Conveyor Belt System for Tunnelling Assessment of Technology for Arphal Tunnel.

Mr.Gaikwad V.V. Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation, Irrigation Department Mr.Ghosh A.N. Skanska -Cementation India Ltd Mr.Pawar P.K. Arphal Canals Division, Krishna Valley Development Corporation, Irrigation Department Mr.Rai A.K. Skanska -Cementation India Ltd ABSTRACT: Continuous removal of tunnel muck from heading is important in tunnelling. Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation. Maharashtra State, India, is executing several tunnels totalling about 100 Km length for various purposes such as interbasin transfer of water, Tunnels for Hydro power Generation, for carrying canal water for irrgation purpose etc. Mostly the tunnels are being executed with co nventional drill blast method with tippers for muck transportation. Kvaemer Cementation India Ltd. bid the Arphal Tunnel Project proposing train/rail haulage system, coupled with conveyor belt for removing muck from tunnel heading with drilling by use of Jumbo boomer. In case of Arphal Tunnel side lining with lining height of 3.0 m. is being executed at each face simultaneously with tunnel excavation and both excavation and lining activities are running close to parallel and thus help in overall cost reduction of the project. A careful study of train haulage with conveyor belt for mucking versus conventional method of mucking by tipper and drilling by Jack hammer concludes that conveyor belt system with train haulage would complete tunnelling more quickly, safely, efficiently. 1. PROJECT 0VERVIEW Kanher Dam of gross storage 10.10 TMC (286 MCM) has been constructed across the river Venna and is a part of Krishna Irrigation Project, in Maharashtra, India. The left bank canal of this dam when crosses Krishna River at Km 20, the canal has been named as Arphal canal. Total planned length of this canal is 205 Km. The alignment of express Arphal canal from Km 86 to 131 was passing through forest land as well as through steep slopes. Also in this length there was no irrigation by Arphal canal. Considering above difficulties, alterative alignment for canal with a tunnel of length 16.63 Km between Km 86 to 102 of Arphal canal was planned to carry 15 cumecs of discharge and is called Arphal tunnel (Fig.1). This alternative alignment reduced the main canal length by 30 Km. It will help to irrigate about 16758 ha of land in Sangli district of Maharashtra State. The Arphal tunnel is one of the biggest tunnels on canal in Maharashtra, India. The starting point of this tunnel (i.e.portal-1) is at Rajmachi in Satara District and end point (Portal II) at Hingangaon in Sangli District. The Tunnel in general passes through compact basalt and volcanic breccia type of rock. As per the original planning, tunnel was to be excavated with conventional method of drilling / blasting using jackhammer tippers etc. with three adit of 3.5Km length (Gradient 1in 15). Various alternative methodologies were considered during the tendering stage of this work. Kvaemer Cementation India Ltd. bid the Arphal Tunnel Project proposing train/rail haulage system, coupled with conveyor belt for removing muck from tunnel heading with drilling by use of Jumbo boomer. The methodology considered construction of two inclined shafts each 365 m and 425 m long instead of 3.5 Km long 3 adits for excavation of main tunnel. 0ver all Quantity saving for tunnelling was about 53,500 cum. The critical parameters of the Arphal Tunnel, which influenced the selection of its methodology in general and muck disposal system in a particular were Length of tunnel Depth from surface less number of entrance exits Environmental condition inside Speedy excavation and timely completion 0verall safety Parallel sidelining activity Energy conservation Cost optimisation

For the disposal of muck from tunnel to surface the options were, By Tipper / Dumper By Hoisting crane / Bucket or Winch By Belt conveyor As the tunnel exists at average depth of 80 meters from ground level, minimum number of entry points was designed to contain the cost and time. This caused increase in length of each segment ie. workfronts. Muck disposal by tipper was not considered because it would increase pollution but also cause congestion, consume more energy, required more movement space etc. Speed of advancement would have reduced drastically with system of hoisting by crane or winch, as such it was avoided. 0ption of taking muck from shaft bottom to surface by tipper would have asked for Longer incline to have negotiable gradient. Bigger cross -sectional area to have two way traffic and also to accommodate material handling system and man travelling space. This would again increase cost and time considerably. Further this would have had more operating cost and working hazard. Therefore, the option of using belt conveyor system to hoist the muck from shaft bottom to surface was considered ideal. The advantages obtained from this system, as envisaged while designed, are as follows a) System is congestion free as the installation is compact, tidy and immobile. b) Material handling, manway and muck hoisting system all these are accommodated within 30 Sqm. cross-sectional area, desired cross-sectional area by the client. c) With 1in 5 slope the length could be contained to 450 meters only, whereas, with tipper movement it would have been much longer. d) System is totally pollution free and safe. e) It provides a continuous hoisting operation with 160 Ton/hour (with 900 mm wide belt) muck, thus helped in speedy excavation advancement. f) Complete operation is carried with only one 100 HP electric motor driving unit. g) The Complete installation can be reused elsewhere and other than belt and few idlers there is no were-n-tear. h) Manpower required to run the system is minimum compared to other system. i) 0perative cost is also minimum because of its negligible maintenance cost.

