A

Minor Project Report ON MAGLEV TRAIN

Submitted in partial fulfilment for award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology In Electronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted By:Vipul Sharma Shubham Mathur Yogesh Jangir Rohit Bindal

Guided By:Er. Sunil Sankhla Lec. Dept. of ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING MARWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE & RESEARCH CENTRE JODHPUR(RAJASTHAN) Rajasthan Technical University,Kota(Rajasthan) 2012-2013

CONTENT
S.No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 5.

Chapter
INTRODUCTION NEED OF MEGLEV LIST OF COMPNENT USED ROLE OF COMPONENT IN CIRCUIT Transformer Diode Rectifier Bridge Capacitor Transistor Variable Resistor Resistor ElectroMegnets PermanentMegnets 555 timer IC IC 4017

Page no.
1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6

DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT 5.1 Solenoid 5.1.1 Megnetic effect of current 5.1.2 Magnetic Field pattern due to circular coil carrying Current 5.1.3 Introduction

5.1.4 Definition 5.1.6 Application 5.1.7 Principle 5.1.8 Function 5.2 Resistor 5.2.1 Definition 5.2.2 Resistor colour-coding

7 7 7 8

9 9 10 11 11 11 12 12

5.2.3 Calculation of Resistance 5.3 Timer IC 555 5.3.1 Definition 5.3.2 Special Features of a 555 IC 5.3.3 The 555 Timer 5.3.4 Pin Diagram of 555 IC

6. INSTRUCTION OF MAGLEV TRACK AND SUPPORT 6.1 Making of Propulsion & Levitation coils 7. WORKING OF PROJECT 7.1 Levitation of train 7.2 Motion of Train 8. MAGLEV OVER CONVENTIONAL TRAIN 8.1 Backwards Compatibility 8.2 Efficiency 8.3Weight

15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 17

8.4 Noise 8.5 Design Comparisons 8.6 Control Systems 9. ECONOMICAL STATUS OF MAGLEV 10. PROCESSING IMAGES OF MAGLEV 27 32

17 18 18 19

11. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF MAGLEV 11.1 Advantages of Maglev 11.2 Disadvantages of Maglev 12. PROPOSED OUTCOMES AND FINDINGS 13. FIVE STAR POLICY OF THE PROJECT 14. EXISTING MAGLEV SYSTEMS 14.4 Linimo(Tobu Kyuryo LI=ine, Japan) 14.5 FTAs UMTD program 14.6 Southwest Jiaotong University, China 14.7 Shanghai Maglev Train 14.8 Daejeon, Korea 37 36 36 36 35 32 32

33 33

15. THE FUTURE OF MAGLEV TECHNOLOGY 16. CONCLUSION 17. APPENDIX 18. BIBLOGRAPHY 39 40 41

38

Acknowledgement

A research owes its success from commencement to completion, to people involved with researcher at various stages. We acknowledge with due courtesy our regards to all the persons and sources consulted during the development of this project and preparation of this report. We are grateful from the core of our heart to our guide Er. Sunil Sankhla for this valuable time, help and motivation that kept us going to the fulfilment of this project. In addition, it gives us immense pleasure to express our profound gratitude and thankfulness to Er. Yogendra Aboti to help us to facilitate us with his experience, guidance and instructions to accomplish this project successfully. Finally, we also acknowledge the entire department of Electronics and Communication for their constructive criticism, support and cooperation, which has helped us to give our level best.

Preface

As per the curriculum of RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY for IV year Bachelors Degree in Technology, we completed our minor project entitled MAGLEV. This is our project which contains a detailed description of the While completing this project we gained lot about field for a student of electronics. The major sources of material for preparing this report is e-book & other internet tutorials. This project report is initiated by introducing the project & the component & fundamentals implemented to develop the same. After that, a detailed view of the remote control circuit & the hardware developed follows.

