Cognitive Radio

Koilpillai / Dec 2012 / Cognitive Radio 1
IITB TVWS&CR Workshop

Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras
Control Channel Aspects
for
Cognitive Radio Networks

R. David Koilpillai
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

TV White Space and Cognitive Radio Workshop
IIT Bombay
December 17, 2012

IIT Madras
What is a Control Channel ?
When you turn ON your cell phone
How does it find the network ? (synchronization)
How does the network recognise the mobile ?
How do you obtain service if you are Roaming
How does network locate where mobile is currently ? (incoming call)
How does mobile let network know it wants to make a call ? (outgoing)
How does handover occur if mobile changes location during call ?
Answer to all of these questions is the Control Channel(s)
Focus on Control Channel aspects in todays talk

IIT Madras Two Types of Networks
Infrastructure-based Networks
Cellular networks
Infrastructure includes Basestation, Basestation controller, and Core network
All operations controlled by infrastructure
Over air-interface, BTS is Master and MS is Slave
Infrastructure-less Networks
Peer-to-peer (Bluetooth, ZigBee, )
All nodes have equal capability
Nodes may assume different roles based on need
Decisions made by peer entities
Both cases need the functionality of Control Channel(s)
Consider both cases for Cognitive Radio Networks

IIT Madras
Family of Networks
Hierarchy of wireless networks
Wide range of data rates, range
Significant developments in
WAN / MAN
Increasing number of users
Need for capacity
need for spectrum ??

Cognitive Radio
- An attractive option

Ref: Cordeiro et al., IEEE 802.22: The First Worldwide
Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radio, IEEE, 2005

IIT Madras
Outline of Presentation
SDR Cognitive Radio a paradigm shift
Spectrum sensing
Cognitive Radio Networks
Control Channel designs
Challenges and Opportunities
Focus on Control Channel aspects

IIT Madras
A Interesting Incident
From Spectrum April 2011 article by Prof. K. J. Ray Liu (U Maryland)
June 7 2010 - Apple CEO Steve Jobs unveiling iPhone4
Failed demonstration 571 Wi-Fi basestations
Repeated appeals still not enough capacity to handle demo

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IIT Madras
Game Theory
What happened at Apple iPhone demo ?
Room full of bloggers
Each wanting to post iPhone information need to stay connected
Total 571 Wi-Fi Access Points active
Repeated requests (Jobs) to turn off Wi-Fi connections
Most people complied some did not
Assumption: If others have disconnected, then take advantage

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Do not know other peoples decision
Group behaviour
Greedy / selfish behaviour
Rational participants in any conflict for resources
Will always act selfishly
Result: No one was able to watch demo
Question: Why not cooperate ???


IIT Madras
Cooperation
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Cooperation Sharing information
Control Channel essential for users to share information


IIT Madras
SDR Today
Ref: www.vanu.com

A commercial product
Multistandard, multichannel
GSM / GPRS / EDGE
CDMA / EV-DO
Flexibility
Scaleability
Cost-effectiveness

IIT Madras
SDR Cognitive Radio

IIT Madras
SDR Cognitive Radio
Cognitive Radio =
SDR + Sense + Learn + Adapt + Use

SDR Frequency + Waveform Agility
Wideband RF Frontend
High speed
DSP

IIT Madras
Cognitive Radio Motivation
Increasing demand for radio spectrum
Broadband wireless demand is rapidly growing
Current approach to spectrum allocation
Fixed allocation to licensed users
Existing scenario
Under-utilization of spectrum
Spatial and temporal spectral holes exist
Innovative approach to improve spectrum utilization
Cognitive Radio
Initiated by FCC regarding secondary usage of spectrum

Cognitive Radio techniques much broader than DSA
A radio that is aware of its surroundings and adapts intelligently
Reed et al.