0f course, in some areas extra cost inputs become inevitable, such as a) Higher initial capital investment. b) Control over fragmentation, proper drill-hole design, explosive consumption and cost towards additional explosive quantity, for getting better fragmentation. c) Manpower for breaking big boulders, which are generated, at places having joint-planes in rock. 2. DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS OF METHODOLOGY: The entire length of 16.63 Km. has been planned to be excavated through protal I (P-1) and portal II (P2) and four faces through two inclined shafts S1 and S2 as shown in Fig. 2. The excavation of tunnel through portal P1 and P2 is by conventional method. Excavation of tunnel through shaft S1 and S2 is being done with use of State of the art mining machinery as discussed below. 2.1 Portal 1(P1) and Portal 2(P2): At portal 1 & 2 tunnelling is done by conventional method as the approach is through adit from either end. Drilling is done by 4 Jackhammers mounted on Jumbo ie. Platform erected on a tipper About 75 Nos. of holes are drilled having 3.0 meter length and 32mm dia in wedge pattern. Average Pull per blast is 2.6-m Explosive consumption per blast is 85 Kgs. Scaling / Bolting is also done by same Jumbo. Mucking is done by Hydraulic Excavator (Hitachi Ex-100 Backhoe) and disposal done by 10 Ton Tippers. To facilitate the parking and reversing the tipper inside, pockets are made at regular intervals at an average 200 meters. For lighting inside and to run ventilation fan etc. one 80 KVA Genset is installed and ventilation is maintained by 6000 cfm. fan with 1000 mm dia flexible duct. Concrete side lining is done in 2 lifts. Tippers take inside Mix. 2.2 Construction of inclined Shafts S1 and S2: Inclined shaft S1 has been planned with a slope of l in 5 with total length of shaft about 425 m and for

shaft S2 slope is about 1 in 5.46 with length of 362 m. These shafts have been excavated by normal drilling and blasting with Jack hammers in combination with airlegs and mucking by 0.6 cum. capacity excavators directly loading on to skip handled by 7 ton pneumatic winch (Clark Champman). The excavated muck thereafter was discharged on to tipper, truck, by mechanical tipping arrangement for onward disposal. 2.3 Main Tunnel Excavation through Inclined Shafts: For early completion, the tunnel length is simultaneously excavated from three fronts with a total 6 advancing faces. For 12 Km. length at intermediate section the depth is about 90-125m. As such conventional method is not useful from following point view. It would be impossible to meet environmental standards inside due to high concentration of exhaust fumes. Simultaneous concreting would not be possible hence delayed completion more manpower will be exposed to congested environment. Progress would be slow. More excavation would be required in parking pockets and muck transfer points. More energy consumption with less output.

With this complete face drilling and accessory drilling work is complete with 3- 3 hours 2.3.2 Blasting:

