Affordable Bamboo Housing in Earthquake Prone Areas

An International Workshop Organised by:

Cane and Bamboo Technology Centre (CBTC) Government of Mizoran International Network for Bamboo And Rattan affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Affordable Bamboo Housing in Earthquake Prone Areas

At Berawtlang Tourist Complex, Aizawl, Mizoram, India From 29th October to 11th November, 2001

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Preface
Bamboo is one of the oldest building materials available in nature with which human could interact. It is used for many applications in the field of construction, particularly in developing countries. It is strong and light weight and available in different sizes. It doest need to be processed much before its use. It also doest need to be finished much in construction. It is also a fast growing plant which is also planted commercially for production. In spite of these, the use of bamboo has been largly restricted to temporary structures and lower grade buildings due to limited natural durability, difficulties in joining, a lack of structural design data and exclusion from building codes. With diminishing wood resources and restrictions imposed on felling of trees the focus shifted on the need to identify a substitute material, which should be renewable, environment friendly and widely available. In this context bamboo is ideally placed to become a principal engineering and construction material for the future. Taking all these factors into consideration, the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), Beijing, China, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Cane and Bamboo Technology Centre (CBTC), Guwahati and the Government of Mizoram jointly embarked upon this idea of organizing a training workshop on affordable bamboo housing in earthquake-prone areas. The workshop is intented to transfer Latin American earthquake-resistant and affordable bamboo housing technology to India and to adapt it to local needs. Two Latin American consultants, Mr. Jorge Moran Ubidia (Architect and Director, Hoger de Christo Foundation/Lecturer, University of Guayaquil, Ecuador) and Mr. Juan Carlos Jaramillo (Architect, Armenia, Colombia) conducted the workshop. This document is a compilation of the workshop conducted at Berawtlang, Aizawl, Mizoram on AFFORDABLE BAMBOO HOUSING IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS during 29th October to 12th November, 2001.

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Preface Acknowledgement ................................ Introduction .......................................... Workshop Agenda................................. Inaguration........................................... Presentation-resource people................. Presentation-participants........................ Presentation-treatment........................... Construction of Model house................. Joints.................................................... Bamboo pole base casting.................... Introduction to machines....................... Assignment 1........................................ Visit to Traditional Mizo house............... Assignment 2........................................ Drawings of model house...................... Construction continue............................ Tools.................................................... Feed back............................................. Closing Function.................................... Construction continue............................ Group Photograph................................ Conclusion........................................... Refferences...........................................

01 02 05 06 08 16 20 21 25 28 29 30 38 39 45 47 49 50 51 53 63 64 66

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the role played by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) and the Government of Mizoram for converting a dream into a reality. I would also like to extend my heartiest thanks to the Honble Chief Minister of Mizoram, Mr. Zoram Thanga, who was kind enough to take time of his busy schedule and inaugurate this workshop. I am also thankful to the Honble Minister for Industries of the Govt. of Mizoram, Pu. K. Thangzualla, the Chief secretary to the Govt. of Mizoram, Pu. H. V. Lalringa, the offiThe workshop was attended by as many as 86 participants including one each from Ecauador, Colombia, Germany, Netherlands, China and U.K. and two from Ghana. Other participants from outside the state are Karnataka (1), Kerala (1), Maharastra (1), Gujarat (1), Indian Army (1), Arunachal Pradesh (3), Nagaland (1), Assam (20), Manipur (5), Tripura (2) and Mizoram (40). The participants also represent various international, national and state level agencies such as TRADA, INBAR, BARNET, NID, KFRI, SFRI, NID, IPRITI, IIT, HUDCO, State Public Works Departments, LAD, RD etc. I would like to place on record the wonderful contribution made by the staff of the Cane and Bamboo Technology Centre, Guwahati for their unstinted support and hard work rendered before and after the workshop. I extend my personal thanks to Shri Partha P. Majumdar, the Project Manager, Shri Anjal Goswami, Trainer and Shri H. P. K. Singh, Trainer for their supI would be failing in my duty if I do not thank the following participants for their wonderful contribution; among them are Mr. Jorge Moran Ubidia, Dr. Ralf Kwaschik, Mr. Juan Carlos Jaramiillo, Mr. Fitri Mardjono, Mr. Don Lionel Jayanetti, Dr. Jagdeeshan, Mr. T. P. Subramony, Mr. Bipul Das as indeed a host of others. Last but not the least, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the participants for having put in their best possible efforts in making this huge event a great success. port. cials of the Industries and the Forest Departments of the Govt. of Mizoram and my personal thanks to Mr. Thang Chuanga, Project Manager (Bamboo), Department of Industries, Govt. of Mizoram for having made this workshop possible.

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

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Introduction
Bamboo, as such, does not need any introduction. It is amongst the fist materials available in nature with which human ingenuity could interact. Much before tools to cut trees were discovered, bamboo was cut and split by stone tools for multifarious uses. Lashed together by vines from trees, men made use of bamboos to make rafts, enabling them to cross water bodies. The multitude of uses to which bamboo could be put to ranged from mats on floors to bamboo walls plastered with mud onto thatched roofs on bamboo understructure. Bamboo gave humans the hollow reed (flute) for music and its bending force made it suitable for the bow. The original potters wheel was made out of bamboo, rope and mud. Bamboo work, therefore, can be considered as the mother of all artisan skills. All over the tropical and equatorial regions of the globe where cessing or finishing. In spite of these clear advantages, it grows, bamboo in its varied and multifarious forms is the use of bamboo has been largely restricted to temporary structures and low-grade building due to limited natustill available in plenty and used on a huge scale. ral durability, difficulties in jointing, a lack of structural Bamboo meets human needs in a thousand and more design data and exclusion from building codes and manuways - from modest sewing needles to walls and roofs, in als. stools and cots, as food and fodder, and from ladders to Although India owns the most extensive bamboo forests mountain bridges in the worls, this extraordinery good fortune does not see Needless to say, bamboo is the oldest and most versatile to have dawned much wisdom upon our policy planners. building material with many applications in the field of With diminishing wood resources and restrictions imposed construction, particularly in developing countries. It is on felling of trees, particularly after the Supreme Court strong and lightweight and can often be used without pro- imposed a ban on such activities, the focus shifted on the affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 02

need to identify a substitute material, which should be renewable, environment friendly and widely available. In view of its rapid growth rate, a ready adaptability to most climatic conditions and properties superior to most juvenile fast growing wood bamboo emerges as a very suitable alternative. It is in this context that bamboo is ideally placed to become a principal engineering and construction material for the twenty-first century and beyond. Besides, bamboo constructions are easy to build, resilient to wind and even earthquakes and are readily repairable in the event of damage and that too at a very low cost.

ganization (UNIDO), the Cane and Bamboo Technology Centre(CBTC), Guwahati and the Government of Mizoram jointly embarked upon this idea of organising a training workshop on affordable bamboo housing in earthquakeprone areas.