1. INTRODUCTION

A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called Maglev trains. Travelling at speed of up to 450 mph (750 kmh), maglev trains could begin connecting distant cities in a few years. There are currently a few city projects in the U.S. that aim to incorporate maglev technology into its citys transportation system, such as the BaltimoreWashington MAGLEV project, which would run from Washington DC to Pittsburgh. The system that are under construction do not include a hybrid locomotive, nor do they use a passive track for both levitation and propulsion. Current maglev technology is based on long-stator, or active tracks, where energy is supplied to the tracks for propulsion and levitation. Supplying electricity to the track is wasteful because portions of the track and in some cases the whole track; are being powered while the locomotive is not receiving the energy transfer. A passive track design would supply power only to locomotive, reducing the required amount of energy and relieving safety issue regarding high-powered tracks. The mission of this project is to design and fabricate a prototype Maglev locomotive and track system. The motivation of this design project is the development of a hybrid power system incorporating a minimum of two power/energy storage, transmittal, and/or generating devices, wherein one of the mandatory power transmittal strategies is based on electromagnetic, super conducting electrodynamics, or induct rack technology. The design will save money through the development of a less expensive infrastructure compared to current maglev designs, and it will incorporate more efficient operating techniques to cut back on maintenance and operating costs. Maglev or Magnetic levitation is a system of transportation that suspends guides and propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using levitation from a very large number of magnets for lift and propulsion. This method has the potential to be faster, quitter and smoother than wheeled mass transit system. The technology has the potential to exceed 4000 mph (6437 kmh) if deployed in an evacuated tunnel. If not deployed in an evacuated tube the power needed for levitation is usually not a particularly large percentage and most of the power needed is used to overcome air drag, as with any other high-speed train.

2. NEED OF MAGLEV

The United States is experiencing travel congestion, rising energy costs and strict Govt. regulations regarding emissions and global warming. Conventional rail systems in the U.S. are either electric or diesel powered, with the exception of two dieselelectric hybrid locomotives. The hybrids operates on the existing wheel and track system, but these designs are only an intermediate step in developing alternative means of cheaper and environment friendly transportation. A magnetic levitating locomotive is the most promising technology to solve the current and future transportation problems in the U.S.; however, attempts in the U.S. to harness this technology have failed thus far. A major reason for not implementing magnetic levitation is the high initial cost of infrastructure that the existing tracks need to be retrofitted or removed in order to incorporate maglev technology.

3. LIST OF COMPONENETS USED

S.No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Components
Register Register Transformer Transformer IC-CD4017 IC 555 Variable Register Transistor(NPN) Transistor(NPN) Diode Rectifier Bridge Diode Rectifier Bridge IC Socket 2 Pin Plug Capacitor Copper Wire Wooden Board Permanent Magnets Iron Rod Adhesive Strip Wire

Ratings
100 10 1- 230/12-0-12v 3 Amp 1- 230/12-0-12v 500mAmp Counter IC Timer 10K 2N 6292 BC 147 12V,500mA 24V,3Amp 16pin,8pin 230V,5Amp 10F 26Gauge 5x3 feet 1.5x3.5 inch 2x0.5 inch

Quantity
12 12 1 1 1 1 1 12 12 1 1

Cost
5 10 200 100 30 10 7 10/pc 5/pc 15 20 20

1 1 3.5kg 1 90 38 150gm

10 8 700/kg 1000 15/pc 75/Kg 150 50

10 wire set

4m

4. ROLE OF COMPONENTS IN CIRCUIT

4.1 Transformer:In this circuit, we use two transformers one is used to step-down 230 volts into 12V and give 500mA. Which is used to fed the supply of 12V to IC circuit and other transformer which converts 230V into 12V and its current rating is 3A. This transformer is used to fed the transistor circuit.

4.2 Diode Rectifier Bridge:The circuit works on 12V DC therefore; we used the diode rectifier bridge to convert AC into DC. This bridge is connected to the output of transformer and converts 12V AC into DC.