Face is loaded with emulsified powerful explosives instead of nitroglycerine based Explosive which generate more nitrous fume causing headache and nausea. After blasting electrically, the face, roof and sides are thoroughly scaled then bolted if required. After dozing, defuming, scaling, the stage loader is placed. For efficient use of conveyor, planning of train rail laudage system, inside the tunnel, is important. Ensuing paragraphs discuss the, train rail haulage mucking system, rail track planning inside the A rphal tunnel. 3. MUCKING SYSTEM: Face mucking is done by diesel operated hydraulic excavator (EX 100) front hoe which is similar to conventional system but, for faster loading the muck is placed on a hopper of stage loader. Stage loader is a 40-m movable cage type structure, which accommodates 8-9 G.B.Cars inside. The cars are loaded one after one by a belt conveyor, which passes through the top of structure and carry the muck from hopper point to discharge point (vide Fig. 3) The placing of cars is done by 3 Tone electric winch placed inside the stage loader. For evacuating this muck from face to transfer point, Battery Loco and G.B. Car combination is used. Loco operates on 110 V Battery and run at a normal speed of 10 Km/Hours over 610-mm track carrying 48 T muck at a time The tramming by Loco helps in many ways as fo llows: No pollution 0ccupies less cross sectional space. Controlled movement. More hauling in less trips. Simultaneous concreting with no congestion. 3.1 Track Arrangement (Vide Fig.3): It consists of 1) A rail track inside the inclined shaft to the main tunnel track, which is utilised for conveying material inside the tunnel and for passenger car. 2) Spotter track: It is located at junction of inclined shaft and main tunnel. It is of 7.00-meter length. It is utilised for

To avoid the above negative points and to facilitate a) Faster work (b) Safety (c) Continuous muck disposal (d) Simultaneous excavation and concreting and (e) environment friendly activity, a suitable methodology is indigenously designed and being successfully implemented. Activity wise description is as below. 2.3.1 Drilling In place of tipper mounted Jumbo drilling platform, electricity powered and hydraulically operated boomer is used for drilling. The traction is powered by diesel engine. It requires only two persons to operate. The Advantages: Longer holes Perfect placing thus correct fragmentation and profile. Faster penetration No fume generation High mobility and easy manoeuvring.

movement of loaded mining cars for unloading into bunker with the help of electrically operated spotter. 3) Main line loop: It is located at the junction of inclined shaft and main tunnel. It is utilised for movements of lo aded as well as unloaded mining cars and also for shunting of locomotive. 4) Face loop line: It is located at a distance of 200 meter from stage loader. It serves same purpose as that of main loop line. 3.2 Mucking operation: There are three sets of mining cars each consists of rack of seven G.B.Cars with two battery-operated locomotives. First set of mining car with locomotive is located at stage loader (Vide Fig 3) where loading operation with the help of stage loader is in progress. Second set of empty mining car with locomotive stands on face loop line. Third set of mining car (Without locomotive) is in operation of unloading with the spotter. It is located at underground bunker on main loop line. When 1st mining car is being loaded it moves along the main track and stands on main loop line. A locomotive of this mining car is detached. It is connected to the 3rd empty mining car, which has been previously unloaded with the help of spotter. Then it moves towards face loop line. Mean while 2nd mining car with locomotive moves from face loop line to main line, towards stage loader, where loading operation will be continued and the operation is repeated. For the Safety purpose always a loaded mining car is trailed by locomotive for which shunting of locomotive is done on the face loop and main loop line 3.3 Muck transfer and hoisting: A 3-tone winch is installed near bunker, which tilts the loaded cars with 5 Cum. storage capacity. An electrically operated car spotter does placing of cars. From bunker the muck is placed on a 458-meter long 900-mm wide belt which transport the muck from 100 meter below ground to surface bunker. Conveyor belts is place of other means, makes it safer, facilitate uninterrupted haulage, does not congest the walkway and low maintenance and operated cost. The belt is driven by 100 HP motor. From 25 cum capacity surface bunker muck is further taken into

10 Tone tipper through a hydraulically operated chute and disposed into a dump yard. Specifications for the Conveyor belt installed inside inclined shaft are as follows. a)Capacity 160 Ton/Hour b)Belt speed 2.05 meter/Sec. c)Belt width 900 mm d)Troughing 300 angle e)Spacing of 1.00 Meter carrier roller f)Spacing of 3.00 Meter return roller g)Motor 100 HP, 415V, 14 4 0 R P M S t a r delta 3.4 Time required for mucking: Hitachi Ex-100 is used for loading with its capacity as 108 Cum/hour. With the use of mine cars for transportation, stage loader for practical purpose loading at 40 cum/hour, if considered, it requires about 3 hours for mucking 100 m3 of muck received during each blast. Various other important parameters of drilling pattern are:
Description Drilling pattern Hole size No of holes Powder factor Drilling rate of Bommer 281 Drilling length for each hole Pull Cycle time Daily progress per face Burn cut -with 0ne No. empty 76mm dia hole 41 mm 54 - 90 1.5 - 2.00 1800 mm / min 3.60 meter 3.00 meter 11.00 to 14.00 Hours (Av. 12) 6.00 meter

