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USATECOM

Project No. l-X-6-65704-D-112 Project No. 5-C0-473-000-020 DTC Project No. DTC-TR-73-Sirz

NT
S

CB TECHNICAL DATA
OURC

E
-

BOQJ( tUI
.22'/

i'/ /'

UME VI

Bacterial Diseases

(U) (U)
'/-'t

Part 0ne: Tul.lremia

-'.a'i.

--

^1 \,

o" II
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t:
HEADQUARTERS

'

DE5ERET TEST CENTER

O FOFT DOUG

-./ UTAH O

241_ /'/
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72-L365 copy

I'NCI.^R,SSIFIED
(u)
FOREWORD

(U)

This document \^/as prepared in compliance with Department of the Army letter, "Joint Contact Point for Chemical-Biological (CB) Field Tesr Data," 10 March f967r'nrhich directed Deseret Test Center to publish and maintain a joint CB technical data source book.
The Source Book is organized into a series of volumes, each of which addresses an identifiable area of information related to the analysis of CB !./eapons and defensive systems. Areas include agents, general models, weapons systems, assay and data reduction procedures, chemical simulants and biological nonpathogens, and knowledge deficiencies.

Parameter values with confidence levels derived from field, laboratory and chamber test, data are presented. Models and submodels are given which idencify and define Lhe parameters for which numerical values are required in esrimating capabilities of weapons systems of the Armed Services. Weapons systems which have been type classified or are in an advanced stage of development have been included.
The Source Book is designed to be used by the research and development conmunity as input into design and analysis of weapons systems, defensive techniques, and defensive devices. It may also be used by those responsible for preparaEion of sysEem performance tables for inclusion in field manuals, firing tables, and oEher presentations of munitions expenditure and effectiveness information.

Portions of the information contained in the Source Book were compiled by GEOI{ET, Inc., under contract DAAD-O9-69-C-0078, with the remainder by personneL of DesereE Test CenEer. All inaterial has been subjecEed to review and coordinaEion by selecEed members of Ehe CB communiEy. The conscienEious efforEs expended by Ehese individuals Eo improve, the quality of Ehe finalized. product are gratefully acknowledged and
aporeciaEed. Each part and volume of the Source Book will be updated periodically. Frequency of update will be dependent upon the level of activity in the research and testing areas covered by the applicable Parl or volume.
Conrnents and suggestions regarding the adequacy or accuracy of lhe material presented in this document and any request for assistance in the use of t.he document should be addressed to:

Cfficer Deseret Test Center ATTN: STEPD-?S-A(S) iort Dou3las, .'tah EALl3
Conunanding

I]NCIASSIFIED

T'NCI-ASSITTED
(U)
P

ILLUSTMTIONS (U)

as.e

Figure 4-L

TiEle

Page

Effecc of Relacive Humidity on Ehe Efficiency of AerosolizaE,ion of TT aE 75 oF When DisseminaLed by the E2R2 Spray Device Relationship Becween DisseminaE.ion Efficiency of ZZ and RelaEive HumidiEy in Aerosol TesE Chambers
ZZ ViabiliEy Decay ConsEanE for Agent '. as a FuncEion of Relacive HumidiEy Regression Line Showing of Relative Humidity
MO Decay RaEe

4-L6 4-22 5-5 5-9

4-2

6-r
6-L

5-1 5-2

as a FuncEion

7-L 7-1
7-7

6-1

Downwind Dosage Under the Conditions Indicated in the Legend for Stabilized TT or JT (l^Iind speed, 3 meEers per second) Downwind Dosage Under t,he Conditions Indicated in che Legend for SEabilized TT or JT (Wind speed, 6 met,ers per second) Downwind Dosage Under Ehe Conditions Indicated in Ehe Legend for ZZ (Wind speed, 3 meters Per second) Downwind Dosage Under Ehe CondiEions IndicaE,ed in the Legend for ZZ (Wind speed, 6 rneters Per second) Response

6-2

6-2

o-J

6-3
8-1

6-4

6-4 7-L

5-5
7-2

ChaIIenge with Agenc

of Noninrnune Ind ividuals t.o Aerogenic

SR

8-2

1a

Response of MuIEipLe Puncture Vaccinees Eo Aerogenic ChaLlenge wirh Agenr SR Response

7-3 7-5

7-3

of Aerogenic Vac cinees to Aerogenic Challenge with Agenc, SR

(-1

TINCI.ASSIFIED

l-I.}i

ili.

,1

,i,$f

irts

Number
<

P"g.
Summary of Total Decay Rates of Aerosols Cirambers aL Three Relative Humidities

-/,

of ZZ

Ln

5-6
5-7

5-5 5-6

Total Decay Parameters for Agent JT for TesE Chamber Trials

EstimaEes of Total MO Decay aL Selected Rel-ative Humidities and 75 oF TemPerature from Test Chamber

'}

'{r
ir
.l
I 't I

l,

Data
6-1

5-8 6-7
7-e

Estimated Ef fective Dor.rnwind Distances for Stabilized TT, ZZ, and JT Released from an Aerial Line Source

7-L
7-2

Efficacy of Aerogenic Vaccination with LVS Against Respiratory Infection with EIEncisella. tularensis 425 Tetracycline Prophylaxis of Tetracycline Therapy of
Human

#
H
! I

Airborne Tularemia

7-7
7-7 7-10

GT'i

7-3
7-4

Human

Airborne Tularemia

Formaldehyde Gas SEerilization of f'acilities' Materiats and Equipment .

j,

7-5 7-6

Characteristics of Selected Decontaninants

Amounts sR

7-Il
Ship
7-11

.gI
t

of Beta-propiolactone Experiments.
Field Trials. .

