {Z{_©V hmoVm h¡, O¡go gy`©bmoH$ _| V¡Og eara Am{XŸ&
Z gm§{g{ÕH§$ M¡VÝ`§ àË`oH$mÑï>:o Ÿ&3/20Ÿ&
M¡VÝ` (AmË_m, nwéf) gm§{g{ÕH (^yVm| go ñd^mdV: {gÕ ) Zht h¡, Eogm hmoZo
na n¥{Wdr Am[X _| ^r M¡VÝ` XrIVmŸ&
ànÄ M_aUmÚ ^mdÀMŸ&3/21Ÿ&
`{X eara ñd^mdV: M¡VÝ` hmoVm, Vmo {H$gr àmUr H$m _aU(gwf{w á Am{X ^r)
Zht hmoVmŸ& _aZo na Xoh AMoVZ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
_Xe{º$dÀMoV² àË`oH $n[aÑîQ>o (gm¡úå`mV²) gm§hË`o VXwX^ ² d:Ÿ&3/22Ÿ&
`h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡ {H$ àË`oH$ ^yV _| M¡VÝ` Zht h¡, dh CZHo$ g§KmV ê$n Xoh
_| Am OmVm h¡Ÿ, O¡go _Ú Ho$ àË`oH$ CnmXmZ _| _Xe{º$ Zht ahVr na CZHo$
g_yh _| ahVr h¡Ÿ& àË`oH$ CnmXmZ Ðì` _| Omo VÎd gyú_ ê$n go ahVm h¡ dhr g_yh
_| ñ\w$Q> ê$n _| ì`º$ hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& ^yV _| gyú_ ê$n _| M¡VÝ` ahZm à_mU {gÕ
Zht h¡, AV: ^yV g_{ï> ê$n Xoh _| ^r M¡VÝ` Zht Am gH$VmŸ&
kmZmÝ_w{º$:Ÿ&3/23Ÿ&
kmZ go hr _w{º$ hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&
~ÝYmo {dn`©`mV²Ÿ&3/24Ÿ&
{dn`©` (A{dÚm={dnarV kmZ) hr (gwI-Xw:I ê$n) ~ÝY H$m H$maU h¡Ÿ&
{Z`V H$maUËdmÞ g_wÀM` {dH$ënm¡Ÿ&3/25Ÿ&
kmZ hr _w{º$ H$m {Z`V hoVw (AZÝ` H$maU) h¡, AV: g_wÀM` (kmZ H$_©
g_wÀM` go _w{º$) `m {dH$ën(kmZ go `m H$_© go _w{º$-`h _V) dmX H$s
gå^mdZm Zht h¡Ÿ&
ñdßZOmJamä`m{_d _m{`H$m@_m{`H$mä`m§ Zmo^`mo_{©w º$: nwéfñ`Ÿ&3/26Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma _m{`H$(AgË`, ApñWa) ñdßZ nXmW© Am¡a A_m{`H$ (gË`) OmJ«V
H$mbrZ nXmW© H$s nañna ghm`Vm go H$moB© nwéfmW© {gÕ Zht hmoVm, Cgr àH$ma
H$_© Am¡a kmZ Ho$ g_wÀM` go _w{º$ Zht hmoVrŸ&
BVañ`m{n ZmË`pÝVH$_²Ÿ&3/27Ÿ&
AmË_monmgZmê$n kmZ Ho$ gmW VÎd kmZ H$m g_wÀM` (Am¡a {dH$ën) hmo gH$Vm
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 265
h¡-`h Zht_mZ gH$VoŸ& Cnmñ` gJwU ~«÷ ^r nyUV© `m A_m{`H$ Zht h¡, Cg_|
^r AÜ`ñV nXmW© h¢Ÿ&
g‘>pënVo@ß`od_²Ÿ&3/28Ÿ&
_Z Ho$ g‘>pënV Ü`o` _| _m{`H$Ëd h¡Ÿ& gd©ì`mnr Cnmñ` ~«÷ gJwU h¡, AV: dh
_m`m ê$n {ÌJwU go gå~Õ h¡Ÿ& AV: CnmgZm Am¡a VÎdkmZ EH$ gmW Zhr§ ah
gH$VoŸ&
^mdZmonM`mÀNw>Õñ` gd© àH¥$[VdV²Ÿ&3/29Ÿ&
CnmgZm H$m \$b Š`m h¡Ÿ? O~ ^mdZm ê$n CnmgZm _| {MÎm ewÕ hmo OmVm h¡ V~
Cg_| gd©kVm, gd©e{º$_Îmm Am{X JwU AmVo h¢Ÿ& {Og àH$ma àH¥${V Cn`moJr
{Z{_Îm Ûmam g¥{ï>-g§hma Am{X H$m`© H$aVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma CnmgH$ H$m ~w{ÕgÎd
^r g¥{ï> Am[X _| g_W© hmo OmVm h¡ (CnmgZm ~b Ho$ AZwgma)
amJmonh{VÜ`m©Z_²Ÿ&3/30Ÿ&
Ü`mZ Ho$ Aä`mg go {MÎm H$m {df`monamJ emÝV hmoVm h¢Ÿ&
d¥{Îm{ZamoYmV² VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&3/31Ÿ&
Ü`o` Ho$ A{V[aº$ d¥{Îm{ZamoY go kmZ \$bH$ Ü`mZ H$s {Zîn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
YmaUm@@ gZ ñdH$_©Um VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&3/32Ÿ&
YmaUm, Ü`mZ Am¡a ñdH$_© Ho$ Aä`mg go Ü`mZ H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
{ZamoYíN>{X© {dYmaUmä`m_²Ÿ&3/33Ÿ&
à«mU H$m {ZamoY N>X© (ny[aV dm`w H$m Ë`mJ) Am¡a {dYmaU (H$moð> _| dm`w H$m
YmaU) go hmoVm h¡ (N>X©+{dYmaU=àUm`m_)Ÿ&
pñWagwI_mgZ_²Ÿ&3/34Ÿ&
eara H$s Omo pñW{V gwI Am¡a pñWaVm XoVr h¡, Cgo AmgZ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
ñdH$_© ñdml_ {d{hV H$_m©Zðw >mZ_²Ÿ&3/35Ÿ&
ñdH$_© (23 d| gyÌ _| Cº$) H$m AW© h¡-Aml_ Ho$ AZwê$n `_-{Z`_ ê$n H$_m]
H$m AZwð>mZŸ&
d¡am½`mXä`mgmÀMŸ&3/36Ÿ&
d¡am½` g{hV Ü`mZ Ho$ Aä`mg go kmZ VWm CgH$m gmYZ `moJ {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&({^jw
Ho$ AZwgma `o XmoZm| EH$ hr Cnm` h¢)Ÿ&
{dn`©`^oXm: nÄMŸ&3/37Ÿ&
266 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
~ÝY H$m H$maU {dn`©` h¡, {OgHo$ 5 ^oX h¢-A{dÚm (V_), Apñ_Vm (_moh),amJ
(_hm_moh), Ûof (Vm{_ò), Am¡a A{^{Zdoe (AÝYVm{_ò)-`moJgyÌ,2/3-9
Ae{º$ a ï>mqde{VYm (Vw )Ÿ&3/38Ÿ&
Ae{º$ (BpÝÐ` d¡H$ë`) 28 àH$ma H$s h¢-11 BpÝÐ`m| H$mdY({dH$bVm) VWm
17 ~w{ÕdYŸ(9 Vw{ï>`m| VWm 8 {g{Õ`m| Ho$ ~mYH$ nXmW©)&
Vw{ï> Z© dYmŸ&3/39Ÿ&
Vw{w ï> 9 àH$ma H$s h¢-4 AmÜ`mpË_H$ Vw{ï>-1.àH¥${VVw{ï>-àH¥${V ñd`§ hr _moj H$m
gånmXZ H$aoJr, _¢ Vmo Hy$Q>ñW hÿ,§ `h _mZH$a gÝVmof H$aZmŸ&
2.CnmXmZ Vw{ï>-àd«Á`m Am{X boZo go _moj hmoJm, `h ^mdŸ&
3.H$mbVw{ï>-~hþV H$mb VH$ g_m[Y Ho$ AZwð>mZ go Vw{ï>Ÿ&
4.^m½` Vw{ï>-Y_©_Ko g_m{Y H$s Vw{ï>Ÿ&
5-9-~mø {df`m| Ho$ AO©Z-ajU-j`->gJ§ -qhgm{X _| Xw:I H$s Ame§H$m go
d¡am½`Ÿ, AO©Z Am{X N>mS‹o > XoZmŸ&
{g{Õaï>YmŸ&3/40Ÿ&
{g{Õ (gmYZm nW _| dr`© Xm`H$) AmR> àH$ma H$s h¢-
1.D$h {g{Õ-CnXoe Am{X Ho$ {~Zm ñd`§ hr VÎdkmZ nmZo(D$hZ) _| g_W©Ÿ&
2.eãX-AÝ`m| Ho$ dmŠ` gwZH$a kmZ àm{á H$s ñ\y${Îm©Ÿ&
3.AÜ``Z-Jwé-{eî` naånam go kmZ àm{áŸ&
4.gwhV² àm{á-Eogo gwöV² H$m AmJ_Z {Oggo kmZ àmá hmoŸ&
5.XmZ-{H$gr H$mo YZ, XmZ Am{X Ûmam gÝVwï> H$a kmZ nmZmŸ&
6-8-{Ì{dY Xw:Im| H$m {dKmVŸ&
AdmÝVa ^oXm: nydd© V²Ÿ&3/41Ÿ&
nyd© AmMm`m] Ho$ AZwgma 5 {dn`©`m| Ho$ AdmÝVa ^oX h¢-V_ Ho$ 8 ^oX,_moh Ho$ 8
^oX, _hm_moh Ho$ 10, Vm{_ò Ho$ 18 VWm AÝYVm{_ò Ho$ 18-Hw$b 62 ^oX
h¢Ÿ&(gm§»` H$m.48)
Ed{_Vañ`m:Ÿ&3/42Ÿ&
Bgr àH$ma (nyd© AmMm`m] Ho$ _V go) Ae{º$ Ho$ AdmÝVa ^oX 18 h¢Ÿ&
AmÜ`mpË_H$m{X^oXmÞdYm Vw{ï>:Ÿ&3/43Ÿ&
AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{X ^oX go Vw{ï> 9 àH$ma H$s h¡(g§»` H$m.50,gy.3/39)Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 267
D$hm{X{^: {g{Õ:Ÿ&3/44Ÿ&
D$h Am{X ^oX go {g{Õ`m§ 8 h¢ (gm§.gy.3/40)Ÿ&
ZoVam{XVahmZoZ {dZmŸ&3/45Ÿ&
D$h, eãX Am{X Cn`wº © $(gm§.gy.3/44) {g{Õ`m| Ho$ A{V[aº$ Vn Am{X go VmpÎdH$
(H¡$dë` `wº$) {g{Õ àmá Zht hmoVrŸ, Š`m|{H$ Vn Am{X go CËnÞ {g{Õ`m§ {dn`©`
H$m Zme [H `o {~Zm ^r CËnÞ hmoVr h¢Ÿ&`h dñVwV: {g{Õ H$m Am^mg _mÌ h¡Ÿ&
X¡dm{X à^oXmŸ&3/46Ÿ&
g¥{ï> Ho$ (AWm©V² g¥{ï> Ho$ XohYmar àm{U`m| Ho$) Xod Am{X AdmÝVa ^oX h¢-Xod,
{V`©J², _Zwî` `mo{Z`m§Ÿ&
Am~«÷ñVå~n`©ÝV§ VËH¥$Vo g¥{ï>am{ddoH$mV²Ÿ&3/47Ÿ&
~«÷ go ñVå~ n`©ÝV g¥{ï> nwéfmW© h¡Ÿ& O~ VH$ {ddoH$ kmZ CËnÞ Zht hmoVm V~
VH$ Ordm| H$m g§gaU hmoVm ahoJmŸ&
D$Üdª gÎd{dembmŸ&3/48Ÿ&
gÎd~hþb g¥{ï> D$Û©bmoH$ _| h¡Ÿ&
V_mo {dembm _ybV:Ÿ&3/49Ÿ&
V_mo ~hþb g¥{ï> ^ybm}H$ Ho$ AYmoXoe _| h¡Ÿ&
_Ü`o aOmo{dembmŸ&3/50Ÿ&
aOmo~hþb g¥{ï> _Ü` (^ybmoH$) _| h¡Ÿ&
H$_© d¡{MÍ`mV² àYmZMoï>m J^©XmgdV²Ÿ&3/51Ÿ&
àYmZ H$s H$m`©d{¡ MÍ`-ê$n Moï>m H$_© H$s {d{MÌVm go hmoVr h¡Ÿ& OÝ_OmV Xmg
H$s Vah àH¥${V H$s Moï>m ^r H$_© Ho$ {b`o hr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
Amd¥{ÎmñVÌmË`wÎmamoÎma`mo{Z`moJmX² ho`:Ÿ&3/52Ÿ&
gÎd àYmZ D$Üd©bmoH$ _| J{V hmoZo na dhm§ go Amd¥{Îm hmoVr h¡ VWm nwZ: ZmZm
`mo{Z`m| _| OÝ_ boZm n‹S>Vm h¡, AV: D$Üd©bmoH$ ^r ho` h¡Ÿ&
g_mZ§ Oam_aUm{XO§ Xw:I_²Ÿ&3/53Ÿ&
g^r àH$ma Ho$ bmoH$m| _| Ord H mo Oam _aU Am{X Ûmam Xw:I {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
Z H$maUb `mV² H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm _¾dXwËWmZmV²Ÿ&3/54Ÿ&
Aì`º$ àH${V _| {MÎm H$m (A{ddoH$nydH© $) b` H$aZo_mÌ go H¥$VH$¥Ë`Vm Zht
hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ Ob_¾ ì`{º$ H$s Vah nwZ: Cg {MÎm H$m CËWmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
268 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AH$m`©Ëdo@{n VÚmoJ: nmadí`mV²Ÿ&3/55Ÿ&
àH¥${V ñd`§ à{V{ð>V h¡, AV: àH¥${V brZ {MÎm H$m nwZéËWmZ Zht hmoZm Mm{h`o
-Eogm Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ brZ {MÎm _| nadeVm ahZo Ho$ H$maU Cg
{MÎm H$m nwZ: g§gma ~ÝYZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
g {h gd© {dV² gd©H$Îmm©Ÿ&3/56Ÿ&
nyd© gJ© _| Bg àH$ma H$m brZ {MÎm nwéf O~ AÝ` gJ© _| (B©ídaVm`wº$ hmoH$a)
ì`º$ hmoVm h¡, V~ dh gd©{dV² Am¡a gd©H$Îmm© hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
B©Ñeoída {g{Õ: {gÕmŸ&3/57Ÿ&
B©Ñe B©ída (AWm©V² OÝ` B©ída) H$s {g{Õ lw{V Am¡a `w{º$ go hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
àYmZ g¥{ï>: namWª ñdVmo@ß`^moº$¥ Ëdm Xw ï´> Hw$‘x> _ dh ZdV²Ÿ&3/58Ÿ&
O‹S> àH¥${V H$s g¥{ï> namW© hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma D§$Q> Xygam| Ho$ {b`o Hw$‘x>_ Am{X
H$m dhZ H$aVm h¡, CgH$m ^moJ Zht H$aVmŸ&
AMoVZËdo@{n jradÀMo{ï>V§ àYmZñ`Ÿ&3/59Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma AMoVZ jra {H$gr nwéf H$s Anojm Z H$a ^r X{Yê$n _| n[aUV
hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma AMoVZ àH¥${V na-à`ËZ Ho$ {~Zm ^r _hV² Am{X ê$n _|
n[aUV hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
H$_©dX² Ñï>o dm© H$mbmXo:Ÿ&3/60Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma H$mb Am{X H$m H$_© ñd`§ MbVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma àYmZ H$s n[aUm_
{H«$`m ^r ñdV: hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
ñd^mdm ÀMo{ï>V _Z{^gÝYmZmX² ^¥Ë`dV²Ÿ&3/61Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma EH$ ^¥Ë` ñdm^m{dH$ g§ñH$ma go à^w Ho$ H$m`© _| àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡, Cgr
àH$ma àH¥${V AnZo g§ñH$ma go hr n[aUm_m| H$mo CËnÞ H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
H$_m© H¥ $ï>o dm© @ (ß`) Zm{XV:Ÿ&3/62Ÿ&
AWdm AZm{X H$_© Ûmam AmH¥$ï> hmoH$a ^r àH¥${V H$m `Wm`W n[aUm_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
{d{dº$ ~moYmV² g¥{ï> {Zd¥{Îm: àYmZñ` gyXdV² nmHo$Ÿ&3/63Ÿ&
O~ O‹S> àH¥${V go AbJ nwéf H$m ~moY {MÎm _| hmoVm h¡, V~ àYmZ g¥{ï> go {Zd¥Îm
hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go nmMH$ ^moOZ ~ZmZo Ho$ ~mX {Zd¥Îm hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
BVa BVadV² VÔmofmV²Ÿ&3/64Ÿ&
{OZ_| {ddoH$ kmZ CËnÞ Zht hþAm h¡, do ~Õ ahVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ CZ_| nwéfmW© A^r
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 269
g_má Zht hþAm h¡Ÿ&
Û`moaHo $Vañ` dm¡XmgrÝ`_ndJ©:Ÿ&3/65Ÿ&
nwéf Am¡a àH¥${V H$m nañna Am¡XmgrÝ` ({d`moJ) hr AndJ© (Xw:I) go _w{º$ h¡Ÿ&
AWdm nwéf H$m Am¡XmgrÝ` hmoZm hr H¡$dë` h¡Ÿ&
AÝ`g¥îQ>çnw amJo@{n Z {daÁ`Vo à~wÕaÁOwVÎdñ`odmoaJ:Ÿ&3/66Ÿ&
^moJ AndJ© go _wº$ nwéf go {Zd¥Îm hmoZo na ^r dh AÝ` nwéfm| go {Zd¥Îm Zht
hmoVmŸ& O¡go Omo ì`{º$ añgr H$mo gm§n Zht g_PVm dhr Cggo Zht S>aVm, ~mH$s
Cggo S>aVo h¢Ÿ&
H$_© {Z{_Îmm `mo JmÀMŸ&3/67Ÿ&
~Õ nwéf H$o gmW H$_© OwS‹ >m ahVm h¡, AV: H$_© g§ñH$ma Ho$ H$maU CgH$m
g§gaU MbVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
Z¡anoú`o@{n àH¥$Ë`wnH$mao@{ddoH$mo {Z{_Îm_²Ÿ&3/68Ÿ&
nwéf (Ðï>m) VWm àH¥${V (Ñí`) nañna {Zanoj h¢Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ CnH$ma (Cggo
_hV² Am{X H$s g¥{ï>) A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
ZÎm©H$sdV² àd¥Îmñ`m{n {Zd¥{ÎmíMm[aVm Ï`m©VŸ² &3/69Ÿ&
àYmZ H$s àd¥{Îm nwéf Ho$ {b`o h¡, CgH$m H$m`© H$aZo na àH¥${V ñdV: {Zd¥Îm hmo
OmVr h¡, O¡go ZÎm©H$s Z¥Ë` H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ñdV: ~ÝX H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
Xmof~moY@o {n Zmongn©U§ àYmZñ` Hw$bdYydV²Ÿ&3/70Ÿ&
Hw$bdYy `h OmZZo na {H$ ñdm_r Zo CgHo$ Xmofm| H$mo OmZ b`m h¡, Cggo ñdV:
{Zd¥Îm hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma O~ àH¥${V Ho$ Xmofm| H$m kmZ nwéf H$mo hmo OmVm h¡,
V~ àH¥${V CgH$s Va\$ àd¥Îm Zht hmoVrŸ&
Z¡H$mÝVVmo ~ÝY_mojm¡ nwéfñ`m{ddoH$mÑVoŸ&3/71Ÿ&
