Overview of The Internet: Institute of Finance Management

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Overview of the internet

Institute of Finance Management
Faculty of Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics Computer Science Dept
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Introduction
Internet is acknowledged as the source of a profound information revolution It has changed our lives, the way we communicate and conduct business Internet provide an instant mode of communication in form of electronic mail
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The internet and the World Wide Web

The internet encompasses diverse computers and programs These computer and programs works together as a network Network is the collection of devices that are connected together by communication path The devices are called nodes of the network Communication path may be wires, fiber-optic cable or wireless connection
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internet
The internet driving force is the World Wide Web The web began to take off after Mosaic, the first browser Which was introduced in 1994 Internet link a powerful servers in every part of the world. Server program is the program that resides on computer and provide services to other computer program known as clients.
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Client/Server Model
The client/server model is central to Internet communication, distributed network computing and services. The model uses two computer installed on two separate but networked computer at different location The client program installed on one computer communicates with the server program
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Client/server model
Client computer Server computer
Client
Internet
Server
One client and one server
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Client/server model
Multiple clients can access a server concurrently This situation may increase the demand on the server and may slow down its response In such a case, the server computer must be upgraded or replaced with a faster computer to handle the increased demand.
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Client/server model
Client/server database are used extensively on the Web A database is a set of data that is organized and stored in a file or many files A common architecture of client/server database
Two-tier model Three-tier model
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Two-Tier Model
Two-tier architecture is the most common model. The client sends request (queries) to the database, the database is accessed through a server, send the query results back to the client
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Multiple clients and servers

Server 1 Server 1
Clients 1 Internet
Clients 2
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Three-Tier Model
A middle server is added between the database and client computer for security purposes
Client Middle server Database access program and rules DB server
Application
Database
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Client/Server Diagnostic Commands

The three important commands are: 1. finger: Allows you to find who is currently logged into a given host or whether a particular user is logged in e.g. finger hostname finger username@hostname 2. ping: Allows a client to check whether a server is up and running e.g. ping hostname 3. tracert: Traces the transmission route of data from client to a server e.g. tracert hostname
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Evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web

Early research on the concept of internet began in 1962 at Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) The sequence of Internet development is: 1960s ARPANET 1970s-1980s CSNET, USENET, BITNET, NSFNET 1990s World Wide Web In 1989, WWW was conceived by Berner-Lee The Web exploded when Mosaic (first graphicallyoriented browser) became available from the NCSA Center at the University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign in 1992
Transmission across the internet

This about mail delivery via postal services Internet has its network of computer, its hardware and its software needed to distribute the data from one location to another. How does the internet know where data are coming from and going to?
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TCP/IP
It uses communication protocol called TCP/IP Protocol is a set of telecommunication rules that allows two or more computer to communicate. TCP program residing on the sending computer breaks the data to be transmitted into one or more chunks, called packets
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Packets transmission
It numbers the packets and add both the senders and receivers IP addresses to each packet. It then forwards the packet to an IP program that reside on the same sending computer. IP program delivers them to receiving computer by using IP address included in each packet.
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Packets Transmission
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IP addresses and URLs

IP protocol uses logical address scheme to guarantee that host or a node in any network has a unique address. IP address is 32-bit integer composed in four 8-bit numbers. An IP address is assigned to one and only one host Numbers are convenient for machines and computer Inconvenient for human.
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Domain Name System

Therefore we use names to refer to IP addresses. DNS (Domain Name System). DNS is the software that converts names to IP addresses and vice versa. DNS server maintain the tables of names and addresses correspondences.
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Example
Names www.ifm.ac.tz www.udsm.ac.tz IP addresses 155.33.227.141 168.22.225.156
If client request www.ifm.ac.tz, the DNS converts this name into IP address and located the site to the client. This conversion is referred as DNS names resolution.
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DNS
If the site is down or the given address is incorrect, no communication takes place between the clients and the site. Communication error is reported.
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DSN
The name version of IP address is common known as Uniform resource locator or URL URL is an address of ac accessible file Example A valid URL is http://www.ifm.ac.tz
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URL
URLs are also known as domain names Domain name consists of sub-domains (usually less than 5) The first sub-domain is host name The last sub-domain is top-level domain (TLD) Second level domain excludes the host name
URL
Domain name
www.ifm.ac.tz
Host name Second level domain name
TLD
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URL
When no file is specified in the URL, a default file name in a default directory is used. The webmaster sets up the default file name, usually as index.html or index.htm
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URL
TLD can also be geographic i.e. country codes, such as au for Australia, uk for England, etc. The most common top-level domain names are .com: commercial organization .edu: educational institution .gov: government agency .org: nonprofit organization .net: network service provider .mil: U.S. military
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File Protocols
File protocols determine the formats and rules of exchanging files between the server and client The file protocols used on the web are http: Allows client to request a webpage from server https: Secure http for secure communication smtp/pop/imap: Sends an e-mail message to a specified address nntp: Allows client to read and post messages on newsgroups ftp: Allows downloads and uploads for files telnet: Allows access to a remote computer file: Displays a file existing on client local drive
File Compression and Decompression

File transfer through internet depends on internet connection speed, file size and server traffic. File size affects both transfer time and disk space File compression and decompression allow us to control the file size File compression softwares, e.g. winzip, use complex algorithms to decode (decompress) and encode (compress) a file. For example, the file AAAAAAAGGGWZZZZ can be compressed as 7A3G1W4Z Multiple files can be compressed together to create archives that maintain file directory structure
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Intranets and Extranets

Intranet and Extranet are same as internet, the difference being in their geographical domains and level of security they use Intranet is a network that is contained within an organization. Outside intruders are not allowed to access this network Firewalls are installed around intranets for security Extranet is an organization network that allows access to outside networks Extranet may be viewed as an intermediate network between internet and intranet
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Connecting to the internet

We need Internet Service Provider (ISP) Example of ISP are AOL and Microsoft Network (MSN) The choice of ISP depends on

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Maximum connection speed Type of connection(dial-up, broadband) Software provided Service charges Web services provided
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Internet access requirements

PCs and workstation should be connected to network ports (Ethernet). PCs and workstation have Ethernet card to allows communication with the network Installation of web browser into PCs and workstations. Training and supports
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Overview of The Internet: Institute of Finance Management

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11/16/2011

Overview of the internet

The internet and the World Wide Web

One client and one server

Multiple clients and servers

Client/Server Diagnostic Commands

Evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web

Transmission across the internet

IP addresses and URLs

Domain Name System

File Compression and Decompression

Intranets and Extranets

Connecting to the internet

Internet access requirements

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