4.3 Capacitor:Capacitor is used filter the ripples in the supply. In the DC supply given by Rectifier Bridge, there are some ripples & these ripples are filtered out by capacitor.

4.4 Transistor:The NPN transistors are used in the circuit. There are two types of transistors in the circuit. Twelve low power transistors are used to make driving circuit and twelve high power transistors are used to feed the electromagnets.

4.5 Variable Resistor:The variable resistor is used in the circuit to adjust the voltage drop across the IC 555 Timer and it helps to control the speed of Maglev Train.

4.6 Resistor :In the circuit, some resistor are connected I series and some are in parallel. Series resistances are used to control the voltage, whereas parallel resistances are used to limit the current.

4.7 Electro Magnet :To produce the force for motion of maglev train electro magnets are used which are of same polarities. These Electro Magnets produces the enough force to move the Train.

4.8 Permanent Magnets :To produce enough force to levitate the train upon the permanent magnets is used. These all magnets are of bar type and fixed at track.

4.9 555 Timer IC :555 Timer is used in the circuit to set the timer of the output pulses. Output of 555 Timer is fed to IC 4017. It is an eight pin IC, generally used for time controlling.

4.10 IC 4017 :This is used to generate many outputs from one input signal. It fed output to electro magnets.

5. DISCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT

5.1 SOLENOID 5.1.1 Magnetic effect of current :The term magnetic effect of current means that A current flowing in a wire produces a magnetic field around it. The magnetic effect of current was discovered by Oersted in 1820. Orested found that a wire carrying a current was able to deflect a magnetic needle. Now, a magnetic needle can only be deflected by a magnetic field. Thus, it was concluded that a current flowing in a wire always gives rise to a magnetic field around it. The magnetic effect of current is called electromagnetism, which means that electricity produces magnetism.

5.1.2 Magnetic Field Pattern Due to Circular coil carrying Current :We know that when a current is passed through a straight wire, a magnetic field is produced around it. It has been found that the magnetic effect of current increases if, instead of using a straight wire, the wire is converted into circular coil. A circular coil consists of twenty or more turns of insulated copper wire closely wound together. When a current is passed through a circular coil, a magnetic field is produced around it. The lines of force are circular near wire, but they become straight and parallel towards the middle point of the coil. In fact, each small segment of coil is surrounded by such magnetic lines of forces. At the centre of the coil, all the lines aid each other due to which the strength of the magnetic field increases.

The magnitude of magnetic field produced by a current carrying wire at its centre is : 1. Directly proportional to the current passing through the circular wire, and 2. Inversely proportional to the radius of the wire. A current carrying circular wire behaves as a thin disc magnet, whose one face is a north pole and the other is a south pole.

5.1.3 Introduction
One of the most practical way to create a controlled magnetic field is to construct solenoid. When a current is sent through wire ,a magnetic field is created inside the cylinder.

5.1.4 Definition
Solenoids are three dimensional coils that produce a magnetic field when current is passed through them . The turn also refers to transducer that convert energy to linear motion.

5.1.5 Application
Solenoids are used for turning application on and off, such as: triggering, locking and latching. They are found in copy machines, car doors, audio speakers, bumpers and plungers. Solenoids are found commonly in cars (e.g the transmission and starter relay), transistors, central heating systems, irrigation units and air hammers. However, they can be found anywhere that a machine needs a sudden supply of power for mechanical movement.

5.1.6 Principle

The solenoid is along coil containing a large number of close turns of insulated copper wire. The magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. The lines of magnetic force pass through the solenoid and return to the other end. If a current carrying solenoid is suspended freely, it comes to reset pointing North and south like a suspended magnetic needle. One end of the solenoid acts like an N-pole and the other end an Spole. Since the current in each circular turn of the solenoid floes in same direction, the

magnetic field produced by each turn of the solenoid adds up, giving a strong resultant magnetic field inside the solenoid. A solenoid is used for making electromagnets.