nwéf H$m dmñV{dH$ ~ÝY `m _moj Zht hmoVm, A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU Eogm bJVm h¡Ÿ&
àH¥$VoamÄOñ`mV² gg“ËdmV² newdV²Ÿ&3/72Ÿ&
VÎdV: ~ÝY Am¡a _moj àH$¥{V Ho$ hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ dh Xw:I gmYZm| go {bá h¡Ÿ& {Og
àH$ma añgr g§J go new ~ÝY OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma Xw:I gmYZ ^yV Y_© Am{X go
{bá hmoH$a àH¥${V ~Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
ê$n¡: gá{^amË_mZ§ ~ÜZm{V àYmZ§ H$mo eH$mad{Û_moM`Ë`oH$oZê$noUŸ&3/73Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma H$moeH$ma (H$s‹S>m) AnZo hr ~Zm`o Ka Ûmam ~ÝY OmVm h¡, Cgr n«H$ma
270 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
àH¥${V AnZo {Z{_©V Y_©, {damJ, Eoíd`©, AY_©, AkmZ, Ad¡am½`, AZ¡íd`©-
BZ 7 ê$nm| go AnZo H$mo ~mÝYVr h¡Ÿ& kmZ Zm_H$ EH$ ê$n Ûmam AnZo H$mo _wº$
^r H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
{Z{_ÎmËd_{ddoH$ñ` Z Ñï>hm{Z:Ÿ&3/74Ÿ&
~ÝY-_moj _| A{ddoH$ H$m hmoZm `m Zht hmoZm {Z{_Îm h¡Ÿ& A{ddoH$ Ûmam àH$¥{V-
nwéf g§`moJ go CËnÞ Xw:I àH¥${V _o§ hmoVm h¡, nwéf _| CgH$m à{V{~å~ ê$n
Xw:I^moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
VÎdmä`mgmÞo{V ZoVr{V Ë`mJm{ÛdoH${g{Õ:Ÿ&3/75Ÿ&
àH¥${V Am¡a àmH¥$V nXmW© _| Zo{V-Zo{V ê$n go A{^_mZ Ë`mJ H$a VÎd H$m Aä`mg
H$aZo go {ddoH$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
A{YH$m[aà^oXmÞ {Z`_:Ÿ&3/76Ÿ&
A{YH$mar -à^oX ahZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ OÝ_ Ho$ Aä`mg go (`m EH$ {Z{íMV H$mb
_|) hr _w{º$ hmoJr, Eogm H$moB© {Z`_ Zht h¡Ÿ&
~m{YVmZwd¥ -Î`m(Îmo:) _Ü`{ddoH$Vmo@ß`wn^moJ:Ÿ&3/77Ÿ&
~m{YVm-AZwd¥{Îm (àmaãYde Zï> AkmZ H$m nwZ: CX` hmoZm) Ho$ H$maU
_Ü`{ddoH$s ({OgH$m {ddoH$ AnyU© h¡) gmYH$ _| ^r Cn^moJ hmoVm h¡ (à{V{~å~ê$n
go nwéf _| AZwd¥{Îm hmoZm hr ^moJ h¡)Ÿ&
OrdÝ_wº$íMŸ&3/78Ÿ&
_Ü`{ddoH$s OrdÝ_wº$ H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
CnXoí`monXoï>¥ ËdmV² VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&3/79Ÿ&
_moj{dÚm H$m à{VnmXZ A{ddoH$s g§gmar Ûmam gå^d Zht h¡, AV: BgHo$
CnXoeH$ hmoZo H$m AW© h¡ Or dÝ_wº$ nwéf ^r h¢Ÿ&
lw{VíMŸ&3/80Ÿ&
lw{V go ^r Omo OrdZ_wº$ hm| CZHo$ H$m`© {gÕ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
BVaWm@ÝYnaånamŸ&3/81Ÿ&
`{X OrdÝ_wº$ nwéf H$m ApñVÎd Z _mZ|, Vmo AmË_kmZ H$m CnXoe ^«mÝV hmoJm
O¡go EH$ AÝY Xygao AÝY H$mo _mJ© {XIm`oŸ&
MH«$^«_UdX² Y¥Veara:Ÿ&3/82Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma Hw$å^H$ma H$m MH«$ AnZo doJ Ûmam Hw$N> H$mb VH$ Ky_Vm ahVm h¡, Cgr
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 271
àH$ma OrdÝ_wº$ H$m eara ^r nyd© g§ñH$ma go Hw$N> H$mb VH$ Or{dV ahVm h¡Ÿ&
g§ñH$maboeVñVpËg{Õ:Ÿ&3/83Ÿ&
Cg g_` {df`-g§ñH$ma ahZo Ho$ H$maU eara YmaU ê$n {H«$`m MbVr ahVr h¡,
A{dÚm-g§ñH$ma H$m boe Zht ahVmŸ&
{ddoH$m{Þ:eof Xw:I {Zd¥Îmm¡ H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm ZoVamÞoVamV²Ÿ&3/84Ÿ&
{ddoH$ kmZ H$s nyUV© m hmoZo na Xw:ImYma {MÎmd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ {ZamoY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
Xw:I H$s AË`ÝV {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmVr h¡, `hr na_ nwéfmW© ê$n H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm h¡Ÿ& `h
H$¥VH¥$Ë`Vm OrdÝ_w{º$ Xem _| Zht hmoVrŸ&
AÜ`m` 4
amOnwÌdV² VÎdmonXoemV²Ÿ&4/1Ÿ&
VÎd gå~ÝYr CnXoe go {ddoH$ H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bg {df` _| `h Am»`m{`H$m
h¡ {H$ H$moB© amOnwÌ dZ _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU AnZm àH¥$V ê$n Z OmZH$a e~a ê$n _|
ahVm WmŸ& na ~mX _| {H$gr A_mË` Ho$ CnXoe go AnZo ê$n H$mo nhMmZm Am¡a
ñdamÁ` _| à{V{ð>V hþAmŸ&
{nemMdXÝ`mWm}nXoe@o {nŸ&4/2Ÿ&
EH$ Ho$ {b`o H$hm J`m CnXoe AÝ` Ho$ {b`o ^r CnH$mar hmoVm h¡, {Og àH$ma
lrH¥$îU Zo AOwZ© Ho$ {b`o CnXoe {H$`m, na Cg CnXoe H$mo g_rnñW {H$gr
{nemM Zo gwZ {b`m {Oggo CgHo$ öX` _| CËH¥$ï> kmZ CËnÞ hþAmŸ&
Amd¥{ÎmagH¥$XwnXoemV²Ÿ&4/3Ÿ&
kmZ Ho$ Ñ‹T>Vm gånmXZ Ho$ {b`o CnXoe H$s Amd¥{Îm (~ma-~ma gwZZm) H$aZr
Mm{h`o, O¡go ídoVHo$Vw Am{X Ho$ à{V Amé{U Am{X F${f`m| Zo ~ma-~ma CnXoe
{X`m WmŸ&
{nVmnwÌ dXw^`moÑ© ï>ËdmV²Ÿ&4/4Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma H$moB© ì`{º$ {nVm H$m _aU VWm nwÌ H$m OÝ_ XoI nmVm h¡, Cgr
àH$ma AnZr CËn{Îm Am¡a _aU H$mo ^r g^r AZw_mZ go OmZ gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&Bg kmZ
go d¡am½` CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Omo {ddoH$ H$mo {ZînÞ H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
í`oZdV² gwIXw:Ir Ë`mJ{d`moJmä`m_²Ÿ&4/5Ÿ&
n[aJ«h (AZmdí`H$ gÄM`) Zht H$aZm Mm{h`o, Š`m|{H$ Cggo Xw:I H$s d¥{Õ
hmoVr h¡Ÿ& í`oZ Ho$ nmg `{X _m§g hmo Vmo _m§g^jr àUr Ûmam _mam OmVm h¡Ÿ& na
272 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
`{X dh _m§g H$mo N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ Vmo gwIr hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
A{h{Zëd©`ZrdV²Ÿ&4/6Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma gm§n AnZm H|$Mwb __ËdeyÝ` ~w{Õ go N>mS‹o >Vm h¡, Cgr àH$ma
AZmË_^yV àmH¥$V Cnm{Y H$mo ^r ho` ~w{Õ go N>mS‹o >Zo H$s Moï>m H$aZr Mm{h`oŸ&
{N>ÞmhñVdÛmŸ&4/7Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma {N>Þ hñV H$mo J«hU H$aZo H$s BÀN>m {H$gr H$mo Zht hmoVr, Cgr àH$ma
ho` ~w{Õ go N>mS‹o >r MrOm| H$mo J«hU H$aZo H$s BÀN>m Zht H$aZr Mm{h`oŸ&
AgmY ZmZw {MÝVZ§ ~ÝYm` ^aVdV²Ÿ&4/8Ÿ&
Omo {ddoH$ H$m gmYZ Zht h¡, CgH$m AZw{MÝVZ H$aZo go (Mmho dh gm_mÝ` Ñ{ï>
go gXmMma hr Š`m| Z hmo) ~ÝYZ hmoZo H$s gå^mdZm ahVr h¡, O¡go amO{f©$ ^aV
H$m hþAm WmŸ& (CÝhm|Zo AZmW h[aU {eew H$m nmbZ ê$n X`m nyU© H$_© {H$`m Wm,
{Oggo CZH$mo g§gma J{V {_br WrŸ)&
~hþ{^`m}Jo {damoYmo amJm{X{^: Hw$_mare’dV²Ÿ&4/9Ÿ&
AZoH$ bmoJm| H$m g§J H$aZo go amJ Ûof Am{X H$m àdmh ~‹T>Vm h¡, {Oggo nañna
H$bh H$s gå^mdZm ahVr h¡Ÿ({Oggo `moJgmYZ H$m ^«§e hmo OmVmh¡),{Og
àH$ma Hw$_mar Ho$ hmW _| H$B© My{‹S>`m§ ahZo na CZHo$ g§Kf© go eãX hmoVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
Ûmä`m_{n VW¡dŸ&4/10Ÿ&
Ho$db Xmo Ho$ g§`moJ go ^r {damoY hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
{Zame: gwIr {n“bmdV²Ÿ&4/11Ÿ&
Amem H$m Ë`mJ H$aZo na hr H$moB© gwIr hmo gH$Vm h¡, {Og àH$ma {n“bm doí`m
AnZo ào_r H$mo MmhZo Ho$ H$maU CgH$s Anojm _| pŠbï> hþ`r Wr Am¡a `h Amem
N>mo‹S>Zo na gwIr hþ`r WrŸ&
AZmaå^o@{n naJ¥ho gwIr ^doVŸ² & 4/12Ÿ&
^moJ Ho$ {b`o {H$gr Z`o H$m`© H$m Amaå^ gmYH$ H$mo Zht H$aZm Mm{h`oŸ& gm§n
{Og àH$ma AÝ` {Z{_©V {~b _| hr ah H$a gwIr ahVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma `moJr
H$mo ahZm Mm{h`oŸ&
~hþemóJwê$nmgZo@{n gmamXmZ§ fQ²>nXdV²Ÿ&4/13Ÿ&
~hþg»§ `H$ emóm| H$m AÜ``Z Ed§ JwéAm| H$s CnmgZm H$aZo na ^r gmaJ«hU H$s
_Zmod{¥ Îm aIZr Mm{h`oŸ& ^«_a {Og àH$ma nwînm| go _Yw_mÌ H$m gÄM` H$aVm h¡,
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 273
Cgr àH$ma ~hþV AW© dmbo emóm| H$m _w»` VÎd hr boZm Mm{h`oŸ&
BfwH$madÞ¡H${MÎmñ` g_m{Yhm{ŸZ:&4/14Ÿ&
gmYH$ H$mo EH$mbå~Znam`UVm (Omo EH$mJ«-^y{_H$m H$m _w»` gmYZ h¡) `{X
hmo Vmo gm_mÝ` ~mYm Ho$ CnpñWV hmoZo na `m pŠbï> d¥{Îm Ho$ CX` hmoZo na g_m{Y
H$s hm{Z (bú` go {dÀ`w{V ) Zht hmoVrŸ& {Og àH$ma EH$ EH$mJ« BfwH$ma (~mU
~ZmZo dmbm) H$s EH$mJ«Vm amOm Ho$ AmJ_Z go ^r Zht Qy>Q>VrŸ&
H¥$(d«)V{Z`_b”ZmXmZW©Š`§ bmoH$dV²Ÿ&4/15Ÿ&
_mojemó {gÕ {Z`_m| Ho$ b”Z go na_mW© H$s {g{Õ Zht hmoVr (kmZmä`mg H$m
CËH$f© Zï> hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ)& bmoH$ _| ^r XoIm OmVm h¡ {H$ Am¡fYm{X O{ZV
\$bàm{á V^r hmoVr h¡ O~ {d{hV nÏ` H$m Cëb§KZ Z {H$`m Om`Ÿ&
V{Ûñ_aUo@{n ^oH$sdV²Ÿ&4/16Ÿ&
emór` {Z`_ Ho$ {dñ_aU go ^r hm{Z hmoVr h¡Ÿ& EH$ gwÝXar H$Ý`m go {H$gr amOm
Zo EH$ eÎm© na {ddmh {H$`mŸ& ~mX _| amOm dh eÎm© ^yb J`o {Oggo H$Ý`m AnZo
nyd©ê$n (^oH$s) H$mo àmá hþ`r {Oggo amOm Xw:Ir hþ`oŸ&
ZmonXoeldUo@{n H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm nam_em©ÑVo {damoMZdV²Ÿ&4/17Ÿ&
Ho$db CnXoe-ldU go H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm Zht hmoVr, ~pëH$ g_mMma AWm©V² CnXoe
H$m VmËn`© {ZU©` H$a _ZZ H$aZm Mm{h`oŸ& {damoMZ Zm_H$ Agwa Am¡a BÝÐXod Zo
àOmn{V go g_mZ CnXoe àmá {H$`m, na `WmdV² {dMmam{X Z H$aZo Ho$ H$maU
{damoMZ ^«mÝV hþ`oŸ&
Ñï>ñV`mo[aÝÐñ`Ÿ&4/18Ÿ&
Cn`w©º$ lm¡V Am»`m{`H$m _| ñnï> h¡ {H$ àOmn{V go àmá CnXoe H$m {dMmanyd©H$
_ZZ BÝÐ Zo {H$`m AV: CÝh| hr àH¥$V kmZ àmá hþAmŸ&
àU{V~«÷M`m}ngn©Um{Z H¥$Ëdm {g{Õ~© hþ H$mbmV²Ÿ&4/19Ÿ&
BÝÐ H$s Vah `{X H$moB© Jwé _| àUV ^md aIo Am¡a ~«÷M`© H$m Cngn©U (lÕm go
Jwé Ho$ nmg OmH$a godm H$aZm) H$ao Vmo XrK©H$mb VH$ Eogm H$aZo go Cgo {g{Õbm^
(VÎdkmZ -àm{á) hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Z H$mb {Z`_mo dm_XoddV²Ÿ&4/20Ÿ&
kmZ Ho$ CX` _| H$moB© H$mb {Z`_ Zht h¡Ÿ, O¡go dm_Xod H$mo J^© _| hr kmZmoX`
hþAm Wm (EoVao` Cn.2/4/5, ~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn.1/4/10)Ÿ&
274 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AÜ`ñVê $nmo nm gZmV² nmaån`}U `kmo nm gH$m Zm{_dŸ&4/21Ÿ&
gJwU CnmgZm go ^r kmZ {_b gH$Vm h¡, AV: XwîH$a AÜ`mË_`moJ H$m AZwerbZ
ì`W© h¡-`h _mZZm R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ, Š`m|{H$ AÜ`ñV ê$nm| (~«÷m, {dîUw, {ed
Am{X) H$s CnmgZm go ~«÷bmoH$ H$s àm{á hmoVr h¡ Am¡a gÎdew{Õ Ho$ H«${_H$
CËH$f© Ho$ AZwgma kmZ H$s {Zoîn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bggo Ma_ {g{Õ gmjmV² ê$n go
Zht hmoVrŸ& `kH$_©H$mar H$o {b`o ^r `hr ~mV h¡Ÿ& H$_© go {MÎm ewÕ hmoVm h¡
VWm gÎdew{Õ Ho$ H«${_H$ CËH$f© go {ddoH$nydH© $ {MÎm {ZamoY H$aZo go na_mW©
H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
BVabm^o@ß`md¥{Îm: nÄMm{¾`moJVmo OÝ_lwV:o Ÿ&4/22Ÿ&
Aì`º$ ê$nm| H$s CnmgZm go ~«÷bmoH$ H$s àm{á hmoZo na ^r g§gma _| nwZamd¥{Îm
hmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Xod`mZ nW go ~«÷bmoH$ _| J_ZH$mar H$m nwZO©Ý_ nÄMm{¾ `moJ
(Úw-nO©Ý`-n¥{Wdr-nwéf-`mo{fV² ê$ngo) hmoVm h¡Ÿ-Eogm lm¡V dMZ h¡Ÿ&
{daº$ ho `hm Z_w nm Xo `mo nmXmZ§ h§ gjr adV²Ÿ&4/23Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma h§g Ob{_{lV Xw½Y go XyY AbJ H$a gH$Vm h¡, Cgr àH$ma
d¡am½`gånÞ gmYH$ ho` H$m hmZ(Ë`mJ) Ed§ CnmXo` H$m CnmXmZ (J«hU) H$aZo
_| Xj hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
bãYm{Ve``moJmÛm VÛV²Ÿ&4/24Ÿ&
{OgH$m kmZ Ma_ CËH$f© na nhþM§ J`m h¡, Eogo _hmnwéf Ho$ g§J go ^r H$moB© kmZ
nm gH$Vm h¡, O¡go amOm AbH©$ H$mo _hm`moJr XÎmmÌo` Ho$ g§J go {ddoH$ {_bm WmŸ&
Z H$m_Mm[aËd§ amJmonhVo ewH$dV²Ÿ&4/26Ÿ&
amJr (gH$m_) nwéfm| H$m g§J H$aZo go CgHo$ amJm{X Xmofm| H$m à^md g§JH$mar
na ^r n‹S>Vm h¡, {Og àH$ma gwÝXa ewH$ njr H$m ~ÝYZ ì`mY Ho$ JwUm| (añgr)
go hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Z ^mo JmÐm JempÝV_w© {ZdV²Ÿ&4/27Ÿ&
^moJ H$aVo ahZo go {df`mZwamJ H$s CnempÝV (d¡am½` ^md) Zht hmoVr, O¡go
gm¡^[a _w{Z H$m {MÎm àMwa ^moJ {dbmg go ^r emÝV Zht hþAm WmŸ&
Xmofm Xe©ZmXw^`mo:Ÿ&4/28Ÿ&
àH¥${V Am¡a CgHo$ H$m`© _| XmofXe©Z H$aZo H$s e{º$ O~ hmoVr h¡ V^r amJ H$m
Cne_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Am¡a CgHo$ H$m`© n[aUm_r h¢, Xw:IX h¢, BË`m{X ~moY