The rational behind holding the event in this region is to make the people aware of the advantages of low-cost bamboo based housing and also take into account the fact that this is seismically sensitive zone. The Workshop will also focus on transfer of Latin American earthquakeresistant and affordable bamboo housing technology to Taking all these factors into consideration, the Interna- India and to adapt it to local needs. In this connection, tional Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), Beijing, two Latin American consultants, Mr. Jorge Moran Ubidia, China, The United Nations Industrial Development Or- Director, Hoger de Christo Foundation and Mr. Juan Carlos Jaramillo, Architect, Colombia, conducted this for fifteen-day Workshop. At the same time, experts from different places participated in the workshop as resource persons The Workshop was focussed on the practical aspects of affordable bamboo housing. It introduced the construction systems and use of the bamboo in building houses in Equador and Colombia to the participants. The event was highly interactive and participants got an opportunity for hands-on learning experience. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 03

The Target group for the workshop was basically the local people, local authorities, designers, architechts, builders, development practitioners, policy makers,etc. from the North-east and from other parts of India as well as interested overseas participants and technical assistance agencies.

This workshop is a success and helped participants and The venue of the workshop was at the scenic Berawtlang others who closely involved in the field of bamboo. tourist complex, about eight kilometers from the city of Aizawl. MIZORAM Mizoram, a mountainous region that became the 23rd State od Indian Union in February 1987, has an area of 21081 sq. km and is sandwiched between Myanmar in

the east and the south and Bangladesh and Tripura in the west with its northern frontiers touching Assam and Manipur States. The state capital is Aisawl. Mizoram literally translated means Land of the Highlanders. The hills are steep with an average height of about 900 meters. Its green thick forest is rich in flora and fauna. Bamboo plays a very important role in the mizo society.

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

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Workshop
Monday, 29th October: Arrival and registration of participants Tuesday, 30th October: 09.30 - 10.30 Registration of participants 11.00 - 12.00 Inauguration 14.30 - 15.30 History of the use of Guadua in Colombia and Ecuador, Jorge Moran Ubidia and Juan Carlos Jaramillo 15.30 - 16.30 Improved construction systems in Equadore and Colombia, Jorge Moran Ubidia and Juan Carlose Jaramillo 16.45 - 17.45 Case study: Hoger de Christo Foundation Equadore, Jorge Moran Ubidia Wednesday, 31st October: 08.30 - 10.00 Works of Juan Carlos Jaramillo in Colombia 10.15 - 11.30 Indias construction systems, Bipul Das 11.30 - 13.00 Bamboos of NE India: Plantation, utilization, Dr. K. Haridasan and Kamesh Salam 14.30 - 15.30 Status of seismicity in NE India and earthquake disaster mitigation, Dr. R.P Tiwari . 15.30 - 16.30 Design tool for bamboo building, Fitri Mardjono 16.45 - 17.45 Activities of IPIRTI in the bamboo housing sector, Dr, H.N. Jagadeesh Thursday, 1st November: 08.30 - 10.00 Indias construction system, contributions by participants 10.15 - 11.30 Discussion on advantages and disadvantages of Indias construction systems, elaboration of proposals for improvement, Moderators: Das, Salam, Moran, Jaramillo 11.30 - 13.00 Natural and Chemical bamboo preservation methods, preservation and discussion, Moran Jaramillo and

Workshop Agenda:

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

M/S Pest Control, Guwahati. Practical session on bamboo chemical preservation by M/S Pest Control, Guwahati. 14.30 - 16.00 Discussion and organization of afternoon practical sessions, Moderators Moran, Jaramillo, Das 16.00 - 17.45 Practical sessions: constructive system design, joints, constructive details, etc. Friday, 2nd November: 08.30 - 13.00 Design session continued, Das Moran Jaramillo 14.30 - 17.45 Presentation and Evaluation of previous session, discussion, Moderators: Das, Moran, Jaramillo Saturday, 3rd November: 08.30 - 16.30 Practical session on compounds, joints, etc., 1:1 scale, Das, Moran, Jaramillo 16.45 - 17.45 Evaluation of previous sessions, discussions, Moderators: Das, Moran, Jaramillo Sunday,4th November: Rest Monday, 5th November: 08.30 - 16.30 Design session on complex architectural elements 16.45 - 17.45 Evaluation Tuesday, 6th November - Saturday, 10th November: 08.30 - 09.30 Activities of TRADA in the bamboo housing sector, Lionel Jayanetti and Paul Follet (Tuesday) 08.30 - 17.45 Organization of groups for practical sessions. Parallel work on model house and on complex architectural elements. Presentation of videos on special subjects. Field trip Bamboo factory Saturday, 10th November: 15.30 - 16.30 Closing function

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Inauguration:
On tuesday, 30th October, The Honble Chief Minister of Mizoram Mr. Zoramthanga had inaugurated the workshop at Berawtlang. Mr. H.V. Lalringa, Chief Secretary of Mizoram, Dr. Ralf H.Kwaschik, INBAR, Dr. Juan Carlos Jaramillo, Mr. L. R. Laskar, Secretary, Industries Department were attended the fuction

Inaguration by Honble Chief minister of Mizoram Mr. Zoramthanga Introductory speach, by Mr. Kamesh Salam CBTC, Guwahati

Guest of Honour, Honble Minister of Industries, Mr. K. Thangzualla During the Inaugural function......

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

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During the Inaugural function...... display of INBAR books, Chief minister observes the products displayed, oppening song etc.

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

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Presentations:
History of the use of Guadua in Colombia and Ecuador by Mr. Jorge Moran and Mr. Juan Carlos
The bamboo has been always present in the American History, but specially in Colombia and Ecuador. The archeological and archeobotanical investigations have demonstrate some uses the man has given to this material more over than thousand years, by finding different instruments and some houses ruins. The bamboo culture has remarked the Colombian and Ecuadorian history through the times in differnt ways: it has been present in the music, the popular traditions, the hunting, the fishing, the agriculture, the religion, the cooking, the recreation, the armory, and many other uses, many of them similar to Asia. In this speach he mentioned some historical elements from Equadore, that belong to the most remot times, and still today. In this special mention for the rural housing, where the pragmatically knowledge given by the centuries is a real patrimony from the vernacular architecture from Ecuador. There is also a mention of the urban building where the timber, initially used to build the Spaniard army boats transferred its use to the housing carpenter getting tied to the bamboo as a construction material. Finally there is demonstrated that the wrong way to construct with bamboo has become a symbole of misery ant marginality. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 08