The strength of magnetic field produced by a current varying solenoid is:

Directly proportional to the number of turns in the solenoid. Directly proportional to the strength of current in the solenoid. Dependent on the nature of core material used in making the solenoid. The use of soft iron rod as core in a solenoid produces the strongest magnetism.

The approximation value of the magnetic field is given by B = u0nI, where B is the magnetic field, u0 the permeability of free space, n is the number of turns of wire per unit length, and I the current through the wire. The relationship would hold exactly if the solenoid were infinitely long. A more precise calculation shows that the above relationship is within 2 per cent of the correct value at the centre of a solenoid if the ratio of the length to the diameter is five or greater. It is soft iron rod is placed partly inside a solenoid and the current turned on, the rod will be drawn into solenoid by the resulting magnetic field. This motion can be used to actuate a lever, unlock a door, or operate a relay. In this way, the operation of a small electric switch can produce a large mechanical action at a remote location. It is worth noting that the iron core has to be placed at the end of solenoid where the field is non-uniform for it to move. Furthermore, it is not necessary for the current to flow in one direction only. An alternating current will work also.

5.1.7 Function

Solenoids work because a magnetic field is wrapped around a wire, and the current flows through the wire. When a coil is made of many turns of wire, the

magnetic field becomes increasingly stronger, and it begins to become energized with a powerful current; this causes the core to increase the flux linkage. Flux linkage is the coil in conducting wire, which a magnetic field passes through. The numbers of turns determines the amount of flux in the coil. Solenoids continue to work because the core increases the flux linkage, by closing the air gaps between cores. Generally, the movable core is spring-loaded, so when the current is turned off, it allows the core to react. The relationship between the forces generated is proportional to the square of the current, and the forces generated are inversely proportional to the square length of their air gape. Solenoids have also been used to start or stop the mechanical contact between two different electric leads. They are able to function, because their applications include electromagnetic control element and power switches. The coil in solenoids is attached to the diaphragm of an audio speaker or other applications.

5.2 Register 5.2.1 Definition

Register is a component used to limit the amount of current or divide the voltage in an electronic circuit. The ability of register to oppose the current is called resistance. Unit- ohm and symbol of unit . Schematic symbol of register

5.2.2 Register Colour-Coding

Since carbon composition register are very small, it is difficult to print the significant value of resistance on their block. Thee is four band printed on the one end of the resister casing. The system of representing the value is called colour-coding.

The table shows the numerical value associated with each other. To determine the value of resistance the colour band are always read left to right from the end that has the bands near to it, as shown in fig.

5.3 Timers IC 555

5.3.1 Definition
The 555 Timer IC is a highly stable integrated circuit capable of producing accurate time delay or oscillation. Only two external resistors and capacitors accurately control the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle.

5.3.2 Special Features of a 555 IC

555 timers is a most popular IC due to having following special features: 1. It can produce accurate time delay of time remaining from u sec to hours. 2. It can be operated for a wide range (+5 to +15V) of supply voltage. Thus a 555 can be powered by exiting digital supplies (+5V0, Linear IC supplies (+15V), and automatically or dry cell batteries. 3. Due to such a wide range, the circuit becomes compatible with both CMOS, DTL, TTL circuit and adjustable OP-AMP circuit. 4. It has in adjustable duty cycle. 5. Its output can source or up to 200mA 6. It has a high current output. 7. This IC has a high thermal stability of 50part/million/degree c change in temperature. 8. The maximum power dissipation for package is 600mW. 9. It can be operated in two modes Monostable and stable. 10. The circuit can triggered at the failing edge of waveforms. 11. Its trigger and rest inputs are logic compatible. 12. The output can be operated normal on and normal off.

13. It has a variety of application 14. It is easy to use. 15. Its cost is very low. 16. The IC is very much reliable. 17. It has built in compensation for component tolerance.

