Name : Roll No: Supersonic Flow over A Diamond Shaped Airfoil Aim:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

To estimate the lift and drag coefficients for a Diamond shaped (double wedge) airfoil in supersonic flow (M = 2) for two different angles of attack ( = 0O & -10O). Description: This experiment is an analysis on flow over a diamond airfoil (shown in figure -1) section at supersonic condition at nominal Mach number (M = 2, Inlet Gauge pressure of supersonic wind tunnel PO = 24 PSI). The supersonic flow is simulated in the supersonic wind tunnel for angles of attack (AoA or ) of 0, -10. Pressure measurements taken on each of the four faces of the airfoil (8 Ports, shown in figure -1) as well as a static pressure measurement from the free stream (Port No.9), are used to calculate the lift and drag coefficients. The results of this analysis are compared to those determined from standard oblique shock and Prandtl Mayer expansion wave theories.

Figure -1 Diamond Shaped Airfoil with regions numbered (8 - Static pressure locations are shown) Measuring Instruments: The scanivalve disc type pressure transducer is used for the static pressure measurement over the surfaces of diamond shaped airfoil (2 ports per surface, totally 8 ports). 1 more static pressure port is used to measure the free stream static pressure (P1). The scanivalve pressure transducer has 50 ports and it can measure 4 ports/sec. 9 ports only used for the experiment. Static pressure values are displayed using digital data acquisition system. Test Procedure: The diamond shaped airfoil is fixed 0O with respect to the supersonic flow direction in the supersonic wind tunnel test section. The high pressure stagnant air (PO = 24 PSI) stored in the settling chamber is allowed to flow through the supersonic wind tunnel (which has C-D nozzle to accelerate the flow to M = 2, at the end of the divergent section the test section is located). The static pressure values are recorded. The valve between the settling chamber and the C-D nozzle is closed. 1

Name : Roll No: The diamond shaped airfoil is set at -10O to the flow and the above procedure is repeated. Analysis and results:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

The measured static gauge pressures at the 8 locations shown in figure -1 and one free stream location for the two angles of attack (0O & -10O) is given in table -1. The reference atmospheric pressure is 14.5826PSI. The absolute pressure = Gauge Pressure + Error + Atmospheric pressure. Measured Gauge Pressure (PSI) Port Nos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (P1) 9 Absolute Pressure

= 0O
Gauge Error = -0.067 PSI -7.946 -8.177 -8.144 -8.322 -11.032 -11.907 -10.891 -10.796 -9.42

= -10O
Gauge Error = -0.067 PSI -0.47 -3.31 -9.39 -9.97 -9.24 -9.08 -10.79 -10.81 -9.12 Table -1Static Pressure readings

= 0O
6.54 6.31 6.34 6.17 3.46 2.58 3.60 3.69 5.07

= -10O
14.02 11.18 5.10 4.52 5.25 5.41 3.70 3.68 5.37

The theoretical calculations for estimating lift and drag of diamond shaped airfoil for M = 2, & AOAs ( = 0 & -10O) is shown below.
O

Theoretical Calculation AOA = 0O Region 1 From measurements P01/P1 = 38.49/5.07 = 7.6, for (P01/P1 = 7.6) from Ref -1 Table A.1 M1 = 1.98 Region 2 M1 = 1.98, Flow Turning Angle 2 = 7.125O, from Oblique shock relations Shock Angle 2 = 36.71O M2 = 1.73, P2/P1 = 1.47, P02/P01 = 0.99 P02 = P02/P01 X P01 = 38.35 PSI P2 = P2/P1 X P1 = 7.43 PSI Co efficient of Pressure CP2 = Region 3
2

2 1

2 1 = 0.17
1

M2 = 1.73, Flow Turning Angle 3 = -14.25O, from Prandtl Mayer Expansion Wave theory (Ref -1, Table A.5) 2

Name : Roll No: 1 = -18.68O, 2 = 1 + 2 = -32.93O for (2 = -32.93O ) from Ref -1, Table A.5 M3 = 2.25, P03 = P02 = 38.35 PSI (Expansion Wave is Isentropic process) For (M3 = 2.25) from Ref -1, Table A.1 (Isentropic Relations) P03/P3 = 11.56, P02/P01 = 0.99 P3 = P3/P03 X P03/P02 X P02/P2 X P2= 3.32 PSI CP3 =
2 1

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Region 4

3 1 = -0.13
1

The flow is symmetric about the diamond airfoil horizontal axis, because AoA = 0O P4 = P2 = 7.43 PSI CP4 = CP2 = 0.17 Region 5 The flow is symmetric about the diamond airfoil horizontal axis, because AoA = 0O P5 = P3 = 3.32 PSI. CP5 = CP3 = -0.13 Lift (L) = (P4 + P5 P2 P3) X 1.587 X COS 7.125O = 0.0 Drag (D)= (P2 + P4 P3 P5) X 1.587 X SIN 7.125O = 1.62 lbf/inch CD = CL =
(. )

= 0.04 =0

(. )

Experiment AOA = 0O Region 2 P2 = (Pressure value @ Port 2 + Pressure value @ Port 4) / 2 = 6.43 PSI CP2 =
2 1

Region 3

2 1 = 0.1
1

P3 = (Pressure value @ Port 5 + Pressure value @ Port 7) / 2 = 3.02 PSI CP3 = -0.15 3