Colombia is located in the western hemisphere, in the NW corner of the South America, has a coast in the Atlantic Ocean at North and in the Pscific Ocean at occident. The colombiam territory in general is formed by a mountainous region. A significant proportion of the urban structures of the towns and cities, included the departmental capitals in the coffee axis, were built with different bahareque and guadua constructive techniques. It means that the bahareque and the guadua have been intimately bound to the urban historical growth of this important Colombian region, and even today in spite of the repeated events that have caused big destructions, many of these structures still up as a silent witness of the step of the years and as real examples of seismicresistant structures. How ever with the economic prosperity achieved by the coffee business, these technologies stayed in the fields, and began to show up in the cities new imported technologies that broke the urban structures and it began to hide the reality of the bahareque houses behind false facades made with bricks or many other materials. The new widespread tendency slowly change the physiognomy of the cities and the bahareque and the guadua began to be considered as poors technology. In this new stage the biggest concern have been centered in the immunization and preservation of the material. The immunization is essential as the guadua is a susceptible to insects attack material like the termites. The preservation has as an object to modify the chamical constitution of the stems making them not attractive for the biological affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

agents or avoiding their development. The cut should be done during the five days of bigger darkness of the last quarter of the moon in the first hours of the day before the dawn (among 1:00 oclock am. and 5:00 am) being left to ferment inside the bamboo forest for space of 20 days as minimum. The Guadua presents three kinds of water inside: the Hygroscopic, the Molecular one, and free one. Rhis last one is found among the cells and it is the one that more easily gets lost, the hygroscopic is in the waslla, and only gets lost by artificial drying processes, and the molecular humidity gets lost only by the total combustion. The ideal humidity average to work is 12%, as a fact the drying is a good immunization. The most useful drying methode in colombiais the natural one that consists on cutting and leaving stopped the bamboo cane inside the bushes during twenty days, at this time it losses the freee water content, and then they are

09

cutted into peieces and taken out of the guadual, and left approximately one month in vertical position using big and light structures to chieve their relative humidity stabilization. since four years it was brought from Japan a drying system adapted with smoke. The process consists on introducing the guaduas in a closed space that can be an oven, where an incomplete combustion takes place to produce the smoke, and in presence of water vapor, it is left for a three weeks period of time. The immunization system most commonly used in colombia are those with chemicakl products, which are not accepted by the developed countries. Compoud as the borax, boric acid, the copper pentacloratum and formal among others are the must useful. The Immunization for injection that consists on applying 5 cm. of poison on each knot using syringes, it can be done before or after the structure is built. The Boucheri method consists on making pass the immunizing through the guadua fibers from one side to other. besides the housing construction the guadua has been used for furniture, musical instruments, paths, construction and agricultural equipment, rural aqueducts, crafts, fences, stables, habitat for animals, sales places, kiosks among many other.

Improved construction systems in Equador and Colombia, Jorge Moran and Juan Carlos.
The lecture contains some construction experience that had been made with bamboo at the ecuadorial coast. By the use of air chamberswithin the walls and ceilling, suitable ventilated, it eliminates the thermal conductivity effects, producing comfor inside the construction. The climate protection must be done as a clear design concept, and avoid the influence of the rain and humidity against the construction. Finally all the construction systems may guarantee the earthquakes and strong wends preventing. The admissible coefficients of the differnt components from the building must be higher than the efforts they must resist under adverse conditions. Because of its lowest weight, this constructions will better resists on earthquakes, perhaps some of the components may fall down as the walls mortar, the house will remain standing up and his habitants will be safe, some very good examples of this are there in Colombia and CostaRica.

Seismic culture The nature and especially the earthquakes have shown them the necessity to evaluate their own circumstances with their own elements, under their own culture and the error of simply import just to be up to date. The last earthquake of January 25th 1999 in the Colombian coffee The modern technology of bamboo began in America axix, evidenced the fragility of the bad constructions built with the investigation and books written by Oscar Hidalgo, with seemingly stronger materials and that had desplaced Jules Janssen, Walter Liese, Dr. Lionel Jayanetti and Follet affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 10

the use of the guadua and the wood in urban centers examples, but basig on the magnificent example that masters like Simon Velez has carries out for high strata. located in areas of high seismic risk. The foreign technologies that were imported in the past, and the constructions built without controls were reassessed and studied in the year of 1984, due to the tragedy when a great intensity earthquake destroyed the historical city of Popayan, located in south Colombia. In that moment the National government approves a law that rules for all the constructions to be build in the country, how ever in the one wast included inside their articulate a norm for bahareque constructions. It was evidenced the resistance and long-lasting of the bahreque constructions, that were silent witness of the disasters happened in their surroundings, and they remained stand up in spite of the destruction power showed not only in the past earthquake, but of the repeated earthquakes that have stricken them through their long existance years, being finally able to call the attention of architects and engineers and to get now a space to be kept in mind as a material with excellent physical mechanical properties of great adaptability and that it allows to create constructive seismicresistant systems. The social Interest house was designed by the architect Simon Velez who donates this design to several entities like the INBAR, The National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia and the Government of the Quindio, searching for dignify the social interst housing. The design comes out of a perfect 5x5 mts. square that has an appendix in of 1.5 mts. at the back where the stairway is centered to ascend to the second floor, and in the front as a symmetrical balnce stands out a generous balcony in the second floor that sconforms the access porch.

Life Park Auditorium in northern Armenia capital of the Quindio department in Colombia. Taking advantage of a natural depression of the land in this place was designed the auditorium. In front of this natural flight of steps was built as an acostic shell a space that seems to be floating over the water and that seems to be a very light structure that doest break up with the landscape that leans on in autochthonous and characteristic materials from the place and that allows a permanent visual through it and towards all the places of the park. The structure basically Juan Carlos adds his experience in sonstruction in Co- is a sample of propping up guadua that gives the sensalombia with guadua as a hobby than a job. By his own tion of great eave that makes it seem much lighter than it experiments and investigation works with guadua is fun- really is. damentally to prosecute the use of this material in a medium social stratum where it can be acequible to a bigger Service station also made using the same structural conquantity of the population, without falling into folkloric cept that were used for the acoustic shell for life park. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 11

