Airport Security Issues

Ellis L. Johnson ISYE Ga. Tech John-Paul Clarke AE Ga. Tech

Agifors Operations Study Group May 18-21, 2005

Airport Security Issues Airport Security Issues

Importance of security has increased since 9/11
important to the industry and the traveling public

Congestion results
Screening Checked bags Security disruptions

Need to understand consequences of screening and disruptions on airline operations

Modeling congestion based on queues

Ultimately goal: to improve security while minimizing cost

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Airport Security Issues Airport Security Issues

Ideas for improving security Containment of breaches
Gets into airport design issues

Single queue multiple servers

Can we speed up process at peak times
Add more servers Prescreen frequent flyers

Bag matching not implemented in US

Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Airport Security Issues Airport Security Issues

Look at whole airport security issues
Checked baggage, cargo, vendors, traffic, parking

Would use risk assessment and systems approach Again gets into design issues
Not just terminal

More complex than airport design for plane throughput

Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

SimAir SimAir
SimAir is a simulation model of airline operations It is used as a research tool to study real-time recovery methods and robust scheduling First presented at Agifors 1998 in Prague SimAir is used to run replications of an airlines operations in order to collect performance statistics Used to evaluate
different operational recovery methods different schedules and plans

Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

SIMAIR MODEL SIMAIR MODEL

Simulation Scheduled Departure Event Departure Gate Event Future Event List Leave Ground Event Arrive Air Space Event Arrive Gate Event Service Rate Event Enter/Leave Major/ Minor Unsched. Maint Event Yes Controller Legality Checker

Input File Station, Initial Schedule, Aircraft Type, Aircraft Capacity Rotation, Crew Pairing, Maintenance, Service rate, Spare plane,

Legal?

No Recovery

Output

Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Passenger Itineraries Passenger Itineraries

Pax Plan (itinerary):
Each pax itinerary describes a series of flight legs We need to add to this data the show-up time at the gate Can be generated in advance by separate simulation

Ignores pre-notification of flight delays Now the controller must decide whether to hold flight for pax arrival at gate Could aggregate pax once on plane by destination Need to include a rudimentary pax recovery
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Passenger Recovery Passenger Recovery

Controller:
During Depart Gate Event, controller checks if there is pax misconnection or aircraft overloading of pax During Arrive Gate Event, controller projects ahead to see if pax in this recently arrived flight will miss his connecting flight If any of these scenarios occur, recovery will be informed to solve these problems

Recovery
Multi-commodity flow by destination/time

Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Security Disruptions Security Disruptions

Michael Lasseter, from Gainesville, Georgia, disrupted ATL
University of Georgia football fan, on his way to the Georgia-Ole Miss game in Oxford, left secure area to retrieve a camera bag In returning to his gate he did not have a boarding pass Went down the up escalator
Missed his flight anyway

Security officials closed the airport and evacuated 10,000 people, each of whom had to be re-checked by security
Lasseter was identified by officials from a videotape Sentenced to 5 weekends, community service, no football games
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Long Security Lines Plague Atlanta Long Security Lines Plague Atlanta
Wednesday, June 02, 2004 ATLANTA (AP) Thousands of frustrated travelers waited in two-hour-long lines to pass through security Tuesday at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, slowed by a rush of business and post-holiday passengers Travelers stood in a labyrinthine line that wound through ticketing and baggage claim areas and the food court before nearing the security gate "We started outside, then the line went inside by the ticket counters, then back outside, then back inside, then we zigzagged around some more," said a worn-out Don Price of Moultrie, Ga., who was trying to get to the atrium to meet an arriving traveler Lines also have spilled outside at least twice in the past month
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Long Security Lines Plague Atlanta Long Security Lines Plague Atlanta
Part of the problem at ATL is its "keyhole" security system that can quickly turn into a bottleneck
Rather than having security checkpoints on every concourse, like LAX, passengers are screened at a single 18-lane checkpoint (is this a problem?) Hartsfield-Jackson has just one terminal

The airport has asked for more security lanes and four additional lanes are being completed
All 18 security lanes were in use Tuesday.

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Long Security Lines Plague Atlanta Long Security Lines Plague Atlanta

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

LAX LAX
LAX emerges as worst in U.S.:
Airport design Ill-suited for new security screenings Los Angeles International Airport
Nine physically separated terminals Car access to all nine

One frustrated traveler reported standing in his second hour-long line of the morning
Stretching more than 100 yards from the Southwest Airlines terminal at LAX

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

LAX LAX
After the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Hahn offered his "Safety and Security" Plan D, which entails demolishing the three northern terminals to make room for a safety taxiway between the north runways. The most controversial aspect calls for remote parking structures and a baggage and passenger screening station to be built on the site of the Manchester Square residential community, along with a "people mover" network with a Green Line connection. It also calls for closing the Century Boulevard loop and demolishing the adjacent parking structures, which the administration has said would protect passengers from a car bomb or any other possible terrorist attack.