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 275
hmoZo na hr CZ na Xmof Xe©Z hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Z _{bZMoVñ`wnXoe~rOàamohmo@OdV²Ÿ&4/29Ÿ&
_{bZ {MÎm _| CnXoe ê$n ~rO H$m àamoh (A‘x>a Ho$ ê$n _| CX²J_) Zht hmoVm
(amJ Ûof `wº$ {MÎm CnXoe gwZH$a ^r gmYZ-_mJ© _| AJ«ga Zht hmoVm), {Og
àH$ma AO (Zm_H$ amOm) O~ ^m`m© {d`moJ go Xw:{IV hmo J`o Vmo d{gð> H$m
CnXoe ^r CZH$m {MÎm emÝV Zht H$a nm`mŸ&
Zm^mg_mÌ_{n _{bZXn©UdV²Ÿ&4/30Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma _¡bo Xn©U _| à{V{~å~ Zht hmoVm, Cgr àH$ma _{bZ {MÎm _| CnXoe
hoVw kmZ H$m Am^mg _mÌ ^r CËnÞ Zht hmoVmŸ&
ZVÁOñ`m{n VÐÿnVm n‘>OdV²Ÿ&4/31Ÿ&
_{bZ {MÎm _| CnXoe go `{X g_mYmZ ^r hmo Vmo dh CnXoe Ho$ AZwê$n Zht
hmoVmŸ&{Og àH$ma n§H$ Xmof Ho$ H$maU ~rO Ho$ ewÕ ahZo na ^r nÙ ~rO Ho$ O¡gm
Zht hmoVmŸ&
Z ^y{V`moJ(o @{n) H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vmonmñ`{ÕdXwnmñ`{g{ÕdV²Ÿ&4/32Ÿ&
{d^y{V H$s àm{á hmoZo na ^r H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm (na_ nwéfmW©=Xw:I H$r nyU© {Zd¥{Îm)
Zht hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ Eoíd`© H$s {ÌJwUmË_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU Cg_| j` Am{X Xmof
Adí` hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Cnmñ` ~«÷m, {dîUw Am{X Xodm| H$s {g{Õ hmoZo na ^r CZH$s
H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm Zht hmoVrŸ&
AÜ`m` 5
_“bmMaU§ {eï>mMmamV² \$bXe©ZmV² lw{VVíMo{VŸ&5/1Ÿ&
emómaå^ _| _“bmMaU Ho$ 3 hoVw h¢-{eï>mMma, \$bXe©Z (_“bmMaU go J«ÝW-
g_m{á ê$n \$b `m {d¿Z-Üd§gê$n \$b) VWm lw{V H$m AmXoeŸ&
Zoídam{Y{Vð>Vo \$b{Zîn{Îm: H$_©Um VpËgÕo:Ÿ&5/2Ÿ&
H$_© \$b H$s {Zîn{Îm B©ída Ho$ A{Yð>mZ ê$n hoVw go Zht hmoVr, H$_© Ûmam hr
H$_©\$b àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
ñdmonH$mamX{Yð>mZ§ bmoH$dV²Ÿ&5/3Ÿ&
B©ída Ho$ A{Yð>mZ go \$b {_bVm h¡, Eogm _mZZo go `h ^r _mZZm n‹S>Jo m {H$
CZ_| ñdmonH$ma (AnZo Ho$ {b`o Hw$N> H$aZo H$s BÀN>m) H$s _Zmod{¥ Îm h¡Ÿ& bmoH$ _| ^r
AnZr ^bmB© Ho$ {b`o hr H$moB© {H$gr H$m gÄMmbZ, {Z`_Z Am{X H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
276 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
bm¡{H$Ho$ídad{XVaWmŸ&5/4Ÿ&
B©ída H$m CnH$ma _mZZo na do bm¡{H$Ho$ída (e{º$_mZ² g§gmar ì`{º$) Ho$ O¡go hr
{gÕ hm|Jo (B©ída _| {Z:g‘>ënVm, AmáH$m_Vm Am{X JwUm| H$s A{g{Õ hmoJr)Ÿ&
nm[a^m{fH$mo dmŸ&5/5Ÿ&
`{X bm¡{H$Ho$ída O¡gm hr B©ída H$mo _mZm Om`, Vmo dh ‘B©ída’ à{VdmXr H$m
EH$ nm[a^m{fH$ nXmW© hmoJmŸ&
Z amJmÑVo VpËg{Õ: à{V{Z`VH$maUËdmV²Ÿ&5/6Ÿ&
\$b {g{Õ _| A{Yð>mZ ê$n go gmjmV² hoVw dhr MoVZ Ord hmo gH$Vm h¡, {OgH$mo
VXZwê$n amJ hmo (Š`m|{H$ amJ hr àd¥{Îm H$m hoVw h¡)Ÿ& B©ída _| H$moB© amJ Zht h¡Ÿ&
VÚmoJ@o {n Z {ZË`_wº$:Ÿ&5/7Ÿ&
B©ída _| amJ hmoZo na dh {ZË`_wº$ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
àYmZe{º$`moJmÀMoV² g“mn{Îm:Ÿ&5/8Ÿ&
`{X àYmZ H$s BÀN>m Am{X e{º$`m| H$mo hr B©ída H$s B©ídaVm _mZ| Vmo B©ída _|
g§J _mZZm n‹S>oJmŸ&
gÎmm_mÌmÀMoV² gd£íd`©_Ÿ² &5/9Ÿ&
`{X àH¥${V Ho$ g{ÞYmZ _mÌ go MoVZ H$m Eoíd`© _mZ|, Vmo g^r AmË_m Eoíd`©dmZ²
hmo Om`|Jo Š`m|{H$ g^r ^moº$mAm| Ho$ gmW g§`moJ H$o H$maU hr àH¥${V go _hV² Am{X
CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
à_mUm^mdmÞ VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&5/10Ÿ&
dñVwV: {ZË` B©ída H$s gÎmm _| H$moB© à_mU Zht h¡Ÿ&
gå~ÝY^mdmÞmZw _mZ_²Ÿ&5/11Ÿ&
g¥{ï>{H«$`m Ho$ gmW {ZË`_wº$ B©ída H$m H$moB© Eogm gå~ÝY Zht h¡ {Oggo OJV² H$s
CËn{Îm go B©ída H$s gÎmm H$m AZw_mZ {H$`m Om`Ÿ&
lw{Va{n àYmZH$m`©Ëdñ`Ÿ&5/12Ÿ&
àYmZ (3 JwU) hr Bg ànÄM (OJV²) H$m CnmXmZ h¡-Eogr lw{V h¡Ÿ&
Zm{dÚme{º$`moJmo {Z:g“ñ`Ÿ&5/13Ÿ&
{ZJw©U MoVZ nwéf ñd^mdV: Ag§J h¡, AV: A{dÚmê$n e{º$ Ho$ gmW nwéf H$m
gmjmV² `moJ Zht hmoVmŸ&(gyÌ 1/20Ÿ)&
VÚmoJo VpËgÕmdÝ`mo@Ý`ml`Ëd_²Ÿ&5/14Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 277
A{dÚm H$m `moJ ^r A{dÚmde hmoVm h¡,Eogm H$hZo go AÝ`moÝ`ml` Xmof hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Z ~rOm‘x>adV² gm{Xg§gmalwV:o Ÿ&5/15Ÿ&
~rOm‘x>a-Ý`m` Zo Bg Xmof H$m g_mYmZ Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ A{dÚm Am{X
ê$n g§gma H$m Amaå^ h¡Ÿ& àb` Am¡a gwfw{á _| My§{H$ BZH$m A^md hmoVm h¡, AV:
BZ g~H$s nwZ: ZyVZ g¥{ï> _mZZr n‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ&
{dÚmVmo@Ý`Ëdo ~« ÷~mY àgºo$:Ÿ&5/16Ÿ&
`{X A{dÚm H$m AW© {dÚm go AÝ` h¡ Vmo ~«÷-~mY (~«÷ A{gÕ ) hmoJmŸ&
A{dÚm H$m {Og àH$ma kmZ go Zme hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma {dÚm{^Þ ~«÷ H$m
Zme `m ~mY ^r hmoJmŸ&
A~mYo Z¡î\$ë`_²Ÿ&5/17Ÿ&
`{X {dÚm go A{dÚm H$m Zme Zht _mZm Om` Vmo ~«÷{dÚm H$s {d\$bVm hmoJrŸ&
{dÚm~mÜ`Ëdo OJVmo@ß`od_²Ÿ&5/18Ÿ&
`{X MoVZ _| Omo ~m{YV hmoVm h¡ Cgr H$mo A{dÚm _mZm Om`, Vmo OJV² ^r
A{dÚmê$n hr hmoJm VWm EH$ ì`{º$ H$o A{dÚm H$m Zme hmoZo na gånyU© ànÄM
hr AÑí` hmo Om`JmŸ&
VÐÿnËdo gm{XËd_²Ÿ&5/19Ÿ&
`{X {dÚm H$m ~mY hr A{dÚm _mZm Om` Vmo {dÚm H$m Am{XËd _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ&
àb` _| nwéf {MÝ_mÌ ê$n ahVm h¡, AV: {MÎmJV A{dÚm Zht ahVrŸ& nwZ: gJ©
Amaå^ hmoZo na Ag§gmar nwéf H$m ñdVÝÌ {ZË` àYm ZHo$ gmW `moJ hmoZo na
~ÝY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àYmZ g§`moJ H$m {Z{_Îm h¡-àmJ²^d A{ddoH$Ÿ&
Z Y_m©nbmn: àH¥${V H$m`© d¡{MÍ`mV²Ÿ&5/20Ÿ&
àH¥${V Ho$ H$m`m] H$s Omo {d{MÌVm h¡, Cg_| AàË`j Y_© H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm
h¡Ÿ&(AÑï> ê$n Y_© Ho$ H$maU hr `h {d{MÌVm hmoVr h¡Ÿ)&
lw{V{b“m{X{^ñVpËg{Õ:Ÿ&5/21Ÿ&
lw{V, {d{Yê$n {b“ VWm `mo{JàË`j Am{X go Y_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
Z {Z`_: à_mUmÝVamdH$memV²Ÿ&5/22Ÿ&
àË`j à_mU Z ahZo go hr Y_© H$m ApñVËd{gÕ Zht hmoVm, `h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht
h¡Ÿ& AÝ` à_mU(AZw_mZ Am{X) go ^r AàË`j Y_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
C^`Ìmß`od_²Ÿ&5/23Ÿ&
278 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
{Og àH$ma Ho$ à_mU go Y_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma Ho$ à_mU go AY_© H$s
{g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
AWm©V² {g{ÕíMoV² g_mZ_w^`mo:Ÿ&5/24Ÿ&
{d{YdmŠ` H$mo XoIH$a AWm©n{Îm à_mU go Y_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡, na AY_© H$s
{g{Õ Zht hmoVr-`h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ emó Ho$ {ZfoY dmŠ`m| go AY_©
H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ(Cgo _Zm [H$`m J`m h¡)&
AÝV:H$aUY_©Ëd§ Y_m©XrZm_²Ÿ&5/25Ÿ&
Y_©, AY_© Am{X AÝV:H$aU Ho$ Y_© h¢ (d¡e{o fH$Xe©Z _| BÝh| AmË_m H$m {deof
JwU _mZm OmVm h¡)Ÿ& àb` _| ^r Bg AÝV:H$aU H$m nyU© Zme Zht hmoVmŸ&
H$maUmdñW AÝV:H$aU _| Y_© Am{X H$m g§ñH$ma ahVm h¡Ÿ&
JwUmXrZm§ (M) ZmË`ÝV ~mY:Ÿ&5/26Ÿ&
gÎd Am{X VrZ JwU Am¡a CZHo$ Y_©^Vy gwI-Xw:I-_moh ñd`§ ~mY Zht hmoV,o
`Ú{n MoVZ _| BgH$m ~mY hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
nÄMmd`d`moJmV² gwIg§{d{Îm:Ÿ&5/27Ÿ&
(Ý`m` emó H$o) 5 Ad`dm| go gwI H$m g§dXo Z {gÕ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, `Wm AW©
{H«$`m H$mar nXmW© gV² hmoVm h¡, gwI, nwbH$ Am{X ê$n ^r AW© {H«$`m H$mar h¢,
AV: dh gV² h¡Ÿ&
Z gH¥$X² J«hUmV² gå~ÝY {g{Õ:Ÿ&5/28Ÿ&
EH$ ~ma gmW XrIZo go {H$Ýht Xmo nXmWm] H$m gå~ÝY {gÕ Zht hmoVmŸ&
{Z`VY_©gm{hË`_w^`moaHo $Vañ` dm ì`m{á:Ÿ&5/29Ÿ&
EH$ nXmW© AÝ` Ho$ gmW `m C^` H$m C^` Ho$ gmW {ZË` ahZm ì`m{á H$hbmVm
h¡Ÿ& gmÜ` Ho$ gmW gmYZ H$m gå~ÝY ì`m{á h¡Ÿ& C^` H$m gmW hmoZm g_ ì`m{á
_| hmoVm h¡, O¡go OÝ`Vm Am¡a A{ZË`Vm _|Ÿ&
Z VÎdmÝVa§ dñVwH$ënZmàgºo$:Ÿ&5/30Ÿ&
dh Aì`{^M[aV$gå~ÝY ê$n ì`m{á H$moB© AbJ VÎd Zht h¡, gmW ahZm CZH$m
{Z`V Y_© h¡Ÿ& Eogm Zht _mZZo na CgHm$ AmYmaê$n AÝ` VÎd _mZZm hmoJmŸ&
{ZOeŠË`wX^ ² d{_Ë`Mm`m©:Ÿ&5/31Ÿ&
Hw$N> AmMm`m} Ho$ _V go ì`mßV dñVw H$s e{º$ go ì`m{á hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
AmYo` e{º$ `moJ B{V nÄ M{eI:Ÿ&5/32Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 279
nÄM{eI Ho$ _V go AmYo` e{º$ H$m Zm_ ì`m{á h¡Ÿ& AmYo` e{º$`moJ H$m AW© h¡-
ì`má hmoZo H$m {ZíM`-O¡go Yy_ ñd^md go hr A{¾ H$m ghMa h¡Ÿ& AmYo`=AmYma
_| ahZo dmbm, `hm§ Yy_Ÿ&
Z ñdê$ne{º${Z`_: nwZdm©Xàgºo$:Ÿ&5/33Ÿ&
ì`má H$s ñdê$n e{º$ hr {Z`_ (ì`m{á) h¡-Eogm H$hZm nwZé{º$ _mÌ h¡Ÿ&
{deofUmZW©Š`àgºo$:Ÿ&5/34Ÿ&
(nyd© gyÌ H$m) nwZé{º$ {deofU H$s ì`W©Vm ê$n h¡Ÿ&
nëbdm{dîdZwnnÎmo:(M)Ÿ&5/35Ÿ&
ñdê$n e{º$dmX _mZZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ nëbd (d¥j emIm) _| d¥j ì`má
h¡Ÿ& AV: Qy>Q>o nëbd _| ^r d¥j H$m ~moY hmoZm Mm{h`o, na Eogm Zht hmoVmŸ&
AmYo`e{º${gÕm¡ {ZOe{º$`moJ: g_mZÝ`m`mV²Ÿ&5/36Ÿ&
32d| gyÌ _| AmYo`e{º$`moJ H$mo hr ì`m{ßV H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bggo AnZr e{º$ Ho
CX²^d H$m ì`m{áËd ^r {gÕ hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| njm| H$m EH$ hr VH©$ h¡Ÿ& {Og
`w{º$ go AmYo`e{º$ {gÕ hmoVr h¡, Cgr go AnZr e{º$ H$m CX²^d ^r {gÕ h¡Ÿ&
dmÀ`mdmMH$(^md:) gå~ÝY: eãXmW©`mo:Ÿ&5/37Ÿ&
eãX Am¡a AW© H$m dmÀ`-dmMH$ gå~ÝY h¡, eãX _| dmMH$Vm e{º$ h¡, AW© _|
dmÀ`Vm e{º$ h¡Ÿ&
{Ì{^: gå~ÝY{g{Õ:Ÿ(Õo:)&5/38Ÿ&
Bg gå~ÝY H$m kmZ VrZ àH$ma go {gÕ hmoVm h¡-(1) AmámonXoe, (2)
d¥Õì`dhmanaånam, (3) à{gÕ nX H$m g_mZm{YH$aUŸ&
Z H$m`} {Z`_ C^`Wm Xe©ZmV²Ÿ&5/39Ÿ&
e{º$J«h H$m`© (gmÜ`) AW© _| hr hmoVm h¡, Eogr ~mV ZhtŸ& gmÜ` Am¡a {g{Õ BZ
XmoZm| _| e{º$ {gÕ h¡Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go {gÕmW© ~moYH$ doXdmŠ` H$m àm_mÊ` _mZm
OmVm h¡Ÿ&
bmoH$o ì`wËnÞñ` doXmW©àVr{V:Ÿ&5/40Ÿ&
bm¡{H$H$ eãX _| Omo ì`wËnÞ h¡, CgH$mo doXmW© H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Omo
bm¡{H$H$ eãX h¡, dhr d¡{XH$ eãX h¡Ÿ&
Z {Ì{^anm¡éfo`ËdÛoXñ` VXW©ñ`mVrpÝÐ`ËdmV²Ÿ&5/41Ÿ&
(e§H$m) doX Anm¡éfo` h¡ (doX H$m H$moB© àW_ aM{`Vm Zht h¡) VWm doXmW© AVrpÝÐ`
280 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
h¡, AV: 3/38 gyÌmoº$ VrZ Cnm`m| go e{º$J«h moZo H$s gå^mdZm Zht h¡Ÿ&
Z `kmXo: ñdê$nVmo Y_©Ëd§ d¡{eîQ>çmV²Ÿ&5/42Ÿ&
(CÎma) doX _| Cº$ Ðì`Ë`mJ Am{X `k AVrpÝÐ` Zht h¢Ÿ& do \$bOZH$ hmoZo Ho$
H$maU H$_© h¢Ÿ& `k go CËnÞ Anyd© Y_© Zht h¡, Y_© go AbJ h¡Ÿ& `mJ Am{X BÀN>m
go hmoVo h¢, AV: do Abm¡{H$H$, Anm¡éfo`, AVrpÝÐ` Zht h¢Ÿ&
{ZOe{º$ì`wË© nÎ`m ì`dpÀN>ÚVoŸ&5/43Ÿ&
doX Ho$ Anm¡éfo` hmoZo na ^r doX Ho$ eãXm| H$m AW© d¥Õnaånam Ûmam {eî` H$mo
ñnï> kmV hmoVr h¡, AV: Anm¡éfo` doX Ho$ AW©kmZ _| H$moB© ~mYm Zht h¡Ÿ&
`mo½`m`mo½`ofw àVr{VOZH$ËdmV² VpËg{ÕŸ&5/4Ÿ4&
gm_mÝ` Y_© H$o AZw^d go CgH$m àË`j VWm namoj AW© kmV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& `Wm Jmo
eãX go Jm` `m Jmo Om{V XmoZm| AW© hmo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
Z {ZË`Ëd§ doXmZm§ H$m`©ËdlwV:o Ÿ&5/45Ÿ&
My[§ {H$ doX _| hr H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ doX H$m {Z_m©U àOmn{V Ûmam {H$`m J`m h¡,
Bg{b`o doX {ZË` Zht h¢Ÿ&
Z nm¡éfo`Ëd§ VËH$Îmw:© nwéfñ`m^mdmV²Ÿ&5/46Ÿ&
{ZË` Z hmoZo na ^r doX nm¡éfo` Zht h¢, Š`m|{H$ doXH$Îmm© nwéf H$m à^md h¡(H$Îmm©
H$m ñ_aU naånam _| Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU)Ÿ& B©ída à{V{gÕ h¡, AV: B©ída H$mo
doXH$Îmm© Zht _mZ gH$VoŸ&