To guide the visitors the departmental Government intends to build some small places for the tourists information that were strategically located in all the access roads to the department, and because of their architecture they must were very outstanding and easily identifiable; as an answer to this two young architects making a show of their creativity proposed a traditional construction with bowed brick walls in whose cover should be present the guadua and the mud tile as a regional identity symbol, getting a good sample of new architecture built with autochthnous materials. The Sun Door is a country house built on a traditional system with confined brick using the guadua as structural element of the covers and in the columns of the corridors and the open spaces only. It is an EL plant construction completely introverted because of some security considerations made by the owner, since it is a house just for the weekends, it has a social open area that can perfectly be used independent from the other house activities, or to be integrated when it will be required with the dining room and kitcken area of the house. The Kinder Garden Los Cafeteritos arises after the 1999 earthquake as a quick and economic solution to the necessity of harboring 100 children with ages between the 6 months of life and the 7 years. This project is built starting from prefabricated guadua panels that were made in a shop and latler on they were taken to the place to be installed. Those were installed then over a confined brick affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

wall built as a base wall with 60cm height as those elements conformed the lowest diaphragm and give design protection for the guadua. School in Barcelona, a built project for the UNICEF in the little town of Barcelona Quindio to assist the children of two schools that collapsed during ther January 1999 earthquake, they attended classes in some improvised classrooms made with tents in a lot next to an interdepartmental road with heavy vehicular flow. It uses also as foundation a floating base plate with outlying mooring beams, where rises the base wall in confined brick with concrete columns and finished off on a 80 cm height by a mooring beam, on which rests a guadua like beam complement through which the rods that serve as mooring soul to the vertical guaduas of the structure happens and they unite with the horizontal one by fish mouth unions with iron soul and filled with concrete in the interknits. The Univerisity Great Colombia in Armenia has decided to displace its architecture and agro industry faculties to a rural lot located in the south of the city and has asked to the atchitecture faculty to take to carry out the designs, beginning from base that will be the first university built in guadua. The designs are being developed by a group of students by way of shop, and in this process we have also participated as advisory. During this presentation they were also showing the slides related to the subject. s 12

Indias construction systems, Bipul Das

Mr. Bipul Kumar das has presented his work done during his study at M.S. University, Baroda for Barch. course. In this he had explained about the system of building construction with bamboo as the principal material. This study was based on pure observation clubbed with reasoning and logic. He started with bamboo as a material for mankind as old as wood. sice man came out of the cave and started the making of shelters for protection from natural calamities many materials like timber, earth and stone have gained a considerable upliftment in their respective uses. The he talk about how bamboo is used in various places for various uses. The about bamboo and its growth, dofferent species, structural aspects of bamboo, strength properties etc. Later he talk about the construction system in NE india and later the improved construction system ha had developed during his study and the importance of that in todays context. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Bamboos of NE India: Plantation and Utilization, Dr. K. Haridasan and Kameash Salam Indias NE region consist of
seven states viz, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. It has a total geographical area of 255082 sq.km. This region has a greater proportion of forests cover compared to many other states in India. Dr. Haridasan talk about the bamboo habitates in NE region, Species diversity, Distribution Farming potential, Utilization, Plantation, Conservation etc. North east India which is known for a greater diversity of flora is also rich in bamboo diversity. Each state has a different composition of species constituting its bamboo resource. Many of the species in the region are utilized for different purposes. There is also scope and potential for augmenting the economic utilization of bamboo resources. This may warrant farming and large scale plantation of desired species. It can also be seen in the region 13

that some of the bamboo species are rare and endan- Status of seismicity in NE India and earthquake gered. Such species may require conservation efforts for disaster Mitigation, Dr. R.P Tiwari, Dept og Geol. their survival. bamboo. As a example he was showing the Chinese industries making bamboo boards, floor tiles and wall tiles. He was explaining was the organised system in chine right from plantation to the production like devided job in between different people and villages. They have system like somebody who do the plantation and provide quality bamboo, then the other group will take care of transportation, Then next group will do the sixing and spliting, then it has gone to the factory wher it is boiled ,treeted and then applied glue on it then stacked together. After all this this will go to another unit to press it together to make boards and other products. He was alo talking about the Bamboo shoot-food products and the scope of that in India. he also mentioned the indian bamboo mat ply. So in India we need to have an organised way of production right from plantation to marketing. Now this is the time to think about it. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

ogy, Pachhunga university College, Mizoram Mr. Kamesh Salam talk about the Industrial application of University.Aizawl.

Dr. Tiwari talk about the occurrence of earthquake, how it happence and the NE regions earthquake. NE India is seismically one of the six most active regions of the world. It is placed in zone 5, the highest zone, of the seismic zonation map of India. The region has experienced 18 large earthquakes during the last 100 years including the great earthquake of shillong (1897, M=8.7) and assamTibet border (1950, M=8.7). besides, several hundred small and microearthquakes have also been recorded in the region. It is not the earthquake them selves that kill people but the collapse of man made structures which does most of the damage. There fore suitable building codes should be recommended in the region and should in a plannes manner with available and suitable material 14

Design tool for bamboo building, Fitri Mardjono, Activities of IPIRTI in the bamboo housing sector, Indonesia. Dr. H.N. Jagadeesh
In the beginning he had talked about the problems identification and solving the problem by design process after looking at the constraints and analysis of the problem of building design practiced in Indinesia. The he had talked the design tools - software - they developed for building the houses. It is like you can choose the place where you want to make the house. then see the material available and the soil,weather condition and select the design according to that . Later he mentioned abou the few truss structures they had developed for different construction like building houses and bridges etc. The joints were made from sheet metal and nut and bolts. The important of the software is it provides all the information to manage build a house. And also it is very user friendly. Right now in Indonesia there are lack of relevent information provided the the designer. If a designer doest know more about the material and other aspects it is very difficult to do design. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas Dr. Jagadeesh was talking about the bamboo mat board and various uses of it, then the treatment and preservation of bamboo and also the house they developed and prototyped in bangalore. IPIRTI has been associated with development of bamboo based composites for more than two decades. It is successfully developed and transferred the technologies for manufacturing Bamboo Mat Board and Bamboo Mat veneer Composits.The Institute has also developed the technology for Eco-friendly roofing material from bamboo viz. Bamboo mat corrugated sheets. In addition, several housing applications of these material have also been evolved. Bamboo related R&D efforts have culminated into evolution of bamboo based housing system wherein round/split bamboo/bamboo composites have been efficiently combined along with conventional building materials. A few demonstration houses have already been constructed using this technique. 15

Presentations by participants:
Dipanker Social Scientist

Participants from different places attended the presentation session. All are from different background like Architects, Engineers, Designers, Artisans, Government Officials, Students, Interior Designers, Teachers, Scientists, Social workers, NGOs, Artists,etc. Since are from different back ground it was necessary to understand eachother and working in a group to share the experiences and knowledge and learn more for a better out put. These presentations gave tham a chance look at each others works and to understand what is happening around them. After the presentations by the core group another grup of presentations had happened by the participants. It was more like presenting their papers and share their experiences to others. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Here he mentioned the relation of nature and the human beings that, there are so much there in nature, we have to discover it. And also it is very important thet we have to give more attention to the traditional knowledge which is derived after a long experiences living with nature and the material. he also mentioned the link between material growth and spiritual growth 16

Dr. T.K. Damodharan, Wood Scientist

Mr. Sukumar Haobam, Product Designer

Mr. David Eli Bamboo Rattan Enthusiast

Mr. Vaibhav Kaley Architect

He had talked about the housing system of Kerala, a southern state of India, and explained the trend which is building very expensive houses. He also mentioned the traditional material and techniques which can be adapeted for the new development and diversification of the system. He also mentioned about the treetment of the bamboo and cane. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Mr. Sukumar talked about the housing system of Manipur. The place, material, house plan structure and the joints of different material like stone and wood etc. Here more wood used as structural members.He also mentioned about the foundation like puting wooden pole on to the stone like tennon and mortise joint.

