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Thermal Stations
Thermal generating stations produce electricity from the heat released by the combustion of coal, oil or natural gas. Thermal stations are rated between 200-1500MW and usually located near a river or lake because of the large quantity of cooling water required.
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=efficiency of the machine % T1=Temperature of gas entering the turbine [K] T2=Temperature of gas leaving the turbine [K]
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11 1 S3 2 LP G HP P1 9 S1 3 4 5 MP 6 S4 P4 10 8 P3 7
Cooling Water in
S2
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P = 9.8qh
h: head of water m
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Transmission
HV Tie-line 115kV
Distribution
MV LV 120/240V single phase
G1
345kV
2.4kV to 69kV
to 230kV to 765kV
G2
Distribution Substations
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Equivalent Circuit of a Power Transmission Line Generally an ac PTL posses a resistance (r), an inductive reactance (xL), and a capacitive reactance (xC) uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line.
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The line equivalent circuit can be simplified by lumping the individual resistances, inductances and capacitances to give a total resistance (R) and total inductance and capacitance (jXL) and (jXC) respectively. Thus the simplified equivalent circuit of a PTL becomes:
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-j2XC N
-j2XC
Note that the total Capacitances is divided into two parts (each equal to 2XC) at both ends of the line.
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E2 QC = XC
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HV and EHV lines are always long, and so the reactive powers associated with the line inductances and capacitances become more important. Also the efficiency of the line is high so the I2R associated with the line resistance become small, thus HV and EHV simplified equivalent cct. becomes:
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E1
-j2XC
-j2XC
E2
Example: a PTL delivers 300MW to 3-phase load (see figure). If the line voltage at both ends (source and Load) is 230kV, determine the following:
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Active, Reactive power associated with the line. The approximate equivalent circuit, per phase.
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Source
TL Equivalent Impedance
Variable Load
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0.5ES
ER
0 19%
P=E2S/4R
100%
The maximum power that can be transmitted by the line to the load is obtained when the load impedance is equal the complex conjugate of the line impedance.
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