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PART 1: VOCBAULARY Idiomatic expressions 1

1. Above all = most importantly 2. About to = almost ready to 3. Add up = make sense; be logical 4. All at once = suddenly; without warning 5. All of a sudden = all at once; suddenly 6. As a matter of fact = in reality; actually 7. As a rule = generally; customarily 8. At the drop of a hat = quickly; without any preparation time 9. At ease = not nervous; calm 10. Back out (of) = withdraw an offer 11. Bank on = depend on; count on 12. Be my guest = do what you want; feel free; help yourself 13. Be rusty = need practice or review 14. Beats me = I dont know; I have no idea (often used in response to a question) 15. Better off = in an improved condition 16. Bite off more than one can chew = take on more responsibility than one can handle 17. Bound to = certain to; sure to 18. Break down = stop functioning (a machine, for example) 19. Break in (on) = interrupt 20. Break the ice = break through social barriers (as at a party) 21. Break the news (to) = inform; give bad news 22. Break up = end (a meeting, for example) 23. Break up (with) = stop being a couple ( a boyfriend and girlfriend, for example) 24. A breeze = something very simple and easy to do 25. Bring about = cause to happen 26. Bring up = (1) raise (a child); (2) introduce (a topic, for example) 27. Brush up on = review; study; practice

 5 . 28. Bump into = meet unexpectedly; run into 29. By and large = mostly; generally; on the whole 30. By heart = by memory; learned word for word 31. By no means = in no way; not at all

Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct.
1. Can you talk now? No, Im ............... go to the grocery store, but Ill call you as soon as I get back. 2. Youre probably too tired to play another game of racquetball, right? Im not that tired, really. .. . Id enjoy another game. 3. Will you support my proposal at the meeting? Certainly. You can . .. my support. 4. I was talking to my aunt when suddenly my cousin George Ann .. our conversation. 5. I understand Diane lost her job. Yes, but shes actually . . She found a more interesting job with a higher salary. 6. My car .. .. last week, and I had to take the bus to work until it was repaired. 7. Carlos is very punctual, but he sure was late tonight. 8. I was taking a quiet walk last night when, .. , there was a loud explosion. 9. Kent is . .fail that class if he doesnt start studying. 10. They . . Their children to be honest. 11. There were a few things I didnt like about Professor Wongs class, but . .. . I enjoyed it. 12. I think Matthew was cheating on that quiz. That doesnt .. .. Why should the best student in the class cheat?/

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13. Can I have another sandwich? Sure, . . . . I made plenty. 14. Actors and actresses must know their lines .. .. . 15. If you dont want to talk about this problem, why did you .. it ? 16. Many accidents are .. .by carelessness. 17. Their team won the game, but they . dominated it. It was a very close game. 18. What a boring party. No one is talking to one another. Maybe we should on some music and start dancing. That might . .. . . 19. Have you studied Spanish before? Yes, but its been years since I took Spanish class, so Ill need to .. .. it before I go to Venezuela. 20. Youre taking five classes this term? Yes, and Im having trouble getting caught up. Im afraid I . . . .. I .. . this time. 21. Youre all packed and ready to go, I see. I could leave . . . . . 22. Do you know what the name of this street is? . This is the first time Ive ever been in this town. 23. Hows that biology class youre taking? So far, its been .. . . Weve just been going over things I studied last semester. 24. What time did the party .. .last night? I dont know. It was still going on when I went home. 25. I was awfully nervous when I gave that speech. Really? You hid it well. I thought you were completely . .. .

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Idiomatic expressions 2
1. Call it a day = stop working for the day; go home 2. Call off = cancel 3. Call on = visit 4. Calm down = relax 5. Care for = (1) take care of; (2) like; feel affection for 6. Catch on = become popular 7. Catch on (to) = understand, learn 8. Catch up (with) = go as fast as; catch 9. Check in (or into) = register (at a hotel) 10. Check out (of) = (1) leave (a hotel); (2) take material (from a library, for example) 11. Cheer up = (1) become cheerful; be happy 12. Chip in (on/for) = contribute 13. Clear up = (1) clarify; make understandable; (2) become nice and sunny (used to talk about the weather) 14. Come across = find; meet; encounter 15. Come around (to) = begin to change ones opinion; begin to agree with 16. Come down with = become sick with (an illness) 17. Come up with = think of (an idea) 18. Cost s an arm and a leg = be very expensive 19. Count on = depend on; rely on; bank on 20. Count out = eliminate; no longer consider as a factor 21. Cut off = stop; discontinue (a service, for example) 22. Cut out for = have an aptitude for; be qualified for

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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 1. The reception in the garden was .. .because of a thunderstorm. 2. Dont get so excited. Just .. and tell us what happened. 3. I was looking up some information in the almanac when I .. .. an interesting fact. 4. I can .. .. my car. Its very dependable and never breaks down. 5. How did you .. . .. such a strange idea? 6. I arrived in town last night at seven-thirty and . my hotel at around eight. This morning, I plan to . .. at about nine. 7. Did you rent this videotape? No, I .. it the library. 8. You look tired. Why dont we . .. . .. and finish up tomorrow? 9. It wont be too expensive to buy Professor McMillen a present if we all . . . 10. If Arthur doesnt pay his electric bill soon, the utilities company might . .. his electricity. 11. I dont understand this theorem at all. Talk to Professor Adler. Ill bet she can .your confusion. 12. Who .. .. your cat while you were out of town? 13. A good stereo system doesnt have to .. . .. . .. . You can find one for a reasonable price. 14. Cauliflower isnt my favorite vegetable. In fact, I dont . it at all. 15. Im depressed. I didnt do very well on the first quiz. . ..! that quiz only counted for 10 percent of the total grade, and Im sure youll do better on the other tests.