4. CONCRETING: Normally in conventional methodology simultaneous excavation and concreting does not become feasible in a cross sectional area of 30 Sqm. To make it possible with no interruption, complete concreting process has been isolated and concrete mix is pored from surface through an 8 dia bore hole, which is drilled, at every 250-meter interval along the tunnel length. For signalling and telecommunication another 4 dia borehole is drilled nearby. Mix is received below ground in a concrete pump of 56 KW, which pumps the concrete to specially de-

signed gantry of 10-meter length. Pump can deliver the mix to maximum 150-meter distances. Gantry is mobile and so designed that movement of loco, Boomer etc is not blocked. 5. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY & VENTILATION: To protect the underground environment and to execute by above methodology, dependency is largely on electricity but long tunnel causes the problem of voltage drop. As such power generated in captive power house, consisting 3 Nos of diesel Gen set of 320 KVA each at surface, is stepped up to 3300 V from 415 V at surface and subsequently stepped down by a mobile transwithch unit before using it for Boomer near the face (Vide Fig.5) To run other electrical equipment at shaft bottom, another step down stationary transformer is installed. At every stage of transmission, protective device and relays are provided to protect the equipment as well for human safety. For ventilation 2 Nos. centrifugal fan of 20000-Cfm. capacity each with 22 water gauge is installed at surface, one for each face. Fresh air is pumped to face by 1000-mm dia flexile ducts. This dilutes the noxious fumes and expels it out and also provides required oxygen to people and excavator. 6. SAFETY : Normally the hazard in tunnelling activities lies with drilling/blasting, overhead rock strata, handling of muck and its disposal electricity used in lighting. Arphal tunnel in that way is quite different from other tunnels which are constructed by conventional method, where use of electricity is restricted and activities are segregated, the specialties could be highlighted mainly as: Length is approximately 17 Km, divided into 4 parts. A single work front is advanced to 3.4 Km. Creating enlargement of all hazard potential net work, ventilation, large exposed rocks, water accumulation etc. Depth of tunnel which is approximately 100 m in places and hazards in handling the muck through various transfer points Mechanisation of proass ie. Use of electrically operated Boomer resulting large high tension power cable lay out, simultaneous operation of different activities like electric Loco, Bommer, Stage Loader, Excavator, Gantries, Belt Conveyor, Tipper and other fixed installations like bunker etc. increases the risk potential to many

fold due to increase in manpower at any one time as well as due to electrical and mechanical operations at number of points. Simultaneous conductance of different activities: Unlike conventional tunnel, drilling/blasting, mucking and concreting are done simultaneously in either of the faces or at times concreting and mucking are done in the same side of tunnel. This also enhances the risk potential to great extent.

Thus safety in a system where More than 500 people work Very large electric network is existing with imposing thereat every time Large fleet of mechanical installations are working Simultaneous excavation and concreting is done round the clock. 0bviously the standard of safety has to be of very high order. As such, other than providing protective devices with electrical and mechanical installation, operational safety is very important. Apart from the general safety aspect measures pertinent to the train rail haulage, conveyer belts system, only are mentioned below. 6.1 0perational safety: 6.1.1 Electricity: Complete net work is provided with protective fittings. Double insulated armoured cables are used. Complete network is properly earthed with two tier earthing system ie. through armoured cables & additional through G.I. wire connection with main earth pit. No unauthorised person is allowed to handle electrical equipment. Electrical installations are properly fenced. Supply at different locations is isolated from each other. 6.1.2 Drilling and blasting: Before and while drilling loose rocks are dressed to protect the workmen Misfires are checked before drilling No old holes are re-drilled Boomers electric connections are checked against possible leakage. Primers/Explosives are brought inside only after removal of Boomer and disconnecting electrical connections and putting OFF the welding transformer.

Detonato rs and explosives are separately handled. Face is checked for misfire after blast

Man riding over material handling trolley is not permitted.

