Q. 1. What are Analog modulation techniques? Ans. The Analog modulation techniques are: 1. Amplitude modulation 2.

Angle modulation (a) Frequency modulation (b) Phase modulation. Q. 2. Define amplitude modulation. Ans. This is defined as the modulation, in which amplitude of carrier is changed in accordance to the amplitude of the modulating signal. Q. 3. What are the limitations of amplitude modulation?

Ans. The amplitude modulation suffers from the following limitations El. The useful power is contained in the sidebands and even at 100% modulation the bands contain only 33% of the total power and hence the modulation efficiency is poor. 2. Due to poor efficiency, the transmitters employing amplitude modulation have very poor range. 3. The reception in this modulation is noisy. The radio receiver picks up all the surrounding noise along with the signal. Q. 4. Describe designation of various forms of amplitude modulations (emissions) used in communication. Ans. The designation of amplitude modulation/Emission systems used in communication are: AO : Carrier carrying no modulation or information. A1 : Telegraphy, on off, with no other types of modulation. A2 : Telegraphy, on off, amplitude modulated tone. A3 : Telephony double sideband with full carrier (DSBFC) This is the

standard AM technique used for broadcasting etc. A3A Telephony : Single side band with reduced carrier (SSBRC) , also called pilot carrier system. A3H Telephony : Single side band with full carrier (SSBFC). A3J Telephony : Single side band with supressed carrier (SSBSC). A3B Telephony Independent side band (ISB). A5C Television Vestigial (trace of) side band with full carrier (VSBFC). A41AX : Fascimile (FAX) also called slow scan TV system. A9B Telegraphy : Telephony or telegraphj with independent side bands. Note : When a number digit preceeds a system! emission designation, it indicates allowable BW in Kiloherz e.g. OA is a slow speed radio telegraph ON OFF emission BW is nearly zero. 1A2 BW = 1KHz A3J BW = 3KHz A5C BW=5KHz A9B BW = 9 KHz and so on. Q. 5. What do you know by angle modulation?

Ans. It is possible to convey or transmit an information by varying its frequency as well as angle of phase. These are known as frequency and phase modulations respectively and both cbllectively are known as Angle Modulation. The frequency and phase modulation systems have similar characteristics with minor differences. Briefing we can say angle modulations of two types: (1) Frequency modulation (ii) Phase modulation The angle modulation has many advantages over amplitude modulation such as noise reduction, improved system fidelity and more efficient use of power. Angle modulation has some disadvantages also such as increased B.W. and need of more complex circuits. Angle modulation has the following applications: (i) Radio broadcasting (ii) Two way mobile radio (iii) Microwave communication (iv) TV sound transmission

(v) Cellular radio (vi) Satellite communication. Q. 6. What do you mean by single tone frequency modulation? Ans. In this modulation, the modulating signal contains a single frequency and modulates a carrier i.e. frequency of the carrier is varied by the signal containing a single frequency component. This is the simplest case.

Q. 7. Write a note on Power of a FM wave. Ans. Power of FM Wave : Though the frequency of FM wave varies with time, the carrier amplitude remains constant. Therefore, it can be shown that average power of a FM wave remains always equal to the carrier power. When modulation is applied, the total power of the carrier is redistributed among all the components of the spectrum. At

certain value of nz1, when the carrier component becomes zero, all the power in carried by the side frequencies. Q. 8. Write a note on BW of an FM wave. Ans. Transmission BW of FM Wave : Theoretically a FM wave contains an infinite number of side frequencies, the BW required to transmit such a signal shall be also infinite. But in practice, an FM have a finite number of side frequencies so we can specify BW required for transmission of an FM wave. The number of significant sidebands produced in a FM wave may be obtained from the function J. m1. if n > ni1 the values of J,, m1 are negligible. At 1, the

number of significant sidebands Note that rn is frequency modulation factor,fTfl is. the modulating frequency, and 6 is frequency devition. Thus we can say that BW of a FM is twice the frequency deviation, when 1.

Q. 9. Explain phase modulation obtained from frequency modulation. Ans. Generation of PM Signal from frequency Modulation : (Figure 1) It can be mathematically verified that, if the modulating signal is differentiated before it is applied to a frequency modulator, the output

is a PM signal. In a frequency modulator, the instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal varies according to the signal applied at its input. In this case, the instantaneous frequency will vary as per differential of the modulating signal that is, the integral of instantaneous frequency will vary according to the modulating signal. In other words, in instantaneous phase is modulated in accordance to the modulating signal, the output therefore, is a PM signal.

Q. 10. Explain frequency modulation obtained from phase modulation. Ans. Generation of FM signal from phase modulation: It can be mathematically verified that if the modulating signal is integrated,

before it is fed to a phase modulator the output is a FM signal.