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16. How did Eric do in the cross-country ski race? he got off to a bad start, and so he never . .. the leading skiers. 17. Why did Brenda drop out of business school? She decided she wasnt . .. .. a career in business. Shes going to study art instead. 18. This song wasnt very popular when it was first recorded, but now its starting to .. . 19. Your roommate is still planning to vote for Smithson for president of the Student Council? Yes, but Im going to keep talking to him. I think eventually hell . . our point of view and vote for Grannigan. 20. That saleswoman .. .her clients at least once a month because she thinks personal contact is important. 21. Is it still raining? No, the rain has stopped, and its starting to . . Idiomatic expressions 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Day in and day out = constantly; for a long time Die down = become less severe; quiet down Do over = do again; repeat Do without = not have Down the drain = wasted; done for no reason (work, for example) Dream up = invent; think of; come up with Drop in (on) = visit informally Drop (someone) a line = send someone a letter Drop off = (1) leave something (a package, for example); (2) take (someone) home; let someone out of a car 10. Drop out (of) = stop attending (class, for example) 11. Easy as pie = very simple; a piece of cake 12. Eyes bigger than ones stomach = said of someone who takes more food than he or she can eat 13. Fall behind = not move as quickly as; lag behind 14. Fall through = fail to happen

 5 . 15. A far cry from = not similar to; not as good as 16. Feel free = do something if one wants 17. Feel like = be included to; want to 18. Feel like a million dollars = fee very good 19. Feel up to = feel able to do something; ready to 20. Fed up (with) = not able to tolerate; disgusted with; annoyed by 21. Few and far between = uncommon and infrequent 22. Figure out = understand; solve

Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 1. It took me hours to .. how to record programs on my VCR. 2. It you could .. .. the laundry on the way to work, Ill pick it up on Monday. 3. What a wonderful masquerade party! People certainly . .. some interesting costumes, didnt they? 4. Do you . . Going out tonight? No, Id rather stay home and read. 5. Why have you . .in your French class? I was sick and I missed a few classes. But Im studying hard to catch up. 6. Why do we need to get gas now? This highway goes through some very empty country, and gas stations are . . . 7. Howards teacher wasnt satisfied with the work he had done, so she asked him to it. 8. Im .my roommates lack of responsibility. He never pays his bills or his share of the rent on time. 9. Isnt your class picnic today? No, our plans for the picnic ...... .. .

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10. The food at that new restaurant isnt bad. Its all right, but its . .the food at Marios. Now that is a great restaurant! 11. Ben had to .. .. ..the university because of financial problems. 12. After blowing furiously all day, the wind finally . .. . 13. Do you telephone friends before you visit, or just . .them? It depends. If theyre close friends, I just visit them. if theyre acquaintances, I generally call first. 14. Im tired of the same old routine. I know how you feel. I get tired of doing the same things . . ..too. 15. Ralph really loaded up his tray with food. Hell never eat it all. Ralphs .. are .his . . 16. I need to use a computer for a few hours. .. .. to use my laptop computer. I dont need it this morning. 17. Ive missed James since he moved to Seattle. You should .him ..and let him know how youre doing. Im sure hed love to get a letter from you. Idiomatic expressions 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Fill in = write in a blank (on an application form, for example) Fill in (for) = substitute for Fill one in = provide missing information Fill out = complete (an application form, for example) Find out = learn; discover A fish out of water = someone not in his or her normal surroundings Fix up = repair; renovate Follow in ones footsteps = do what someone else did (especially an older relative) 9. For good = permanently; for now 10. For the time being = temporarily; for now

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11. From out of the blue = unexpectedly; without warning 12. Get along with = have good relations with 13. Get carried away = go too far; do too much; buy too much 14. Get in ones blood = become a habit; become customary 15. Get in over ones head = take on too much responsibility; bite off more than one can chew 16. Get in the way = block; obstruct 17. Get in touch with = contact 18. Get the hang of something = learn how to do something 19. Get a kick out of (doing something) = enjoy; have fun doing something 20. Get off = leave (a vehicle) 21. Get off the ground = start to be successful 22. Get on = board (a vehicle) 23. Get over = recover from (a disease) 24. Get rid of = discard; no longer have 25. Get under way = begin; start 26. Give away = distribute (for free) 27. Give (someone) a cold shoulder = act unfriendly toward someone; ignore Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 1. How did you .. .. where Warren lives? I just looked it up in my address book. 2. Im interested in the job that was advertised in the newspaper. Fine. Just .. . this application form. 3. Dont forget to ..the date on your check. 4. Is Agnes still mad at you? I suppose so. I saw her a t a party last week, and she just ..me .. .it. 5. Are you moving to Baltimore . ..? No, just .. .. .. . . Ill be back in a month or two.

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6. That old paint that you have stored in your garage is a fire hazard. Youre right. I should . ..it. 7. Some companies .. .. free samples of new products in order to familiarize consumers with them. 8. Hows that advanced computer class youre taking, Polly. Not so good. I cant understand a word that the teacher or any of the students are saying. I really feel like . .. . 9. Dont you just hate all this graffiti? It is ugly, isnt it? Ive never understood why people .. . writing on walls. It doesnt seem like much fun to me. 10. When the train stopped, a mysterious looking woman in a black raincoat .the train and found her seat. 11. Maxwells project will be very successful, I think. Oh, I dont know. Im not sure it will ever . . . 12. Do you . your new roommate, or do you two argue? 13. That run-down old house that David bought looks terrific. Yes, hes it.beautifully, hasnt he? 14. Has Edward .. ..you lately? No, he hasnt. I dont think he has my new telephone number? 15. Will the concert start soon? It should . ..any minute now. 16. Living by the ocean really .. your ... . Once youve lived here, you never want to leave. 17. This is the last stop. Everyone has to .. .the bus here. 18. Professor Dunbar came down with the flu, so her teaching assistant . .. .her for a few days.

 5 . Idiomatic expressions 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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Give a hand = applaud; clap Give a hand (with) = assist Go easy on = not punish severely Go on (with) = continue Go with = (1) accompany; (2) look good together; complement (for example, two articles of clothing) 6. Go without saying = be clear; be obvious 7. Grow up = to mature; to become an adult 8. Hand in = give back to; return 9. Hand out = distribute 10. Hang on = wait 11. Hard to come by = difficult to find 12. Have on = wear 13. Have ones hands full = be very busy; have a challenging job 14. Have a heart = be compassionate; show mercy 15. Have a hunch = have an intuitive feeling 16. Have a word with (someone) = talk to someone briefly 17. Have the time of ones life = have fun; have a great time 18. Hear firsthand (from) = get information directly from someone 19. Hear from = be contacted by; be in touch with 20. Hear of = know about; be familiar with 21. Hit if off = become friendly (especially at a first meeting) 22. Hit the road = leave, go away 23. Hold on = wait 24. Hold on (to) = grasp 25. Hold still = not move 26. Hold up = delay

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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 1. Everett was born in the South but he .. .. in Michigan. 2. At the beginning of the class, the instructor .the quizzes and told the students they had 10 minutes in which to finish. 3. After 10 minutes, the students .. .. their quizzes to the instructor. 4. Have you ever .. . William Carlos Williams? I believe so. He was a poet, wasnt he? 5. Hello, is Gina there? Yes, .. .. a minute and Ill get her. 6. Youre graduating next month, right? Yes, but I intend to .. .. my studies in graduate school. 7. . .while I take your photograph. I dont want the picture to be blurry. 8. I got stopped by the police for speeding. I have to pay a big fine. Well, you could talk to the judge and ask him to reduce it. Since youve never been stopped for speeding before, maybe hell . . ..you. 9. Do you like this blouse? Yes, but I think the grey silk one would .better ..your jacket. 10. So, Dave is teaching you how to windsurf? Yes, and hes such a good instructor that Im already .. . .it. 11. The audience .. the cast a big .after their wonderful performance. 12. Do you think Iris will pass the history test? That . .. In fact, shell probably have the best grade in the class. 13. What .. .your flight? There was a big snowstorm in Denver that delayed a lot of flights.