6.1.3 Muck Handling: Protective equipment like face visor, hand gloves etc. are provided to personnel working near stage loader. Siren/whistle are provided for communication Workmen are kept away from swing area of excavator Boulders are rearranged on G.B.Car before Loco leaves. Locos are provided with lights, horn and brakes that are regularly checked While concreting is ON, loco (a) Stops (b) Give Siren (c) Proceeds slowly. People are warned not to walk on rail line and keep away from it. Underground bunker workmen are provided with hand gloves, visor, whistle etc. 6.1.4 Concreting: Dust mask provided to mixing workmen. Safety belt is fastened with workers working at height. Signal communications used between bore hole top and bottom people. Loose is dressed on top of gantry before concreting starts All electrical installation at gantry are earthed People are warned to be vigilant from moving loco. All electric connections are properly insulated. 6.1.5 Environmental Control: Duct is regularly extended with face advancement Excavator is routinely maintained to keep emission level within control. Consumption of explosive is not unduly increased to keep gas level within control. Concentration of noxious gases inside is measured. Regular dewatering is done from tunnel. 6.1.6 Material Handling: All statutory provisions in crane are routinely checked. Proper slings, splices, d-Shackles are used. Workmen handling rail/pipes are provided with gloves 0ver loading of trolley, crane is not permitted.

6.1.7 Welding and Gas cutting: Proper electrical connections are given with insulation. Protective equipment is used by welders All fittings in gas unit are regularly checked. Welding machines are kept off while explosive/detonators are handled. Both cables are used to full length, no jointing with structure is allowed. Proper trolley is used to carry the gas cylinders. 7. COMPARISON OVER CONVENTIONAL METHOD: Cost Analysis: Analysis of different methods for Arphal Tunnel Project (Vide Table 1) indicates that pay back period is least for the conveyor belt system and helps in accruing Irrigation benefits earlier by about 2 years as compared to Audit proposal as planned by the client originally. Also due to early completion there is cost saving for price escalation for client. Also the method requires about 30% less energy consumption per cum of excavation as compared to Audit proposal. (Vide Table 1) and thus is energy conservative. Conveyor belt system is capital intensive. High initial capital investment is required. Also since there is a limitation on the size of muck (Say 30-50 Kg. 30 Cm. long boulder), control over fragmentation, proper drill hole design, is very important. To have a better fragmentation and to get small sized muck, explosive consumption is about twice that of conventional method (Vide Table 3). At places having broad joint planes in rock big boulders additional manpower for breaking these boulders is required. This in total contributes to about 7 % more cost for tunnelling. While actual drilling and blasting cost are about 12 % more as compared to conventional method for tunnelling (Vide Table 2) Total manpower deployment at one inclined shaft (Arphal Tunnel) is about 80 persons, of which 50% is unskilled manpower. While in case of conventional method manpower deployment at one shaft is 55 - 60 persons and of which 70% is unskilled manpower. 0verall assessment of total actual labour cost incurred for excavation of Tunnel (Vide Table 2) indicates that in case of conventional method labour cost per cum of tunnel excavation is about twice as compared to train - rail haulage with conveyor belt system. This in fact is due to low outputs and pro-

longed construction in case of conventional method and thus indicates efficient human resource utilisation in the mechanised conveyor belt system. Mucking cost in train - rail haulage system is about 30 % more as compared to conventional method at Kanher Tunnel, while ventilation cost per cum of tunnel excavation is about 50 % of the conventional method, which is due to simultaneous execution of tunnel excavation and concreting which helps in reducing overhead charges also, and thus ultimately leads to cost saving. At Arphal Tunnel, tunnel excavation for 12 Km. length has been done through inclined shafts with train rail haulage system. Ultimate actual cost of tunnel excavation per cum is about 17 % more as compared to conventional method at Kanher Tunnel (Vide Table 2), and analysis indicates break even length, in relation to the conventional method is about 13.50 Km, when tunnel excavation cost for both conventional and conveyor belt system will match. Table 3 gives performance matrix of the Arphal Tunnel with use of conveyor belt system and Kanher Tunnel in the vicinity, executed with conventional methodology. Cost per meter for excavation of A rphal Tunnel is slightly more but cost per meter for lined tunnel is less as compared to the Kanher Tunnel. Thus even though, the method involves high initial capital investment, due to various advantages such as simultaneous concreting activities which helps in early completion of the project, ultimately makes the method economical and will be more economical for longer tunnels. With the conveyor belt system, for Arphal Tunnel 165 m/face/month, advancement is achieved which is a record that too, when, the faces were more than 2 Kms. from the onset. Consistent average progress at 280m / mo nth through one shaft has been observed irrespective of lead of the face. Thus the method is superior to conventional method from various considerations as follows. 0perational side: Even with 100 meter below surface level and with tunnel length of more than 3 Kms. from onset for each segment, the productivity per face per month is 1.6 times more than conventional methodology for portals at Arphal Tunnel. Environmental condition in the intermediate section (Shafts) is much better than portals due to use of electrically operated mechanism. Thus the method is ecofriendly Risk probabilities are also much more in conventional method as more manual operations are conducted, where human failure probability is