_wº$m_wº$`moa`mo½`ËdmV²Ÿ&5/47Ÿ&
_wº$ nwéf gd©Wm drVamJ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU doX H$m àUoVm Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& ~Õ nwéf
^r H$Îmm© Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ Cgo doX Ho$ gyú_ {df`m| H$m kmZ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
Zmnm¡éfo`Ëdm{ÞË`Ëd_‘x>am{XdV²Ÿ&5/48Ÿ&
{Og àHma A‘x>a Am{X Anm¡éfo` hmoZo na ^r {ZË` Zht h¢, Cgr àH$ma doX
Anm¡éfo` hmoZo na ^r {ZË` Zht h¢Ÿ&
Vofm_{n VÚmoJo Ñï>~mYm{X àg{º$:Ÿ&5/49Ÿ&
A‘x>a My{§ H$ H$m`© h¡, AV: CgH$mo nm¡éfo` hr _mZZm Mm{h`oŸ-Eogm H$hZm R>rH$
Zht h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ A‘x>a Ho$ gmW H$m`©Ëd H$m `moJ ~m{YV hr h¡Ÿ& A‘x>a Anm¡éfo`
hmoZo na ^r A{ZË` h¡Ÿ&
`pñ_ÞÑï>@o {n H¥$V~w{Õé nOm`Vo VËnm¡é fo`_²Ÿ& 5/50Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 281
nm¡éfo` dñVw Cgo H$hVo h¢, {OgHo$ H$Îmm© Ho$ AÑï> hmoZo na ^r dh ~w{Õ nydH© $
a{MV h¡, Eogm bJVm h¡Ÿ& doX ~w{Õnyd©H$ Zht h¡, AV: dh Anm¡éfo` h¡Ÿ&
{ZOeŠË`{^ì`ºo$: ñdV: à_mU_²Ÿ&5/51Ÿ&
doX H$s AnZr ñdm^m{dH$ kmZ XoZo H$s e{º$ go CgH$m ñdV: àm_mÊ` {gÕ hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& doX H$m àm_mÊ` dº$m H$mo `WmW© kmZ XoVm h¡Ÿ&
ZmgV: »`mZ§ Z¥ûm¥“dV²Ÿ&5/52Ÿ&
AgV² (A{dÚ_mZ) dñVw H$m kmZ Zht hmoVm, {Og àH$ma Zaûm¥“ H$m kmZ Zht
hmoVmŸ& grnr H$mo aOV g_PZm ^r nyU©V: AgV² Zht h¡,dh _Z H$m n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ&
Z gVmo ~mYXe©ZmV²Ÿ&5/53Ÿ&
{ÌJwU ê$n nam gV² nXmW© ^r à{VjU n[aUm_r h¡, AV: BgHo$ EH$ Y_© go AÝ`
Y_© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& M¡VÝ` _| {ÌJwU H$m ~mY XoIm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
Zm{Zd©MZr`ñ` VX^mdmV²Ÿ&5/54Ÿ&
kmV nXmW© `m Vmo {dÚ_mZ (gV²) hmoJm `m A{dÚ_mZ (AgV²) hmoJmŸ& kmV dñVw
Hmo A{Zd©MZr` Zht H$h gH$VoŸ&
Zm@Ý`Wm»`m{V: ñddMmoì`mKmVmV²Ÿ&5/55Ÿ&
AÝ`Wm»`m{V (EH$ dñVw H$m AÝ` ê$n _| kmZ) g§JV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Eogm _mZZo
go AnZm hr _V IpÊS>V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ dñVw AÝ` dñVw Zht hmo gH$Vr, AV;
A{gÕ dñVw H$m ^r Am^mg Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
gXgV² »`m{V~m©Ym~mYmV²Ÿ&5/46Ÿ&
gXgV² »`m{VdmX (EH$ Ñ{ï> go gV² VWm AÝ` Ñ{ï> go AgV²) hr `wº$ h¡-Š`m|{H$
Bg Ñ{ï> H$m H$moB© ~mYH$ hoVw Zht h¡Ÿ& XyH$mZ _| aOV² gV² VWm CgHo$ O¡gm XrIVm
grnr AgV² h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma A`ñH$ ^oX go gÎd AgÎd H$m {ZU©` hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
àVrË`àVr{Vä`m§ Z ñ\$moQ>mË_H$: eãX:Ÿ&5/57Ÿ&
dmMH$ nX (eãX) ñ\$moQ> ({Oggo AW© ñnï> hmo) ê$n h¡, Üd{Z ê$n Zht h¡-Eogm
H$hZm Ag§JV h¡, Š`m|{H$ Üd{Z H$s hr àVr{V hmoVr h¡, ñ\$moQ>ê$n Üd{Z Ûmam
ì`pÄOV nXmW© H$s àVr{V Zht hmoVrŸ&
Z eãX{ZË`Ëd§ H$m`©VmàVrVo:Ÿ&5/58Ÿ&
dU©(H$ÊR> Vmbw Am{X go CËnÞ Üd{Z) {ZË` Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh H$m`© h¡- CgH$s
CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
282 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
nyd{© gÕgÎdñ`m{^ì`{º$Xu noZdo KQ>ñ`Ÿ&5/59Ÿ&
(e‘>$m) `{X H$hm Om` {H$ {ZË` {Zad`d àmH²${gÕ ñ\$moQ> (eãX) hr Üd{Z go
A{^ì`º$ hmoVm h¡, {Og àH$ma nyd{© gÕ AÝYH$ma Amd¥Îm KQ> Xrn go àH$Q> hmoVm
h¡, Z`m Zht ~ZVmŸ&
gËH$m`© {gÕmÝVíMoV² {gÕgmYZ_²Ÿ&5/60Ÿ&
(g_mYmZ) gËH$m`©dmX H$s Ñ{ï> go Eogm Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Bg_| nhbo go
{gÕ Ho$ gmYZ H$m Xmof h¡Ÿ&
ZmÛ¡V_mË_Zmo {b“mV² VX²^Xo àVrVo:Ÿ&5/61Ÿ&
H$moB© AmË_m ~Õ h¡, H$moB© _wº$ h¡, AV: AmË_m EH$ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& lw{VdmŠ` _|
Eogm {b“(~mø ê$n) h¡, {Oggo AË_mAm| _| nañna ^oX kmV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Zm@ZmË_Zm{n àË`j~mYmV²Ÿ&5/62Ÿ&
AmË_m H$m Û¡V AZmË_dñVw (^moJ {df`) Ho$ H$maU Zht h¡Ÿ& ^mo½` Am¡a ^moº$m
AmË_m EH$ Zht hmo gH$VoŸ&
Zmo^mä`m§ VoZd¡ Ÿ&5/63Ÿ&
AmË_m Am¡a AZmË_ dñVw {~bH$wb {^Þ Zht hmo gH$Vo (nydm}º$ `w{º$ Ho$ H$maU)Ÿ&
AÝ` naËd_{ddoH$mZm§ VÌŸ&5/64Ÿ&
AÝ` àg§J _| emó _| AmË_Û¡V H$hmJ`m h¡Ÿ& A{ddoH$s ì`{º$ _| CnmgZm ~w{Õ
H$aZo Ho$ {b`o Bg àH$ma H$m AmË_Û¡V ~Vm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& eara-eara _| A{ddoH$ go
A^oX~w{Õ hmoVr h¡, Cg ~w{Õ H$mo _mZH$a lw{V _| AmË_m^oX nydH© $ CnmgZm H$m
dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
ZmË_m@{dÚm Zmo^` OJXwnmXmZH$maU§ {Z:g“ËdmV²Ÿ&5/65Ÿ&
Ho$db AmË_m `m Ho$db A{dÚm `m BZ XmoZm| Ho$ {_lU Ûmam OJV² Zht ~ZVm,
Š`m|{H$ Ho$db AmË_m {Z:g“-{ZJwU © -{ZY©_H© $ h¡Ÿ& (Ag“Vm Ho$ H$maU XmoZm|
H$m ñdm^m{dH$ `moJ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& {ZJwU © Ëd Ho$ H$maU AmË_m CnmXmZ ^r Zht
hmo gH$Vm)Ÿ&
Z¡H$ñ`mZÝX{MÐÿnËdo Û`mo^X} mV²Ÿ&5/66Ÿ&
EH$ (AIÊS> AmË_m) Y_u H$m AmZÝX Am¡a {MV²-XmoZm| ê$n gå^d Zht h¡
Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| _| ^oX h¡Ÿ&
Xw:I{Zd¥ÎmoJm£U:Ÿ&5/67Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 283
{d_w{º$àe§gm _ÝXmZm_²Ÿ&5/68Ÿ&
Xw:I{Zd¥{Îm ê$n _| AmË_m H$s àe§gm H$aZo go A“mo§ H$s àd¥{Îm AmË_Ü`mZ H$s
Amoa hmoVr h¡, AV: Eogm Jm¡U à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
Z ì`mnH$Ëd§ _Zg: H$aUËdm{XpÝÐ`ËdmÛm,dmñ`m{XdÀMjwam{XdÀMŸ&5/69Ÿ&
gm_mÝ` AÝV:H$aU Ho$ ê$n _| _Z ì`mnH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh H$aU Am¡a BpÝÐ`
h¡Ÿ& V¥Vr` AÝV:H$aU ê$n Omo _Z h¡, dh {d^w Zht h¡Ÿ& dmñ` (Ka) EH$ hr ñWmZ
na h¡, O¡go eara _| pñWV _ZŸ&_Z H$s Vah Mjw ^r EH$ BpÝÐ` h¡ Omo EH$ hr h¡Ÿ&
g{H«$`ËdmX² J{VlwV:o Ÿ&5/70Ÿ&
AmË_m Ho$ AÝ` bmoH$ _| OmZo H$m AW© Cnm{Y^yV AÝV:H$aU H$s J{V h¡Ÿ& J{V
{H«$`m h¡, AV: AÝV:H$aU {d^w Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
Z {Z^m©JËd§ VÚmoJmX² KQ> (Am{X) dV²Ÿ&5/71Ÿ&
_Z {Z^m©J (Ad`dhrZ) Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ EH$ H$mb _| hr AZoH$ BpÝÐ`m| go
CgH$m `moJ ahVm h¡Ÿ& KQ> {Og àH$ma gr{_V n[a_mU H$m VWm Ad`d `wº$
h¡, d¡gm hr _Z ^r h¡Ÿ&
àH¥${Vnwéf`moaÝ`V² gd©_{ZË`_²Ÿ&5/72Ÿ&
àH¥${V, nwéf Ho$ A{V[aº$ g^r ì`º$ nXmW© A{ZË` h¢Ÿ&
Z ^mJ bm^mo ^m{JZmo {Z^m©JËdlwV:o Ÿ&5/73Ÿ&
àH¥${V nwéf H$m H$moB© Ad`d Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ lw{V _§o BÝh| {Zad`d H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ&
ZmZÝXm{^ì`{º$_w© {º${Z©Y_© (© H$) ËdmV²Ÿ&5/74Ÿ&
nwéf H$m H$moB© Y_© (bjU) Zht h¡, AV: AmZÝXê$n Y_© H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$mo
_w{º$ Zht H$h $gH$VoŸ&
Z {deofJwUmopÀN>{ÎmñVÛV²Ÿ&5/75Ÿ&
AmË_m Ho$ AgmYmaU JwUm| H$m CÀN>Xo ^r _w{º$ Zht H$h gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ AmË_m
_| ñdê$nJV H$moB© JwU(Y_©) Zht h¡Ÿ&
Z {deofJ{V{Z©pîH«$`ñ`Ÿ&5/76Ÿ&
{deof J{V (~«÷ Am{X bmoH$m| _| J{V `m àH¥${Vb`) ^r _moj Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$
J{V O‹S> àH¥${V H$r hmoVr h¡, {ZpîH«$` AmË_m H$s ZhtŸ&
ZmH$mamonamJmopÀN>{Îm: j{UH$Ëdm{XXmofmV²Ÿ&5/77Ÿ&
j{UH$ {dkmZ ê$n AmË_m Ho$ {df` g§ñH$ma H$m Zme _mÌ _moj Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$
284 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
Bg _V _| j{UH$Ëd Am{X Xmof hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
Z gdm}pÀN>{ÎmanwéfmW©Ëdm{XXmofmV²Ÿ&5/78Ÿ&
kmZê$n AmË_m H$m nyU© CÀN>Xo _moj Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg _| AnwéfmW©Ëd Xmof h¡Ÿ&
Ed§ eyÝ`_{nŸ&5/79Ÿ&
(nyd© `w{º$ go) A^mdê$nr eyÝ` AdñWm ^r _moj Zht h¡Ÿ (AmË_Zmeê$n A^md
na_ nwéfmW© Zht hmo gH$VmŸ)&
g§`moJmíM {d`moJmÝVm B{V Z Xoem{Xbm^mo@{nŸ&5/80Ÿ&
g§`moJ hmoZo g o{d`moJ ^r hmoVm h¡, AV Xoe Am{X H$s àm{á {deof h¡, {ZË` _moj
Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
Z ^m{J`moJmo @^mJñ`Ÿ&5/81Ÿ&
Ord A§e h¡Ÿ& dh A§er B©ída _| brZ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& AnZm b` nwéfmW© Zht hmo
gH$Vm VWm `h g§`moJ h¡, AV: {d`moJ ^r hmoJmŸ&
Zm@{U_m{X`moJmo@ß`dí`å^m{dËdmV² VXwpÀN>Îmo[aVa{d`moJdV²Ÿ&5/82Ÿ&
A{U_m, _{h_m Am{X {d^y{V H$s àm{á ^r _moj Zht h¡Ÿ& {d^y{V {ÌJwU go
CËnÞ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CgH$m CÀN>Xo hmoZm Adí`å^mdr h¡Ÿ& AÝ` àH$ma H$m g§`moJ
O¡go Zï> hmo OmVm h¡, {d^y{V g§`moJ ^r d¡go hr Zï> hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
ZoÝÐm{XnX`moJmo@{n VÛV²Ÿ&5/83Ÿ&
BÝÐm{X nXm| H$s àm{á ^r _moj Zht h¡, `o Eoíd`© _mÌ h¢, AV: Zída h¢Ÿ&
Z ^yVàH¥${VËd{_pÝÐ`mUm_mh‘>m[aH$ËdlwV:o Ÿ&5/84Ÿ&
B{ÝÐ`m| H$s àH¥${V (CnmXmZ H$maU$) nÄM^yV Zht hmo gH$Vr Š`m|{H$ lw{V _|
H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ BpÝÐ`m| H$m CnmXmZ Ah‘>ma h¡Ÿ&
Z fQ²> nXmW©{Z`_ñVX²~moYmÝ_w{º$:Ÿ&5/85Ÿ&
d¡e{o fH$ gå_V Ðì`, JwU, H$_© Am{X 6 nXmW© h¢Ÿ& na BZHo$ ~moY go _w{º$ Zht
hmoVrŸ&
fmoS>em{Xîdß`od_²Ÿ&5/86Ÿ&
Ý`m` emó Ho$ 16 nXmWm] (à_mU, à_o` Am{X) Ho$ kmZ go ^r _w{º$ Zht hmoVrŸ&
nmewnV emó H$m ^r _w{º$-gå~ÝYr _V ^r Bgr àH$ma IpÊS>V hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
ZmUw{ZË`Vm VËH$m`©ËdlwV:o Ÿ&5/87Ÿ&
Ý`m`-d¡e{o fH$ gå_V AUw {ZË` Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| Cgo H$m`© H$hm h¡Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 285
Z (VX²){Z^m©JËd§ H$m`©ËdmV²Ÿ&5/88Ÿ&
AUw (na_mUw) H$mo {Zad`d _mZm OmVm h¡, na dh H$m`© hmoZo H$o H$maU Cg_|
Ad`d Adí` hmoJmŸ&
Z ê$n {Z~ÝYZmV² àË`j(Ëd) {Z`_:Ÿ&5/89Ÿ&
Eogm H$moB© {Z`_ Zht h¡ {H$ ê$n Ûmam hr àË`j hmo, CgH$m ~mhar Y_© Am{X Ûmam
^r gmjmËH$ma hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Z n[a_mUMmVw{d©Ü`§ Ûmä`m§ VÚmoJmV²Ÿ&5/90Ÿ&
AUw, _hV², õñd, XrK©-BZ 4 H$mo hr n[a_mU H$hZm AZmdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& AUw Am¡a
_hV²-BZ Xmo _| ^r ~mH$s Xmo H$mo ^r {JZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
A{ZË`Ëdo@{n pñWaVm`moJmV² àË`{^kmZ§ gm_mÝ`ñ`Ÿ&5/91Ÿ&
ì`{º$$ ApñWa hmoZo na ^r CgH$m Omo Am^mg (àË`{^km) hmoVm h¡, dh gm_mÝ`
H$s gÎmm Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Z VXnbmnñVñ_mV²Ÿ&5/92Ÿ&
àË`{^km hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gm_mÝ` H$m Anbmn Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ& AZoH$
dñVwAm| _| EH$ JwU hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Omo EH$Vm XrIVr h¡, Cgo gm_mÝ` H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
ZmÝ`{Zd¥{Îmê$nËd§ ^mdàVrVo:Ÿ&5/93Ÿ&
gm_mÝ` AÝ`-{Zd¥{Îm ê$n Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ ^mdê$n _| CgH$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `hr
H$maU h¡ {H$ -`h AKQ> Zht h¡- Eogm ~moY Zht hmoVmŸ&
Z VÎdmÝVa§ gmÑí`§ àË`jmonbãYo:Ÿ&5/94Ÿ&
AZoH$ Ad`dm| _| Omo g_mZVm àË`j XrIVr h¡, Cgo gmÑí` H$hVo h¢Ÿ& dh H$moB©
AbJ VÎd Zht h¡, Ad`dm| H$s g_mZVm _mÌ h¡Ÿ&
{ZOeŠË`m{^ì`{º$dm© d¡{eîQ>çmV² VXwnbãYo:Ÿ&5/95Ÿ&
AnZr e{º$ àH$Q> H$aZm ^r gmÑí` Zht h¡, gmÑí` Cggo {dbjU h¡Ÿ&
Z g§kmg§{kgå~ÝYmo@{nŸ&5/96Ÿ&
g§km (Zm_) Am¡a g§kr (Zm_ dmÀ` AW©) H$m gå~ÝY ^r gmÑí` Zht h¡Ÿ& Omo
g§km-g§{k-gå~ÝY H$mo Zht OmZVm h¡, Cgo ^r gmÑí` H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Z gå~ÝY{ZË`Vmo^`m{ZË`ËdmV²Ÿ&5/97Ÿ&
eãX Am¡a AW© H$m gå~ÝY {ZË` Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ g§km-g§kr XmoZm| A{ZË` h¢Ÿ&