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14. Have you ...Maureen since she went Hawaii. Yeah, I got a postcard from her yesterday. She said shes . .. .. .her ..and never wants to come home. 15. Can you ..me ..this luggage? Its too heavy for me to carry by myself. 16. The wind is starting to blow. Youd better . your hat. 17. Oh, you bought the new book by Richard Stone. Yes, but that book is .. . .. . I looked for it in three or four bookstores. 18. Its getting late. Id better .. if I want to get home by midnight. 19. Can I . .. .. .you now, Professor Rivera? Ive got to go to class right now. Drop by my office later and well talk then. 20. You sure bought a lot of groceries. Yeah, I guess I .. . I should never go grocery shopping when Im hungry. Idiomatic expressions 6 1. In hot water = in trouble 2. In the dark = not knowing; confused 3. In the long run = over a long period of time 4. In no time = very soon; very quickly 5. In a nutshell = in summary; in brief 6. In the same boat = in the same situation; having the same problem 7. In person = face to face (not by telephone, letter, etc.) 8. In store = in the future; coming up 9. Iron out = solve (a problem) 10. Join the club = have the same problem 11. Jump to conclusions = form opinions without sufficient evidence 12. Keep an eye on = watch; take care of; look after 13. Keep an eye out (for) = look for 14. Keep on (with) = continue 15. Keep track of = know where something or someone is

 5 . 16. Kill time = spend time doing unimportant things (before an appointment, for example) 17. Keep up (with) = maintain the same speed as 18. Know like the back of ones hand = be very familiar with 19. Lay off = put out of work 20. Learn the ropes = become familiar with; get the hang of 21. Leave out = not include; omit 22. Leave someone/something alone = not disturb 23. Let someone down = disappoint 24. Let up = decline in intensity (rain, for example) 25. Look after = take care of; mind 26. Look for = try to locate 27. Look forward to = anticipate (with pleasure) 28. Look into = investigate

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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 1. Will you .. .my dog while I go in the drug store? 2. Kathys daughter has such short legs that she has a hard time . . .the other children. 3. The store had to .. .a number of clerks because sales were down. 4. You must be anxious to go on your vacation. I certainly am. Im really . . .this trip. 5. Dont .. . Maybe your jewelry wasnt stolen after all. 6. I need to find a new apartment. There might be some vacancies in the building where I live. Ill .. .. . one. 7. The company may lose some money now, but . .., this is a good investment. 8. Alex complained that no one invited him to any social events and that he felt .. .. .

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9. Can you hurry over here? I need to see you right away. Sure, Ill be there .. . 10. May I help, sir? No, Im just looking around and trying to some .until my wife finishes shopping. 11. Has it stopped raining yet? No, but its beginning to .a little. 12. I cant go to Daryls party this weekend. I have to study. Guess were .. .. Ive got to study too. 13. Should we stop and spend the night at this motel? No, lets .driving for a few more miles. 14. If you find a baby animal in the woods, dont touch it. Just ..it. . 15. I ..all over town .a good used car, but I couldnt find one. 16. Stellas sister . .. her baby while Stella is at work. 17. If you dont know how to use this software, why dont you ask Joanne to help? I did ask her, but Im still .. .. I didnt understand a word she said. 18. The police are . .the crime. 19. Did Amanda ever complete her project? Shes almost finished. She just has a few minor problems left to . .. . 20. Alfred is .. . .with his boss because he didnt finish an important project by the deadline. 21. has Marilyn gotten her new job at the bank yet? It took her awhile, but I think shes finally .. ..there. 22. Are you .. .. ..this proposal or against it? 23. Are you familiar with this neighborhood? I grew up here, so I it .. .. ...my . 24. Is your roommate at home now? I have no idea. I can never . .. ..his comings and goings. 25. I understand that you have a new dean over at the Business School. Yes, his name is Dean nishimura. He has a completely different philosophy of business education from the one Dean Woodford had, so Im sure that some big changes are ... ..for us.

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Look like = resemble Look out (for) = be careful Look over = examine; read Look up = (1) find information (especially in a reference book); (2) try to locate someone Look up to = respect; admire Make ends meet = balance a budget Make a fool of someone = act embarrassingly Make a point of = make a special effort Make sense (of) = be logical and clear; understand Make up = invent, create Make up ones mind = decide Make way for = allow space for; provide a path for Mean to = intend to Mixed up = confused Music to ones ears = something that sounds pleasant A nervous wreck = someone who is very nervous Next to nothing = very little (money, for example); cheap No doubt about it = certainly; definitely No harm done = there was no danger done Not at all = not in any way; not to any degree Not believe ones ears (eyes) = be unable to believe what one hears (or sees) Not think much of = not like; not have a good opinion of Odds and ends = small, miscellaneous items An old hand (at) = an experienced person Aon edge = nervous On end = consecutively; without a break (days on end, for example) On hand = easily available On needles and pins = nervous; anxious On ones own = independent On second thought = after reconsidering

 5 . On the go = always busy; always moving On the tip of ones tongue = almost able to remember on the whole = in general out of (something) = not having something out of ones mind = insane; illogical; irrational out of order = broken; not functioning properly out of the question = definitely not; impossible over and over = again and again; repeatedly over ones head = not understandable (a joke, for example); obscure

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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 1. Have you .. .this contract yet? Not yet. Ill try to read it this weekend. 2. I think Ill have the prime rib, watier. All right, sir. Wait, no . . .I think Ill have the chicken. 3. Is this story true, or did you just it .? 4. You cant get a soda from that machine. Theres a sign on it that says . .. .. . 5. Sheery . .. her father because of all the help and good advice hes given her. 6. I dont have much cash .., but I can get some from an automatic teller machine. 7. What a confusing movie! I couldnt . . ..it. 8. You did a fine job on this research paper, especially on the bibliography. Thanks, I .. . .. ..getting bibliography exactly right. I did it . . .until it was perfect. 9. Whats Fritzs cousins name? Its . .. . .my ......., but I cant quite remember.