Mr. David has talked about the present scenario of bamboo in Ghana. There they have only natural forest bamboo, there is no plantations. For housing they use whole bamboo for super structure. Half splitten bamboo for the roof structure/roof. They also use rejected roof tiles as a filler for the bamboo reinforced concreet roof.

He talked about his experience working in an erthquake affected area, Bhuj,Gujarat, recently. There he had used bamboo and bamboo laminated plyboard for the house construction. He mentioned about longer time housing, semi structure and cost effectiveness of his work. It also should be a system which ready for any time. 17

Mr. Daniel L.A. Ofori Building /Landscaping

Mr. Anil Kumar OSD to Minister of Power

Mr. Harinarayan Saikia Technical officer

Ms. Mibi Ete Architecture Student

Talked about the Bamboo & Ratten Network of Ghana(BARNET) and their activities for the economic and social development. Basically creating awareness through axhibition of chinese bamboo products and sending the craftsmen to china for training in production, plantation etc. Also planning for large plantation of sellected species. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

He talked abou the activities of Maharashtra specially goa region. here they focussing of generation of surplus economy through value addition, wastage reduction employment generation for women like kerala, etc. He also talked about the plantation and the need according to the market and community development through this.

Here he had explained about what he doing in the field as a technical officer. How to make things available for the grass root level people. Like there are so many axplorations happenning in lab level and the result is not reaching to the land. He was also talking about the plantation and how it has to be done in this level of people.

She had talked about the traditional construction of Arunachal. Basically about the construction and the space planning. They make free standing house, the poles stay on stones. The roof is mostly tatched. The smoke that comes from the fire place give treatment to the bamboo and the roof. now concreat is introduced for the pillars 18

Mr. Sumit Kr. Majumdar Civil Engineer

Mr. C. Thanchuanga Architect

Mr. Nehemiah Panmei Project co-ordinator

Mr. K. Ramachandran Industrial Designer

Talked the experiments he had tried for low coast housing in Tripura. For the roof he had used reinforced concreat, like first tied the mooli bamboo with G.I. wire and placed polythien sheet on top and then chicken mesh and then cocreat on top of it. It is successful. He also talked about the cultivation of bamboo from the nodes. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Talked the change of material used for construction in Mizoram. Earlier there were everything was depend on wood and bamboo. Now there is problems getting wood. So people go for concreat, and it is expensive because the material has come from out side. And the transportation is difficult. There he suggest bamboo as material for future.

He had mentioned his experiences in Chine during his visit and how he can apply this system here. He also talked abou the INBAR and UNIDO s various programmes which will help for the upliftment of the material in the north-east. According to him the avarness programmes should start form the grass root level people.

Talked about the bamboo thouse they have designed at IIT Guwahati, and how they are planning about the construction and space lay out of the same. here they have used the bend bamboo for the roof structure. The inside part is devided in to two areas. At present the house is still in detailing level. They had made a scale model of the same. 19

Presentation
Chemical Bamboo preservation method, Practical session by M/S Pest Control, Guwahati.
Material required: Plastic sheet big size Plastic tube as long as bamboo Methyl Bromide - cylinder connector Method: Place the bamboo or bamboo splits which needs to treat place on the plastic sheet. Put the one end of plastic (Nylon) tube on bamboo, then cover the entire bamboo with plastic by folding the plastic from all the sides on th the bamboo spilts. Then the other end of the pipe conect to the gas (chemical) bottle, so the affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

Various steps of the bamboo preservation process showned during the workshop.

inside the plastic folds. then it needs to kept for one day and then remove it. By the time this gas should go inside the bamboo cells and give a prevention from any fungal or insect affection. During the process it should be ensured that the plastic should be closed very well and the chemical should not have any contact with human body. Also should use Chemcal (which is a gas) safty masks and avoid will pass through the tube breathing the gas. It is very to the folded plastic sheet gangerous to the health. and collect there and go in This is a very effective treatto the bamboo which kept ment for bamboo. 20

Construction of Model house

As a part of the workshop at berawtlang a house been built in Colombian - Ecuador techniques designed by Mr. Jorge Moran and Mr. Juan Carlos. This house was the main subject of the workshop. The house is designed specially for the earth quake prone areas. In colombia and ecudore this techniques has been used for years since both the countries are considered as high seismic zone.

Metal rods casted with concreat

concreat foundation been made (above) The place for pipe connection (below)

Half wall of bricks been made on the foundation

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The corner details connecting the foundation, half wall and the tie.

Details of pillar construction between two walls and connection to the tie.

Putting up the bamboo pols.

metal rodes comming out from the foundation for further construction and it to connect with the foundation. Then a brick wall is constructed above the foundation and it breacks whereever the iron rods comes up. This place is left to cast in concreat for supporting the pillar. Later this is joined with an another rode structure which connect all the walls and pillars together

affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

The construction of house started during the beginning of construction of pillars, guiding the workshop. According to the plan they had started with by the architects. making concreat foundation. Which is started below ground level and it ends just above the gound. There are 22

Participants are observing the

1. Bricks placed on the ground for a better quality floor 2. Above the brick wall putting concreat tie for strong holding 3. Pillar base made of brick, the rods comes out to fix the bamboo pols for pillar construction. 4. Bamboo joint together for the beems to be put over the pillars for constructing the roof and as a tie member for pillars. 23

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Different views during the construction

The construction progressed between the other assignments of the workshop. Participants shown very enthusiasm working towards building this house. After the concreat tie on the brick wall, bamboo poles placed on the rods, as pillars of the house. These poles again connected with another tie beems. All these were not has been fixed properly with the concreat or bolts for the ease of adjustments during the construction since bamboo is not a very even material in sizes and in diameter.

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Various joints used for the construction of the model house using hardwares.

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Various joints used for the construction of the model house using hardwares.