ZmV:(O:) gå~ÝYmo Y{_©Jm« hH$ _mZ(à_mU) ~mYmV²Ÿ&5/98Ÿ&
286 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
gå~ÝY-J«mhH$ à_mU Ho$ {damoY Ho$ H$maU gå~ÝY H$mo {ZË` Zht _mZ gH$VoŸ&
Z g_dm`mo@pñV à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ&5/99Ÿ&
Ý`m`-d¡e{o fH$ _| Ad`d-Ad`dr, JwU-JwUr Am{X _| {ZË` gå~ÝY H$mo g_dm`
gå~ÝY H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BgH$s gÎmm H$m à_mU Zht hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g_dm` ^r {ZË`
gå~ÝY Zht h¡Ÿ&
C^`Ìmß`Ý`Wm{gÕoZ© àË`j_Zw_mZo (Z§) dmŸ&5/100Ÿ&
{d{eï> JwU XrIZo `m AZw_mZ go g_dm` {gÕ Zht hmoVmŸ& ñdê$n gå~ÝY go hr
Bgo {gÕ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
ZmZw_`o Ëd_od {H«$`m`m Zo{XîR>>ñ` VÎmÛVmoado mnamojàVrVo:Ÿ&5/101Ÿ&
{H«$`m {g\©$ AZw_o` Zht hmoVr, CgH$m àË`j ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {H«$`m VWm CgH$m
AmYma-XmoZm| {ZH$Q> Ho$ ì`{º$ H$mo àË`j kmV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
Z nmÄM^m¡{VH$ eara§ ~hy Zm_wnmXmZm`moJmV²Ÿ&5/102Ÿ&
ñWyb eara nÄM^yV {Z{_©V Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ AZoH$ {dOmVr` Ðì` EH$
dñVw H$m CnmXmZ Zht hmo gH$VoŸ& AV: n¥{Wdr H$mo hr ñWyb eara H$m CnmXmZ
_mZ gH$Vo h¢, ~mH$s An² Am{X ^yV Cnï>å^H$(ghm`H$) ê$n _| ahVo h¢Ÿ&
Z ñWyb{_{V {Z`_ Am{Vdm{hH$ñ`m{n {dÚ_mZËdmV²Ÿ&5/103Ÿ&
ñWyb eara Ho$ A{V[aº$ AÝ` eara ^r lw{V VWm `w{º$ go {gÕ h¢, O¡go A{Vdm{hH$
earaŸ&
ZmàmáàH$meH$Ëd{_pÝÐ`mUm_àmáo: gd©àmáodm©Ÿ&5/104Ÿ&
{df` go gå~Õ hmoZo na hr BpÝÐ`m§ Cgo àH$m{eV H$aVr h¢, do Aàmá H$mo àH$m{eV
Zht H$a gH$VtŸ& `{X dh Aàmá H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVt Vmo gXm Xya VWm ì`d{hV
dñVw H$mo àH$Q> H$aVtŸ& BpÝÐ`m§ JmobH$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ h¢Ÿ& àH$meH$Ëd H$m AW© h¡
nwéf _| AW© g_n©U `m {df`m| H$m à{V{~å~ J«hUŸ&
Z VoOmo@ngn©UmV² V¡Og§ Mjwd©¥ {ÎmVñVpËgÕo:Ÿ&5/105Ÿ&
VoO nXmW© Ho$ Angn©U H$mo XoIH$a Mjw BpÝÐ` H$mo V¡Og Zht g_PZm Mm{h`oŸ&
àmU Hr$ gÄMaUerb d¥{Îm H$s Vah Mjw Xoh _| ahH$a ^r XyañW gy`© Am{X Ho$ à{V
AngaU(AZw^d) H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
àmámW©àH$me{b“mX² d¥{Îm {g{Õ:Ÿ&5/106Ÿ&
àmá (gå~Õ) dñVw H$mo àH$m{eV H$aZo go Mjw Hr$ nydm}º$ d¥{Îm {gÕ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 287
^mJJwUmä`m§ VÎdmÝVa§ d¥{Îm: gå~ÝYmWª gn©Vr{VŸ&5/107Ÿ&
d¥{Îm Z BpÝÐ`m| H$m A§e h¡ Z »`{V H$s Vah JwU h¡Ÿ& d¥{Îm BpÝÐ` H$m n[aUm_
h¡, AV: Cgr _| pñWV h¡Ÿ& dh gå~Õ {df` H$s Va\$ OmVm h¡ Am¡a {df` _| {bá
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& d¥{Îm àgn©U-{H«$`m-`mo{JZr h¡ VWm dh Ðì`ê$n h¡Ÿ&
Z Ðì`(ì`o) {Z`_ñVÚmoJmV²Ÿ&5/108Ÿ&
d¥{Îm H$m AW© {g\©$ Ðì` Zht hmoVmŸ& AmOr{dH$m H$_© ^r d¥{Îm h¢ & d¥{Îm`m| go
{MÎm ì`º$ hmoVm h¡, AV: dh d¥{Îm H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
Z Xoe^oX@o ß`Ý`monmXmZVm@ñ_Xm{Xd{Þ`_:Ÿ&5/109Ÿ&
`Ú{nbmoH$ VWm àmUr(VWm CZH$s BpÝÐ`m§){dbjU àH$ma Ho$h¢,VWm{n CZ g^r
H$m CnmXmZ EH$ Apñ_Vm hr h¡, n¥{Wdr Am{X ^yV BpÝÐ`m| Ho$ CnmXmZ Zht h¢Ÿ&
{Z{_Îm ì`nXoemÎmX² ì`nXoe:Ÿ&5/110Ÿ&
Mjw Am{X BpÝÐ`m§ Ah‘>ma go hr hmoVr h¢,(VoO Am{X)^yV CgHo$ {Z{_Îm_mÌ h¢Ÿ&
D$î_OmÊS>OOam`wOmo{X²^ÁOgm‘>pënH$gm§{g{ÕH§$ Mo{V Z {Z`_:Ÿ&5/111Ÿ&
D$î_O (XÝXeyH$ Am{X), AÊS>O (njr-gn© Am{X), Oam`wO (_Zwî` Am{X),
C{X²^ÁO(d¥j Am{X), g‘>ënO (gZH$ Am{X) Am¡a gm§{g{ÕH$ (_ÝÌ, Vn,
Am{X {g{Õ OmV) eara A{gÕ h¢, BZHo$ {dbjU eara ^r hmo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
gd}fw n¥{Wì`wnmXmZ_gmYmaÊ`mV² VX²>ì`nXoe: nydd© V²Ÿ&5/112Ÿ&
g^r àH$ma Ho$ earam| _| n¥{Wdr hr CnmXmZ h¡ Š`m|{H$ dhr AgmYmaU ê$n go
Cg_| ahVr h¡Ÿ& AÝ` ^yVm| H$m g_mdoe Cnï>å^ ê$n go h¡Ÿ&
Z Xohmaå^H$ñ` àmUËd{_pÝÐ`e{º$VñVpËgÕo:Ÿ&5/113Ÿ&
Xoh Ho$ Amaå^H$ VÎd H$U©d¥{Îmê$n àmU Zht h¢Ÿ& àmU BpÝÐ` e{º$ go CËnÞ h¡Ÿ&
^moº$w a{Yð>mZmX²^moJm`VZ{Z_m©U_Ý`Wm ny{V^mdàg“mV²Ÿ(àgºo$:)5/114Ÿ&
àmUr ê$n ^moº$m nwéf Ho$ A{Yð>mZ go ^moJm`VZ (gwI-Xw:I ê$n ^moJ {OgHo$
ahZo go hmoVm h¡-eara) H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àmUr H$m A{Yð>mZ `{X Z hmo Vmo J^©
_| ewH«$-emo{UV Am{X g‹S> OmVo h¡§ (ny{V^md)Ÿ&
^¥Ë`Ûmam ñdmå`{Y{ð>[VZ£ H$mÝVmV²Ÿ&5/115Ÿ&
Xoh {Z_m©U _| ñdm_r nwéf ê$n {ZJw©U MoVZ H$mo H$moB© `moJ Zht h¡Ÿ& dh àmU H$m
_w»` H$m`© h¡Ÿ& nwéf àmU-gh`moJ Ûmam hr A{Yð>mVm h¡Ÿ&
g_m{Y gwf{w á_mojfo w ~«÷ê$nVmŸ&5/116Ÿ&
288 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
gwfwpßV, g_m{Y (AgåàkmV) Ed§ _moj-BZ VrZ AdñWmAm| _| nwéf nyar Vah
AnZo _yb ê$n _| ahVm h¡Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V ~«÷ê$nVm H$hbmVr h¡Ÿ&
Û`mo: g~rO_Ý`-Ì (ñ`) VÕ{V:Ÿ&5/117Ÿ&
g_m{Y Am¡a gwf{w á AdñWm _| ~«÷ê$n nwéf gOrd AWm©V² ~ÝY-OrdZ g{hV
ahVm h¡, na _mojmdñWm _| Cg ~rO H$m A^md hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& gwf{w á-g_m{Y _|
~ÝY~rO ê$n H$_© Am{X Cnm{Y _| hr ahVo h¢Ÿ&
Û`moa{n Ì`ñ`m{n ÑîQËdmÞ Vw Ûm¡Ÿ&5/118Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma g_m{Y Am¡a gwf{w áê$n Xmo AdñWm`o§ h¢, Cgr àH$ma _mojê$n V¥Vr` ^r
h¡Ÿ& `w{º$ Am¡a emó go _moj à_m{UV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
dmgZ`m Z ñdmW© »`mnZ§ Xmof `moJ@o {n, Z {Z{_Îmñ` àYmZ ~mYH$Ëd_²Ÿ&5/
119Ÿ&
gwfw{áH$mb _| g§gma H$s à~b dmgZm ahVr h¡, na dh V_ go {N>nr ahVr h¡,
AV: dh dmgZm {df` H$m ñ_aU Zht {XbmVrŸ& àm`: ~br AdñWm _| {df`-
dmgZm Hw$pÊR>V ahVr h¡Ÿ&
EH$: g§ñH$ma: {H«$`m {Zd©VH© $mo Z Vw à{V{H«$`§ g§ñH$ma ^oXm ~hþ H$ënZm àgºo$:Ÿ&
5/120Ÿ&
{Og g§ñH$ma go eara ^moJ Amaå^ hþAm h¡, Cgr go àmaãY ^moJ g_má ^r hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& ^moJ g_m{á go g§ñH$ma H$m Zme hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àË`oH$ ^moJ{H«$`m go g§ñH$ma H$m
ZmZmËd Zht hmoVmŸ& Hw$bmbMH«$ ^«_U _| EH$ hr doJê$n g§ñH$ma g_m{á n`©ÝV
ñWm`r ahVm h¡Ÿ&
Z ~mø~w{Õ{Z`_mo({dH$ën go n¥WH²$ gyÌ 5/121) d¥j Jwë_ bVm¡f{Y dZñn{V
V¥U dréYmXrZm_{n ^moº$¥ ^moJm`VZËd§ nydd© V²Ÿ&5/121Ÿ&(122)
g^r Ordm| _| ~mø{df`H$ kmZ Zht hmoVm, O¡go d¥j, Jwë_, bVm, Am¡f{Y,
dZñn{V, V¥U Am¡a bVm Ho$ Xoh ^r ^moJm`VZ h¢ , na do AÝV:g§kH$ h¢Ÿ&
ñ_¥Vío MŸ&5/122Ÿ&(123)
ñ_¥{V go ^r kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ d¥j Am{X ^r ^moº$m àmUr Ho$ ^moJm`VZ ê$n h¢Ÿ&
Z Xoh_mÌV: H$_m©{YH$m[aËd§ d¡{eîQ>çlwV:o Ÿ&5/123Ÿ&(124)
Ord Ho$ Xoh_mÌ Ho$ H$maU CgH$m Y_m©{YH$ma Zht _mZ gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ emó _|
{d{eï> Xoh H$m hr H$_m©{YH$ma(A_wH$ H$m_ Ho$ {b`o A_wH$ dU© Aml_ H$m _mZd
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 289
A{YH¥$V h¡) _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ&
{ÌYm Ì`mUm§ ì`dñWm H$_©Xho mon^moJXohmo^`Xohm:Ÿ&5/124Ÿ&(125)
Xoh VrZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢- CÎm_, _Ü`_, AY_Ÿ& `Wm H$_©Xho na_{f©`m| H$m,
Cn^moJ Xoh BÝÐ Am{X Xodm| H$m, C^` àH$ma H$m Xoh amO{f©`m| H$mŸ&
Z {H$pÄMXß`Zwe{`Z:Ÿ&5/125Ÿ&(126)
AZwe`r (Vrd« d¡am½`dmZ²) H$m Xoh BZ VrZ àH$mam| _| Zht AmVmŸ&
Z ~wÕçm{X{ZË`Ëd_ml`{deof@o {n d{•dV²Ÿ&5/126Ÿ&(127)
(d¥{Îm _V) _Zwî` H$s ~w{Õ A{ZË` h¡, na _hm gÎdembr B©ída H$s ~w{Õ H$mo ^r
{ZË` Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ O¡go MÝXZ H$s AmJ ^r J_© hr hmoVr h¡, C>gr
àH$ma B©ída Am{lV kmZ ^r {ÌJwU Ho$ H$maU A{ZË` hr hmoJmŸ&
Aml`m{gÕoíMŸ&5/127Ÿ&(128)
{ZË`kmZ H$m Aml`^yV B©ída Cnm{Y à_mU go Zht {gÕ hmoVmŸ&
`moJ{gÕ`mo@ß`m¡fYm{X{g{ÕdÞmnbnZr`m:Ÿ&5/128&(129)
{Og àH$ma Amof{Y Am{X {gÕ`m| H$m Anbmn({ZÝXm) Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm,Cgr
àH$ma `moJO {g{Õ`m| H$m ^r Anbmn Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ&
Z ^yVM¡VÝ`§ àË`oH$mÑï>:o gm§hË`o@{n M gm§hË`o@{n MŸ&5/129Ÿ&(130)
My§{H$ àË`oH$ ^yV _| M¡VÝ` Zht h¡, AV:^yVm| Ho$ g§KmV _| ^r M¡VÝ` Zht h¡Ÿ&
AÜ`m` 6
AñË`mË_m ZmpñVËdgmYZm^mdmV²Ÿ&6/1Ÿ&
kmV¥Ëd Ho$ H$maU ê$n _| AmË_m H$m ApñVËd gm_mÝ`V: {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& kmVm H$mo
AmË_m Zht {gÕ H$a gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ {g{Õ H$aZo dmbm ñd`§ EH$ kmVm h¡Ÿ&
Xohm{Xì`{V[aº$mo@gm¡ d¡{MÍ`mV²Ÿ&6/2Ÿ&
kmVmê$nr AmË_m Xoh Am{X nXmWm] go AbJ h¡,Š`m|{H $Xoh,_Z,~w{Õ Am{X n[aUm_r,
naàH$mí` Am¡a O‹S> h¡,VWm AmË_m An[aUm_r, ñdàH$me Ed MoVZ h¡Ÿ&
fð>rì`nXoem{nŸ&6/3Ÿ&
{~bHw$b A^oX ahZo na fð>r {d^{º$ H$m à`moJ Zht hmoVmŸ& _oam eara, _oar ~w{Õ
Am[X _| Omo fð>r {d^{º$ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Cggo ^r Xoh Am{X go {dbjU
AmË_m H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
Z {ebmnwÌdÕ{_©Jm« hH$_mZ~mYmV²Ÿ&6/4Ÿ&
290 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
{ebmnwÌ (bmoT‹ >m) H$m Xoh (AmH¥${V)-Bg à`moJ _| EH$ hr nXmW© _| fð>r {d^{º$
H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma _oam _Z, _oam eara Am{X H$hZo go ^r _¢(AmË_m)
Am¡a Xoh Am{X H$m EH$Ëd _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg e§H$m H$m CÎma h¡ {H ${ebmnwÌ
_| ^r XmoZm| H$s EH$Vm ^r ^oXnydH© $ hr H$hr J`r h¡Ÿ&
AË`ÝVXw:I{Zd¥Î`m H¥$VH¥$Ë`VmŸ&6/5Ÿ&
Xw:I H$s AË`ÝV {Zd¥{Îm hmoZo na hr H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
`Wm Xw:ImV² Šboe: nwéfñ` Z VWm gwImX{^bmf:Ÿ&6/6Ÿ&
Xw:H$ Ho$ à{V bmoJm| H$m O¡gm Vrd« Ûof hmoVm h¡, gwI Ho$ {b`o d¡gr CËH$Q> A{^bmfm
Zht hmoVrŸ& Xw:I {Zd¥{Îm H$s BÀN>m, gwI àm{á H$s BÀN>m go ~bdVr h¡Ÿ&
Hw$Ìm@{n H$mo@{n gwIr{VŸ&6/7Ÿ&
àm{U`m| _| em`X hr H$ht H$moB© gwIr {XIm`r n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&
VX{n Xw:Ie~b{_{V Xw:Injo {Z:{jnÝVo {ddoMH$m:6/8Ÿ&
d¡f{`H$ gwI ^r Xw:I go {_bm ahVm h¡, AV: {ddoH$s ì`{º$ Cg gwI H$mo ^r
Xw:I nj _| hr _mZVo h¢Ÿ&
gwIbm^m^mdmXnwéfmW©Ëd{_{V MoÞ (Ed§) Û¡{dÜ`mV²Ÿ&6/9Ÿ&
`h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡ {H$ Ho$db Xw:I {ZdmaU hr nwéfmW© Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg_|
gwI H$s àm{á Zht hmoVrŸ& Xmo nwafmW© _mZo OmVo h¢-gwIr hmoZm, Xw:Ir Z hmoZmŸ&
{ZJwU© Ëd_mË_Zmo@g“Ëdm{XlwV:o Ÿ&6/10&
lw{V _| AmË_m H$mo Ag“ H$hm J`m h¡, AV: AmË_m {ZJw©U h¡&
naY_©Ëdo@{n VpËg{Õa{ddoH$mV²Ÿ&6/11Ÿ&
gwI-Xw:I Am{X JwU {MÎm Ho$ Y_© h¢, na AmË_m _|CZH$m AdñWmZ (à{V{~å~
ê$n _|) _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU `h {dn`©` kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
AZm{Xa{ddoH$mo@Ý`Wm XmofÛ` àgº$o:Ÿ&6/12Ÿ&
g§`moJ {Og A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU h¡, CgH$m AZm{X àdmh h¡Ÿ& `{X A{ddoH$ H$m
Amaå^ _mZm Om` Vmo CgH$s ñdV: CËn[Îm _mZZr hmoJr, {Oggo _wº$ H$m ^r
~ÝYZ hmoJmŸ& `{X A{ddoH$ H$mo H$_© Ûmam CËnÞ _mZm Om` Vmo H$_© Am{X H$m
H$maU A{ddoH$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ Hw$N> Am¡a _mZZm hmoJmŸ&
Z {ZË`: ñ`mXmË_dXÝ`WmZwpÀN>{V:Ÿ&6/13Ÿ&
A{ddoH$ AZ{X hmoZo na ^r AmË_m H$s Vah {ZË` Zht h¡, AÝ`Wm CgH$m CÀN>Xo
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 291
Zht hmoVmŸ& A{ddoH$ àdmh ê$n _| AZm{X h¡Ÿ&
à{V{Z`VH$maUZmí`Ëd_ñ` ÜdmÝVdV²Ÿ&6/14Ÿ&
~ÝY H$m H$maU A{ddoH$ {ZpíMV hoVw ({ddoH$) Ûmam Zï> hmoVm h¡, O¡go AÝYH$ma
AmbmoH$ Ûmam {ZpíMV ê$n go Zï> hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