In Figure 2 the input to the phase modulator is the integral of the modulating signal. The instantaneous phase of the modulated signal varies in accordance with the modulating signal. In other words, derivative of the instantaneous phase varies as per the modulating signal. Since the time rate of change of phase is frequency, we can say that the instantaneous frequency varies as per the modulating signal, which implies that output is an FM signal.

Q. 11. Describe designations of various frequency or phase modulation system emissions. Ans. The various FM/PM systems or emissions are: Fl : Telegraphy : Frequency shift keyed F2 : Telegraphy, on off, frequency modulated tone.

F3 F4 F5 F6

: Telephony or phase modulated : FAX : Television . : Telegraphy four frequency diplex.

Q. 12. Draw the block diagram for generation of PM signal using FM modulator and FM signal using PM modulator. Ans.

Q. 13. What is the maximum value of sideband power in AM? Ans. 33% in both side bands.

Q. 14. Why are frequencies allotted for AM broadcasting smaller than that for FM broadcasting? Ans. This is due to difference in Bandwidths.

Q. 15. What are different methods of generating FM? Ans. The methods of FM generation are: (1) Direct methods (ii) Indirect methods.

Q. 16. Why is higher percentage of modulation desirable in AM?

Ans. In AM, 100% modulation is ideal. Below 100% causes undermodulation and above 100% causes overmodulatiorL both leading to distortion.

Q. 17. Define frequency modulation. Derive the expression for instantaneous amplitude of FM wave. Define modulation index. Ans. When frequency of a carrier is varied as per modulating frequency (amplitude and phase remaining constant) the process is called frequency modulation The modulation index for FM is the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to the modulating frequency For derivation of FM wave Refer Chapter 2, Q

Q. 18. Define Modulation Index of AM.

Ans. Modulation Index of AM.: Is defined as measure of extent of amplitude variation about an unmodulated maximum carrier,

Q. 19. Define Deviation ratio of FM. Ans. Deviation of FM : The maximum change in the instantaneous frequency from the average carrier frequency is called frequency deviation

Q. 20. Define Narrow banding. Ans. Narrow banding : When the value of modulation index is small, the BW of the modulated wave is less or, narrow. This type of

modulation system is called narrow band system. We have narrow band FM and narrow band PM system.

Q. 21. What are the different methods of frequency modulation Explain in detail Armstrong method. Ans. The methods of frequency modulation are : (i) Narrow band FM (ii) Wide band FM. For Armstrong modulation. Refer Chapter 5,

Q. 22. For what the Narrow band FM signal is used for Ans. The NBFM is used for FM mobile communication such as police wireless, ambulance etc. (for speech transmission).

Q. 23. (a) Define % Modulation Index of a AM. Ans. Percent modulation index of AM. The ratio of maximum value of the modulating signal to the maximum value of the carrier multiplied by 100 is called percent modulation index (b) What are limitations of AM? Ans. Limitations of AM: (i) Power of carrier and of one side band is useless. (ii) The AM reception is noisy. (iii) The BW is much less. (iv) Only two S.Bs are available.

Q. 24. (a) What is the frequency deviation and carrier swing. What value of there is necessary to provide 75% modulation in the FM broadcast band?

Ans. (a)Change or shift either above or below the centre frequency (fe) is called Frequency deviation. The total variation of frequency from the lowest to highest point is called carrier swing. For FM broadcast band, for 75% FM, the frequency deviation necessary is 75 kHz. The swing required is 2 x 75 150 kHz. (b) Repeat above Q. for a FM signal serving as the audio portion of a TV broadcast. Ans. For sound portion of TV broadcast, the frequency deviation necessary is 25 kHz and the swing required is 2 x 25 = 50 kHz. (c). What is the cause of diagonal clipping in a diode detector? Ans. The diagonal clipping results in diode detectors because ac load impedance becomes reactive at higher audio frequencies.

SHORT & LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Part 1 : Amplitude Modulation Q. 25. Explain Amplitude modulation (AM) with the help of a neat sketch. Ans. In amplitude modulation, amplitude of the carrier wave is changed according to the amplitude of the signal. The technique is very much used in the transmission of radio signals. 4 shows the process of amplitude modulation.

Note that Only amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency and phase remain unchanged. Whenthere is no signal, the amplitude of the carrier is equal to the unmodulated amplitude. When signal is present, the amplitude of the carrier changes in accordance with the instantaneous value of the

signal. During positive cycle of the signal, the amplitude of the carrier increases to the sum of the amplitudes of the carrier and the signal (E + Em) (iv) During negative cycle of the signal, the amplitude of the carrier decreases and becomes equal to the difference of the amplitudes of the carrier and the signal. Q. 26. Explain theory of A.M. OR provide analysis of A.M.

(E E).

Q. 27. Define modulator factor/Index/depth of modulation. Derive expression of AM wave is displaced on a CR0. Explain its significance.