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10. Hello, Id like to reserve a room for this weekend. Im afraid thats .. .. . The hotel is fully booked this weekend. 11. Do you have any fresh peaches? Sorry, Im . .them. I just sold the last crate of peaches. 12. Listen to the roar of the engines. Yeah, its my .. . I just love going to these car races. 13. The plane was delayed for hours . . . I thought wed never get off the ground. 14. Have you finished moving into your new apartment? Almost. There are still a few .. . .in my old apartment that I need to move today. 15. Brad sure is busy, isnt he. Yeah, hes involved in so many activities that hes always . .. . 16. There are so many interesting dishes on the menu that its hard for me to .. ..my which one to order. 17. If you go into the swamp, . ..alligators. 18. When will you be informed of the test results? Not until Monday, so Ill be .. . ..all weekend. 19. Do you know what the capital of South Dakota is? Im not sure. lets ..itin this atlas. 20. Theyre going to tear down those old warehouses to .. .. a big new hotel. 21. I like that painting you bought. Did it cost much? No, the artist sold it to me for .. .. ..? 22. How was your final exam, Laurie? A couple of questions were tricky, but .. .. ..it was pretty easy. 23. Im sorry I knocked that vase over. I didnt mean to. .. . ... . It wasnt damgage. 24. I must have been . .my..when I signed the lease on this apartment. I cant afford this much rent. 25. He didnt . .break the plate; it was an accident.

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26. I didnt know you could play horseshoes so well. Oh, Im .. . .horseshoes. Ive been playing since I was a kid. 27. You must be . . . This isnt River Street; its Laurel Avenue. 28. How long have you been living alone? Ive been my .since I graduated from high school. 29. Did you find that lecture boring? .. . In fact, I thought it was fascinating. 30. Christine is so funny, she should be a stand-up comic. I suppose, but a lot of her jokes go right .my. . I just dont get them. Idiomatic expressions 8 Part with = no longer have; get rid of; not be in the company of Pass up = not accept; not choose Pass with flying colors = do very well (on a test) Pat oneself on the back = congratulate oneself Pay attention (to) = concentrate on; focus on Pick out = choose; select Pick up = (1) take something from a surface (for example, a floor); (2) go to a location and get someone or something; (3) learn (especially without formal training) Pick up the tab (for) = pay for The picture of = a perfect example of something Play it by ear = do something without a definite plan Play it safe = choose a cautious plan Point out = indicate A pretty penny = a lot of money Pull ones leg = joke with someone; make up a story Push ones luck = to continue doing something too long; to keep taking chances Put aside = save for later; set aside

 5 . Put away = return something to its proper place Put off = delay; postpone Put on = begin to wear Put together = assemble Put up with = tolerate

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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 1. Vanessa is allergic to tobacco smoke, so she cant . . .smoking. 2. That conference you attend in Honolulu must have been very expensive. Yes, but fortunately, the company I work for .. . . .. .it. 3. I asked my teacher to . ..the mistakes that I made in my essay so that I couldnt correct them. 4. What do you want to do tomorrow? I dont know. Lets just . .. .. . . 5. You should get rid of that old leather jacket. I know, but I hate to . it. Ive had it for years. 6. How did you learn to make such beautiful pottery? Did you take a class in ceramic? No, I just .it ..on my own. 7. Can you read that sign? Just minute. Let me .my glasses . . 8. It took Linda weeks to .. .that thousand-piece jigsaw puzzle. 9. This bike cost . . ., but I think it was worth it. 10. I passed the first two quizzes in this class and I scarcely studied for them at all. Well, if I were you, I wouldnt .my..any further. You should study for the next quiz because its going to be a lot harder.

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11. Ill .. ..the laundry that you dropped off at the cleaners this morning. 12. The child .. ..her toys from the floor and then .them ..in her toy box. 13. Bert and Mary had to .. .their dinner party until next weekend because Bert wasnt feeling well. 14. Who .. .that tie for you? No on. I chose it myself. 15. Are you going to take that job? No, I decided to .it.because I dont want to relocate. 16. .. .as I read the directions or you wont understand what to do. 17. I finally finished collecting all the materials I need to write my report. Great, but dont be too quick to .yourself. . . you still have to write the report and then word process it. 18. how did you do on your final exams? Great! I .them all .. . . 19. Im going to ..this magazine .for now and read it later. 20. I wouldnt believe a word Lynn told you. Shes just .your .. . Idiomatic expressions 9 Right away = immediately Ring a bell (with) = Rough it = experience somewhat difficult or primitive conditions Rule out = say something is impossible; eliminate Run a temperature = have a fever Run for office = try to get elected Run into = (1) meet unexpectedly; bump into; (2) collide with Run late = be late; be in a hurry Run of the mill = ordinary Run out of = exhaust the supply of Save ones breath = dont bother asking someone Search me = I dont know; I have no idea; beast me

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See eye to eye (with someone) (on something) = have the same opinion; be in agreement See (someone) off = accompany (to an airport or train station, for example) See to = take care of; check on; fix Serve one right = receive the proper punishment; get the penalty one deserves Short for = a nick name for Show around = orient; give a tour Show off = try to attract attention by unusual behavior Show up = arrive Shut down = close Sign up (for) = enroll (for a class, for example) Sing another tune = change ones opinions; feel differently Size up = measure; estimate Sleep on it = postpone a decision until the next day Slowly but surely = gradually; steadily but not quickly Snowed under = very busy So far, so good = up until now, there are no problems Sooner or later = at some indefinite future time Speak ones mind = say what one is thinking Speak up = speak more loudly Speak up for = support verbally Spell out (for) = make something very clear; explain in detail

Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences or dialogs with idioms from the above list. There will be one word per blank. It may be necessary to change the verb forms in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 1. Has John gone back to Minneapolis yet? Yes, I just ..him.at the airport. 2. This pipe is leaking again. Wed better have a plumber . .it. 3. I was late because I . . ..gasoline.