AÌm{n à{V{Z`_mo@Ýd`ì`{VaoH$mV²Ÿ&6/15Ÿ&
AÝd` ì`{VaoH$ Ûmam `h kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ {ddoH$ Ho$ ^r {ZpíMV H$maU h¢-
ldU-_ZZ-{Z{XÜ`mgZ Am{XŸ&
àH$mamÝVmgå^dmX{ddoH$ Ed ~ÝY:Ÿ&6/16Ÿ&
~ÝY H$m hoVw A{ddoH$ hr h¡, AÝ` Hw$N> Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
Z _wº$ñ` nwZ~©ÝY`moJmo@ß`Zmd¥{ÎmlwV:o Ÿ&6/17Ÿ&
_wº$ nwéf H$m nwZ: ~ÝY Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| _wº$ nwéf H$s AZmd¥{Îm
H$hr J`r h¡Ÿ&
AnwéfmW©Ëd_Ý`WmŸ&6/18Ÿ&
`{X _wº$ nwéf H$m ^r ~ÝYZ _mZm Om` Vmo _w{º$ H$mo nwéfmW© _mZZm ì`W©
hmoJmŸ&{Og àH$ma àb` _| Ord Xw:IeyÝ` hmoZo na ^r CgH$m g§gaU hmoZo Ho$
H$maU Cgo nwéfmW© Zht _mZVo, Cgr àH$ma _moj H$r ^r `{X nwZamd¥{Îm hmo Vmo
Cgo nwéfmW© Zht _mZ gH$VoŸ&
A{deofmn{Îmé^`mo:Ÿ&6/19Ÿ&
nwZamd¥{Îm _mZZo na AmJm_r H$mb _| ~ÝYZ hmo Om`Jm- Bg H$maU ~Õ Am¡a
_wº$ AdñWm`| g_mZ hmo Om`|JrŸ&
_w{º$aÝVam`ÜdñVoZ© na:Ÿ&6/20Ÿ&
_w{º$ dñVwV: {H$gr Aàmá AdñWm Hr CnbpãY Zht h¡, AÝVam`m| H$m Zme
hmoZm hr _w{º$ h¡Ÿ&(~Õ AdñWm _|) AmË_m H$m Xw:I à{V{~å~ AmdaH$ ê$n
{d¿Z h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õê$n Cnm{Y Ho$ Z ahZo na AmË_m AnZo ê$n _| AmVr h¡Ÿ&
VÌmß`{damoY:Ÿ&6/21Ÿ&
nwéf H$s Ñ{ï> _| ~ÝYZ Am¡a _moj dmñV{dH$ Zht h¢, AV: AÝVam`-Üd§g ê$n
_w{º$ nwéfmW© Zht h¡-Eogm Zht _mZm Om gH$VmŸ& à{V{~å~ ê$n _| Xw:I-^moJ
^r dmñV{dH$ h¡, AV: Xw:I-{Zd¥{Îm gM_wM nwéfmW© h¡Ÿ&
A{YH$m[aÌ¡{dÜ`mÞ {Z`_:Ÿ&6/22Ÿ&
292 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
_w{º$ `Ú{n ~ÝYZ-Üd§g _mÌ h¡, na ldU _mÌ go _moj Am{X H$s {g{Õ Zht
hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ _mojm{YH$mar Ho$ AbJ AbJ àH$ma h¢-CÎm_,_Ü`_, AY_Ÿ&
XmTç©mW©_Îw maofm_²Ÿ&6/23Ÿ&
AmË_kmZ gå~ÝYr ldU Ho$ ~mX _ZZ-Ü`mZ ^r H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg
H«$_ Ûmam hr AÝVam` H$m Üd§g Ñ‹T> hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
pñWagwI_mgZ{_{V Z {Z`_:Ÿ&6/24Ÿ&
nÙ Am{X AmgZm| _| hr ~¡R>Zm Oê$ar Zht h¡Ÿ& {Og AmgZ _| ~¡R>Zo go gmpÎdH$
àgÞVm Am¡a pñWaVm H$m ~moY hmo dhr AmgZ g_PZm Mm{h`oŸ&
Ü`mZ§ {Z{d©f`§ _Z:Ÿ&6/25Ÿ&
AÝV:H$aU (_Z) H$m {df`eyÝ` hmoZm Ü`mZ ({MÎmd¥{Îm {ZamoY ê$n `moJ) H$hm
OmVm h¡Ÿ&
C^`Wmß`{deofíMoÞd¡ _wnamJ{ZamoYm{Ûeof:Ÿ&6/26Ÿ&
`Ú{n `moJ Am¡a g§gma-BZ XmoZm| AdñWmAm| _| nwéf H$m ê$n EH$ hr h¡, VWm{n
`moJ AdñWm _| d¥{Îm à{V{~å~ Xya hmoVm h¡, Omo AÝ` AdñWm _| Zht hmoVmŸ&
{Z:g“o@ß`wnamJmo@{ddoH$mV²Ÿ&6/267&
na_mW©V: {Z:g“ nwéf CnamJ-eyÝ` h¡, na A{ddoH$ go Cg_| CnamJ XrIVm h¡&
Onm-ñ\${Q>H$`mo[ad ZmonamJ: {H$ÝËd{^_mZ:Ÿ&6/28Ÿ&
`h CnamJ (nwéf _| ~w{Õ Y_© H$m Amamon) dmñV{dH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma ñ\${Q>H$
Ho$ nmg Onm nwîn ahZo na Cg_| a§J à{V{~på~V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {~Zm a§J Ho$ ^r
CgH$m a§J hmoZm XrIVm h¡Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma nwéf _| ~w{Õ H$m à{V{~å~ hmoZo Ho$
H$maU ^«_ go nwéf H$mo ~w{Õ dmbm g_Pm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
Ü`mZYmaUmä`mgd¡am½`m{X{^ñV{ÞamoY:Ÿ&6/29Ÿ&
Bg CnamJ H$m {ZamoY Ü`mZ, YmaUm, Aä`mg Am¡a d¡am½` Am{X go hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
b`{djon`moì`m©dÎ¥ `oË`mMm`m©:Ÿ&6/30Ÿ&
AmMm`© H$hVo h¢ {H$ Ü`mZ Am{X go b` ({ZÐmd¥{Îm) Am¡a {djon (à_mU Am{X
d¥{Îm`m|) H$m {ZamoY H$aZm Mm{h`oŸ& Bggo d¥{Îm`m| H$m CnamJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h
AgåàkmV g_m{Y h¡, {Og_| _moj Ho$ AÝVam`m| H$m Üd§g hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Z ñWmZ{Z`_píMÎmàgmXmV²Ÿ&6/31Ÿ&
Ü`mZ Ho$ {b`o Jwhm Am{X ñWmZ Oê$ar Zht h¡Ÿ& Ohm§ ^r {MÎm àgÞ Am¡a pñWa aho
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 293
dht Ü`mZ H$m Aä`mg hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
àH¥$VoamÚmonmXmZVm@Ý`ofm§ H$m`©Ëd lwV:o Ÿ&6/32Ÿ&
lw{V _§o H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ _hV², Ah‘>ma, VÝ_mÌ Am{X g^r H$m`© h¢, AV: àH¥${V
hr _yb CnmXmZ h¡Ÿ& AÝ` emóm| _| AUw Am{X H$s H$m`©Vm ^r _mZr J`r h¡Ÿ&
{ZË`Ëdo@{n ZmË_Zmo `mo½`Ëdm^mdmV²Ÿ&6/33Ÿ&
nwéf (AmË_m) {ZË` Am¡a An[aUm_r h¡; AV: CnmXmZ H$maU Zht hmo gH$VmŸ&
gJwU Am¡a g“ `mo½` dñVw hr CnmXmZ hmo gH$V$s h¡Ÿ&
lw{V{damoYmÞ Hw$VH$m©ngXñ`mË_bm^:Ÿ&6/34Ÿ&
Hw$VH©$ Ûmam `h _mZZm {H$ {ZJwU© Ag§J, An[aUm_r nwéf OJV² H$m CnmXmZ h¡,
lw{V _V (OJV² H$m CnmXmZ àH¥${V h¡) H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
nmaån`}@{n àYmZmZwd{¥ ÎmaUwdV²Ÿ&6/35Ÿ&
^m¡{VH$, ^yV Am{X g^r nXmWm] H$m CnmXmZ H$maU àH¥${V (àYmZ) h¡, na dh
gmjmV² H$maU Zht h¡(^m¡{VH$ H$m H$maU ^yV, ^yV H$m VÝ_mÌ, VÝ_mÌ H$m
Apñ_Vm, Apñ_Vm H$m ~w{ÕVÎd `m _hV² , Am¡a _hV² H$m H$maU àH¥${V h¡)
na_mUwdmXr H$s Ñ{ï> _| na_mUw {Og àH$ma naånam-H«$_ go ApÝV_ H$maU h¡,
Cgr àH$ma `hm§ ^r àH¥${V A[ÝV_ H$maU h¡Ÿ&
gd©Ì H$m`©Xe©Zm{Û^wËd_²Ÿ&6/36Ÿ&
g^r Xoe Am¡a H$mb _| àH¥${V hr H$m`©ê$n _| {dÚ_mZ h¡, AV: àH¥${V gd©ì`m{nZr
Am¡a nyU© h¡Ÿ&
J{V`moJ@o ß`mÚH$maUVmhm{ZaUwdV²Ÿ&6/37Ÿ&
àH¥${V _| jmo^ê$n {H«$`m hmoVr h¡ (J{V`moJ)Ÿ& Bg {H«$`m Ho$ ahZo na ^r CgH$s
AmÚH$maUVm (Ma_ CnmXmZ H$maU) g_má Zht hmoVrŸ& {Og àH$ma AUw _|
{H«$`m hmoZo na ^r d¡eo{fH$ CgH$s Ma_ H$maUVm _mZVo h¢Ÿ, d¡go hr `hm§ h¡&
à{gÕm[YŠ`¨ àYmZñ` Z {Z`_:&6/38Ÿ&
bmoH$ _| gw{d»`mV nXmWm] (`Wm d¡eo{fH$ gå_V Ðì`m{X nXmW©) _o§ àYmZ H$m
AÝV^m©d Zht§ h¡, AV: Cgo AZwnpñWV Zhr§Ÿ _mZ gH$VoŸ& nXmW© ì`m»`m gå~ÝYr
{d{^Þ gåàXm`m| Ho$ _V AIÊS>Zr` Zht h¢Ÿ&
gÎdmXrZm_VÕ_©Ëd§ VÐÿnËdmV²Ÿ&6/39Ÿ&
gÎd, aO,V_$ ê$n 3 JwU(aÁOw, `o Ðì` h¢),àH¥${V Ho$ Y_© Zht,CgHo$ ñdê$n h¢Ÿ&
294 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
AZwn^moJ@o {n nw_W©: g¥{ï>: à Ym Zñ`mo ï´> Hw$‘x>_dhZdV²Ÿ&6/40Ÿ&
àH¥${V H$s g¥{ï> AnZo ^moJ Ho$ {b`o Zht, ~pëH$ nwéf Ho$ {b`o(^moJ Am¡a AndJ©)
h¡, O¡go Cï´> {H$gr AÝ` Ho$ {b`o Hw$‘x>_ H$m dhZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
H$_© d¡{MÍ`mV² g¥{ï>d{¡ MÍ`_²Ÿ&6/41Ÿ&
H$_© (Y_©-AY_©) Ho$ d¡{MÍ` Ho$ AZwgma g¥{ï> H$m d¡{MÍ` hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
gmå` d¡få`mä`m§ H$m`© Û`_²Ÿ&6/42Ÿ&
àH¥${V H$s gmå`mdñWm hmoZo na àb` Am¡a d¡få`mdñWm(JwUm| H$m H$_-Á`mXm
^md _| pñW{V) hmoZo na g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ& g¥{ï> àb` H$s _Ü` AdñWm ^r g¥{ï> _| hr
{JZr Om`JrŸ &
{d_wº$~moYmÞ g¥{ï>: àYmZñ` bmoH$dV²Ÿ&6/43Ÿ&
nwéf Ho$ {b`o VÎd{Z_m©U Ho$ ~mX àYmZ g¥{ï> ~ÝX H$a XoVm h¡, O¡go A_mË` Am{X
amOm H$m H$m_ g_má hmoZo na H$m_ ~ÝX H$a XoVo h¢Ÿ&
ZmÝ`mo ngn©U@o {n _wº$mo n^moJmo {Z{_Îmm ^mdmV²Ÿ&6/44Ÿ&
~Õ nwéfm| Ho$ à{V àYmZ H$s àd¥{Îm ahZo na ^r _wº$ Ho$ à{V àYmZ Aàd¥Îm hr
ahVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ àd¥{Îm Ho$ gmYZ (A{ddoH$ Am{X) H$m A^md hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
nwéf ~hþ Ëd§ ì`dñWmV:Ÿ&6/45Ÿ&
~ÝY-_moj H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ {b`o nwéf H$mo ~hþg»§ `H$ _mZZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&
Cnm{YíMoV² VpËgÕm¡ nwZÛ£V_²Ÿ& 6/46Ÿ&
nwéf EH$ h¡ Am¡a Cnm{Y`m| H$s AZoH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ~hþOrdê$n _| XrIVm h¡-Bg
ê$n go nwéf H$m EH$Ëd Zht {gÕ hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Cnm{Y H$s ^r gÎmm _mZZr
n‹S>oJr, {Oggo Û¡Vmn{Îm hmoJrŸ&
Ûmä`m_{n à_mU{damoY:Ÿ&6/47Ÿ&
Cnm{Y H$mo A{dÚm_` _mZZo na ^r nwéf Am¡a A{dÚm ê$n Xmo gV² nXmWm] H$mo
_mZZm n‹S>oJm, AV: AÛ¡V ^md Ho$ à{VnmXH$ lw{V dMZ go {damoY hmoJmŸ&
Ûmä`m_ß`{damoYmÞ nyd_© Îw ma§ M gmY H$m ^mdmV²Ÿ&6/48Ÿ&
AmË_m Am¡a A{dÚm H$s gÎmm _mZZo na EH$mË_dmXr H$m nj H$Q> OmVm h¡Ÿ&
AÛ¡VdmXr H$mo EH$ AmË_m Ho$ A{V[aº$ AmË_gmYH$ ñdVÝÌ à_mU H$s gÎmm _mZZr
n‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ& Bg à_mU H$s gÎmm Zht _mZZo na EH$mË_dmX à_m{UV Zht hmoJmŸ&
àH$meVpËgÕm¡ H$_©H$Îm¥© {damoY:Ÿ&6/49Ÿ&
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 295
AnZo àH$me go AmË_m H$s gÎmm {gÕ H$aZo na H$_©-H$Îmm© EH$ hr _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ&
Omo àH$meH$ h¡ Cgr H$mo àH$mí` _mZZm n‹S>Jo m Omo R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ&
O‹S>ì`md¥Îmmo O‹S>§ àH$me`{V {MÐÿn:&6/50Ÿ&
MoVZ Ho$ {Og àH$meê$n Y_© H$m CëboI nyd© gyÌ _| h¡, dh {MV² ñdê$n h¡, Omo
OS> H$m àH$meH$ h¡ (nwéf {~Zm Y_© H$m h¡)Ÿ& gy`© Am{X Ho$ àH$me H$s Vah
`h Zht h¡Ÿ&
Z lw{V{damoYmo am{JUm§ d¡am½`m` VpËg (Õo:) Õ_²Ÿ&6/51Ÿ&
{MV²-O‹S>-ê$n Xmo _yb nXmW© {gÕ H$aZm lw{V Ho$ AÛ¡V Ho$ gmW H$moB© {damoY
Zht h¡Ÿ& gamJ nwéfm| _| _| d¡am½` CËnÞ H$aZo Ho$ {b`o H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ AmË_m H$o
A{V[aº$ AÝ` nXmWm] _| ^r AmË_m h¡Ÿ&
OJËgË`Ëd_Xwï>H$maUOÝ`ËdmX² ~mYH$m^mdmV²Ÿ&6/52Ÿ&
`h AZw^d {gÕ OJV² gË` h¡Ÿ& (añgr _| gm§n XrIZo O¡gm ^«_ Zht h¡)Ÿ&
Š`m|{H$ OJV² AXwï>H$maU go CËnÞ h¡Ÿ& ànÄM go BgH$s CËn{Îm H$o {damoY _| H$moB©
à_mU Zht h¡Ÿ&
àH$mamÝVagå^dmV² gXwËn{Îm:Ÿ&6/53Ÿ&
My§{H$ AÝ` H$moB© àH$ma gå^d Zht h¡, AV: `h _mZZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ gV² go gV²
H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡ , AWm©V² H$m`© AnZo H$maU _| gyú_ ê$n go VWm ì`mnma _|
ì`º$ ê$n go ahVm h¡Ÿ&
Ah‘>ma: H$Îmm© Z nwéf:Ÿ&6/54Ÿ&
(A{^_mZ Ho$ ~mX hr àd¥{Îm XoIr OmVr h¡), AV: (Bg d¥{Îm H$m AÝV:H$aU)
Ah‘>ma hr H$Îmm© h¡, {ZJw©U nwéf ZhtŸ&
{MXdgmZm ^w{º$ñVËH$_m© {O©VËdmV²Ÿ&6/55Ÿ&
Ah‘>ma H$Îmm© hmoZo na ^r ^moJ H$m AdgmZ {MXmË_m _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ^moJ ~w{Õ Ûmam
hmoVm h¡, na CgH$m AmYma {MÐÿn nwéf h¡Ÿ& Ah‘>ma Ûmam `h ^moJ A{O©V hmoVm
h¡, Ah‘>ma Ho$ amoY go ^moJ H$s ^r {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&
MÝÐm{XbmoH$o @ß`md¥{Îm{Z© {_ÎmgX² ^mdmV²Ÿ&6/56Ÿ&
H$_© Ho$ ~b go MÝÐ Am{X bmoH$m| H$s àm{á Ho$ ~mX ^r Amd¥{Îm (nwZO©Ý_) hmo
gH$Vr h¡, Š`m|{H$ OÝ_ H$m H$maU A[ddoH$ VWm H$_©-g§ñH$ma [MÎm _| ah OmVo h¡Ÿ&
bmoH$ñ` ZmonXoemV² {gÕ: nydd© V²Ÿ&6/57Ÿ&
296 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
_Zwî`bmoH$ _| {Og àH$ma CnXoe go {g{Õ Zht hmVr, Cgr àH$ma MÝÐ Am{X
bmoH$m| _| ^r CnXoe_mÌ go {g{Õ Zht hmoVrŸ&
nmaån`}U VpËgÕm¡ {d_w{º$ lw{V:Ÿ&6/58Ÿ&
~«÷bmoH$ Am{X _| OmH$a `{X H$moB© ldU _ZZ AmX nydH© $ Aä`mg H$ao Vmo Cggo
_w{º$ hmoVr h¡-`h lw{V _| H$hm h¡Ÿ& ~«÷bmoH$ J_Z _mÌ go _w{º$ Zht hmoVrŸ&
J{V lwVío M ì`mnH$Ëdo@ß`wnm{Y`moJmX²^moJXoeH$mbbm^mo ì`mo_dV²Ÿ&6/59Ÿ&
AmË_m ì`mnH$ h¡, CgH$s J{V Ho$ ~mao _| emó AmË_m H$s Cnm{Y Ho$ ~mao _| hr
H$hVo h¢Ÿ& O¡go AmH$me gd©ì`mnr hmoZ na ^r KQ> Am{X Cnm{Y go `moJ hmoZo na
KQ>mH$me H$m J_Z H$hm OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma AmË_mH$m J_Z h¡Ÿ&
AZ{Y{ð>Vñ` ny{V^md àg“mÞ VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&6/60Ÿ&
^moº$ H$m AmYma Z ahZo na ewH$« -emo{UV_` eara Jb OmVm h¡, AV: AZ{Y{ð>V
ewH«$ Am{X go ^moJm`VZ Xoh H$m {Z_m©U Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& (AV: nhbo Xoh, {\$a
CgH$m AmË_m Ûmam A{Yð>mZ Zht hmo gH$Vm)Ÿ&
AÑï>Ûmam MoXgå~Õñ` VXgå^dmÁObm{XdX‘x>aŸo &6/61Ÿ&
Xoh CËnÞ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX AmË_m H$m A{Yð>mZ VWm AÑï> Ûmam Xoh~rO g§a{jV
