Chapter 4 : Periodic Table Of Elements

1) Antoine Lavoisier (1743 1794) Classified groups into 4 groups Limitation wrong information (light & heat consider as elements) 2) Johann Dobereiner (1780 1849) Classified groups = Triad (group of 3) Limitation few elements were classified

3) John Newlands (1837 1898) Arranged horizontally in ascending order of their atomic masses Law of Octaves same properties repeated at every 8 element 4) Lothar Meyer (1830 1895) Properties of the elements were in a periodic pattern with their atomic masses Similar chemical properties occupied the same relative positions on the curve 5) Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 1907) Elements were arranged in ascending order of their atomic masses Elements with similar chemical properties were placed in a group Gap for undiscovered elements Prediction: gallium, scandium and germanium (discover later) Separate groups for certain elements: transition elements Meedeleevs Periodic Table was used as a basis for the formation of the Periodic Table 6) H. J. G. Moseley (1887 1915) Elements were arranged horizontally in ascending order proton numbers

 Elements with the same number valence electrons same group

Group 18 ( Noble Gases )

monoatomic has achieved stable electron duplet / octet confugiration will not react with other element

Physical properties

a) colourless gas at room temperature b) insoluble in water c) cannot conduct electricity d) poor conductors of heat

Physical properties, as it going down the group

a) MP & BP increase - atomic size increases & force of attraction between atoms become stronger b) Density increase - increase of mass is higher than the increase of volume c) Size increase - increase of shell for each element Chemical properties a) inert b) not reactive c) non- flammable

Uses 1) He Helium airships, weather balloons, cool down metals 2) Ne Neon

 advertising light bulb 3) Ar - Argon welding, filled light bulbs 4) Kr - Krypton used in laser, filled photographic flash lamps 5) Xe Xenon used for watch tower lighting 6) Rn - Radon treat cancer

Group 1 ( alkali metal )

1 valance electron Li , Na , K , Rb , Cs solid (room temperature) & very reactive

Physical properties

a) Grey solid with shiny silvery surfaces c) Good conductors of heat

b) Good conductors of electricity d) Low MP & BP

e) Low density (Li, Na & K float/Rb, Cs & Fr sink)

Physical properties as it going down the group

a) MP & BP decrease atomic size increases number of shells occupied with electrons increases metallic bonding between atoms becomes weaker less heat energy is required to overcome the weaker metallic bonding b) Density increase mass is higher than volume

c) Size increase number of shell increase

Chemical properties

1) Very reactive & react rapidly with O2 n water vapour in the air (kept in paraffin oil) 2) Reactivity increases (down the group) lose one valence electron to achieve stable octet/duplet electron arrangement 3) React vigorously with cold water produce alkaline metal hydroxide solutions and hydrogen gas 4) React with oxygen produce white solid metal oxides & metal oxides can dissolve in water to form alkaline metal hydroxide solutions 5) React with halogens produce white solid metal halides

Safety precautions

a) Cannot hold with bare hands c) No flammable substance nearby

b) Wear safety goggles and gloves d) Avoid the fire

Group 17 ( Halogens )

diatomic (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 and At2) non metal quiet reactive

Physical properties

a) Non-metals b) Insulators of electric c) Poor conductors of heat d) Low melting point and boiling point e) Low density f) Colour: F2 (pale yellow gas), Cl2 (greenish-yellow gas), Br2 (reddish-brown liquid), I2 (purplish-black solid) and At2 (black solid rarest naturally occurring element and extremely radioactive)

Physical properties as it going down the group a) MP & BP increases molecular size increases forces of attraction between molecules become stronger more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger forces of attraction (Van der walls forces of attraction between molecules). b) Density increases d) Electronegative decreases atomic mass increase c) Reactivity decreases e) Atomic radius increases gain more valence electron to achieve stable (octet) electron arrangement f) Has a pungent & irritating smell g) Colourless & poisonous

Chemical properties 1) React with water produce two acids 2) React with hot iron produce brown solids iron(III) halides 3) React with sodium hydroxide NaOH solution produce water and two types of sodium salts [sodium halide and sodium halite(I)] Safety precautions

a) Poisonous gas

b) Wear safety goggles & gloves

c) Handle in the fume of cupboard

Elements in a period

Periodic Table 7 periods (Period 1 - 7) Proton number increases 1 (across a period from left to right) No of valence electron increases (across a period from left to right)

Across Period 3

1) Atomic size decreases

 increasing number of electrons / attraction by nucleus on the valence electrons becomes stronger (pulled closer to the nucleus) 2) Proton number increases positive charge of the nucleus increases 3) Electronegativity increases proton number increases / positive charge of the nucleus increases 4) Change from solid to gas Left solid metals Right non-metals gases 5) Electropositive / metallic properties decreases 6) Na, Mg, Al (metals): good conductor / Si (semi-metal): weak conductor of electricity / P, S, Cl (non-metals): cannot conduct electricity 7) Na, Mg (metals): form oxides with basic properties 8) Al (metal): form oxides with both basic and acidic properties = amphoteric oxides 9) Si (semi-metal): forms oxides with acidic properties P, S, Cl (non-metals): forms oxides with acidic properties

Uses of semi-metals (metalloids)

Semiconductor (flow in one direction) Microchip

Transition elements

Group 3 to Group 12 Metals Atomic radius same Solids with shiny surfaces Very hard High density Ductile (ability to stretched into wires without breaking) Malleable (ability to be bent into new shape) High tensile strength (ability to stay in their shape without breaking)

High melting and boiling points High density Good conductors of electricity Good conductors of heat Electronegativity is low but increases (across the series)

Special characteristics

Form coloured ions (Cu2+: blue / Fe2+: pale green / Fe3+: yellow) Form coloured compound (cobalt chloride crystal: pink) Different oxidation numbers in their compound Useful catalysts (nickel hydrogenation of vegetable oil, copper(II) sulphate reaction of zinc with dilute sulphuric acid to liberate hydrogen gas, manganese(IV) oxide decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to liberate oxygen gas, iron Haber process,vanadium(V) oxide Contact process, platinum Ostwald process) Form complex ions (bigger-sized polyatomic ion) (Hexacyanoferrate(III) ion / [Fe(CN)6]3- )

Uses

1) Iron used as steel 2) Chromium coating corroded metals, heat-resisting alloys and make stainless steel 3) Copper making cables, pipes and electrical wires 4) Titanium metal pipes and tanks, wings of supersonic aircraft