Ans. (a) Modulation Factor/Index (m) : The modulation factor/index, (m) can be defined in the following ways. 1. It is the ratio of maximum value of the signal to the maximum value of the carrier, i.e., 2. m Em/Eci or = mE It is the ratio of the change in the amplitude of the carrier to its original amplitude, i.e., 4. It is the ratio of minimum amplitude to the maximum amplitude to the modulated (ratio) wave as shown below. (b) If modulation curve is displayed on a cathode ray oscilloscope (CR0), we get the curve as shown in figure 6. The modulation index m can be calculated as follow: m AEC/EC 3. It is the percentage change in the amplitude of the carrier, i.e., m = 1LEC/EC)< 100 Hence m can be expressed as the ratio of minimum amplitude to the maximum amplitude of the radio wave. Note:

1. The vkof m lies between 0 and 1. 2. T){value of m depends upon the amplitudes of the signal as well as of the carrier. Significance of m (Table 1) The modulation factor m plays a very important role in the modulation process. This will be made clear by calculating the values of m for different amplitudes of the signal and the carrier. 1. Let the amplitude of signal be zero (i.e. signal is not present) and amplitude of carrier is E. In this case, the amplitude of modulated wave 0 +E = E. Change in the carrier amplitude E - E = 0. Modulation index 0/Er = 0 (No modulation) 2. Let the amplitude of carrier = E and amplitude of signal = E/2.

Hence m depends on the amplitude of both the signal and the carrier. The value of m decides the strength of the modulated wave and hence that of the signal. When rn = 1(100%) the signal will be strongest, perfect and clear. In the case of overmodulation (m = 150%) the modulated wave will be clipped..off arid huge distortion will occur in the reception. Hence, the ideal value of modulation is I or 100%.

Q. 28. Draw and explain frequency spectrum of AM wave. Ans. The equation of A.M. wave is given by. Note that the equation has three parts: First part is an unmodulated carrier wave, which remains unchanged in the process. The maximum amplitude is E. Second part has a maximum amplitude of mE/2 and its frequency is

equal to the difference of carrier and the signal frequencies. This is called lower side band (L.S.B.). Recall that angular velocity of the carrier o 2rf, where f is the frequency of the carrier. Similarly tOrn = fm Third part has also max. amplitude of mE/2 and frequency equal to the sum of carrier and signal frequencies. This is called upper side band (U.S.B.) (See Figure 6b).

Figure 6 shows frequency spectrum of an A.M. wave which is equivalent to three sine waves as shown. Bandwidth (B.W.) of an A.M. wave Hence, in amplitude modulation, the bandwidth is twice the signal

frequency.

Q. 29. Derive AM power. Ans. We know that the power contained in a voltage wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude (V2). Note that an A.M. wave is a voltage wave. The total power contained in an A.M. wave will be the sum of the powers contained in the three parts of the wave. Considering root mean square (R.M.S) values
1. Power

contained in the carrier

2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

Note that power in both the sidebands is equal and at m = 1, the sidebands contain 1/3rd (33%) power and the carrier contains 66% of the total power. Hence bands carry half the carrier power of the wave. (d) Total power contained in two side bands = 1/3 = 33% Total power contained in each side band = 1/6 = 16.5%. V As the signal is contained only in the sidebands, useful power is contained in sidebands. This is the reason, that we are interested only in the sidebands. The power in the sidebands go on increasing with the increase in the modulating index (m). Q. 30. Explain AM current calculations OR obtain current relation between amplitude modulated and unmodulated wave.

7. 8. 9.

10.

Ans. Let l = Unmodulated current (carrier current) 12. 1T = Modulated current of an A.M. wave (both in R.M.S. values) and R = Resistance through which current flows. Assume it to be
11.

the same in both the cases.

Q 31 Explain amp modulation by several sine waves simultaneously Or Explain A.M. modulation with a complex wave.

13.

Ans. (a) Modulation of a single sinusoidal wave is rarely done, instead several sinusoidal waves are simultaneously used to modulate the carrier. To calculate the modulated power, we have first to calculate modulation index which can be evaluated by any of the methods given below: We know that

Where P is the power of the sideband. If several sine waves simultaneously modulate the carrier, the carrier power will remain the same but the total side band power will become equal to the sum of individual

side band powers,

As in both cases, the total modulating index is same, any of the two methods given above can be used. Moreover, the total modulating index should not exceed unity otherwise a distortion will occur. Note that setting up a system with complex modulating waveforms, It is possible for the effective modulating index to be less than one and yet the phase relation between individual components of the modulating wave could result in a voltage that causes the modulating depth to exceed 100%. Fig. 7 (a) shows typical frequency spectra for A.M. modulating by square wave and (b) by rectangular wave.