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

LAX LAX

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

LAX LAX
Neither the Transportation Safety Administration nor the Federal Aviation Administration has taken a position on the mayor's proposal, according to the agencies' spokesmen. However, Nico Melendez, a TSA spokesman, discounted safety concerns as a reason to demolish existing parking. "We have done a bomb blast damage assessment of parking structures at every airport, and in the cases where it would not impact the terminal or the passengers in the terminals those parking structures have been deemed safe," said Melendez. He added that the structures at LAX had been found to pose no threat to the terminals.

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Washington Reagan National Washington Reagan National

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Incheon Incheon

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Various Security Screening Layouts Various Security Screening Layouts

1. 2. 3.

Multiple terminals and separate queues Single terminal and single queues Single terminal and multiple queues
With or without separation

4. 5.

6.

Screening at gate Ideal is multiple terminals, single queue, and separation based on destination Transit screening may be an issue I have even seen exit screening
Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

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The Perfect Airport

John-Paul Clarke

Overview Overview
Airside
System design considerations Requirements Airside design

Land-side
System design considerations Requirements Land-side design

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Capacity Efficiency Reliability Robustness Environment

Airside design Airside design considerations considerations

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Capacity & Efficiency: Runway Capacity & Efficiency: Runway

Runway configuration with highest capacity Maximize use of available runway resources Issues
Converging and crossing runways, and parallel runways less than 4300 feet apart Landings and takeoffs on the same runway Runway crossings reduce runway capacity

Solution
Independent pairs of parallel runways with arrivals and departures on separate runways (similar to ATL) No runway crossings
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Capacity & Efficiency: ramp and taxiway Capacity & Efficiency: ramp and taxiway
Ramp and taxiway layout with highest capacity Maximize use of ramp and taxiway resources Issues
Ramp and taxiway crossings Ramp congestion due to two-way traffic and no pass

Solution
One-way traffic on ramps Two-lanes on ramps One-way traffic on taxiways Minimum taxiway crossings => merges and splits
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Reliability and robustness Reliability and robustness

Resources are available under all conditions Operations tolerant to disruptions Issues
Airport capacity is often reduced during bad weather Stalled aircraft on ramps, taxiways and runways

Solution
Independent pairs of parallel runways with arrivals and departures on separate runways (similar to ATL) Multiple taxiway-runway entrance/exits One-way traffic with two-lanes on ramps
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Perfect Airport Layout Perfect Airport Layout

Dimension in Feet
1200 5000 4300 1160 1800 6700

10000

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Capacity Efficiency Safety Reliability Robustness Environment

Land-side design Land-side design considerations considerations

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Capacity, Efficiency and Security Capacity, Efficiency and Security

Terminal configuration with highest capacity Maximize use of available terminal resources Meet security objectives Issues
Curbside and check-in space can limit operations Best practice is steady funneling of passengers through successively stricter security screenings Too many access points reduces security

Terminal with maximum curb area and check-in

Steady reduction of area as passengers proceed
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Reliability, Robustness and Security Reliability, Robustness and Security

Resources are available under all conditions Operations tolerant to disruptions and expandable Issues
Single terminal for airport increases vulnerability to disruptions due to accidents or terrorism Constrained design (e.g. single terminal with no free space) not readily expandable

Solution
Multiple terminals Expansion option built into design
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Land-side Design Land-side Design

people mover automobiles

train to/from city

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Conclusions for Perfect Airport Conclusions for Perfect Airport

The claims of efficiencies in the Perfect Airport design are further supported now by the excellent results of the real-time simulation
This design has solutions built into it to resolve issues related to runway, ramp, and taxiway capacity/efficiency, reliability and robustness, and the environment
Can be seen from the physical layout of the airside system

Parallel runways with staggered thresholds High-speed exits One-way ramp and taxiway traffic

Next steps (ask JP)

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Perfect Airport Savings Perfect Airport Savings

Delay Cost (Taxi-In, Taxi-Out, and Rwy Delays)
Delay Costs in Millions $ $600 $450 $300 $150 $30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Traffic Load (# Aircraft per Hour) 100

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Research Agenda Research Agenda

Model Congestion and its Effect on Airline Operations
Requires SimAir or MEANS for airline operations New simulation of passenger flow
Requires pax data and show-up times

May model ticket counters and bag check

Need gate assignment model for planes

Improving security
Look at some alternatives and design issues
Single checkpoint with separation into areas Land-side issues including traffic flow, parking, etc
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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Research Agenda Research Agenda

Develop passenger flow model in terminal
Need gate assignment model for planes

Integrate with SimAir and MEANS to connect to airline operations Look at whole airport security, design issues beginning with passengers, and do risk assesment
Single checkpoint with separation into areas Cargo, vendors, access to tarmac Land-side issues including traffic flow, parking, etc

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005

Thank you Thank you

Questions?

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Johnson, Clarke AGIFORS May 2005