ahZm Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma Ob {Zaml` A‘x>a CËnÞ Zht H$a
gH$Vm (~rO Ho$ gmW gå~ÝY Amdí`H$ h¡), Cgr àH$ma AÑï> ^r {Zaml` (Xoh
~rO Ho$ {~Zm) hmoH$a H$moB© H$m`© Zht H$a gH$VmŸ&
{ZJwU© ËdmV² VXgå^dmXh‘>maY_m© øoVŸo &6/62Ÿ&
AÑï> Am{X Ah‘>ma Ho$ hr Y_© h§Ÿ& ^moº$ nwéf {ZJwU © h¡, AV: CgHo$ gmW Y_©-
AY_© ê$n AÑï> H$m gmjmV² g§`moJ gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ& nwéf-àH¥${V g§`moJ AÑï>
Ûmam Zht h¡Ÿ&
{d{eï>ñ` OrdËd_Ýd`ì`{VaoH$mV²Ÿ&6/63Ÿ&
OrdËd(àm{UËd) Ah‘>ma-{d{eï> nwéf H$m Y_© h¡, Ho$db nwéf H$m ZhtŸ&
Ah‘>maH$Ì©YrZm H$m`©{g{ÕZ}ídamYrZm à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ&6/6Ÿ&$
H$m`© H$s {g{Õ Ah‘>ma ê$n H$Îmm© Ho$ AYrZ h¡, B©ída Ho$ AYrZ Zht-BgH$m H$moB©
à_mU Zht h¡Ÿ&
AÑï>mXo ^² {y VdV² g_mZËd_²Ÿ&6/65Ÿ&
{Og àH$ma H$mb {deof go hr g¥{ï> Amaå^ Ho${b`o àH¥${V _| jmo^ hmoVm h¡, Cgr
6.gm§»`-gyÌ 297
àH$ma Ah‘>ma H$mo ^r H$mb go hr CËnÞ _mZZm Mm{h`oŸ& H$Îmm©ê$n Ah‘>ma H$s
CËn{Îm {H$gr AÝ` H$Îmm© go Zht hmoVrŸ&
_hVmo@Ý`V²Ÿ&6/66Ÿ&
Ah‘>ma Ho$ g¥{ï> Am{X H$m`m] Ho$ A{V[aº$ Omo nmbZ Am{X H$m`© h¢, do _hV²-VÎd
go CX²^Vy hmoVo h¢Ÿ& nmbH$ H$m`© {dîUw H$m h¡, AV: do na_oída, ~«÷m Am{X
H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&
H$_© {Z{_Îm: àH¥$Vo: ñdñdm{_^mdmo@ß`Zm{X~rOm‘x>adV²Ÿ&6/67Ÿ&
{OZHo$ _V _| àH¥${V (Am¡a nwéf) H$m ñd-ñdm{_^md H$_© {Z{_Îm h¡, CZHo$ _V
go ^r `h ~rO-A‘x>adV² AZm{X h¡Ÿ& `{X `h AmH$pñ_H$ hmoVm Vmo _wº$ ^r nwZ:
~Õ hmoVoŸ&
A{ddoH$ {Z{_Îmmo dm nÄM{eI:Ÿ&6/68Ÿ&
`h ñd-ñdm{_^md A{ddoH$ ê$n {Z{_Îm go CËnÞ hmoVm h¡-Eogm nÄM[eI H$m
_V h¡Ÿ& {Z{_Îm CËnÞ hmoZo na ^r A{ddoH$ AZm{X h¡ VWm àb` _| ^r dmgZm
ê$n go ahVm h¡Ÿ&
{b“ eara {Z{_ÎmH$ B{V gZÝXZmMm`©:Ÿ&6/69Ÿ&
AmMm`© gZÝXZ H$m _V h¡ {H$ ñd-ñdm{_^md (^moº$m-^moº$¥ ^md) {b“ eara
Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
`Ûm VÛm VXwpÀN>{Îm: nwéfmW©ñVXwpÀN>{Îm: nwéfmW©:Ÿ&6/70Ÿ&
àH¥${V-nwéf H$m `h ^mo½`-^moº$¥ -^md Mmho H$_©-{Z{_Îm hmo, `m A{ddoH$
{Z{_Îm, BgH$m {Og {H$gr Cnm` go CÀN>oX hmoZm hr na_ nwéfmW© h¡Ÿ&
***
298 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
7.n[a{eï>
1. gm§»`-gyÌ-gyMr
AH$Vwa© {n \$bmon^moJ 1/105 AÝV:H$aUñ` VXwÁÁd{bV 1/99
AH$m`©Ëdo@{n VÚmoJ: 3/55 AÝ`Y_©Ëdo@{n ZmamonmÎmV² 1/153
AMmjwfmUm_Zw_mZoZ 1/60 AÝ`naËd_{ddoH$mZm§ 5/64
AMoVZËdo@{n 3/51 AÝ``moJo@{n VpËg{Õ 2/8
AUwn[a_mU§ 3/14 AÝ`g¥ïçwnamJo@{n 3/66>
A{Vàg{º$aÝ`Y_©Ëdo 1/54 AndmX_mÌ_~wÕmZm_² 1/45
AVrpÝÐ{_pÝÐ`_² 2/23 AnwéfmW©Ëd_Ý`Wm 6/18
AË`ÝVXw:I{Zd¥Î`m 6/5 AnwéfmW©Ëd_w^`Wm 1/47
AÌm{n à{V{Z`_mo 6/15 A~mYmXXwï>H$maUOÝ`ËdmÀM 1/79
AW {Ì{dYXw:ImË`ÝV 1/1 A~mYo Z¡î\$ë`§ 5/17
AÑï>Ûmam MoXg§~Õñ` 6/61 A{^_mZmo@h‘>ma: 2/16
AÑï>demÀMoV² 1/30 AWm©pËg{ÕíMoV²g_mZ_w^`mo: 5/24
AÑï>mXo ^² {y VdËg_mZËd_²6/65 AdmÝVa^oXm:nydd© V² 3/41
A{YH$m[a Ì¡{dÜ`mÞ 1/70,6/22 A{ddoH${Z{_ÎmH$mo dm 6/68
A{YH$m[aà^oXmÞ 3/76 A{ddoH$mÛm VpËgÕo: 1/106
A{Yð>mZmÀMo{V 1/142 A{deofíMmo^`mo: 1/6
AÜ`dgm`mo ~w{Õ: 2/13 A{deofm{Ûeofmaå^: 3/1
AÜ`ñVê$nmonmgZm 4/21 A{deofmn{Îmé^`mo: 6/19
AZ{Y{ð>Vñ` ny{V 6/60 Aì`º§$ {ÌJwUmpëb“mV² 1/136
AZmXmdÚ`mdX^mdmV²1/158 Aì`{^MmamV² 2/41
AZm{Xa{ddoH$mo 6/12 Ae{º$aï>mqde{VYm 3/38
AZmaå^o@{n naJ¥ho 4/12 Ag“mo@`§ nwéf B{V 1/15
A{ZË`Ëdo@{n pñWaVm 5/91 AgmYZmZw{MÝVZ§ ~ÝYm` 4/8
A{Z`VËdo@{n Zm`m¡{º$H$ñ`1/26 AñË`mË_m ZmpñVËdgmYZm^mdmV² 6/1
AZwn^moJo@{nnw_W©:g¥{ï>: 6/40 Ah‘>maH$Ì©YrZm 6/64
AÝV:H$aUY_©Ëd§ 5/25 Ah‘>ma: H$Îmm© 6/54
7.n[a{eï> 299
A{h{Zëd©`ZrdV² 4/6 Cnm{Y^oXo@ß`oH$ñ` 1/150
AmÄOñ`mX^oXVmo dm 1/125 Cnm{Y{^©ÚVo, Z Vw VÛmZ² 1/151
AmË_mW©ËdmËg¥ï>Zo f£ m 2/11 Cnm{YíMoÎmpËgÕm¡ 6/46
AmÚhoVwVm VX²Ûmam 1/74 C^`Ìmß`Ý`Wm {gÕo: 5/100
AmYo`e{º$`moJ B{V 5/32 C^`Ìmß`od_² 5/23
AmYo`e{º${gÕm¡ 5/36 C^`Wmß`VdeofíMoÞd¡ § 6/26
AmÜ`mpË_H$m{X ^oXmÞdYm 3/43 C^`Wmß`gËH$aËd_² 1/94
Amno{jH$mo JwUàYmZ ^md: 2/45 C^`njg_mZjo_mXW_{n 1/46
AmámonXoe: eãX: 1/101 C^`{g{Õ:à_mUmÎmXwnXoe: 1/102
Am~«÷ñVå~n`©ÝV§ 3/47 C^`mË_H§$ _Z: 2/26
Am{ddoH$mÀM àdV©Z_² 3/4 C^`mÝË`ËdmËH$m`©Ëd§ 1/129
Amd¥{ÎmagH¥$XwnXoemV² 4/3 D$Üdª gÎd{dembm 3/48
Amd¥{ÎmñVÌmß`wÎmamÎma`mo 3/52 D$î_OmÊS>OOam`wOmo{X²^ÁO 5/111
Aml`m{gÕoíM 5/128 D$hm{X{^:{g{Õaï>Ym 3/44
Amh‘>m[aH$ËdlwVZo © 2/20 EH$:g§ñH$ma:{H«$`m{Zd©Îm©H$mo 5/120
BVaWmÝYnaånam 3/81 EH$mXenÄMVÝ_m̧ 2/17
BVabm^o@ß`md¥{Îm: 4/22 Ed{_Vañ`m: 3/42
BVañ`m{n ZmË`pÝVH$_² 3/27 Ed_oH$ËdoZ n[adV©_mZñ` 1/152
BXmZr{_d gd©Ì 1/159 Ed§ eyÝ`_{n 5/79
BpÝÐ`ofw gmYH$V_Ëd 2/39 EoH$^m¡{VH$_nao 3/19
BfwH$madÞ¡H${MÎmñ` 4/14 Am¡XmgrÝ`§ Mo{V 1/163
B©Ñeoída{g{Õ: {gÕm 3/57 H$aU§ Ì`moXe{dY 2/38
B©ídam{gÕo: 1/92 H$_©{Z{_Îm àH¥$Vo: 6/67
CËH$fm©X{n _mojñ` 1/5 H$_©{Z{_Îmm`moJmÀM 3/67
CËn{ÎmdÛm@Xmof: 1/123 H$_©dX²Ñï>do m© H$mbmXo: 3/60
CnXoí`monXoï>¥ ËdmÎmpËg{Õ: 3/75 H$_©d{¡ MÍ`mËàYmZMoï>m 3/51
Cn^moJm{XVañ` 3/5 H$_©d¡{MÍ`mV² g¥{ï>d¡{MÍ`_² 6/41
CnamJmËH$Îm¥Ë© d§{MËgm{ÞÜ`mV²1/164 H$_m©H$¥ ï>do m©ß`Zm{XV: 3/62
CnmXmZ{Z`_mV² 1/115 H$_}pÝÐ`~wÕrpÝÐ`¡amÝVa 2/19
300 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
H$må`o@H$må`o@{n gmÜ`Ëdm 1/85 kmZmÝ_w{º$: 3/23
H$maU^mdmÀM 1/118 VV: àH¥$Vo: 1/65
H$m`©VñVpËg{Õ: 2/6 VËH$_m©{O©VËdmÎmXW©_{^Moï>m 2/46
H$m`©Xe©ZmÎmXwnbãYo: 1/110 VËH$m`©VñVpËgÕoZm©nbmn: 1/137
H$m`m©ËH$maUmZw_mZ§ 1/135 VËH$m`©Ëd_Ý`ofm_² 1/73
Hw$Ìm{n H$mo@{n 6/7 VËH$m`ª Y_m©{X: 2/14
Hw$gw_dÀM _{U: 2/35 VÎdmä`mgmÞo{V ZoVr{V 3/75
H¡$dë`mWª àd¥Îmo: 1/144 VÌ àmá{ddoH$ñ`mZmd¥{Îmlw{V: 1/83
H«$_emo@H«$_eíMopÝÐ`d¥{Îm: 2/32 VÌmß`{damoY: 6/21
J{V`moJ@o ß`mÚH$maUVmhm{Z 6/37 VËg{ÞYmZmX{Yð>mV¥Ëd_² 1/96
J{Vlw{Vaß`wnm{Y`moJmV² 1/51 VpËgÕm¡ gd©{gÕo: 1/88
J{VlwVoíM ì`mnH$Ëdo 6/59 VWmß`oH$VaÑï>mÝ`Va 1/112
JwUn[a_mU^oXmÞmZmËd_² 2/27 VWmß`oH$g§ñH$mamMmaËdmV² 2/42
JwUm`moJmX²~ÝY: ewH$dV² 4/26 VX{Yð>mZml`o Xoho 3/11
JwUmXrZm§ ZmË`ÝV~mY: 5/26 VXÞ_`Ëd lwV:o 3/15
MH«$^«_UdX²YV¥ eara: 3/82 VX{n Xw:Ie~b{_{V 6/8
MÝÐm{XbmoH$o @ß`md¥{Îm 6/56 VX^mdo VX^kmdmÀNy>Ý`§ 1/43
Ma_mo@h‘>ma: 1/72 VXwËnpËÎm lwVoíM 1/77
MmVw^m£{VH${_Ë`Ý`o 3/18 VXwËn{Îm lwV:o 2/22
{MXdgmZm ^w{º$ñVËH$_m© 6/55 VÕmZo àH¥${V: 1/133
{MXdgmZmo ^moJ: 1/104 VX²~rOmËg§g¥{V: 3/3
MoVZmoÔoem[Þ`_: 2/7 VX²^mdo VÚmoJmV² 1/40
{N>ÞhñVdÛm 4/7 VÚmoJoVpËgÕmdÝ`mo@Ý`m 5/14
OJËgË`Ëd_Xwï>H$maUOÝ` 6/52 VÚmoJ@o {n Z {ZË`_wº$: 5/7
O‹S>àH$mem`moJmV² 1/145 VÚmoJo@ß`{ddoH$mÞ 1/55
O‹S>ì`md¥Îmmo O‹S>§ 6/50 VÐÿnËdo gm{XËd_² 5/19
OÝ_m{Xì`dñWmV: 1/149 V{Ûñ_aUo@{n ^oH$sdV² 4/16
Onmñ\${Q>H$`mo[ad 6/28 V{Þd¥ÎmmdwnemÝVmonamJ: 2/34
OrdÝ_wº$íM 3/78 V_mo{dembm _ybV: 3/49
7.n[a{eï> 301
V`moaÝ`Ëdo VwÀN>Ëd_² 1/134 Ûmä`m_{n VW¡d 4/10
Vñ_mÀN>arañ` 3/2 Ûmä`m_{n à_mU{damoY: 6/47
Vw{ï>Zd© Ym 3/39 Ûmä`m_ß`{damoYmÞ 6/48
VoZmÝV:H$aUñ` 1/64 YmaUmgZñdH$_©Um 3/32
Vofm_{n VÚmoJo 5/49 YoZwdÛËgm` 2/37
Ì`mUm§ ñdmbjÊ`_² 2/30 Ü`mZYmaUmä`mgd¡am½`m{X{^: 2/29
{ÌJwUmMoVZËdm[X 1/126 Ü`mZ§ {Z{d©f`§ _Z: 6/25
{ÌJwUm{X{dn`©`mV² 1/14 Z H$_©U CnmXmZËdm`moJmV² 1/81
{ÌYm Ì`mUm§ ì`dñWm 5/125 Z H$_©UmÝ`Y_©ËdmX{Vàgºo$íM 1/16
{Ì{^: gå~ÝY{gÕo: 5/38 Z H$_©Umß`VÕ_©ËdmV² 1/52
{Ì{dY {damoYmnÎmo: 1/113 Z H$ënZm{damoY: 2/25
XmT>çm©W_© Îw maofm_² 6/23 Z H$m_Mm[aËd_² 4/25
{XŠH$mbmdH$mem{Xä`: 2/12 Z H$maUb`mËH¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm 3/54
Xw:I{Zd¥ÎmoJm£U: 5/67 Z H$m`} {Z`_ C^`Wm 5/39
Xw:ImÔþ:I§ Obm{^foH$dÝZ 1/84 Z H$mb {Z`_mo 4/20
Ñï>ñV`mo[aÝÐñ` 4/18 Z H$mb`moJVmo 1/12
Ñï>mÝVm{gÕoíM 1/37 Z {H$pÄMXß`Zwe{`Z: 5/126
XodVmb`lwVoZm©aå^H$ñ` 2/21 Z J{V {deofmV² 1/48
Xohm{Xì`{V[aº$mo@gm¡d¡{MÍ`mV² 6/2 Z VÁOñ`m{n VÐÿnVm§ 4/31
X¡dm{Xà^oXm: 3/46 Z VÎdmÝVa§ dñVw 5/30
XmofXe©ZmXw^`mo: 4/28 Z VÎdmÝVa§ gmÑí`§ 5/94
Xmof~moY@o {n Zmongn©U§ 3/70 Z VXnbmnñVñ_mV² 5/92
Ðï¥>Ëdm{XamË_Z: 2/29 Z V[Þ^m©JËd§ H$m`©ËdmV² 5/88
Û`mo: àYmZ§ _Zmo 2/40 Z VmÑH²$ nXmWm©àVrVo: 1/24
Û`mo[ad Ì`ñ`m{n 5/118 Z VoOmo@ngn©UmÎm¡Og§ 5/105
Û`moaHo $Vañ` 1/87 Z {Ì{^anm¡éf`ËdmÛoXñ` 5/41
Û`moaHo $Vañ`dm¡XmgrÝ`_ndJ©: 3/65 Z ÑîQ>mÎm{Vg{Õ{Z©dÎ¥ mo 1/2
Û`moaHo $XoebãYmonamJmÞ 1/29 Z Xoe^oX@o ß`Ý`monmXmZVm 5/109
Û`mo:g~rOËd_Ý`ñ` 5/117 Z Xoe`moJVmo 1/13
302 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
Z Xoh_mÌV: 5/124 Z amJmÑVo VpËg{Õ: 5/6
Z Xohmaå^H$ñ` 5/113 Z ê$n{Z~ÝYZmV² 5/89
Z Ðì`o{Z`_ñVÚmoJmV² 5/108 ZV©H$sdV² àd¥Îmñ`m{n 3/69
Z Û`moaoH$H$mbm`moJm 1/31 Z d`§ fQ²>nXmW©dm{XZmo 1/25
Z Y_m©bmn: 5/20 Z {dkmZ _m̧ 1/42
Z {ZË`Ëd§ doXmZm§ 5/45 Z {deofJ{V{Z©pîH«$`ñ` 5/76
Z{ZË`ewÕ~wÕ_wº$ñd^mdñ` 1/19 Z {deofJwUmopÀN>{ÎmñVÛV² 5/75
Z {ZË`: ñ`mXmË_dXÝ`Wm 6/13 Z ì`mnH$Ëd§ _Zg: 5/69
Z {Z`_:à_mUmÝVamdH$memV² 5/22 Z eãX{ZË`Ëd§ 5/58
Z {Z^m©JËd_² VÚmoJmV² 5/71 Z {ebmnwÌdÕ{_©J«mhH$_mZ~mYmV² 6/4
Z n[a_mUMmVw{d©Ü`_² 5/90 Z ldU_mÌmÎmpËg{Õ 2/3
Z nmÄM^m¡{VH$eara§ 5/102 Z lw{V{damoYmo am{JUm§ 6/51
Z nm¡éfo`Ëd§ 5/46 Z fQ²>nXmW©{Z`_ 5/85
Z àË`{^km~mYmV² 1/35 Z gH¥$X²Jh« UmËgå~ÝY{g{Õ: 5/28
Z ~mø~w{Õ{Z`_: 5/121 Z gVmo ~mYXe©ZmV² 5/53
Z ~mømä`ÝVa`moén 1/28 Z g_dm`mo@pñV 5/99
Z ~rOm‘x>adËgm{Xg§gmalwV:o 5/15 Z gå~ÝY{ZË`Vmo^`m 5/97
Z ~wÕç{X{ZË`Ëd_² 5/127 Z gdm}pÀN>{ÎmanwéfmW©Ëdm 5/78
Z ^mJbm^mo 5/73 Z g§kmg§{k gå~ÝYmo@{n 5/96
Z ^m[J`moJmo 5/81 Z gm§g{ÕH§$ M¡VÝ`§ 5/20
Z ^mdo ^md`moJ: 1/119 Z ñWmZ{Z`_píMÎmàgmXmV² 6/31
Z ^yVM¡VÝ`§ 5/130 Z ñWyb{_{V {Z`_: 5/103
Z ^yVàH¥${VËd{_pÝÐ`mUm_² 5/84 Z ñd^mdVmo ~Õñ` 1/7
Z ^y{V `moJo 4/32 Z ñdê$ne{º${Z`_: 5/33
Z ^moJmÐmJempÝV: 4/27 Z ñdmVÝÍ`mÎmÑVo 3/12
Z _{bZ MoVñ`wnXoe: 4/29 ZmH$mamonamJmopÀN>{Îm: 5/77
Z _wº$ñ` nwZ~©ÝY`moJmo 6/17 ZmO: gå~ÝYmo 5/98
Z _wº$m_wº$`moa`mo½`ËdmV² 5/47 Zm{U_m{X`moJmo 5/82
Z `kmXo: ñdê$nVmo 5/42 ZmUw{ZË`Vm 5/87
7.n[a{eï> 303
ZmË_m@{dÚmZmo^`§ 5/65 {ZOeŠË`{^ì`ºo$: 5/51
ZmÛ¡V_mË_Zmo 5/61 {ZOeŠË`wX²^d 5/31
ZmÛ¡Vlw{V{damoYmo 1/154 {ZË`Ëdo@{n ZmË_Zmo 6/33
ZmZÝXm{^ì`{º$: 5/74 {ZË`_wº$Ëd_² 1/162
ZmZmË_Zm{n 5/62 {Z{_ÎmËd_{ddoH$ñ`o{V 3/74
ZmZm{X{df`monamJ 1/27 {Z{_Îmì`nXoemV² 5/110
Zm{Zd©MZr`ñ` 5/54 {Z`VH$maUËdmÞ 3/25
ZmZw_o`Ëd_od 5/101 {Z`VH$maUmÎmXwpÀN>{Îm: 1/56
ZmZwl{dH$mX{n 1/82 {Z`VY_©gm{hË`_² 5/29
ZmÝYmÑï>çm Mjwî_Vm 1/156 {Zame: gwIr 4/11
ZmÝ`Wm»`m{V: 5/55 {ZamoYíN>{X{dMmaUmä`m_² 3/33
ZmÝ`{Zd¥{Îmê$nËd§ 5/93 {ZJw©UËd_mË_Zmo 6/10
ZmÝ`mongn©U@o {n 6/44 {ZJwU © ËdmXgå^dmX² 6/62
Zmnm¡éfo`Ëdm{ÞË`Ëd§ 5/48 {ZJw©UËdmÞ{MÕ_m© 1/146
ZmàmáàH$meËd§ 1/104 {ZJw©Um{Xlw{V{damoYíMo{V 1/53
Zm^mg_mÌ_{n 4/30 {ZpîH«$`ñ` VXgå^dmV² 1/49
Zm{^ì`{º${Z~ÝYZm¡ 1/120 {Z:g“o@ß`wnamJmo 6/27
ZmdñVwZmodñVw{g{Õ: 1/74 ZoVam{XVahmZoZ 3/45
ZmdñWmVmo XohY_©: 1/24 ZoÝÐm{XnX`moJmo@{n 5/83
Zm{dÚmVmo@ß`dñVwZm 1/20 Zoídam{Y{ð>Vo 5/2
Zm{dÚme{º$`moJmo 5/13 Z¡H$ñ`mZÝX{MÐÿnËdo 5/66
Zme: H$maUb`: 1/121 Z¡H$mÝVVmo ~ÝY_mojm¡ 3/71
ZmeŠ`monXoe{d{Y: 1/9 Z¡anoú`o@{n 3/68
ZmgV: »`mZ§ 5/52 ZmonXoeldUo@{n 4/17
ZmgXwËnmXmo Z¥ûm¥“dV² 1/114 nÄMmd`d`moJmËgwIg§{d[Îm: 5/27
ZmpñV {h VÌ pñWa: 5/33 naY_©Ëdo@{n 6/11
{ZOe{º${^ì`{º$dm© 1/95 n[apÀN>Þ§ Z 1/76
{ZO_wº$ñ` ~ÝY 1/86 n[a_mUmV² 1/130
{ZOe{º$ì`w©ËnÎ`m 5/43 nëbdm{XîdZwnnÎmo: 5/35
304 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
nmÄM^m¡{VH$mo Xoh: 3/17 àYmZg¥{ï>: namWª 3/58
nmaånn`©Vmo@ÝdofUmV² 1/122 àYmZ{ddoH$mXÝ`m 1/57
nmaån`}U VpËgÕm¡ 6/58 ànÄM_aUmÚ^mdíM 3/21