Drilled holes on the pillar to put concreat inside

An inser been put for the joint affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 26

During the construction of pillars and the beams, there is another work was going. Another group of people was making the pannels for the wall. Here they were made wooden frames according to the sizes requires, which will fit in between the pillars. Then on the surface they had placed flatened bamboo which was treated early in Mithil Bromide for protecting from insects. It is fixed with nail to the wood. The nail was not put in to the wood completely. Because it was required to tie the metal wire on top of it to hold the bamboo with the wood. After putting the nail on the bamboo and wood metal wire tied at one end and continue taking to the nest nail and tied on to it and continue like that. It helps to stop the splitten bamboo slipping off from the wooden frame. This kind of pannels been prepares and kept aside to fix with the pillars. The bamboo splits had been placed bothe side of the wooden frame. So the middle part will be empty even after the construction of the houses. This will reduce the weight and also this will act as heat insulator. Here the bamboo also used as a reinforce material for the plasterring. This methods been practiced in Colombia and also in Ecuadore

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Bamboo pole base

Various kinds of foundation casted in concreat for holding bamboo pole in the ground.

There are different kinds of foundation for the pole has been made as a sample piece during the workshop. This has just made for an experience for the participats. Jorge and Juan shown this because it is very important when a person build a house has to be very care ful about how the bamboo fixed to the ground. Here they shown different options for that. Buckets and PVC tubes been used as mould. They also shown how to fix the bamboo on to it. While casting itself they inserted rods which comes out from the concreat and them bamboo is fixed to it. This entire concreat block will go in to the ground. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 28

Introduction to Machineries
As a part of the workshop bamboo machineries been introduced to the artisans to get a experience working with it during the process. The Machineries shown here is made by M/s Anmol Machinery house, Guwahati, Assm, India. These machines are specially designed for the Indian bamboos, which is different from the bamboos from other countries. Specially the blade is more harder here to make suitable for Indian bamboo. Mr. Vikas Goenka had demonstrated the machines and explained the qualities and the advantages of these machines. There all kind of machines been displayed and used, like cross cutter, sliver machine, stick making machine, stick sizing machine etc. During the workshop most of the participats utilized these machines.

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Assignment 1
After the presentations made by the participats The fist assignment been given to them. The task is design a house using bamboo as a primery material. Also cone has to work out the important joints been used that particular house designed by them. First They all devided in to 8 teams. These teams had bring out some concept and the joints. There was no constrain of material. But the joint should be like that they should be able to made by next day. So one has to restrict to the minimum material and process. During the conceptualisation Mr. Juan and Mr. Muran guided the each team.

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Group Presentations.

Later own Each group has presented the work work to the others. They had presented their ideas through drawings and sketches. Some are made very detailed sketche. Some people worked out the house and the environment, and how it is related to it.

The interesting part of it is most of the group has all kind of people in it. Like some arearchitect, designers, engineers, artisans, Governement officials etc. This is good experience for everybody to work together and understand , and share each others knowledge for this.

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Some of drawing made during the assignment.

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After the presentations each group has to select some joints and had to make details and full size drawings which shows all the setails. Later it has been presented again and finalised for making. 32

Participants working on the joineries they developed

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Participants making the joineries they have designed

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Later each group had presented their work to the others and discussion had happened on each joints they experimented on the basis of strength

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Mr. Jorge Moran, Mr. Juan Carlos, Mr. H.N. Jagdeesh, Mr. Bipul Das had given the feed back to the participats during their presentation of joints.

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existing one and some came up with new concepts. Some verymuch applicable in the real situation. There are many interesting ideas and concepts been came out in this process. Some people tried to improve the

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Visit to the traditional MIZO house

It was very important to everybody to see the traditional system of building houses in the region. It was very interesting experience for everybody to see a traditional house where all different techniques been used to build house and hoe they divide the space in term of of

utilisation. The sliding doors and windows roof construction wall etc, was very important and and interesting to do detail study of it. They also decorated the houses with anumal skull and skins. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 38

Assignment 2

Here the participatns been divided into 4 groups and each group worked under a guide. Each team got a subject work. Here this group was given a tastk to designa temperory structure for gettogethers and meatings. The group has done 2 models and one of it been made in full scale during the workshop. This structure can be made in different sizes. The top material also can be changed according to the sizes and the requirments. This design is very simple and practical. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 39

The second group had made a kiosk in bamboo and made a a scale model of it. It was very interesting geometrical form. The material used for this is Bamboo mat board and bamboo. The task is to design an information kiosk where one has to think about the diamensions and ergonomics principles. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 40

The third group made a bus stop using method of truss construction. Here bamboo is used as tention cables. The bamboo is split and joint together to make it in standard sizes. It is a very strong structure can be used for bigger buildings also.

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Some drawings of the bus stop

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The 4th team concentrated on the gate affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 43

The task was to make a gate in the workshopo site whcih should be big enough to alow a bus pass through. This was a very interesting structure made very simpley and very fast. Here for the top part split bamboo been used and for the pole hole round bamboo is been used. The tope is worked out from pure geometry.

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Drawings of the model house prepared by Mr. Jorge Moran and Mr. Juan Carlos for the workshop in India

Material used for the model house:

Cement ...................................... Sand........................................... Stone.......................................... Bamboo : (4 mts. long)................ Bamboo : (5 mts. long)................. Splited Bamboo .......................... Chiken mesh............................... Bricks.......................................... Timber 2x2 (3mts. long)............ Welded wire mesh (for the floor)... affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 50 sacs 8m3 5m3 100 units 80 units 200 m2 200 m2 12 m2 68 units 42 m2

Ceramic tiles ............................. Nails: 1, 1/2 ............................. Nails: 3, 4................................ Cinc sheets #8............................ Cinc sheet #10........................... Iron platin 2 x 1/8 (1mt. long)... Rods (1mt. long).......................... Nuts ans washers ........................ Iron #12 (6 mts long).................. Iron #10 (6 mts long).................. Iron # 6......................................

11 m2 25 kg. 1 kg. 18 units 18 units 20 units 70 units 300 each 18 units 18 units 85 Kg.

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ELEVATION

Bamboo poles (ELEVATION)

PLAN

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Side by side an another group was concentrating on the modelhouse during the assignments under the guidance of Mr. Jorge Moran and Mr. Juan Carlos

chicken mesh used for the reinforcement of mortar plaster- chicken mesh fixed on to the split bamboo wall and then plastered on top. affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas

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Inside view, after fixing the wall pannels made of wooden frame and flattened bamboo.

Out side view of the house while plastering

a view of the wall from out side.

Making the sun shade of the window

Plastering on the wall pannels

Plastering on the sun shade

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Various tools and hardwares used during the construction of the house.

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Workshop feed back

Mr. Vinay Oberoi addressing the participants

Participants writing the feedback.

