UNIT 4 PHYSICS

1) SI Units

Length Mass Time Current Temperature Kelvin Amount of sub

2) Quantity SPEED ACCELRATION FORCE PRESSURE POWER CHARGE P.D RESISTANCE Derived Units Definition

Metre Kilogram Seconds Ampere Kelvin Mole

M Kg s A K mol

D.u N Pa J W C V

Base Unit ms -1 ms -2 kgms -2 kgm-1 s-2 kgm2s-2 kgm2s-3 As kgm2A-1s-3

Distance/time (Final v-Initial v)/time F= mass x acceleration P= force/area P= work done/ time Q= current x time V= energy/ current R= voltage/current

WORK(ENERGY) W= force x distance

Ohm kgm2A-2s-3

Pico Nano Micro Milli Kilo Mega Giga Tera

10 ^(-12) 10 ^(-9) 10 ^(-6) 10 ^(-3) 10 ^(3) 10 ^(6) 10 ^(9) 10 ^(12)

F Vertical Sin

F F Horizontal Cos

SCALAR Distance Speed Time Mass Amount of Substance Temperature Charge Energy P.D Resistance

VECTOR Displacement Velocity Acceleration Force Weight Momentum Magnetic flux density Electric Field Strength

MOMENTUM
MOMENTUM= The product of a bodys mass and velocity. MOMENTUM= MASS x VECLOCITY F=ma New A- Level Formulae: A= (v-u) /t

F= (mv-mu)/t
= this means CHANGE IN MOMENTUM (mv-mu)/t= P/t Momentum K.E Elastic CONSERVED CONSERVED Inelastic CONSERVED NOT-CONSERVED
Momentum before collision= Momentum after collision

A simple collision with a friction compensated slope

INTERFACE TO COMPUTER AND MONITOR

Light gate

What are we measuring: Mass of trolley A and B- using a top pan balance Length of the interrupter card- metre ruler Time for interrupter card to go through L.G

Method 1) Trolley A is given a push, as soon as its interrupter card cuts the L.G the timer starts and then stops as soon as the card passes through. 2) The time is measured electronically, trolley A collides with B and they move at a new velocity down the slope. 3) Time is measured when the interrupter card cuts the L.G WE CANNOT MEASURE VELOCITY BECAUE IT IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING Repeat the experiment to gain a range of values, change the masses of the trolleys to increase variety SAFETY: When adding masses, students should be careful that the trolley does not run off the end of the bench.
Momentum before collision= Momentum after collision

Tennis Ball Collisions We measure the height dropped and the rebound height to see the relationship, when a graph is plotted the gradient shows us how BOUNCY the ball is.

Tape to secure ruler to desk so that it will not move Observers Eye Ruler will measure the rebound height

- 80
Use a second ruler to align the ball with the distance, measure from the base as this will touch the ground. This also gives more accurate results. Results will show that as the starting height if when the ball is dropped increases, the rebounding height increasesthis is because the ball is further from the ground.

Momentum and Energy Work done= force x distance

GPE= mg EPE= 1/2k

h x^(2)

KE=1/2mv^(2) MECHANICAL ENERGY-this is lost to its surroundings sometimes because of work done against air resistance or friction. When this happens there is a transfer of: MECHANICAL ENERGY to INTERNAL ENERGY Electron Volt= the energy gained by a particle of unit positive electronic charge when accelerated at a p.d of 1eV

F of contact is known

t= m

Estimates size of force when the time

Motion in a circle
ANGULAR VELOCITY (w) = how rapidly an object rotates in a circle, measured in radians per second- in rads-1

W=

V= rw (ms-1) then use w=2 f (rad-1) w = 2/T

ANGULAR ACCELERATION A= v^2/r A=rw^2 CENTRIPETAL FORCE- CENTRE SEEKING F= mrw^2 F= mv^2/r -v

-g

+v

-g

Always Pulled back to the centre. To measure the time for one revolution T=1/f

A pulley rotates at 300 rev min-1 Its angular velocity? V=rw w=v/r

300/6= 5 rev-1 (no of turns per sec) W=2f =5 x 2 = 3.14 rads-1 Speed at a radius of 150mm? V=rw =3.14 x 0.15 = 4.17ms-1 Time for one revolution T=1/f = 1/5

An object of mass 0.3kg, radius 0.50m and speed 2.0ms-1 Its centripetal acceleration? A= v^(2)/r = (2)^2/0.5 = 8ms-1 Tension in the string ? F=mv^(2)/r = 0.3 x (2)^2/ 0.50 = 2.4 N

For a string in vertical motion the MAX tension is when the object is at the BOTTOM of the circle and then the centripetal force must be added to the weight (mg) of tension object to find tension. To find the minimum at the TOP then you must subtract the weight from the centripetal force. Object of mass 0.4 kg, radius 2.0m and speed 5.0ms F=mv^(2)/r = 0.4 x (5)^2/ 2 =5N W=mg = 0.4 x 10 =4 BOTTOM= 5-4= 1N TOP= 5+4=9N

Y= K.E of electron X= momentum

PRINCIPAL OF MOMENTUM Between interactions, linear momentum is conserved provided that there are no external resultant forces acting on the body.

Testing momentums conservation using gliders on an air track

What are we measuring : Distance of the air gliders using metre ruler Time for glider to pass through L.G Distance of interrupter card Apparatus: Airtrack & blower, two light gates, wires, data logger, two long gliders, pin and plasticine attachments, two elastic band attachments, two interrupter cards, spirit level, top pan balance.

1. Use the spirit level to check that the air track is level (adjust legs if necessary). 2. Choose the two long gliders, attach the two pieces of interrupter and elastic band attachments to each. Measure the masses of gliders A & B WITH their attachments. 3. Measure the lengths of each of the black rectangles l a & l b (same length). 4. Set up the apparatus as shown above (DO NOT SWITCH ON THE AIR BLOWER), switch on the power supplies to the light gates so that a light beam is seen and so that the data logger. When the light beam is interrupted the timers record the time of interruption. Check that when each glider passes through each light gate the interrupter interrupts the light beams and the timer starts when the first corner passes through and stops when the full card is through.

(b) Elastic collisions 5. Switch on the air blower. Gently push glider A towards glider B. Record the time that glider A interrupts light gate beam 1 (t a) and the time that glider B interrupts light gate beam 2 (t b). Glider A should have stopped after colliding with glider B. 6. Repeat step 5 twice more using different amounts of pushing force on glider A. (c) Inelastic collisions 7. Replace the elastic band attachments with the pin and plasticine attachments. Also remove the rectangular card from glider B. 8. Switch on the air blower. Gently push glider A towards glider B. Record the time that glider A interrupts light gate beam 1 (t a) and the time that combined gliders A & B interrupts light gate beam 2 (t b). Glider A should join with glider B at the collision. 9. Repeat step 8 twice more using different amounts of pushing force on glider A.

(d) Analysis 10. Using your timings and card length measurements, calculate the velocities (v a & v b) of the two gliders in all cases above. 11. Calculate the momentum of the gliders in all cases above BEFORE & AFTER the collisions. 12. According to the principle of the conservation of linear momentum, the total momentum of the two gliders should be the same before and after any collision.

ELECTRIC FIELDS
Field= A region or space in which an object experiences a force Gravitational Field= An area surrounding a mass in which another mass can experience a force i.e. the earth has a gravitational field on a mass, the moon is the other mass that experiences a force. Unit of field strength=N/Kg Electric Field= An area surrounding a charge in which another charge experiences a electric force. Units of field strength=N/C

Lines of force: In a uniform electric

field the lines of + force are equally spaced out and parallel

Electric Field Strength

E= F/Q
E= Electric Field Strength (N/C) F= Electric force on charge (N) Q= Electric Charge ( C )

E= V/D
E= Electric Field Strength (V/m) V= Potential Difference between plates (V) D= Distance between plates (m)