Name : Roll No: Region 4 P4 = (Pressure value @ Port 1 + Pressure value @ Port 3) / 2 = 6.25 PSI CP4 = 0.09 Region 5 P5 = (Pressure value @ Port 6 + Pressure value @ Port 8) / 2 = 3.64 PSI CP5 = -0.1 Lift (L) = (P4 + P5 P2 P3) X 1.587 X COS 7.125O = 0.72 lbf/inch Drag (D)= (P2 + P4 P3 P5) X 1.587 X SIN 7.125O = 1.18 lbf/inch CD = 0.03 CL = 0.02

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Theoretical Calculation AOA = -10O Region 1 From measurements P01/P1 = 38.49/5.37 = 7.17, for (P01/P1 = 7.6) from Ref -1 Table A.1 M1 = 1.94 Region 2 M1 = 1.94, Flow Turning Angle 2 = 17.125O, from Oblique shock relations Shock Angle 2 = 50.1O M2 = 1.3, P2/P1 = 2.42, P02/P01 = 0.933 P02 = P02/P01 X P01 = 36.88 PSI P2 = P2/P1 X P1 = 13.0 PSI Co efficient of Pressure CP2 = Region 3
2

2 1

2 1 = 0.54
1

M2 = 1.3, Flow Turning Angle 3 = -14.25O, from Prandtl Mayer Expansion Wave theory (Ref -1, Table A.5) 1 = -6.17O, 2 = 1 + 2 = -20.42O for (2 = -20.42O ) from Ref -1, Table A.5 M3 = 1.79, P03 = P02 = 36.88 PSI (Expansion Wave is Isentropic process) For (M3 = 1.79) from Ref -1, Table A.1 (Isentropic Relations) P03/P3 = 5.656, P02/P01 = 0.99 4

Name : Roll No: P3 = P3/P03 X P03/P02 X P02/P2 X P2= 6.52 PSI CP3 =
2 1

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Region 4

3 1 = 0.08
1

M1 = 1.3, Flow Turning Angle 4 = -2.88O, from Prandtl Mayer Expansion Wave theory (Ref -1, Table A.5) 1 = -24.71O, 2 = 1 + 4 = -27.59O for (2 = -27.59O ) from Ref -1, Table A.5 M4 = 2.04, P04 = P01 = 38.49 PSI (Expansion Wave is Isentropic process) For (M4 = 2.04) from Ref -1, Table A.1 (Isentropic Relations) P04/P4 = 8.458, P04/P01 = 1 P4 = P4/P04 X P04/P01 X P01/P1 X P1= 4.55 PSI CP4 =
2 1

Region 5

4 1 = -0.06
1

M4 = 2.04, Flow Turning Angle 3 = -14.25O, from Prandtl Mayer Expansion Wave theory (Ref -1, Table A.5) 1 = -27.75O, 2 = 1 + 2 = -42O for (2 = -42O ) from Ref -1, Table A.5 M5 = 2.63, P05 = P04 = 38.49 PSI (Expansion Wave is Isentropic process) For (M5 = 2.63) from Ref -1, Table A.1 (Isentropic Relations) P05/P5 = 21.5, P05/P04 = 1 P5 = P5/P05 X P05/P04 X P04/P4 X P4= 1.79 PSI CP5 =
2 1

Lift (L) = (- P2 COS 17.125O - P3 SIN 2.875O + P4 SIN 2.875O + P5 SIN 17.125O) X 1.587 = -20.12 lbf/inch Drag (D)= (P2 SIN 17.125O + P3 SIN 2.875O P4 SIN 2.875O P5 SIN 17.125O) X 1.587 = 5.39 lbf/inch CD = CL =
(. )

3 1 = -0.25
1

= 0.12 = -0.45

(. )

Name : Roll No: Experiment AOA = -10O Region 2 P2 = (Pressure value @ Port 2 + Pressure value @ Port 4) / 2 = 12.6 PSI CP2 =
2 1

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Region 3

2 1 = 0.51
1

P3 = (Pressure value @ Port 5 + Pressure value @ Port 7) / 2 = 5.33 PSI CP3 = 0 Region 4 P4 = (Pressure value @ Port 1 + Pressure value @ Port 3) / 2 = 4.81 PSI CP4 = -0.04 Region 5 P5 = (Pressure value @ Port 6 + Pressure value @ Port 8) / 2 = 3.69 PSI CP5 = -0.12 Lift (L) = (- P2 COS 17.125O - P3 SIN 2.875O + P4 SIN 2.875O + P5 SIN 17.125O) X 1.587 = -14.34 lbf/inch Drag (D)= (P2 SIN 17.125O + P3 SIN 2.875O P4 SIN 2.875O P5 SIN 17.125O) X 1.587 = 4.21 lbf/inch CD = 0.09 CL = -0.32 Figures 2 &3 shows the pictorial representation of the theoretical & experimental values for 0O & -10O respectively. Table -2 gives the comparison between the theory and experimental values. Conclusion: From the table -2, figures 4 & 5, it is observed that the variation between the theortical and experimental values are not much as well as the lift curve (fig -4) and drag curve (fig -5) shows the slope of the theory and experiment are very close.

Ref-1: Modern Compressible flow with historical perspective John D Anderson. Ref-2:Compressible Aerodynamic Calculator http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~devenpor/aoe3114/calc.html.

Name : Roll No:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Figure -2 Pictorial Representation of Theoretical & Experiment Values for 0O

7

Name : Roll No:

M.Karthick AE12M009 2nd Group

Figure -3 Pictorial Representation of Theoretical & Experiment Values for -10O

8

Name : Roll No: AE12M009

M.Karthick 2nd Group

Table -2 Comparison of Calculated & Experimental Values

Figure -4 Vs - CD

Figure -5 Vs - CL