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Closing function

Pu Vanhela Pachuau, Secretary , E&F

Mr. Kamesh Salam, CBTC

Pu Lalchamliana Hon,ble Minister of State Environment and Forest Department , addressing the participants during the closing function

Mr. Vinay Oberoi, UNDP

Mr. Juan Carlos, Colombia

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The participants and other guests

Distribution of Certificates

The participants and other guests

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Construction of roof

Different view of roof construction Wooden members fixed to the bamboo Fixing of CGI sheets

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Various Stages of Construction

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Various Stages of Construction

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Various Stages of Construction

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Various Stages of Construction

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Various Stages of Construction

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Visit of Government Officials at the site

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Various Stages of Construction

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Various Stages of Construction

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Final Stages of Construction

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Say cheese................

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Conclusion
The workshop, Affordable Bamboo Housing in Earthquake Prone Areas was a first of its kind for the North East region. For fifteen days, a diverse, enthusiastic and highly motivated group of persons lived and worked together and shared experiences and knowledge. The workshop participants came from seven countries and four continents, twelve States of India the largest contingent was naturally from the States of the North East, for whom the subject of the workshop was of immediate and practical relevance. regard, the contributions made by Mr. Jorge Moran Ubidia, Director, Hogar de Christo Foundation, Mr. Juan Carlos Jaramillo, Architect and Mr. Bipul Das, Architect were invaluable and provided the starting point for discussion, interaction and building activity.

The discussion during the workshop successfully covered almost all of the practical aspects of bamboo-based housing. The participants were introduced to different construction systems, and to a range of technology, materials and skills. The initial presentations led to lively discussions on the current construction systems in India, and The workshop went far beyond its original objectives, and their relative advantages and disadvantages. These interthe output significantly exceeded the expectations of the active discussions led into practical sessions on construcorganisers. It also succeeded in overcoming the consid- tion elements, bamboo preservation, and adaptation of erable logistical and other difficulties that are a part of new designs. any venture of this kind in the region. The workshop also emerged as a platform for ideas and The primary objective of the workshop was to demon- problems to be shared and discussed, and for specific strate and transfer the technology and skills developed in problem solving. Latin America for simple, sturdy, inexpensive bamboo based housing technology. This was carried out, and the It proved to be a highly instructive and enjoyable experilegacy, in addition to the bamboo house at Berwatalang, ence, and the participants were delighted at the opportuis a nucleus of people who have sufficiently familiarised nity of getting the opportunity for hands-on learning. themselves with the concepts not only to be able to build similar structures in their respective locations, but to adapt The workshop was not only an interactive forum for archithem to specific local needs. and places of work. In this tects and other professionals, but for the local people, decision makers, media and construction agencies. It was affordable bamboo housing in earth quake prone areas 64

a unique and educative experience for them all. The exhibition of various industrial bamboo products, which was also concurrently held with the workshop, was a major attraction for the participants and the local population. There is no doubt that the model bamboo house constructed during the course of the workshop will pave the way for many more such houses to come up in the near future not only in the North East but in other parts of the country as well .At the same time it will be a model house for the government sponsored rural housing schemes in India. The workshop was a success not just because of the fact that participants from other countries participated in it. It was a success because of the active support, cooperation and collaboration by the local people.

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Refferences
List of organizers 1. Dr. Ralf Kwaschik Sr. Information Specialist and Network Advisor C/o INBAR, P.O. Box 100101 80, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
Rkwaschik@inbar.int

6.

Mr. C. Thanchuanga Project Manager, Industries Office, Khatla, Aizawl, Mizoram

Chuanga@sancharnet.in

7. 2. Mr. T.P. Subramony Resident Manager INBAR South Asia Office, New Delhi 110003, India Ph. 011-461941130 Mr. Kamesh Salam Project Co-ordinator, CBTC, opp. To Guwahati Tea Auction Center G.S. Road, Dispur 751006, Assam, Ph. 227390
Ksalam@onlysmart.com

Mr. Lalnunzia A.C.F. PCCF Office, Tuikhuahtlang, Aizawl, Mizoram Ms. Lalrinkimi Extension Officer Industries Office , Khatla , Aizawl, Mizoram Ms. Hunthianghlimi Extension Officer Industries Office , Khatla , Aizawl, Mizoram Ms. B. Vanlalhuruaii Computer Operator Ms. Hunthianghlimi Extension Officer Industries Office , Khatla , Aizawl, Mizoram Mr. Vanlalhruaia O/A Industries Office, Khatla, Aizawl, Mizoram

8.

3.

4.

Mr. Partha P. Majumdar Project Manager CBTC Accounts opp. To Guwahati Tea Auction Center, G.S. Road, Dispur 751006, Assam Mr. Vijayan Pillai K.D. Accounts Officer CBTC, opp. To Guwahati Tea Auction Center, G.S. Road, Dispur 751006, Assam

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11

5.

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Mr. Laldingliana Sailo O/A Industries Office, Khatla, Aizawl, Mizoram

Mr. Bipul Kr. Das Architect, Design Nucleus Bye Lane 11 West R.G. Baruah Rd, Guwahati. Dr. H.N. Jagadeesh Consultant, IPIRTI No.179(710),24th. BCross,III vlock Jayanagar, Bangalore-560011 Dr. T.K. Dhamodaran Scientist, Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi, Kerala, 680653. Dr. K. Haridasan Scientist SE, State Forest Reasearch Institute, Van Vihar, P.B. No. 159, Itanagar

Resource Persons: 1 Mr jorge Moran U. Architect/Consulatant, Univ. de Guayaquil Catolica. INBAR Ecuador,
Rimancer@telconet.net, ph. 593-4-2384283 8 2 Mr. Juan Carlos Jaramillo P. Architect/Consultant, Univ. Gran Colombia. INBAR AV. Bolivar 7N Apto 501 Armenia-Colombia Mr. Don Lionel Jayanetti Head Trada International, Trada Technology, Stocking Lane Hughenden Valley, HP 14 $ND U.K. +441494569600 Mr. Fitri Mardjono PHD Student, Eindhoven University of Technology, T Hofke 107 5641 Ak Eindhoven The Netherlands

Participants
1 Mr. Daniel L.A. Ofori Building Landscaping Contractor, BARNET P.O. Box 7268,ACWLA North Ghana Mr. David Eli Bamboo & Rattan Enthusiast, BARNET P.O. Box Ds 1469, Dansoman ACCRA, Ghana Alexander Bosjnak Faculty of Industrial Design, National Institute of Design, Paldi, Ahmedabad, 380007

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Mr. Shanti Kumar Chakma A.E., Kamalanagar, Cadc, Mizoram

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Mr. Peter Lalzawmliama Project Assistance, Zohandco, Aizawl, Mizoram Mr. Anthony Vanlaltluanga Cultivator H/No.6 mission Veng EX-MNA mr. C.N. Tluanga O/S, Tuikual North, Aizawl, Mizoram Navin Gulgulia Technical Executive C/o United Impex Limited, Silchar Mr. Lynda Partei SDO (TC) PWD, Project Div 1 Mr. Lalnithanga Pachuau P.S. to Chairman, R&R Advisory board, Ramhlun Vengali, Aizawl EX-MNA, Mizoram Mr. Vanlalchhuana E.E. PWD Aizawl building Div. Executive Engineer Mr. K. Beingiachhie Officer on Special Duty, Mara House,mamra Autonomous district council Zotlang, Aizawl