naturally higher. Train rail haulage with conveyor, b eing mechanised technology, has an advantage of reduced accident rates. Energy consumption: As compared to conventional system is less for the same productivity.

8. SUGESSIONS / LIMITATIONS: Use of Steel fibre reinforcement could be tried in place of nylon or rayon reinforcement. Particularly when the belt is used in rocks with sharp edges like basalt rock, sharp edge tend to cut the belt the replacement of, which is costly. In case of fractured/broadly jointed strata, muck received includes large number of oversize boulders, which are required to be hand broken. In case of tunnel with restricted width of say about 5m, storage and handling of these oversize boulders causes lot of trouble, and even may bring the system to total halt. Water required for drilling needs to be clean water for hydraulic operation of boomer and daily requirement at one shaft for present project situation is of the order of 30000 Litre per day Various other maintenance problems involved are tensioning of conveyor belt and belt for stage loader by specialised agency. Since the method involves high electrical installations electrical line of 3.3 KVA is required, which is required to be partly shut down while secondary drilling/blasting for undercut removal during placing of shutter for lining and thus the operation of undercut removal was little bit difficult.

Table No 1 Sr.No Description Details Adit proposal 3 No. adit, 1.2Km.each, 1:15 Gradient 63 months -48.44 Vertical shaft Inclined shaft 3 Nos 2 Nos. inclined shaft, 30.75 Sqm C/s area 80 meter high 1 in 5gradient with shaft 1 shaft of 425 meter and another 362 meter long 52 Months 40 Months 7.29 54.80 1.66 37.84

1 2 3

Pay back period (Period of completion) Installed KW requirement (KW/m3) Energy consumption per Cum (KW- Hr. / m3) Total Plant & equipment cost for the Project (Crore Rupees)

4.50

6.00

10.00

TABLE NO 2 Ultimate Actual Cost for Tunnel Excavation Sr. Component Kanher Tunnel Arphal TunNo. nel (Tunnel excavation) (Rs./ Cum) (Rs./ Cum) 1 2 3 4 1 Labour 165.00 76.00 2 Drilling and blasting Machinery 47.00 119.50 Material 143.00 155.00 Total 190.00 274.50 3 Pipe line charges 15.00 10.00 4 Mucking Machinery 217.00 274.00 Rail line 0.00 8.00 Total 217.00 282.00 5 Ventilation charges 45.00 25.00 6 Total cost including other 682.00 800.00 charges. TABLE NO 3 PERFORMANCE MATRICS

Remarks. 5

Kanher Tunnel
1.1.1.1

Arphal Tunnel 16.63 1 : 5000 5 1 : 2500

Details of Tunnel L e n g t h o f t he Tunnel (Km) Gradient of Tunnel

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Pay line area of the Tun30.09 nel Methodology of co nstruc- Train Haulage with tion conveyor belt Details of Shaft Two inclined shaft 1:5 gradient 425 m. and 362 m long 30.75 m2 cross section Geology Broadly jointed co mpact basalt Cost per Rmt. (with bed 52751 / Meter & side lined) Cost per Rmt (unlined) 40996 / Meter Natural 0verbreak 6.70 Powder factor 1.4 2.00 Av.Pull / Face / cycle 3.00 % age of length requiring permanent support Actual time required for completion.(months) Best values Best daily advance Best monthly advance Best Advance through one shaft Average advance through one shaft 1.00 40 6.6 m per face 165 m per face 330 m / Month 280 m / Month

30.5 Conventional drill blast method with mucking by tipper Two vertical shaft 89m and 105m deep 60.00 m2 cross section Amygdaloidal Basalt with patches of Volcanic Bracia 53292 / Meter 39690 / Meter 2.00 0.90 2.00 4.60 53 2.8 m per face 54 m per face 92 m per month 55.65 m / Month