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4. Write down your ideas . . If you wait to write them down, you may forget them. 5. When the factory . .., hundreds of workers were laid off. 6. Did you .. . ..Professor Carmichaels class? No, I decided to take Professor Knudsons class instead. 7. Vicki, hows that project youre working on coming along? . ., . ., but the tricky part will be next week. 8. Have you ever heard of an actor name Anthony Reed? Hmmm. I dont think so. The name doesnt .. .. .. .me at all.: 9. Frank doesnt take a hint very well, does he? No, you have to ..things . .Frank. he likes everything crystal clear. 10. Id heard that the clothes in this store were very nice, but I found them .. . .. .. . 11. Bennet thought those stories Tina told about you were pretty funny. They werent funny, they were embarrassing. Bennet would be .. .. .if Tina had told that kind of story about him. 12. Norman doesnt like to ..when he goes on vacation. He prefers to stay at luxury hotels. 13. I dont like to go to parties too early. Id rather . a little bit late. 14. Its expensive to .. .. ..these days. Political campaigns cost a lot of money. 15. So, do you plan to buy to plan this motorcycle or not? Im still not sure. Can I .. .. ..and let you know tomorrow morning? 16. Have you seen the campus yet? Yes, my cousin Melissa is a student there, and she me .. . 17. Im collecting money for the Red Cross. I think Ill ask Pat to contribute. ......your . Pat never contributes to anything.

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18. Are you going to medical school? Not this year, but I wouldnt ..it..in the future. 19. I . .my old friend Leslie downtown yesterday. I hadnt see her for months. 20. I understand youre learning how to speak Russian. Yes, and it was really hard for me, especially at first. Now, though, Im . .. .getting the hang of it. 21. Your sisters name is Jessie? Thats what everyone calls her its . Jessie. 22. Have a busy night at the restaurant? We werent just busy we were .. .! Ive never seen so my customers! 23. I feel terrible. I have a terrible cold or maybe even the flue. Are you . . ..? If you have a fever, then you probably have the flue. 24. My brother and I agree on most issues, but I sure dont .. .. . . .him ..this proposal to build a new stadium.

PART 2: READING COMPREHENSION Reading comprehension 1 Mass communication does not operate in a social vacuum as a machine does. When a computer receives a message, for instance, it will provide an answer based on that original massage. If the computer is functioning properly, the same answer will appear every time we send it the identical message. Now contrast this process with what occurs in mass communication. Imagine that you, a consumer of mass media, read the newspaper story about a politicians speech. After you talked with your family, friends, and co-workers about it, you decided to write a letter to the politician. It is thus possible that three social groups, your family, friends, and co-workers, affected your reaction to the speech.

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Now, imagine that you are the newspaper responsible for writing about the politicians speech. Social groups will affect your reporting of the story to the public. Perhaps, you are a member of a union that goes on strike just as you return to your office to write the story. Or perhaps you belong to a journalism association with a code of reporting ethics to which you personally adhere. The code states that you cannot accept gifts as part of your job as a reporter, and your morning mail brings an invitation from a major oil company to be their guest on a flight to Alaska for an on-the-spot story about oil exploration. You are faced with accepting the free trip to obtain the story. You obviously are faced with a dilemma attributable at least in part to the influence various social groups have on you. 1. According to the passage, a human language is unlike an artificial language because it a. has a social element b. is precise c. is more useful d. is complicated 2. What is the main idea of the passage? a. Our reactions are influenced by social groups. b. Alaska is an oil-producing state. c. Communication comes in many forms. d. Reporters should not accept gifts. 3. The author of the passage answers which of the following questions? a. How are political speeches received? b. How are your opinions influenced? c. How do you become a newspaper reporter? d. What is the value of a computer? 4. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses which of the following? a. A code of ethics in journalism b. The role of a computer in society c. The impact of Alaska oil exploration d. The effect of social influence on mass communication

 5 . Reading comprehension 2

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The foreign policy of the United States in the 1920s and 1930s could be called isolationism. After World War I, war had lost its glamour. The invention of the movie camera in the 1930s made the horrors of war vividly real to millions of Americans. For generations, a peace movement had existed in the United States. It had always been relatively ineffectual, but now it grew to heights of unexampled influence. One wing argued strongly for the United States to prevent war by acting on the principle of collective security; that is, by banding together with other nations to present a common front to the aggressors. Other more radical groups like the War Resisters League preached isolationism. The League of Nations, they said, was weak; militarism was taking over everywhere, and the only answer was to refuse to build armaments and follow totally noninterventionist policies. 1. According to the passage, the early peace movement had been a. isolated b. very influential c. fairly ineffectual d. conservative 2. According to the passage, it can be inferred that the War Resisters League did NOT support which of the following? a. Isolationism b. Militarism c. The peace movement d. The principle of collective security 3. With which of the following is the passage mainly concerned? a. Glamour b. First World War c. Isolationism d. War Resisters League

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4. The author uses the expression unexampled influence to imply that a. the cause was not influential b. no one could succeed c. there was no precedent d. peace was unattainable 5. The groups referred to in the last paragraph were against which of the following? a. Intervention b. War c. Collective security d. Isolationism 6. Which of the following argued that military armaments should not be built? a. The British press b. The War Resisters League c. The League of Nations d. The aggressors

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Hospital and surgery can be especially frightening for children, and to help lessen young patients anxiety, one drug company has been experimenting with sedative lollipops. Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave the go ahead to further testing of sweet-tasting fentanyl suckers on children, despite protests from a consumer health group that the lollipop form will give kids the idea that drugs are candy. Fentanyl, a widely used narcotic agent, is 200 times more potent than morphine. Fentanyl lollipops can ease kids separation from their parents and make the administration of anesthesia go more smoothly, according to a member of the team that testes them. But the Public Citizen Health Research Group, alarmed by what it believes is a danger to children and a new opportunity for drug abuse, urged the FDA to call a halt to the experiments. Fentanyl is so addictive, according to the groups director, Dr. Sidney Wolfe, that its widespread availability could cause drug-abuse problems. he suggests that hospitals develop other ways to calm young patients, such as making greater use of play therapy and allowing parents to accompany children into the operating room. Dr. Gary Henderson, a pharmacologist and an authority on fentanyl abuse, doubts that carefully controlled use of the drug in a hospital setting would pose a danger or suggest to kids that drugs are like candy. Children will associate few things in the hospital with a pleasant experience, he says. 1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? a. Childrens Fears b. Play Therapy versus Fentanyl c. Dangerous Medicines for Children d. Narcotic Lollipops

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2. According to the passage, why does the Public Citizen Health Research Group protest the use of fentanyl lollipops? a. Testing for effectiveness has not been completed. b. Fentanyl is addictive, and could therefore be abused. c. The lollipops contain too much sugar, and could possibly affect the teeth of the children. d. Morphine is preferable for sedating children. 3. According to the passage, what advantage do the lollipops have over regular anesthesia? a. They are easier to administer. b. They are less costly. c. They are more potent. d. They are safer. 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way of lessening young patients anxieties regarding surgery? a. Sedative lollipops b. Play therapy c. Parents presence in the operating room d. Childrens books about anesthesia 5. The passage supports which of the following conclusions? a. Fentanyl lollipops have been declared safe for children. b. Sedative lollipops have caused children to have no fears regarding surgery. c. The use of sedative lollipops is controversial. d. Medical doctors agree that fentanyl lollipops will be considered beneficial in the future.

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6. Which of the following words best describe the tone of the passage? a. Critical b. Didactic c. Informative d. Insistent 7. The author uses the quote in the last sentence to indicate a. that children are usually optimistic about hospital stays b. there is always something memorable about hospitals. c. that young patients can be taught to enjoy hospitals. d. that children dont usually enjoy hospital stays. Reading comprehension 4 Although the earliest scientific ideas date back to early recorded history, physics as we know it today began with Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Indeed, Galileo and his successor Isaac Newton (1642-1727) created a revolution in scientific thought. The physics that developed over the next three centuries, reaching its culmination with the electromagnetic theory of light in the latter half of the 19th century, it seemed that the physical world was very well understood. But in the early years of the century, new ideas and new experiments in physics indicated that some aspects of classical physics did not work for the tiny world of the atom or for objects travelling at very high speed. This brought on a second great revolution in physics, which gave birth to what is now called modern physics. The principle aim of all sciences, including physics, is generally considered to be the ordering of the complex appearances detected by our senses that is, an ordering of what we often refer to as the world around us. Many people think of science as a mechanical process of collecting facts and devising theories. This is not the case. Science is a creative activity that in many respects resembles other creative activities of the human mind.

 5 . 1. According to the passage, physics did not begin until a. early recorded history b. the time of Galileo c. the 20th century d. the formulation of the electromagnetic theory

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2. Which of the following could classical theories of physics NOT explain? a. Recorded history b. Newtons experiments c. The world of the atom d. Electromagnetic theory 3. The age of classical physics dated from about a. 1564 to1642 b. 1564 to 1900 c. 1850 to 1900 d. 1642 to 1727 4. The author of the passage defines the complex appearances detected by our senses as our a. eye, ear, and nose b. visions of the future c. knowledge of physics d. environment

 5 . Reading comprehension 5

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The suns radiation striking the earth supplies the energy to heat the ocean surface and to warm the lower atmosphere. Energy from the sun is filtered as it passes through the atmosphere and is filtered again in surface ocean waters. Within the first 10 centimeters of even pure water, virtually all the infrared portion of the light spectrum is absorbed and changed into heat. Within the first meter of seawater, about 60 percent of the entering radiation is absorbed, and about 80 percent is absorbed in the first 10 meters. Only about 1 percent remains at 140 meters in the clearest subtropical ocean waters. In coastal waters, abundant marine organism, suspended sediment particles, and dissolved organic substances absorb light at even shallower depths. Near Cape Cod, Massachusetts, for instance, only 1 percent of the surface light commonly penetrates to 16 meters. In such waters the maximum transparency shifts from the bluish region typical of clear oceanic waters to longer wavelengths. In turbid coastal waters, absorption of all light takes place within a few centimeters of the water surface. Far from the coast, ocean water often has deep luminous blue color quite unlike the greenish or brownish colors common to coastal waters. The deep blue color indicates an absence of particles, i.e., clean water. In these areas, the color of the water is thought to result from a scattering of light rays within the water. A similar type of scattering is responsible for the blue color of the clean atmosphere. 1. How is the ocean surface heated? a. By the radiation hitting the earth b. By warming the atmosphere c. By warm water rising to the surface d. By the movement of the oceans waters

 5 . 2. The suns energy is first filtered by a. the ocean b. the atmosphere c. suspended sediment d. tropical currents

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3. The greatest percentage of radiation entering seawater is absorbed within a. the first meter b. 10 meters c. 16 meters d. 140 meters 4. Where are the clearest waters likely to be found? a. In coastal waters b. In subtropical areas c. Around Cape Cod d. Around marine organisms 5. In which of the following would you most likely find the color deep blue? a. In shallow waters b. In clear waters c. In turbid waters d. In coastal harbors 6. What is the cause of the deep blue color of the ocean? a. Scattering of light rays b. Abundant marine organisms c. Absorption of light d. Proliferation of particles

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Some of the properties of magnets were known from very early times. For example, it was known over 2,000 years ago that the mineral magnetite, an oxide of iron, possesses the property of attracting iron. The Chinese, earlier than 2,500 B.C., knew that if a piece of magnetite is suspended so that it can turn freely in a horizontal plane it will set in a definite direction and can therefore be used as a primitive compass. Later it was found that if a bar of iron is rubbed with a piece of magnets, which are made by various artificial processes. Magnets today are usually made of special alloys of steel. A steel magnet differs from ordinary steel and from all other substances in three important respects: It attracts iron filings, it sets in a definite direction when freely suspended, and it converts iron and steel bars in its neighbourhood into magnets. If we place a bar magnet in iron filings it will emerge with a cluster of filings attached to each end, showing that there is a center of magnetic forece at each end of the bar. These centers are called the oleos of the magnet. A bar magnet suspended horizontally in a paper stirrup will always set with the line joining its poles along a north and south line; in other words, the magnet has a north-seeking pole and a south-seeking pole. A bar magnet floating on a cork will set roughly north and south but it will not move either bring the north pole of one magnet close to the south pole of another magnet, the unlike poles attract one another, but if we bring two north poles or two south poles into proximity we find that like poles repel one another. 1. In what way are most modern magnets different from ancient ones? a. They attract iron filings. b. They set in a definite direction. c. They are artificial. d. They convert iron into magnets.