nmaån`}@{n 6/35 à_mUm^mdmÞ 5/10
nmaån`}@ß`oH$Ì 1/68 à{gÕm{YŠ`§ àYmZñ` 6/38
nm[a^m{fH$mo dm 5/5 àmË`{hH$jwËàVrH$ma 1/3
{nVmnwÌdXw^`mo 4/4 àmámW©àH$me{b“mV² 5/106
{nemMdXÝ`mWm}nXoeo@{n 4/2 àrË`àr{V{dfmXm 1/127
nwÌH$_©d{X{V MoV² 1/32 ~ÝYmo{dn`©`mV² 3/24
nwéf~hþËd§ 6/45 ~hþ{^`m}Jo {damoYmo 4/9
nwéfmWª H$aUmoX^² dmo 2/36 ~hþ^Ë¥ `dÛm àË`oH$_² 2/4
nwéfmWª g§g¥{V{b“mZm§ 3/16 ~hþemóJwê$nmgZo@{n 4/13
nyd^
© m{dËdo Û`moaHo $Va 1/75 ~m{YVmZwdÎ¥ mo_Ü© `{ddoH$Vmo 3/77
nyd©^md_mÌo Z {Z`_: 1/41 ~mømä`ÝVamä`m§ 1/63
nyd©{gÕgÎdñ`m 5/59 ^mJJwUmä`m§ VÎdmÝVa§ 5/107
nydm©nm`o CÎmam`moJmV² 1/39 ^mdZmonM`mÀNw>Õñ` 3/29
nydm}ËnÎmoñVËH$m`©Ëd§ 3/8 ^mdo VÚmoJoZ 1/80
àH$mamÝVamgå^dmV² 6/53 ^¥Ë`Ûmam ñdmå`{Y[ð>{V 5/115
àH$mamÝVamgå^dmX{ddoH$ 6/16 ^moº$w a{Yð>mZmX²^moJm 5/114
àHmeVñVpËgÕm¡ 6/49 ^moº¥$^mdmV² 1/143
àH¥${V{Z~ÝYZmÀMoV² 1/18 _“bmMaU§ {eï>mMmamV² 5/1
àH¥${Vnwéf`moaÝ`V² 5/72 _Xe{º$dÀMoV² 3/22
àH¥${VdmñVdo M 2/5 _Ü`o aOmo{dembm 3/50
àH¥$VoamÄOñ`mV² 3/72 _hVmo@Ý`V² 6/66
àU{V~«÷M`m}ngn©Um{Z 4/19 _hXm»`_mÚ§ H$m`ª 1/71
à{V{Z`VH$maUZmí` 6/14 _hXm{XH«$_oU 2/10
à{V~ÝYÑe: 1/100 _hXwnamJmX² {dnarV_² 2/15
àVrË`àVr{Vä`m§ Z 5/57 _mVm{nV¥O§ ñWyb§ 3/7
àYmZe{º$`moJmV² 5/8 _wº$~Õ`moaÝ`Vam^mdmÞ 1/93
7.n[a{eï> 305
_wº$mË_Z: àe§gm 1/95 dmL²>_m̧ Vw Z VÎd§ {MÎmpñWVo: 1/58
_wº$m_wº$`mo: 5/47 dmÀ`dmMH$gå~ÝY: 5/37
_w{º$aÝVam`ÜdñVoZ© 6/20 dm{X{dà{VnÎmoñVX 1/111
_yV©ËdmX² KQ>m{XdV² 1/50 dm_Xodm{X_w©º$mo 1/157
_yV©Ëdo@{n Z 3/13 dmgZ`m Z ñdmW©»`mnZ§ 5/119
_ybo _ybm^mdmX_yb§ 1/67 {d{MÌ^moJmZwnn{Îm: 1/17
`Ëgå~ÝY{gÕ§ 1/89 {dOmVr`mÛ¡Vmn{ÎmíM 1/22
`WmXw:ImËŠboe: 6/6 {d{XV~ÝYH$maUñ` 1/155
`Ûm VÛm VXwpÀN>{Îm: 6/70 {dÚmVmo@Ý`Ëdo 5/16
`pñ_ÞÑï>o@{n 5/50 {dÚm~mÜ`Ëdo OJVmo 5/18
`w{º$Vmo@{n Z ~mÜ`Vo 1/59 {dn`©` ^oXm: nÄM 3/37
`wJnÁOm`_mZ`moZ© 1/38 {d_wº$~moYmÞ g¥{ï>: 5/43
`moJ{gÕ`mo@ß`m¡fYm{X 5/129 {d_wº${d_mojmW©_² 2/1
`mo{JZm_~møàË`jËdmÞ 1/90 {d_w{º$àe§gm _ÝXmZm_² 5/68
`mo½`m`mo½`ofw àVr{V 5/44 {daº$ñ` VpËgÕo: 2/2
amJ{damJ`mo`m}J:g¥{ï>: 2/9 {daº$ñ` ho`hmZ_wnmXo`mo 4/23
amJmonh{VÜ`m©Z_² 3/30 {déÕmo^`ê$nm 1/23
amOnwÌdÎmÎdmonXoemV² 4/1 {d{dº$~moYmV² g¥{ï>{Zd¥{Îm: 3/63
ê$nm{Xag_bmÝV C^`mo: 2/28 {ddoH$m{ÞeofXw:I{Zd¥Îmm¡ 3/84
ê$n¡:gá{^amË_mZ§ 3/73 {d{eï>ñ` OrdËd_Ýd` 6/63
bãYm{XY_£aÝ`mo@Ý`§ 1/128 {deofH$m`}@{n OrdmZm_² 1/67
bãYm{Ve``moJmÛm 4/24 {deofUmZW©Š`àgºo$: 5/34
b`{djon`moì`m©dÎ¥ `m 6/30 {df`mo@{df`mo@ß`{VXyam 1/108
{b“eara{Z{_ÎmH$ B{V 6/69 d¥jJwë_bVm¡f{Y 5/122
brZdñVwbãYm{Ve` 1/91 d¥Îm`;nÄMVæ`: 2/33
bmoH$ñ` ZmonXoemÎmpËg{Õ 6/57 d¥{Îm{ZamoYmÎmpËg{Õ: 3/31
bmoH$ì`wËnÞñ` 5/40 d¡am½`mXä`mgmÀM 3/36
bm¡{H$Ho$ídadm{XVaWm 5/4 ì`{º$^oX:H$_©{deofmV² 3/10
dñVwËdo {gÕmÝVhm{Z: 1/21 ì`md¥Îmmo^`ê$n: 1/160
306 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma
d«V{Z`_b”ZmV² 4/15 g_mZ:àH¥$VoÛ©`mo: 1/69
eº$ñ` eŠ`H$aUmV² 1/117 gåà{V n[a_wº$mo 3/6
e{º$VíMo{V 1/132 gå~ÝYm^mdmÞmZw_mZ_² 5/11
e{º$^oX@o {n^oX{gÕm¡ 2/24 gå^doÞ ñdV: 2/44
eŠË`wX^² dmZwX^
² dmä`m§ 1/11 gd©Ì H$m`©Xe©ZmV² 6/36
earam{Xì`[V[aº$: 1/139 gd©Ì gd©Xm 1/116
ewŠbnQ>dX²~rOdÀMoV² 1/10 gdm©gå^dmV² gå^do@{n 1/4
eyÝ`§ VÎd§ ^mdmo 1/44 gd}fw n¥{Wì`wnmXmZ 5/112
ío`oZdËgwIXw:Ir 4/5 g§`moJmíM {d`moJmÝVm: 5/80
lw{VÝ`m`{damoYmÀM 1/36 g§ñH$maboeVñVpËg{Õ: 3/83
lw{Va{n àYmZH$m`ª 5/12 g§hVnamW©ËdmV² 1/66,1/140
lw{V{b“m{X{^: 5/21 g {h gd©{dV² gd©H$Vm© 3/56
lw{V{damoYmÞ 6/34 gmjmËgå~ÝYmV² 1/161
lw{VíM 3/80 gmpÎdH$_oH$mXeH$§ 2/18
lwË`m {gÕñ` 1/147 g_mÝ`H$aUd¥{Îm: 2/31
fð>rì`nXoemX{n 6/3 gm_mÝ`Vmo Ñï>mXw^`{g{Õ: 1/103
fmoS>em{Xîdß`od_² 5/86 gm_mÝ`oZ {ddmXm^mdmV² 1/138
g‘>pënVo@ß`od_² 3/28 gmå`d¡få`mä`m§ 6/42
g{H«$`ËdmV² J{VlwVo: 5/70 {gÕê$n~moÕ¥ËdmV² 1/98
gËH$m`© {gÕmÝV 5/60 {g{Õaï>Ym 3/40
gÎmm_mÌmÀMoV² 5/9 gwIbm^m^mdmXnwéfmWª 6/9
gÎdaOñV_gm§ gmå`mdñWm 1/61 gwfwámÚgm{jËd_² 1/148
gÎdmXrZm_VÕ_©Ëd§ 6/39 gm¡úå`mXZwnbpãY: 1/109
gXgË»`m{V~m©Ym~mYmV² 5/56 pñWaH$m`©{gÕo: 1/34
gáXe¡H${b“_² 3/9 pñWagwI_mgZ_² 3/34
g_Ýd`mV² 1/131 pñWagwI_mgZ{_{V 6/24
g_m{Ygwf{w á_mojfo w 5/116 ñWybmËnÄMVÝ_mÌñ` 1/62
g_mZH$_©`moJo ~wÕ:o 2/47 ñ_¥Vío M 5/123
g_mZ§ Oam_aUm{X 3/53 ñ_¥Ë`mZw_mZmÀM 2/43
7.n[a{eï> 307
ñdH$_©ñdml_{d{hVH$_m©Zðw >mZ_² 3/35 ñd^mdmÀMo{ï>V_Z 3/61
ñdßZOmJamä`m{_d 3/26 ñdmonH$mamX{Yð>mZ§ 5/3
ñd^mdñ`mZnm{`ËdmV² 1/8 hoVw_X{ZË`§ 1/124
***
n[a{eï> -2
nÄM{eImMm`© Ho$ gm§»`-gyÌ (CÕaUm| go g‘>{bV)
1.Am{X{dÛmZ² {Z_m© U {MÎm_{Yð>m` H$méÊ`mX² ^JdmZ² na_{f© a mgw a `o
{Okmg_mZm` VÝ̧ àmodmM (`moJgyÌ ^mî` 1/25)
2.VÝÌ{_{V ì`m»`m`Vo, V_ Ed IpëdX_J« AmgrV², Vpñ_¨ñV_{g joÌk Ed
àW_mo@ß`dV©V, V_ BË`wÀ`Vo àH¥${V:,nwéf: joÌk:Ÿ&(gm§»`H$m[aH$m, 71, _mR>ad¥{Îm)
3.nwéfm{Y{ð>V§ àYmZ§ àdV©VŸo &(gm§»`H$m[aH$m, 17, _mR>ad¥{Îm)
4.àYmZ§pñWË`¡d dV©_mZ§ [dH$mamH$aUmXàYmZ§ ñ`mV², Vm JË`¡d dV©_mZ§
{dH$ma{ZË`ËdmXàYmZ§ ñ`mV², C^`Wm Mmñ` àd¥{Îm:, àYmZì`dhma§ b^Vo
ZmÝ`WmŸ& H$aUmÝVaoîd{n H$pënVofw g_mZíMM©:Ÿ&(`moJgyÌ^mî`2/23)
5.gÎd§Zm_ àgmXbmKdmZ{^îd§^àr{V{V{VjmgÝVmofm{Xê$nmZÝV^oX§ g_mgV:
gwImË_H$_²(gm.gy.1/127, {^jw^mî`)
6.Ed§aOmo@{n emoH$m{XZmZm^oX§ g_mgVmo Xw:ImË_H$_²(nydd© V²)
7.Ed§V_mo@{n {ZÐm{XZmZm^oX§ g_mgVmo _mohmË_H$_²(nydd© V²)
8.gÎdmam_: gÎd{_WwZíM gXmñ`mV² (`w{º$Xr{nH$m,n¥ð> 129)
9.MbÄM JwUd¥Îm_²(`moJgyÌ^mî` 2/15)
10.gÎmm_mÌmo_hmZ²(`w{º$Xr{nH$m,n¥ð> 170)
11.EVñ_m{Õ _hV AmË_Z B_o Ì` AmË_mZ: g¥Á`ÝVo d¡H$m[aH$-V¡Og-^yVmX`mo-
@h‘>mabjUm:, Ah{_Ë`o d ¡ f m§ gm_mÝ` bjU§ ^d{V, Jw U àd¥ Î mm¡ Z
nwZ{d©eofbjU_²(`w{º$Xr{nH$m, n¥144)Ÿ&
12.VXo V pñ_Z² d¡ H $m[aHo $ òú`_mU Ef ^y V m{XV¡ O go Z mo n ï>ãY EV§
d¡H$m[aH$_{^Ymd{VŸ& VW¡d Vpñ_Z² ^yVmXm¡ òú`_mU Ef d¡H$m[aH$ñV¡OgoZmonï>ãY
EV§ ^yVm{X_{^Ymd{V, BË`ZoZ Ý`m`oZ V¡OgmXw^` {Zîn{Îm:Ÿ&(`w{º$Xr{nH$m,
n¥117)Ÿ&
13.Amh‘>m[aH$mUrpÝÐ`mÊ`Wª gmY{`Vw_h©pÝV ZmÝ`Wm(`w{º$Xr{nH$m, n¥123)Ÿ&
14._hXm{X{deofmÝV: gJm} ~w{ÕnydH© $ËdmV²Ÿ& CËnÞH$m`©H$aUñVw _mhmËå` eara
EH$m{H$Z_mË_mZ_doú`m{^XÜ`m¡Ÿ& hÝVmh>§ nwÌmZ² bú`o, `o _o H$_© H$[aî`pÝV, `o
_m§ Mmna§ M kmñ`pÝVŸ& Vñ`m{^Ü`m`V: nÄM _w»`òmoVgmo Xodm: àmXw~©^ydw:&
VofyËnÞofw Z Vwqï> bo^oŸ& VVmo@Ý`o {V`©H²$òmoVgmo@ï>mqde{V: àO{kaoŸ& Voîdß`ñ`
_{VZ£d VñWoŸ& AWmnao ZdmoÜd©òmoVgmo Xodm: àmXw~©^ydw:Ÿ& Voîdß`wËnÞofw Z¡d
H¥ $ VmW© _ mË_mZ§ _o Z o Ÿ & VVmo @ Ý`o @ ï>mddm© H ² $ òmo V g CËno X w : Ÿ& Ed§ Vñ_mX²
~«÷Umo@{^Ü`mZmXwËnÞñVñ_mV² àË`` gJ©:Ÿ& g {dn`©`m»`:, AeŠË`m»`:,
VwîQ>çm»`:, {gÕçm»`íMŸ&(`w{º$Xr{nH$m n¥ð> 152)
15.Ob^yå`mo: nm[aUm{_H§$ agm{Xd¡ídê$ß`§ ñWmdaofw Ñï>§ VWm ñWmdamUm§ O“_ofw
O“_mZm§ ñWmdaofwŸ& (`moJgyÌ ^mî` 3/14)
16.EH$Om{Vg_pÝdVmZm_ofm§ Y_©_m̧ ì`md¥{Îm:Ÿ&(`moJgyÌ ^mî` 3/44)
17.Vwë`XoeldUmZm_oH$Xoelw{VËd§ gd}fm§ ^d{VŸ&(`moJgyÌ ^mî` 3/41)
18.A`§ Vw Ibw {Ìfw JwUofw H$V©¥fw AH$V©[a M nwéfo Vwë`mVwë`OmVr`o MVwW}
VpËH«$`mgm{jÊ`wnZr`_mZmZ² gd©^mdmZwnnÞmZZwní`Z² Z Xe©Z_Ý`ÀN>‘>VoŸ&
(`moJgyÌ ^mî` 2/18)
19.An[aUm{_Zr {h ^moº¥$e{º$aà{Vg§H«$_m M n[aUm{_Ý`W} à{Vg§H«$mÝVod
VX²d¥{Îm_ZwnV{V, Vñ`míM àmáíM¡VÝ`monJ«hê$nm`m ~w{Õd¥ÎmoaZwH$ma_mÌV`m
~w{Õd¥Î`{d{eï>m {h kmZd¥{Îm[aË`m»`m`VoŸ&(`moJgyÌ ^mî` 2/20)
20.EH$_od Xe©Z§ »`m{Vaod Xe©Z_²(`moJgyÌ ^mî` 1/4)
21.ê$nm{Ve`m d¥Î`{Ve`míM nañnaoU {déÜ`ÝVo, gm_mÝ`m{Z Ëd{Ve`¡: gh
àdV©ÝVoŸ& Ed_oVo JwUm BVaoVaml`oUmonm{O©VgwIXw:I_mohàË``m B{V gd} gd©ê$nm
^dpÝV, JwUàYmZ^mdH¥$VñËdofm§ {deof:Ÿ&(`moJgyÌ ^mî` 3/13)
22.Y{_©Um_Zm{Xg§`moJmV² Y_©_mÌmUm_ß`Zm{X: g§`moJ:(`moJgyÌ ^mî` 2/22)
23.ì`º$_ì`º§$ dm gÎd_mË_ËdoZm{^àVrË` Vñ` gånX_ZwZÝXË`mË_gånX§
_ÝdmZ:, Vñ` ì`mnX_ZwemoMË`mË_ì`mnX§ _Ý`_mZ:, g gdm}@{n ~wÕ:(`moJgyÌ
^mî` 2/5)
24.~w{ÕV: na§ nwéf_mH$maerb{dÚm{X{^{d©^º$_ní`Z² Hw$`m©V² VÌmË_~wqÕ
_mohZo Ÿ&(`moJgyÌ ^mî` 2/6)
25.Aå^ B{V JwU{b“g{ÞM`_odm{YHw$éVoŸ& JwUmíM gÎdaOñV_m§{g {b“íM
7.n[a{eï> 309
_hXm{X, AÌ g{Þ{hV§ ^d{VŸ& V{XX§ àYmZ_{_V§ ^m{V, A{_V_wnbä`V
BË`å^:(`w{º$Xr{nH$m n¥ð> 156)
26.g{bb§ g{bb{_{V d¡H$m[aH$mon{ZnmV_odm{YH$éVo, g{V Vpñ_Z² br`Vo
OJV²Ÿ&(`w{º$Xr{nH$m n¥ð> 156)
27.d¥ { ï>d© ¥ p îQ>[a{V {l` Edmo n {ZnmV_{YHw $ éVo , gm{h d¥ { ï>dV²
gd©_mß`m`{VŸ&(`w{º$Xr{nH$m n¥ð> 158)
28._hm_moh_`oZoÝÐOmboZ àH$meerb§ gÎd_md¥Ë` VXodmH$m`} {Z`wL²ºo$Ÿ&
(`moJgyÌ^mî` 2/52)
29.ñd^md§ _wŠËdm XmofmX² `ofm§ nyd©njo é{M^©d{V, Aé{MíM {ZU©`o ^d{V
(`moJgyÌ^mî` 4/25)
30.ñ`mV² ñdën: g§H$a: gn[ahma: gàË`d_e©: Hw$ebñ` ZmnH$fm©`mb§, H$ñ_mV²
Hw$eb§ {h _o ~ˆÝ`X[ñV, `Ìm`_mdmn§ JV: ñdJ}@ß`nH$f©_ën§ H$[aî`{VŸ&
(`moJgyÌ^mî` 2/13)
31.g Iëd`§ ~«m÷Umo `Wm `Wm d«Vm{Z ~hÿ{Z g_m{XËgVo VWm VWm à_mXH¥$Ë`oä`mo
qhgm{ZXmZoä`mo {ZdV©_mZñVm_odmdXmVê$nm_qhgm§ H$amo{VŸ&`moJgyÌ^mî` 2/30)
32.`o M¡Vo _¡Í`mX`mo Ü`m{`Zm§ {dhmamñVo ~møgmYZ{ZaZwJ«hmË_mZ: àH¥$ï>§
Y_©_{^{ZdV©`pÝVŸ&(`moJgyÌ^mî` 4/10)
33.Vnmo Z na§ àmUm`m_mV², VVmo {dew{Õ_©bmZm§ Xr{áíM kmZñ`Ÿ& (`moJgyÌ
^mî` 2/52)Ÿ&
34.V_Uw_mÌ_mË_mZ_Zw{dÚmñ_rË`od§ VmdV² g§àOmZrVo(`moJgyÌ^mî` 2/17)
35.VËg§`moJhoV{w ddO©ZmV² ñ`mX`_mË`pÝVH$mo Xw:IàVrH$ma:Ÿ& H$ñ_mV²Ÿ& Xw:IhoVmo:
n[ahm`©ñ` àVrH$maXe©ZmV²Ÿ& VÚWm-nmXVbñ` ^oÚVm, H$ÊQ>H$ñ` ^oÎm¥Ëd§,
n[ahma: H$ÊQ>H$ñ` nmXmZ{Yð>mZ§ nmXÌmUì`d{hVoZ dm{Yð>mZ_²Ÿ& EVËÌ`§ `mo
do X bmo H o $ g VÌ àVrH$ma_ma^_mUmo ^o X O§ Xw : I§ ZmßZmo { VŸ& H$ñ_mV² Ÿ &
{ÌËdmonbpãYgm_Ï`m©V(² `moJgyÌ^mî` 2/17)
36.Hw$å^dV² àYmZ§ nwéfmWª H¥$Ëdm {ZdV©V(o gm§»`H$m[aH$m 56,Jm¡S‹ >nmX^mî`)Ÿ&
*******
boIH$ n[aM`-AéU Hw$_ma CnmÜ`m` H$m OÝ_ {~hma àmÝV Ho$ ^moOnwa {Obo _|
Amam Ho$ {ZH$Q>ñW n¡Jm J«m_ _| {dH«$_mãX 2009 ^mÐewŠb 10/11 AW©mV² 30-
8-1952 _Ü`am{Ì H$mo nmaån[aH$ d¡{XH$ n[adma _| hwAm WmŸ& {nVm lr MÝÐeoIa
CnmÜ`m` Ûmam {b[IV d¡{XH$ H$mof 30 df© VH$ Bg Amem _| àH$m{eV Zht hþAm
{H$ Á`mo{Vf Ho$ AmYma naCgH$m H$mb VWm Á`mo{Vfr` AW© {bIm Om`JmŸ& {nVm
H$s BÀN>m nyU© H$aZo Ho$ {b`o boIH$ Zo ^m¡{VH${dkmZ _| E_².Eg.gr H$aVo
g_`(AnyU)© ^maVr` dZ godm VWm ~mX _| nw{bg godm 1976 _| J«hU {H$`mŸ&
1981 _| CËH$b {díd{dÚmb` go J{UV _| E_.Eg.gr.H$a Á`mo{Vf Ho$ g~go
{demb J«ÝW {gÕmÝV-Xn©U(2500 íbmoH$) H$s J{UVr` ì`m»`m H$s Omo ^maV
gaH$ma Ho$ AZwXmZ go 1998 _| 1800 n¥ð>m| _| àH$m{eV hþAmŸ& CgHo$ ~mX doX H$s
Á`mo{Vfr` ì`m»`m na àm`: 30 emoY boI, XwJm© gáeVr H$s d¡km{ZH$ ì`m»`m
Am{X Ho$ ~mX gm§»` Xe©Z Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ AmYma na {bIm h¡Ÿ& gånyU© V¡{Îmar`
g§{hVm H$s d¡km{ZH$ ì`m»`m _w»`V: Á`mo{Vf Ho$ AmYma na H$aZo H$s `moOZm h¡Ÿ&
***
J«ÝW n[aM`-gm§»` Xe©Z doX g_PZo H$m AmYma h¡Ÿ& JrVm _| gm§»` VWm `moJ H$mo
kmZ H$s Xmo _w»` Ymam`o§ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& doX H$mb _| `h kmV Wm, ~mX _| doX H$m
AmYma ^ybZo na BgH$s nwZ: ì`m»`m H$s Amdí`H$Vm hþ`rŸ& gm§»` Xe©Z Ho$db
F${f`m| H$s H$ënZm-_mÌ Zht h¡, `h {díd H$m dmñV{dH$ dU©Z h¡Ÿ& {H$gr H$mb
_| gånyU© {díd _| {díd H$s aMZm VWm CgH$m AmH$ma Am{X kmV WoŸ& BZ gyú_
_mnm| Ho$ AmYma na hr Xe©Z AmYm[aV WmŸ& 7-7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ Am¡a `moOZ VWm
9 àH$ma H$s g¥{ï> Ho$ 9 H$mb_mZm| Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ ~mX VÎd-g_mg Ho$ AmYma na
gm§»` H$m AmYma ñnï> {H$`m J`mh¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX gm§»`gyÌm| VWm gm§»`-H$m[aH$m
^r eãXmW© g{hV XoH$a nwñVH$ H$mo nyU© ê$n {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ&