Source: MLA Works Cited Documentation. studyguide.org. 19 March 2005. 13 May 2008. <http://www.studyguide.org/MLAdocumentation.

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MLA Works Cited Documentation

Note: These citations serve as examples of how to format entries on Works Cited pages of student research papers. These examples may or may not be actual published literary works, and you should not be disappointed if the internet web site URLs are not functional. Again, this page is simply a set of examples to help you format a paper written in MLA style.

When creating your Works Cited Page, remember to: Begin the Works Cited on a new page, but number consecutively (i.e., if the last page of your essay is page 3, the Works Cited is page 4) Alphabetize each entry by first letter Underline all titles of books, magazines, films, etc. Put quotation marks around the titles of poems, short stories, and articles Indent the 2nd line, the 3rd line, and all subsequent lines of each citation Double-space all entries...the examples which follow are single-spaced only to save space on this handout

Correct citation

Type of citation

Gorman, Elizabeth. Prairie Women. New Haven: Yale University Press, Book (One author) 1986. Caper, Charles and Lawrence T. Teamos. How to Camp. Philadelphia: Doubleday, 1986. Ellis, Doris et.al. History of Japan. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1989. Vanderkirk, Pamela, ed. Ten Short Plays. Los Angeles: Nowell Book Co., 1982. Lockhard, David J. and Charles Heimler, eds. The Oregon Trail. New York: Bonanza Books, 1992. Carlson, David et.al., eds. Encyclopedia of Animal Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985. Allende, Isabel. "Toad's Mouth." Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88. Book (Two authors) Book (Three or more authors) Book (One editor) Book (Two editors) Book (Three or more editors) Book (Single work from an anthology)

American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Book by Corporate Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Clayman. New York: Random, Author 1989. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Twice-Told Tales. Ed. George Parsons Lathrop. Boston: Houghton, 1883. 1 Mar. 2002. Book Online <http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/ttt.html>. Book Online (Part of Keats, John. Poetical Works. 1884. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. Scholarly Project) Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. May 1998. 5 May 2003 <http://www.columbia.edu/126/>. Roberts, Sheila. "A Confined World: A Rereading of Pauline Smith." World Literature Written in English. 24(1984): 232-38. Rpt. in Gale Literary Criticism (previously

Twentieth Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 25. Detroit: Gale, 1988. 399-402. Doctorow, E.L. Introduction. Sister Carrie. By Theodore Dreiser. New York: Bantam, 1985. v-xi.

published scholarly article in a collection) Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword

Stowe, Harriet Beecher. "Sojourner Truth, the Libyan Sibyl." 1863. One volume of The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter et multivolume work al. Vol. 1. Lexington, Heath, 1994. 2425-33. Maps n Facts. Computer Software. Broderbund Software, 1995. Frost, James. "Strawberries in a Field." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound,_and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. New York: Heinle and Heinle, 2002. Frost, James. "Strawberries in a Field." Literature Resource Center. Alabama Virtual Library. 15 March 2004. <http://www.avl.lib.al.us>. Crane, Stephen. "The Open Boat." Literature Resource Center. Alabama Virtual Library. 12 March 2004. <http://www.avl.lib.al.us>. Cather, Willa. "Paul's Case." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. New York: Heinle and Heinle, 2002. Computer Software Poem

Poem Online

Short Story Online Short Story in an Anthology

Dunn, Samuel. "Re: Any Ideas for My Country Project." E-mail to Tom E-mail ** Jones. 26 Feb. 2003. Barnridge, Thomas H. "Baseball." World Book Encyclopedia. 2001. "Egypt." The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 2002. Ito, Philip J. "Papaya," World Book Encyclopedia, 1998 ed. The World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia, CD-ROM version of The World Book Encyclopedia. "Egypt." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Vers. 97.1.1. Mar. 1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 Feb. 2000 <http://www.search.eb.com/>. The Empire Strikes Back. Dir. George Lucas. Perf. Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher. Twentieth Century Fox, 1980. Encyclopedia (Signed article)* Encyclopedia (Unsigned article) * Encyclopedia (CDROM) * Encyclopedia (Internet) * Film

United States Office of Management and Budget. Budget of the United Government States Government, Fiscal Year 1999. Washington: GPO, Publication 1999. Whitehurst, Daniel, former mayor of Fresno. Personal interview. 5 Mar. 2003. Smith, John. "Beowulf: Archetypal Hero." English 102 Class. Vestavia Hills High School, Vestavia Hills, AL. 28 March 2003. Lin, Michael. "Compressing Online Graphics." Online posting. 27 April 1999. MacWeb. 28 Feb. 2003 <http://www.graphica.com/digitizing/intor.html>. Interview (Personal) Lecture

Listserv Posting

Cannon, Angie. "Just Saying No to Tests." U.S. News & World Report. Magazine Oct. 1999: 34. Cannon, Angie. "Just Saying No to Tests." U.S. News & World Report Magazine, Online

18 Oct. 1999: 3. Alabama Virtual Library. Vestavia Hills High School Library, Vestavia Hills, AL. 28 Feb. 2003. <http://www.avl.lib.al.us>.

News Subscription Service (Alabama Virtual Library)

Elliott, Michael. "The Biggest Fish of Them All." Time. 8 March 2003. Online Magazine 11 March 2003. <http://www.time.com/time>. (Magazine web site) Barrow, Matthew. "Skipping School? Plan On Walking." Sacramento Bee. 13 Oct. 1999, California final ed.: A1+. "Gorilla attacks Martian." National Enquirer 16 Mar. 1999: A-14. Newspaper Article, (Signed) Newspaper Article, (Unsigned)

Newspaper Article, Bradley, Donald. "Is There a Right Way?" Kansas City Star 23 May Online News 1999: 2-4. SIRS Researcher. Alabama Virtual Library.. 28 Feb. Subscription Service 2003. <http://www.avl.lib.al.us/>. (SIRS) "Charles Frazier." Contemporary Authors Online. 2001. Galegroup.com. Alabama Virtural Library. 28 February 2003 <http://www.avl.lib.al.us/>. Gale Literary Criticism Online (Unsigned)

McCarron, Bill. "Images of War and Peace: Parallelism and Antithesis Gale Literary in the Beginning and Ending of Cold Mountain." The Mississippi Criticism Online Quarterly. 52.2 (1999): 273. Galegroup.com. Alabama Virtual (Signed) Library. 25 February 2003. <http://www.avl.lib.al.us>.. Achenbach, Joel. "America's river." Washington Post. 5 May 2002. 20 July 2003 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A13425-2202May1.html>. Your Health. New York: Modern Woman, 1996. Newspaper Article (Newspaper Website) Pamphlet

"Karma Chameleon." Northern Exposure. CBS. KCRA, Sacramento. 29 Television or Radio Feb. 2000. (Live) Smith, Greg. "Rhesus Monkeys in the Zoo." No date. Online image. Monkey Picture Gallery. 3 May 2003. <http://monkeys.online.org/rhesus.jpg>. "Candy Cotton at the Fair." Birmingham, AL. Personal photograph taken by Quincy Adams. 5 March 2004. Adams, Cindy. "Critical Eye for the Fantasy Guy." 4 January 2004. Online PowerPoint. Studyguide.org. 7 March 2004. <www.studyguide.org/fantasy.htm>. Civil War Diary. Videotape. New World Entertainment, 1990. Springsteen, Bruce. "Dancing in the Dark." Born in the USA. Columbia, 1984. Music video. Dr. Brian De Palma. VH1. 10 May 2002. "Cabinet Nominations," Chapter 20. Powers of the President. Laser videodisc. Pioneer Communications of America, Inc. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 1995. "Castles in Medieval Times." yourchildlearns.com. 2000. Owl and Mouse Educational Software. 9 March 2003. <http://www.yourchildlearns.com/castle_history.htm>. Schrock, Kathleen. "Digital Gadgets." Kathy Schrocks Guide for Educators. 20 February 2002. Discovery Channel. 11 March 2003. <http://school.discovery.com/schrockguide/gadgets.html>. "Great Gatsby Study Guide." studyguide.org. 5 January 2002. 11 Published Photograph Personal Photograph Power Point Online Videotape Music Video

Video Laserdisc Web Page that is part of a larger web site Web page (Personal or Professional)

March 2003. <http://www.studyguide.org/gatsby_study_guide.htm>. Note: If no title for the page is provided, write Home page (do not underline and do not use quotation marks). The Cinderella Project. Ed. Michael N. Salda. Vers. 1.1.Dec. 1997. De Grummond Children's Lit. Research Collection, University of Southern Mississippi. 9 March 2003. <http://wwwdept.usm.edu/~engdept/cinderella/cinderella.html>. Web page from a university (scholarly online project)

"Langston Hughes Poetry Circles." February 2003. National Council of Web page Teachers of English. 10 March 2003. (Professional <http://www.ncte.org/special/LangstonHughes/>. Organization) *While you may wish to consult a general reference source like a comprehensive encyclopedia for background information, avoid using and citing such resources in documented literary papers. More specialized sources are preferred. **The following resources are NOT credible and should never be used or cited in a documented literary paper: SparkNotes, Cliff'sNotes, PinkMonkey Notes,and similar sources. Be very cautious in your use of resources from the Internet. Essays by middle school and high school students should certainly not be deemed reliable. Similarly, comments on books which are randomly submitted by readers lack credibility. Note: The above citations serve as examples of how to format entries on Works Cited pages of student research papers. These examples may or may not be actual published literary works, and you should not be disappointed if the internet web site URLs are not functional. Again, this page is simply a set of examples to help you format a paper written in MLA style.

PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS (Including a Few Notes on Citation of Electronic Sources) General Rules for Parenthetical Citations: USING AUTHOR NAME The author of a source is always mentioned either in your text or in the parenthetical citation--unless no author is provided. (See "Special Cases" below for information regarding those situations.) Author's name mentioned in text Use the author's name in a single sentence to introduce the material. Then, cite the page number(s) in parentheses. Example Pope was clear to point out that, although many of his ideas were idealistic, Rousseau held ambivalent feelings toward women (138). Author's name not mentioned in text

When you do not include the author's name in the text, place the author's last name in the parenthetical citation before the page number(s). There is no punctuation between the author's name and the page number(s). Example During World War I, British and American women could, for the first time, earn firstclass pay for first-class work (Gilbert 236-7). More than one work by the same author(s) If you use more than one work from a single author, when you refer to either of the sources, give the author's last name, an abbreviated title of the work, and the relevant page number(s). A comma separates the author's last name and the title; however, there is no punctuation between the title and the page number(s). Example When calculating the number of homeless animals in the United States, the author comically stated that "Maybe man would not overrun the planet, but his pet poodles and Siamese cats might" (Westin, Pethood 6). She then further stated that there are 50 million homeless animals in the country (Westin, "Planning" 10). Note: If you mention the author's last name in the sentence, you do not need to include the author's last name in parentheses. Two authors with the same last name If you use sources by authors with the same last name, always include the author's first and last name in the sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Example Children will learn to write if they are given the freedom to choose their own subjects, Allison Faye argues, citing the city school council study of the early 1970s (42-51); however, Robert Faye believes that children will learn how to write regardless of their school subjects (102-115). Two or three authors in a single source If a source is written by two or three authors, place all of the authors' last names in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Example Richards, Jones, and Moore maintain that college students who actively participate in extracurricular activities achieve greater academic excellence because they learn how to manage their time more effectively (185). or The authors maintain that college students who actively participate in extracurricular activities achieve greater academic excellence because they learn how to manage their time more effectively (Richards, Jones, and Moore 185). Four or more authors in a single source If a source is written by four or more authors, use the first author's last name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") either in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation. You can also name all of the authors in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Example

Chazon et al. argued that ethnic groups are culturally based social organizations in which members have multiple identities (105-6). or The authors argued that ethnic groups are culturally based social organizations in which members have multiple identities (Chazon, Riley, Jacobs, and Rutherford 1056). MULTIVOLUME WORKS Citing an entire volume of a multivolume work When using an entire volume in a multivolume work, it is not necessary to include the page number(s). Give the author's last name and then the volume number, including the abbreviation "vol." A comma separates the author's last name and the volume number. Example Between 1762 and 1796, the economy of imperial Russia experienced profound changes under Empress Catherine II (Spielvolgel, vol. 3). Using part of one volume of a multivolume work When using part of one volume of a multivolume work, name the author in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Place the volume number first and then the page number(s) with a colon and one space between them. Example According to Flint, Japanese women of the Tokugawa period had key roles and functions in the home (5: 139). Classic works available in several editions: If you use an edition of a classic prose work, poem, or play, you need to give more information than just a page reference because readers might be using other editions. For prose works: 1. If you are basically using writing about 1 or 2 prose sources, include a footnote, which clearly provides information as to the edition that you are using following the first citation. Example: Iago suggests that Othello AStrangle her in her bed, / even the bed she hath contaminated@ (Othello. 4.1.203-204).1[1] 2. If you are using several prose sources, give information about parts, sections, or chapters in addition to page number(s) in an edition. (You can use standard abbreviations, such as "pt." [part], "sec." [section], and "ch." [chapter].) Use a semicolon to separate the page number(s) from the other information. Example: When the reader first encounters the character Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky presents the reader with a man contemplating a devilish act but terrified of meeting his talkative landlady on the stairs (1; pt. 1, ch. 1).

1[1]

All references to Othello in this essay are to the Pelican Edition. Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Alfred Harbab. Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1970.

For verse plays, supply only the act, scene, and line number(s) (either with Arabic or Roman numerals) separated by periods. Example As William Shakespeare's play, Othello, begins, Iago lets loose his wicked passion on Brabantino: "Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags!" (I. i. 85). or As William Shakespeare's play, Othello, begins, Iago lets loose his wicked passion on Brabantino: "Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags!" (1. 1. 85). Verse quotations of more than three lines in length need to begin on a new line. Indent each line one inch (two tabs) from the left margin and double space between the lines. Do not add quotation marks unless they appear in the original text. The parenthetical citation, located at the end of the verse quotation and after the end punctuation, will include the author's last name and the line numbers (unless previously mentioned in text). Example Othello again displays his calm and control when he speaks to the political authorities and to Desdemona's father in act one scene two: Most potent, grave, and reverend signiors, My very noble and approved good masters, That I have ta'en away this old man's daughter, It is most true; true I have married her. (78-81) Note: this quotation is from a classic work that has been identified in text through the title character, the act and scene numbers have been identified in the text, and only the line numbers need to appear in the parenthetical citation. Since the quotation is over three lines long, the parenthetical citation appears after the end punctuation. Note: Be sure to copy the verse exactly as it appears in the text. For poetry: See Rules for Citing Poetry Below SPECIAL CASES: No author identified in a source If you use a source that does not supply an author's name, substitute, by using the title or an abbreviated title, for the author's name in the sentence or in the parenthetical citation. In the citation, do not forget to include the page number(s) unless the source is one page or less in length. Be sure to italicize the title if the source is a book, and if the source is an article, place quotation marks around the title. Example Goddess religions are thought to have originated somewhere between 25,000 and 7,000 BCE (When God Was a Woman). Indirect quotations

If you are citing an author who was quoted by another author, include both names. First, give the name of the author whose words you are citing, followed by "qtd. in." Then, give the name of the author of the source you used. If you include the author whose words you are quoting in your text, you do not need to include the author's name again in your citation. Example In last month's issue of Rolling Stone, Lenny Cravitz admitted that Jimmy Hendrix was an "extraordinary man" (qtd. in Riverwell 220). Note: Whenever you can, try to take material from the original source and not from a secondhand one. Your credibility as a writer could suffer if you depend too heavily on secondhand sources. Citing more than one work in single parenthetical reference If you need to acknowledge two or more works in a single reference, cite each source as you normally would, but use semicolons to separate the reference. Example Several critics have noted that Butler is unique in being a female African American writer who has excelled in the science fiction genre (Crossley xii; Salvaggio). Rules for Citing Poetry: 1. The name of a poem is always enclosed in double quotations B not underlined and not in italics. 2. When quoting or paraphrasing from a poem, always capitalize whatever is capitalized in the original. 3. Be certain to identify the name of the poet in your text or in parentheses following the quotation. This is particularly important if you are writing about more than one poem. Also, be certain to give the line reference in parenthesis following your quotation. Once you have established that the numbers designate lines, it is only necessary to use numbers (and the poet=s name) in subsequent citations. Example: "For the Anniversary of My Death" begins with the suggestion that after death the soul starts a journey through time "Like the beam of a lightless star" (Merwin, line 5). The poem ends with Merwin's affirmation of concrete experience, behind which lies the mystery of existence:

As today writing after three days of rain Hearing the wren sing and the falling cease And bowing not knowing to what. (11-13) Note: In the 2nd quotation Merwin=s name was omitted because it was part of the text and only the actual numbers of the lines were included B not the word Aline@ or Alines@. 4. When directly quoting only one line of poetry, the line should be worked into the text.

Gerard Manley Hopkins presents his view of life best in a single line: "The world is charged with the grandeur of God" (line 7). Note: Name of poet is omitted from parenthesis because it is specified in the text. If you quote two to three lines of poetry, separate each line with a slash (with space before and after the slash) and enclose the entire quotation in quotation marks. Example: Reflecting on the "incident" in Baltimore, Cullen concludes, AOf all the things that happened there / That=s all that I remember" (lines 11-12). Note: Name of poet is omitted from parenthesis because it is specified in the text. Quotations of more than three lines should begin on a new line. Unless the quotation involves unusual spacing, indent each line one inch (or ten spaces on a typewriter) from the left margin and double-space between lines, adding no quotation marks that do not appear in the original. A parenthetical reference for a verse quotation set off from the text follows the last line of the quotation. Example: Elizabeth Bishop's "In the Waiting Room" is rich in evocative detail: It was winter. It got dark early. The waiting room was full of grown-up people, arctics and overcoats, lamps and magazines. (lines 6-10) 5. Put punctuation--except commas or periods that come at the end of the quotation--in where it is in the original. Use double quotation marks around what you quote. Also, cite the line numbers or numbers in parentheses after the quotation. Be sure you put any end punctuation after the parentheses after the quotation. EXCEPTION: If you quote more than three lines of poetry or if you quote something in prose that takes up more than four typed lines of your paper, no quotation marks are necessary because when you set the lines off from your paper by indenting (i.e., a "double" indent--both left and right margins are indented), you make clear that the passage is a quotation. Also, the parenthetical citation goes after the end punctuation. 6. If you need to leave a few words out of a line of poetry you are quoting, make sure you indicate that you have done so by using an ellipsis mark -- 3 periods with a space before each and a space after the last ( . . . ). Use a row of evenly spaced periods to indicate that one or more lines of poetry have been omitted from a quotation. Example: Earth has not anything to show more fair ... Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty ....................................................................... Ne'er saw I, nor felt, a calm so deep!

Electronic Citations: Definitely consult my plagiarism handout! Also check out: http://www.thewritesource.com/mla.htm In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations Because Internet sources typically have no page or paragraph numbers, and Web sites in particular are often anonymous, people are often confused about how to refer to these sources within their papers. The answer is to cite the author's name whenever possible and use the source's title otherwise (or a shortened version of the title). If no page or paragraph number is provided in the document (NOT on your printer), leave that portion of the citation blank. Keep in mind that the primary purpose of an in-text citation is simply to point readers to the correct entry on the Works Cited Page. Example Despite the many challenges she has faced on the Internet, the author still enjoys the "magic" of the MOO (Dibbell). If the electronic document does not have an author, use identifying words from the title. Example Each of the teletubbies has his/her own language acquisition level, and, because of this, a child can identify and progress to the next language level when the child feels comfortable ("The Inside Story"). Note: Do not cite page numbers from printouts because pagination may vary in different printouts. REMINDERS _ _ _ _ Make parenthetical citations brief and accurate. To avoid long parenthetical citations, place reference information, such as the author's name, in your sentence. Place a citation as close to the relevant material as possible without disrupting the sentence. Use one citation at the end of a long section of material that comes from one source and the same page(s)--do not cite at the end of each sentence in this case. Parenthetical citations always go outside of a quotation and always before a punctuation mark, such as a period. EXCEPTIONS:

1.

If a quotation of over three lines, double indent the quotation, use no quotation marks, and place the parenthetical citation after the punctuation mark. Do not include a period after the parenthetical citation. 2. If a quotation ends with a question mark (?) or an exclamation point (!), include the given punctuation followed by a closing quotation, then insert your parenthetical citation, and insert a period after your parenthetical citation. Place the parenthetical citations in your essay as your write. Do not wait until the essay is finished.

Excerpted and adapted from: Adams, Cindy "Re: MLA Documentation." E-mail to Michelle Garbis. 19 Aug. 2001. Carmel High School's Web Page. 25 Aug. 2000. 19 Aug. 2001 <http://www.carmelhigh.org/resources/biblio.html > Chico High School Library Examples of MLA Style Citations of Electronic Sources. Librarian Peter Milbury. 3 Dec. 1999. 5 June 2000 <http://dewey.chs.chico.k12.ca.us/mla-examples.pdf>. Devoe, Kristina. "MLA Parenthetical Documentation." Literacy Education Online. 14 February 2000. The Write Place. 19 Feb. 2001 <http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/research/mlaparen.html>. Electronic Sources: MLA Style. 21 Feb. 2000. The writesource.com. 19 Feb. 2001 <http://www.thewritescource.com/mla.htm>. Garbis, Michelle. "MLA Documentation Revised." Email to Cindy Adams. 20 Jan. 2002. Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2003. Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format. Purdue University Writing Lab. 2000. 29 Feb. 2000 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html>.