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2. The ancient Chinese are known to have used magnets to a. attract iron filings b. ,ake steel alloys c. float corks d. indicate direction 3. According to the passage, how many magnetic centers are there in each bar magnet? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? a. Varieties of Magnets b. How Magnets Work c. The History of the Magnet d. The Many Uses of Magnets 5. In this passage, the writer makes repeated use of a. argumentative language b. examples c. technical terminology d. hypothesis

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The study of business planning has a long history. (1) a. For sure b. For example c. For ever d. For good, in 1916 in one of the earliest efforts to develop a science of management, Henry Fayol (2) a. argued b. discussed c. consulted d. voted the importance of planning for successful management and described the development of one-year and five-year budget plans. In his book he gives the following (3) a. accommodation b. recommendation c. declaration d. definition of business planning. The maxim managing means looking ahead gives some of the importance (4) a. attached b. attacked c. attracted d. attained to planning in the business world, and it is true that if foresight is not the whole of management, (5) a. at least b. at last c. at large d. at ease it is an (6) a. extraordinary b. essential c. overwhelming d. initiative part of it. To foresee, in this context, at one and the same time, the result envisaged, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through and methods to use. (7) a. Consequent b. Subsequent c. Frequent d. Congruent studies of general management written during the next fifty years echo Fayols thinking and (8) a. reveal b. conceal c. seal d. appeal both a continuing interest in the subject and an ever-increasing (9) a. awareness b. alertness c. readiness d. usefulness of how important planning is to successful business management. In their definitions of the planning process, the authors of these studies all stress two important (10) a. expects b. respects c. aspects d. prospects of planning assessing the future and making plans to deal with the future. 1. Which of the following statements express the main idea of the passage? a. Foresight is critical in business planning. b. Know your methods. c. A science of management needs to be developed. d. The results of management studies from the past fifty years have changed dramatically.

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2. It can be inferred from the passage that a. Henri Fayol was not looking ahead when he wrote his book. b. five-year budget plans are preferable to one-year plans. c. interest in assessing the future has only recently been considered important in business planning. d. few studies regarding business planning were done prior to 1916. 3. The phrase an essential part of it refers to a. foresight b. management c. the future d. study 4. The phrase in this context means a. According to the dictionary b. As usual c. As is used here d. In the future

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Many Americans (1) a. expire b. retire c. aspire d. fire to be their own boss. These inspirations became (2) a. realities b. dignities c. commodities d. unities after 1945 with the boom in franchising. A franchising (3) a. conceals b. allows c. examines d. obstructs an individual to do business under the name and corporate image of a national firm. One of the worlds best-known (4) a. examples b. principles c. disciples d. samples of a franchise is McDonalds Restaurants. In (5) a. part b. return c. case d. term for the use of the corporate name and products, small-business entrepreneurs agree to operate in a prescribed manner. They can sell only the (6) a. simplified b. signified c. modified d. specified products. They have to pay an initial (7) a. fare b. fee c. charge d. premium for the franchise, and they have to return to the franchiser a percentage of the sales. The franchise holders often (8) a. obtain b. maintain c. remain d. train capital to start the business from the national corporation. (9) a. Although b. Despite c. Thus d. Moreover, the risk of entering a new business is somewhat reduced. Initially, the capital (10) a. required b. desired c. admired d. inquired for most franchises was relatively small. However, in the 1980s, some large franchises required an investment of over half a million dollars. When fast-food franchises became popular, franchises also emerged in electronics, bookstores, handicrafts, toys, clothing and many other product lines and services. The spread of these small franchised businesses dramatically altered the marketing of some products. In the case of the fastfood industry, franchises also altered American dietary patterns. 1. What is the main subject of the passage? a. American businesspeople are independent. b. Franchises are an easy way to success. c. Franchises have helped many Americans to start business. d. Eating habits changed in 1945.

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2. Which of the following can be interred as the primary reason that franchising was successful? a. People preferred to be their own boss. b. The heads of large corporations wanted greater profits. c. Franchising was more profitable than independent business. d. Consumers wanted consistency. 3. The franchising of the fast-food business altered which of the following: a. Corporate salaries b. The nature of franchising c. Many companies corporate images d. Peoples eating habits 4. According to the passage, which franchise promoted the growth of other franchises? a. Fast food b. Electronics c. Bookstores d. Toys 5. According to the passage, what is the main difference between the early and more recent days of franchising? a. It cost nothing to use the corporate name in the early days. b. Most of the early franchise made modest profits in the early days. c. The initial investment is much higher in recent days. d. The American public is more aware of franchises in recent days.

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The flag, the most common symbol of national identity in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. The traditional flag of fabric is still used to mark buildings, ships, and diplomatic caravans by national affiliation, but its visual design makes it adaptable for other roles as well. Most flags have a compact, rectangular shape and distinct visual symbolism. Their strong colors and geometric patterns are usually instantly recognizable even if miniaturized to less than a square centimeter. Images of flags can thus serve as identifying icons on airliners, television broadcasts, and computer displays. Despite its simplicity, the national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive artifact. It is, rather, the product of millennial of development in many corners of the globe. Historians believe it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to indicate wind direction. Early human societies used very fragile shelters and boats. Their food sources were similarly vulnerable to disruption. Even after various grains had been domesticated, people needed cooperation from the elements to assure good harvests. For all these reasons, they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another. Ascertaining the direction of the wind using a simple strip of cloth tied to the top of a post was more reliable than earlier methods, such as watching the rising of smoke from a fire or the swaying of field grasses. The association of these prototypes of the flag with divine power was therefore a natural one. Tribes began to fix long cloth flutters to the tops of totems before carrying them into battle, believing that the magical assistance of the wind would be added to the blessings of the gods and ancestors represented by the totem itself. These flutters may seem like close kin of our present-day flags, but the path through history from one to the other wanders through thousands of years and over several continents. The first known flag of a nation or ruler was unmarked: The king who established the Chou Dynasty in China (around 1000 B.C.) was reputed to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice may have been adopted from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to medieval Europe.