IIT Madras
SDR Cognitive Radio

IIT Madras
Spectrum Sensing

IIT Madras
Methods of Spectrum Sensing
Energy Detector
Correlation-based detector
Cyclostationarity-based detector
Hybrid Detector
Filter bank Method Multi-taper Method (MTM)
Sensing Criteria (Regulatory)
Sensing Period
Detection Sensitivity


IIT Madras
Aspects of Spectrum Sensing
Time-varying channel
Lack of apriori information
SNR level, interference,
Signal blockage (shadowing, hidden-node)
Primary signal transition ON OFF
Single shot detection vs. sequential detection
Interference due to other CR users
Decentralized vs centralized approach
Cooperative sensing
Control channel for information sharing

IIT Madras
Frequency
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Spectral Adaptation Waveforms
OFDM in Cognitive Radio
Ref: B. Fette, SDR Technology Implementation for the Cognitive Radio, General Dynamics
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing - Multicarrier modulation
Non-Contiguous OFDM (for CR)
Multiple Access OFDM

IIT Madras
Control Channel in Cellular Systems

IIT Madras
Radio Interface Protocol
User Plane Radio
Bearers
PDCP
BMC
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Control Plane
User Plane
RRC
Signaling Radio
Bearers
RLC
MAC
PHY
L3
radio network
layer
L2
radio link
layer
L1
radio physical
layer

IIT Madras Radio Interface Protocols
Physical Layer (PHY)
Transport data from higher layers via physical channels
Provides transport channels to the MAC layer
Dedicated channels and Common channels
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Provides services to RLC via logical channels
Logical channels characterized by type of data carried
Traffic channels and Control channels
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Reliable data transmission in control plane and user plane
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Present in both control plane and user plane protocol stacks
Controls all radio-related functionality


IIT Madras GSM Control Channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
BTS is Master; MS is Slave (DL only)
Reference tone (unmodulated carrier +67.7 KHz)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Information for frame synchronization
Base station ID, TDMA frame number within hyperframe (0,275647),
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Broadcasts (to all mobiles) general information about cell
Location area identity, Max transmit power on RACH, Min. Rx level for access
Configuration of common control channels
Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Slotted Aloha, channel shared by all mobiles
Control channel essential for effective communications


IIT Madras
GSM Logical Channels
Logical Channels
Control
Channels
Traffic
Channels
Full rate

Half rate
Physical channel one time-slot on a GSM carrier
Many logical channels multiplexed on single physical channel
Dedicated
CC
Broadcast
CC
Common
CC
FCCH

SCH

BCCH
RACH

PCH

AGCH
SDCCH

SACCH/FACCH

IIT Madras
Bluetooth & ZigBee

IIT Madras
Bluetooth
Universal radio interface
Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band (license-free, globally)
Short range connectivity
Adhoc networks
Multiple simultaneous links
Low-power, low-cost
1 Mbps, bidirectional
Range: 10-100m
Advantages over Infrared - NLOS
Line-of-sight
Ref: J. Haartsen, Ericsson Review, 1998

IIT Madras
Bluetooth
Time Division Duplex (TDD) single frequency Tx/Rx
Symmetric and asymmetric transmission
Timeslot duration 625 microsecs
2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM band
Interference: Microwave ovens, cordless,
Frequency hopping to avoid interference
Pseudo-random hop sequence
If collision occurs
Error correction mechanisms will correct errors

IIT Madras
Bluetooth
Piconets / scatternets for adhoc connectivity
Synchronous and Asynchronous connections
Voice and real-time applications
Packet-data applications
Master unit and slave units
Master controls all timing in piconet
Supports authentication and encryption


IIT Madras
Bluetooth Networking
Bluetooth units within range adhoc connection Piconets (peer-to-peer)
One unit assumes role of Master (establishes piconet)
BT units in Standby Mode
Subset of 32 carriers (out of 69) as wake-up carriers
Chosen by own identity
Wake-up sequence visit each wake-up carrier once
Listening interval = 18 slots (Correlate incoming signal with own identity)
Establish Connection (via Inquiry)
Transmit inquiry access code (common to all BT units)
Inquiry wake-up carriers
Recipient responds with ID and clock
Paging to establish connection

IIT Madras
ZigBee
For Control and Sensor Networks
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
Ref: Diamond et al., ZigBee Presentation, EE 418/518
PHY
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz
MAC
Network
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
Security
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption
Application
API
ZigBee
Alliance
IEEE
802.15.4
Customer
Silicon Stack App
ZigBee Alliance
Network, Security & Application layers

IEEE 802.15.4
PHY and MAC specifications
Focus on low data rate, long battery life
and secure networking
Supports wireless mesh networking

IIT Madras
ZigBee Specifications
Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)
Data rates 250 kbps (2.4 GHz), 40 kbps (915 MHz), and 20 kbps (868 MHz)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (CDMA)
Optimized for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%)
CSMA-CA channel access
High throughput and low latency for low duty cycle devices like sensors and controls
Low power (battery life multi-month to years)
Multiple topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh
Addressing space of up to 64-bit IEEE address
Range: 50m typical
General-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing mesh network
Industrial control, embedded sensing, building / home automation
Smart lighting, advanced temperature control, safety and security


IIT Madras
ZigBee Beacon Method
ZigBee routers transmit periodic beacons
to confirm their presence to other network nodes
Nodes sleep between beacons, lowering their duty cycle and extending battery life
Beacon intervals depend on data rate
Range from 15.36 msec - 251.66 sec at 250kbps
24 msec - 393.216 sec at 40 kbps
48 msec - 786.432 seconds at 20 kbps
Low duty cycle operation with long beacon intervals requires precise timing
ZigBee protocols minimize radio ON time reduce power use
Beaconing networks
Nodes active only during beacon transmission

IIT Madras
Observations
Bluetooth
Frequency hopping
Peer-to-peer
Scatternets

ZigBee
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Mesh network
FFD and RFD
Coordinator, Router, End Device
Beacon and Non-beacon mode
Well-defined MAC protocols are key


IIT Madras
Control Channel in CR Networks

IIT Madras
Cognitive MAC
MAC protocols + Spectrum Sensing Spectrum Opportunity map
MAC enables
Dynamic Spectrum Access
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
Dynamic Spectrum Mobility
CR MAC classification
Functionality, role
Design aspects
Secondary users parameters
RF power, information rate, codebook, used channel
Coordinate access to available channels, avoid collisions
Multichannel MAC for adhoc wireless networks
Hidden terminal problem

IIT Madras
Control Channel
Requirements
Information sharing in cooperative spectrum sensing
Broadcasting spectrum-aware routeing information
Coordinating spectrum access
Needed for peer-to-peer and for infrastructure-based
Common Control Channel (CCC)
Always ON
Reliable
Robust to unpredictability of PU activity
Scenario
PU may force CCC to change frequency
CRs unable to negotiate new CCC freq

To Study
Design challenges
CCC design schemes
Issues
Robustness
Coverage
Security
Efficiency
Signaling

IIT Madras
CR-MAC Categories
Direct Access Based (DAB)
No global optimization
Each sender-receiver pair maximizes its optimization goal
Resource negotiation via sender-receiver handshake protocol
A simple protocol architecture
Minimizes computational cost and latency

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA)
Exploits complex optimization
Achieve a global purpose
Adaptive approaches

Ref: Domenico et al, IEEE Surveys & Tutorials, 2012

IIT Madras
CR-MAC Categories
Distributed architectures
Distributed robustness

Centralized architecture
Single node coordinates
Information exchange
Radio access
May exploit access to complementary information
Cognitive Pilot Scheme (CPC)
Common Spectrum Cordination Channel (CSCC)
Operators, RATs and frequencies allocated in a given area
Cognitive terminals reduced scanning requirements
Improve co-existence with Primary Users


IIT Madras
Out-of-Band CC
Channel 0 CC
Channels 1,2,3 data

Option 2
Channel 0
Control + Data
Channels 1,2,3 data
Split Phase

In-band CC
Channel 0, 1, 2, 3
Control + Data


IIT Madras
Out-of-Band CC
Common Control Channel
Dedicated channel
Users share information
Singalling information, sensing outcome, channel selection
Does not require time synchronization
Requires dedicated receiver
Split Phase
Works with single receiver
Cost of synchronization overhead
Divide time frames into two parts
Control phase
All terminals hear the network status
Data phase
Transmissions are performed
Resources wasted during Control Phase


IIT Madras
Common Control Channel
CCC Medium for control message exchange between CR users
CCC facilitates the following
Transmitter (Tx) Receiver (Rx) handshake
Neighbour discovery
Channel access negotiation
Sharing of information regarding PU activity
Topology change
Routeing information update
Cooperation between CR users
CRs show their presence by broadcasting on CCC
Non CR networks CCC is well-defined and fixed Dedicated CCC
Example: Cellular
CCC design impacts CR performance
Tradeoff between
CCC establishment overhead and CR performance


IIT Madras
Classification
Underlay
Using same spectrum as PU
Spread spectrum (UWB)
Unaffected by PU activity
Dedicated
Overlay
Non-overlapping with PU
In-band versus Out-of-band
Control and data on shared resources (In-band)
Number of radios required
Is separate radio needed for CCC ?
Does CCC design require synchronization of all CR users ?
Does CCC include mechanism for Neighbour discovery
Other aspects
CCC Saturation, Robustness to PU activity, Coverage, Jamming

Ref: B.F.Lo, Elsevier, Physical Comm, 2011

IIT Madras
CCC Aspects
Control Channel Saturation
Throughput degradation
Collision of control packets
Function of network load
Likely to occur on Dedicated CCC
Well-known techniques to alleviate overload
Limit the Control traffic
Challenge for cooperative sensing
Quantization of sensing data
Frequency of reporting of sensing data
Variable CCC bandwidth Dynamic channelization
Robustness to PU Activity
Primary challenge in CR Networks
Not an issue for Out-of-band CCC
Can use licensed or unlicensed bands (ISM)
Sequence based (Frequency Hopped) CCC is more robust to PU


IIT Madras
CCC Aspects
Robustness to PU Activity
How soon can CCC be re-established
Channel evacuation protocol
If PU is detected
CR broadcasts warning
A pre-defined warning message
All CR users stop transmission to avoid interference to PU
Proposal: Warning message via CDMA signal with predefined code
CDMA signals are robust to PU and minimize interferece
Reactive way of protecting PU
Does not address re-establishment of new CCC
Sequence based (Frequency Hopped) CCC is more robust to PU
Diversity of CCC allocation
At the cost of stringent synchronization


IIT Madras
CCC Aspects
CCC Coverage
Spectrum heterogeneity
not all CRs listening to same CCC
Larger coverage efficient signaling
Desireable to increase CCC coverage
Coverage Set of CR users tuned to CCC
In geographic proximity
For Sequence-based CCC
Coverage is usually limited to node pair
Focus on rendezvous of transmitting and receiving nodes
Group-based CCC
CCC Coverage varies with group size
CCC Security
Jamming CCC Denial of Service Protect single point of failure


IIT Madras
CCC Security
CCC facilitates cooperation
CR Users
Network operations
CCC exposed to security attacks
Jamming CCC Denial of Service
Strong interfering signal to the CCC
Protect single point of failure
Reliability of CCC affects reliability of entire network
Use of Spread Spectrum Techniques
Pseudo-random channel access
Unknown to attackers
Ineffective if compromised by one of the CR users
Anti-Jamming via Dynamic CCC allocation
Cross channel Communication
Frequency Hopping
Anti-Jamming via CCC Key distribution


IIT Madras
Classification
Overlay
Non-overlapping with PU

In-band versus Out-of-band
Control and data on shared resources (In-band)
In-band schemes local
Susceptible to PU activity re-establishment of CCC
Variation based on location
Link-based and Group-based designs

Out-of-band schemes dedicated, global (not affected by PU activity)
Wider coverage, usage of unlicensed bands
Option of licensed band of CR operator


IIT Madras
Sequence-Based CCC
Random or pre-determined Hopping Sequence
Spread Spectrum technique
Interference immunity
Diversify CCC allocation over time and frequency
Pairs of CRs use different frequencies
In same neighbourhood
Also referred as Multiple Rendezvous Control Channel (MRCC)
Hopping sequence is key to performance
Pseudo-random
Permutation-based
Adaptive MRCC
Key issues
Synchronization of all CR users
Vulnerability to jamming
Time-to-Rendezvous (TTR) may be long if there are large number of channels


IIT Madras
Sequence-Based CCC
Permutation-based Hopping Sequences
CRs construct non-orthogonal hopping sequences
Permutations of the available channels
Hopping sequence can be adapted
Adaptive MRCC
A channel ranking table (increasing order of PU activity)
Based on periodic sensing
Biased Random Sequence Generator
Longer dwell times can be provided to high-ranking channels
Challenges
Creation of Broadcast capability in neighbourhood coverage
Method suitable for pairwise connections
Responding to PU activity


IIT Madras
Dedicated CCC
Pre-defined Common Control Channel
Reserved for all the secondary users
Channel general not used by the Primary User
Advantages:
Network-wide CCC has lower coordination overhead between groups of CRs
Allows for scalability
Avoids need for maintaining specialized network topologies for the CCC operation
Initial setup times and overheads are minimized
Disadvantages:
Difficult to have a dedicated channel (in licensed band)
Unlicensed bands are unreliable

Opportunistic CCC
Exploit a spectrum hole in licensed bands
Implementing in-band signaling on the available channels
Send beacon messages on the available channels


IIT Madras
Ultra Wideband (UWB)
Cognitive network an interconnection set of CR devices
Devices sharing of information to facilitate CR functions
Suitable control channel needed collaboration between CR nodes
Ultra Wideband (UWB)
Bandwidth (BW) > 500 MHz or
Fractional BW

FCC permits unlicensed use of UWB (2002)
Methods for UWB
OFDM-based UWB
(OFDM-UWB)
Impulse radio based UWB
(IR-UWB)

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Source: Arslan et al., Cognitive
Wireless Communication Networks,
Springer

IIT Madras
UWB-based CCC
Each CR node is equipped with UWB interface
For CCC
Other radio interfaces for data communication
UWB cause negligible interference to NB systems
Using a common spreading code, nodes discover each other
UWB radio interfaces with low complexity and power consumption
May be able to achieve radio range of 100 m

UWB spreading code common to all nodes
After two nodes connect, fix spreading code message exchange
Accessing CCC via Aloha scheme
Commonly used in UWB systems


IIT Madras
Research / Design Challenges
CCC Design
Security of CC seldom addressed in licensed systems
Anti-Jamming techniques widely known
New challenges in CR networks
Impact of jamming on PU Activity
Will affect CC of CR Network
Needs to be investigated
CRAHN Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks
CCC jamming in CRAHN
Does not have single node with authority for coordinated action
Cluster-based CCC
Challenge if Cluster Head is compromised
Key Issue - Jamming-resilient CCC Scheme

IIT Madras
802.22 Spectrum Sensing
IEEE 802.22 CR-based WRAN PHY and MAC layer protocols
Contention based DAB protocol with centralised architecture
Each cell Base station (BS) + Associated Secondary users (CPEs)
BS and CPEs perform in-band and out-of-band sensing
BS indicates the channels to sense, sensing period and false alarm
Two stage sensing
Fast Sensing rapid measurements s 1 msec (per channel)
Fine Sensing 25 msec (per channel)
Search for particular signatures of licensed transmissions
Avoid intra-network interferencce


IIT Madras
802.22 Dynamic Frequency Hopping
Increase 802.22 performance
Communicating on Channel i (in-band channel)
Observe availability of next working Channel j (Out of band)
To avoid interference to PU, CR network hops to Channel j
Begin sensing on Channel i
Each user has two receivers
Sensing and transmission done in parallel
Simultaneous Sensing and Data Transmission (SSDT)
Guard bands mitigate interference
Dynamic Frequency Hopping Community (DFHC) of coordinated WRANs

IIT Madras
802.22 Double Frequency Hopping
Double Hopping for three neighbouring cells
Tdata = Transmit time, Tsens = Sensing time
No transmission during Quiet period (QP)
After Tdata, hop to Sensing Frequency and after Tsens return to working frequency
Max number of
Neighbour cells
= Tdata / Tsens

IIT Madras
Summary
The context of Cognitive Radio
A paradigm shift in wireless communications
Role of Common control channels (CCC)
Cellular, Bluetooth, Zigbee
Aspects of CCC for CRs
Design of CCC
CCC a key enabler for CR Networking
Exploit the full potential of CR technology
Significant effort needed to design CCC
Overall, CR is an exciting field


IIT Madras

Best wishes to all participants
of TVWS & CR Workshop
Thank You !
Q&A

davidk@iitm.ac.in


IIT Madras
David Koilpillai Profile
Education
B.Tech, IIT Madras, MS, PhD Caltech, USA

Work Experience
IIT Madras (2002 present)
Professor, Electrical Engineering Department
Dean (Planning) (October 2011 present)
CEWiT Chief Scientist (Jan 2007 July 2007)
Co-Chair, IIT Hyderabad Task Force (June 2008 Dec 2009)
Ericsson Inc, USA (1990-2002)
Director, Advanced Technologies, Research and Patents
(R&D team of 75 engineers)
Professional
Areas of expertise: Cellular, wireless systems, DSP
32 Issued US patents, 3 Indian patent applications
Publications: 11 Journal, 45 Conference
Research Interests: Broadband wireless communications, 4G cellular, Cognitive Radio
Ericsson Inventor of Year Award 1999
Fellow, Indian National Academy of Engineering

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IITB TVWS&CR Workshop

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