5.3.3 The 555 Timer

5.3.4 Pin Diagram Of 555 IC

Pin 1: Ground terminal

It is a common ground terminal. All the voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.

Pin 2: Trigger terminal

The pin is an inverting input to comparator, which is responsible for transition of flip-flop form set to reset. The output stage of timer depends on the amplitude of external trigger pulse to this pin.

Pin 3: Output terminal

The output of timer is available at this pin. Normally its level remains low and only during timing interval it goes high. There are two ways to connect the load to this terminal. One is to connect the load between pin 3 and supply pin 8, which is called floating supply load. Since in the case of floating supply load, load current only flows during low state of the output and during high state of output there is no current that is when output is OFF, load current is ON, therefore floating supply load is also known as Normally ON load. In case of grounded load current is OFF, therefore grounded load is also known as Normally OFF load. Since in case of floating supply load, load current flows through load into output terminal therefore this current is known as Sink current while in case of grounded load, load current.

Pin 4: Reset terminal

To disable or reset the timer a negative pulse is applied at this pin due to which it is called reset terminal. When this pin is not to be used for reset purpose, it should be connected to Vcc to avoid any possibility of false resetting. Otherwise, if anyhow reset terminal is grounded the output (pin 3) and discharge (pin 7) will also become grounded as the all we wired together.

Similarly, Pin 5 : Control Voltage Terminal Pin 6: Threshold Terminal Pin 7: Discharge Terminal Pin 8: Supply Terminal

6. INSTRUCTION OF MAGLEV TRACK AND SUPPORT

Levitation Systems Power Supply: Batteries on the train power the system, and therefore it still functions without propulsion. The batteries can levitate the train for 30 minutes without any additional energy. Linear generators in the magnets on board the train use the motion of the train to recharge the batteries.

Levitation system uses less power than the trains air conditioning.

Propulsion System: The system consists of aluminum three-phase cable windings in the stator packs that are on the guideway When a current is supplied to the windings, it creates a traveling alternating current that propels the train forward by pushing and pulling. When the alternating current is reversed, the train brakes. Different speeds are achieved by varying the intensity of the current. Only the section of track where the train is traveling is electrified.

9. ECONOMICAL STATUS OF MAGLEV

The Shanghai maglev cost 9.93 billion yen (US$ 1.2 billion) to build. This total includes infrastructure capital costs such as manufacturing and construction facilities, and operational training. At 50 Yuan per passenger and the current 7,000 passengers per day, income from the systems is incapable of recoupling the capital costs (including interest on financing) over the expected lifetime of the systems, even ignoring operating costs. China aims to limit the cost of future construction extending the maglev line to approximately 200 million yen (US$ 24.6 million) per kilometre. The United States Federal Railroad Administration 2003 Draft Environmental impact statement for a proposed Baltimore-Washington maglev project gives estimated 2008 capital costs of 4.361 billion US dollars for 39.1 miles, or 111.5 million US dollars per mile (69.3 million US dollars per kilometre). The Maryland Transit Authority (MTA) conducted their own Environmental impact statement, and put the price tag at 4.9 billion dollars for construction, and 53 million a year for operations. While high-speed maglevs are expensive to build, they are less expensive to operate and maintain than traditional high-speed trains, planes or intercity buses. Data from the Shanghai maglev project indicates that the current relatively low volume of 7000 passengers per day covers operation and maintenance costs. Passenger volumes on the Pudding International Airport line are expected to rise dramatically once the line is extended from Longyang Road metro station all the way to Shanghais downtown train depot. The proposed Chuo Shinkansen maglev in japan is estimated to cost approximately US$ 82 billion to build, with a route blasting long tunnels mountains. A Tokaido maglev route replacing current Shinkansen would cost some 1/10th the cost, as no new tunnel blasting would be needed, but noise pollution issues would make it infeasible. As maglev systems are deployed around the world, experts except construction costs to drop as new construction methods are innovated along with economies of scale.