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In Europe, the Chinese-derived flag met up with the modern flags second ancestor, the heraldic crest. The flags used in Asia may have been differentiated by color, but they rarely featured emblems or pictures. European nobles of the medieval period ahd, however, developed a system of crests (symbols or insignias specific to particular families) that were commonly mounted on hard surfaces: shields to be used in battle often displayed them especially prominently. The production of these crests on flags permitted them to be used as heralds, meaning that they functioned as visual announcements that a member of an important household was present. While crests began to appear on flags as well as shields, the number of prominent families was also increasing. They required an every greater number of combinations of stripes, crosses, flowers, and mythical animals to distinguish themselves. These survived as the basic components of flag design when small regional kingdoms were later combined into larger nation-states. They remain such for many European countries today. Some nations, particularly those whose colors and emblems date back several hundred years, have different flags for different official uses. For example, the flag of Poland is a simple rectangle with a white upper and red lower half. The colors themselves have been associated with Polish nationalism since the 1700s. they originated as the colors of the Piast family, which during its rule displayed a crest bearing a white eagle on a red field. Homage is paid to the Piast Dynasty in the Polish ensign, the flag officially used at sea. Unlike the familiar plain flag flown on land, the ensign has a red shield with a white eagle centered on its upper white stripe. 1. Paragraph 1 of the passage describes the design of the typical flag as a. Unfamiliar to people from other countries b. Likely to change as technology improves c. Suited to many different uses d. Older than the country it represents

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2. The word miniaturized in the passage is closest in meaning to a. publicized b. colored c. made brighter d. made smaller 3. The word primitive in the passage is closest in meaning to a. ancient b. unsophisticated c. identifiable d. replaceable 4. The word they in the passage refers to a. grains b. people c. elements d. harvests 5. The earliest ancestors of the flag were associated with divine power because a. they were flown as high in the sky as people could reach b. they were woven from valuable field grasses c. they moved with the wind d. tribes that flew them always won battles 6. The word fix in the passage is closest in meaning to a. create b. respect c. attach d. blow

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7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the boldfaced sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. a. Despite the obvious similarities between the two, ancient flutters developed very slowly and indirectly into modern flags. b. Despite the widespread use of modern flags, flutters in the ancient style are still used in some parts of the world. c. Historians are slowly discovering evidence of how the flutters used on ancient to totems developed into modern flags. d. Ancient flutters are still sometimes used instead of modern flags to represent a country over official journeys. 8. According to paragraph 4 of the passage, the first known national flag in history a. was not carried into battle b. is still used in China today c. was copied by the Egyptians d. was not colored or patterned 9. As discussed in the passage, a crest is a. the most important member of a household b. the color of a particular flag c. the symbol of a particular family d. a European noble 10. According to paragraph 6 of the passage, the number of flag designs increased because a. fewer shields were being made for battle b. nation-states were becoming larger c. artists had greater freedom in creating flags d. more families wanted their own symbols

 5 . 11. The word them in the passage refers to a. crests b. families c. hard surfaces d. shields

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12. The word components in the passage is closest in meaning to a. styles b. markers c. countries d. parts 13. The two flags of Poland mentioned in the passage differ in that a. they do not use the same colors b. they originally represented different families c. only one is used officially d. one does not have a crest

 5 . PART 3: GRAMMAR

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1. .., the worlds economic leaders have been the dominant political and military powers. a. raditional b. Traditionally c. The tradition d. A tradition 2. Corporations of the future will be ..those that flourished in recent years. a. differ from b. different from c. different d. difference 3. Occupations in ..current participants have the most education are projected to have the most rapid growth rate. a. that b. which c. who d. these 4. Because counterfeit products are often of substandard quality, ..a potential for safety risks. a. there are b. it is c. they are d. there is

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5. The worldwide warming of ..threatens to raise the earths average temperature by 1.5-4.5 degrees Celsius by the year 2050. a. atmosphere b. an atmosphere c. the atmosphere d. any atmosphere 6. Over a billion people live in countries that are already firewood shortages. a. experienced b. experiencing c. experience d. have experienced 7. As society grows increasingly dependent on technology, computer skills are not just desirable, ..essential. a. and b. but c. for d. not 8. At the turn of the century, scientists wondered whether the atoms of chemical elements were ..of smaller particles. a. been composed b. composing c. to compose d. composed

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9. The census Bureau for years used the completion of the fourth grade as ..standard of literacy. a. its b. its c. their d. there is 10. For every ton of grain .., American farmers were losing six tons of their top soil. a. they produced b. which produced c. that were producing d. they are producing 11. From about 1910-1930, most physicist believed atomic energy would be of no practical value. a. in b. that c. for d. which 12. Over 2,100 valley residents and visitors lost .lives in the Johnstown Flood. a. their b. theyre c. there d. themselves 13. If our future is to be ..environmentally and .sustainable, many adjustments will have to be made. a. economic b. economy c. economically d. economical

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14. The first zoological garden in the United States .in Philadelphia in 1874. a. was establishing b. being established c. established d. was established 15. Jet lag is more pronounced in older adults ..motion sickness is a problem for the young. a. for b. or c. by d. while 16. A writer of biographies are heavily influenced by the dominant literacy theory. 17. Birds have a relatively large brain, keen sight, and acute hearing, but they little sense of smell. 18. Bonds, which were sold by the U.S. government to finance both world wars, and are still an important money-raising device. 19. Unlikely / sound, light can travel / through a vacuum. 20. Vegetarians who drinking / no alcohol and do not smoke live longer than the general population. 21. Consumer protection groups like the Consumer Guardian checks the safety and reliability of products and services. 22. Citizens can become affiliated with a political party by check the appropriate box when they register to vote.

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23. The psychologist B.F. Skinner is know for his studies of conditions that affect the learning of behavior. 24. Scientists have / proof that groups of songbirds have / its own distinct dialects. 25. The growing number of old people in America means there is a need growing for service workers in the health care field. 26. Conditions like being too fat or too thinner are both associated with / increased heath risks. 27. Socialists governments provide many social welfare programs such as healthy careand aid to the poor. 28. Cells can exist independently of other cells and which are capable of reproducing themselves. 29. Leaves that seemingly turn yellow or orange in autumn has actually contained that color throughout the summer. 30. Most small mammals live only two or three years, while an elephant may life / for as long as sixty years. 31. Recent experiments conducted on laboratory animals have shown that exposing to ozone gas in great quantities may cause cancer. 32. When hot and cold water they are mixed together, the hot water will give up heat to the cold water. 33. The Amazon River flows largely through the sparsely inhabited jungles of Brazil on their way to the Atlantic Ocean. 34. Consumers who spend / more money on automobiles than on furniture and household equipment.

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35. The first / elevator electric was installed in New York City in 1889. 36. Honey, a food found in the tombs of ancient Egypt, is the only food that not / spoil. 37. The federal government can increase taxes or decrease spending to reducing the size of its debt. 38. On a hot day, the land heats up / faster than ocean. 39. Contrarily to what we would expect, scientists measure distance, not time, by using light years. 40. The Mississippi River is the long river in the United States, and is the nations most important inland waterway. *********