13 5 Mr. Samuel Saithuamliana C/o Chairman, Relief&Rehabilitation Board, Khatla, Aizawl, Mizoram 14 6 Mr. Lalfakzuala C/o Chairman, Relief&Rehabilitation Board, Khatla, Aizawl, Mizoram Mr. Tlanglianchhuma SDO, Distribution Sub Div. Ii (P&E) Aizawl, Mizoram Mr. Thokchom Buddhabir Architect, Chingamathak Thokchom Leikai Edge Consultants Mr. Lalrinmawia Sub Divisional Officer TC Aizawl Water supply project Mizoram Mr. Malsawma Sailo Managing Director, United Engineers Society, Khatla, Aizawl, Mizoram Ms. Elizabeth Zodingliani Project Director, united Engineers Society, Khatla , Aizawl, Mizoram

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Mr. Sambhu Debbarma Asst Engineer, Rural, Dev. Dept. of Tripura C/o the Executive Engineer R.Div Dhadai, Tripura. Vikas goenka Sales Executive Anmol Mach. House, Burnihat , Guwahati, Assam Mr. Alakesh Baruah Alakesh baruah AEI road, Chandmari, Guwahati Ms. Mibi Ete School of Planning and Architecture IP Estate 4-B, New Delhi Mr. Harinarayan Saikia Technical Officer, N.C. Hills Community Resource Management Society Haflong 788819, Assam Miss. Mibina Saikia Asstt. Design & Production, Design Nucleus Gandhi-Basti P.O. Silpukhuri, Guwahati, India Mr. Anil Kumar OSD to Minister of Power 15, Ashoka Rd. , NewDelhi , Government of India

27

Mr. Dipankar Mahanta R.G. Baruah Rd., Nabin Nagar Janapath , Guwahati Mr. Sumit Kr. Majumdar Project Engineer, Centre for Social Works & Research (CSR) Agartala, Tripura Mr. Thesar Tachang Social worker, Palin P.O. Palin Dist. Kurung Kumei (API) Future Generation, Arunachal Mr. Byabang rockit Palin P.O., Palin Master Co- ordinator committee Future Generation, Arunachal ER. K. Lalrinmawia Asstt. Engineer, RCH Project Thuampui, Aizawl Mr. F. Ailiana Instructor, Building Gentre, Zuangtui, Aizawl. Mr. Rosangzuala Secretary, Mizoram Bio Science, Management Centre Society, Aizawl mr. Dinesh Chandra Chakma President, Mizoram Buddhist Dev. Welfare, Kamalanagar, Assam.

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32. 25

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Mr. Lalbiaksanga Executive Engineer, EE(P) Trandmission Cricle, P&E Dept. Aizawl, Mizoram Mr. H. Lalrinthanga President, YMA, Tlangnuam, Aizawl. Mr. Lalkhawingaiha Co-ordinator, Aizawl Building Centre Society, Chawlhhmun, Aizawl. Mr. David Lalmuanpuia Executive member, C/o F. Hrangvela&sons, Zidco Building, Upper Khatla, Aizawl. Mr. R. Lalchhanpuia E.O.(IND) Rural Development Dept. Aizawl

43

Mr. Lalnumawia News Editor, Aizawl Thupuan, Treasury Square, Aizawl. Mr. L.T. lalrinmawia Asstt. Engineer, Directorate of Local Administration, Thakthing Tlang, Aizawl. Mr. C. Lalremtluanga Staff Officer, industrial Department, Zidco, Aizawl Mr. B. S. Bhakuni D&PO,66 ENGR REGT, C/o 99 APO, Army Mr. Sukumar Haobam Design Consultant, Top Leikai, Singjamei, Imphal, 795008, Manipur. Mr. Sharangajit Lisham Secretary, Craft Society of Manipur, Imphal, Manipur. Mr. Nehemiah Panmei Project Co-ordinator, Tamenglong Bamboo &Cane Dve. Org. (TAMBAC) Tamenglong, Manipur G. Chetan Sharma Artist, Kakching Bazar, Manipur, (CBTC)

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48 40 Mr. John Zosangliana E.O., Rural Dev. Department Chandmari, Aizawl 49 41 Ms. Lalrinpuia Social Worker, Kanaan Veng HNAM Chhantu Mr. R. lalronghaka Co-ordinator, Aizawl Building Centre, Ramhlun South, Aizawl. 50

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Mr. Susanth C.S. Industrial Designer, National Institute of Design, Paldi , Ahmedabad, 380007. cssusanth@hotmail.com Mr. H. Ngurdawla, Forester, Khatle Forest Department K. Ramachandran Professor, Department of Design, IIT, Guwahati Ranjib Baruah Architect, C/o Designers Plenum, Ashianasarvodaya path, Byelane of G.S. Rd. Opp. Rajiv Bhavan, Guwahati- 781005, Assam Mr. C.Darrikhuma Forester, D.F.Os Officer, Aizawl Ms. Lalrima WII Khiangte Dev. Officer, Hudco, Aizawl, Mizoram. Mr. Vaibhav Kaley Designer, Aproop Nirman, Nagpur Ms. Chhungi Zahau Manager, Mizoram Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd., Head Office, Aizawl.

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Mr. Lalzakhama SDO (TC), Store Div., Chhinga Veng, Aizawl, Mizoram.

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Technical Staff
1 Mr. Anjal Goswami CBTC, Opp to Guwahati Tea Auction Center/ G.S.Road, Dispur, 751006 (Assam)

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Mr. H. Priyo Km Singh CBTC, Opp to Guwahati Tea Auction Center/ G.S.Road, Dispur, 751006 (Assam) Mr. Arup Ali CBTC, Opp to Guwahati Tea Auction Center/G.S.Road, Dispur, 751006 (Assam) Mr. Dushmanta Gayan P.O. Bahhara, Vill. Baligoan Sonitpur, Assam Mr. Alok Mahanta P.O. Barangabari, Vill. Napamua goan, Sonitput, Assam

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Mr. Arupjyoti Goswami S/o Sjt Sarat Ch. Goswami, P.O. + Vill Ghahi , Assam Mr. Sahid Ali Anmol Machinery House, Guwahati. Mr. Vijay Singh PCI Ltd, Guwahati mr. Amarjit Singh CBTC Guwahati.

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Photography Susanth C.S. Alexander Bosjnak CBTC Graphic Design Deepa Vijayakumar Compilation Susanth C.S.

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