(BPL) Released

in

fr

t
'1

A-1

A-1

.t

ti

,r." : i .:-i"

'-!i;_: i..:,1r":.1' *l :"j. li.:s

rtvr:\

{l,lll"l:t'e, ..i:... ....: I tl-.{l

CFJPTER
1

(s)
General

SLDftlARY (U)

I I

5-8
6-7 7-0 7-7 7-7
7
7

I I I

-LO

-1r

I A-1
l^_,

7-1r

1-,

l-'o

I I I

Incub at.ion Period

(

-)

eD-?
a

t.o 5 days, de:enciing on dose.

Eo 10 days, d:pe:rC:.ng on dose.

(-)
_gvCl

^(,,

,'-\
orL=J

I10 - No ciays.

fever rvith I F crg3nisms; at a dose of lOe organisms,

'ri

ru,,

:.!,gr;: i

iJrilil tffi
'

d.
'{

(U) Morbidirv RaEe

I
I I

t ,t

(r) SR - wirhouE vaccinat.ion, l0o percent; wirh vaccinaEion, 20 Eo 40 percenE.

0

(2) JT - wichouE vaccinaEion, 100 percent; wirh vaccinaEion, to 20 percenE.

(3) MO - without vaccinaEion, 90 percenE.irrnunological respon: hriEh vaccinat,ton, 0. e. (U) Morr,aliEy

RaEe

I t
I
I

(i) SR - withouE vaccination or therapy, 30 percenc; wiEh vaccination, less Ehan 5 percenE.; wich early Eherapy, ress Ehan 5
percenE.

(2) JT - wiEhouc vaccination or Eherapy, less chan I percenE; with vaccinaEion or Eherapy. (3)
MO

none.

t.. (U) DuraEion of Illness (1) (2)

SR

To death, 2-4 weeksi for survivors, 4 tro 8 weeks.

JT - 4 to L2 weeks depending on dose.

for
I-3.

(3) HO - AfLer,massive dose (lOe organisms), ni_nor symproms to 4 days with liEEle or no incapaciEaEion.
Source ParameEers

\ ;

',. ;.-;', -: i,

i,-

il :^,'i11.",T1 :- i:..-:))
1-'

{i

1..?

disease in vaccinaEed volunceers but 25,000 cells resulced in overt il1ness. Good prot.ection of vaccinaced volunteers was provided against 20,000 inhaled cells of JT.

d.

(U) TheraPv.

SEreptomycin is Ehe drug of choice for nonsErepcomycin resiscanc of F. Eularensis. For sErepEomycin resisE,anc strains, kanamycin scrains or EeCracycline are effecEive.

I I
I

e.

(U)

DeconEaminaE,ion
f c.r

Beta-propiolactone is the most effective va por deconcaminant large enclosed areas. Ethylene oxide and formalin are also effective.
L-7 .

Knowledge

GaPs

I I

I
'l

I I
I
I I I
l-5

.:t[lf(GEf-

CHAPTER 3

AGENT AND DISEASE

.HAM.TERISTI.S (U)

3-L. (U) Biological NaEure of the Organism In 1911, a bacillus isolated from ground squirrels in Tulare Councy, Californ!a, was designated BacEerium Eularense. SubsequenEly, Jtn"r-nar'es have been used: rr.rcel@ rE h?s-Edn profiCa' -tulirensis, Ehat Ehis and pasteurella tularensis. iE;tit be placed in a new genus and designaE,ed Francisella tularensis. organism ir-tr"s been indicated that this name will be .ts.dE-Tfrfficffiiof Bergeyts Manual of DeterminaEive BacEeriology.(r) The lacter will be used in this book. F. Eularensis is in Ehe family Brucellaceae. in approximaEely equal numbers Cells of I. Eularensis o""G-IrrEErre cocci and shorE, rods 0.2 by 0.2 to 0.7 microns in slze, and they as occur singly raLher Ehan in clumps or chains.(z) The cells are highly pleomorphic, nonmoEile, usually noncapsulaEed, sEain gram negaEive and nay show bipolar sEaining. The organism can be gro\.rn in Ehe laboraEory on culEure media conEaining glucose and whole blood or serum. Cystine is ofEen included in Ehe media as well as proEein digescs. On agar media conEaining blood, small gray colonies form afLer 2 co 5 days of incubacion aE Ehe opEimum growch temperature of 37 oC. Cells are killed by heat with a Ehermal death poinc of 56 oC. for 10 minuEes. AlEhough the organism is very fragile and fascidious in culcure, ic will survive in naEure aE low EemperaE,ures for long periods. To some exc.enc, variaEion in che infecEiviEy of F. tularensis has been associat.ed wich colonial characEeristics in EhaE variant,s producing rough colonies are usually avirulenr. However, variaEion in infecciviEy is also associaEed wich smooEh colonial types, and colony characEerisEics anong smooEh colonies are noE indicaEive of a degree of infecEiviEy. Changes in infecEiviEy occur in the microbial populacion during residence in various species of animals. In parEicular, low virulenE sErains have been obcained from birds and frou Eicks. Also, strains obcained from waEer rodents such as the muskraE, are of lower virulence Ehan those from rabbits and hares. ain SelecEion and Devel

il

tl
I

I I

t: tl tr
i

I I I

3-1

1-:

"

::!i'--:..,

;; ;..l:::, ildi;

1j

I I I

3-3. f an"."cterisEics of the Disease a. (U) Nomenclature. The present dqsignalion of the disease i" tulaiemia and was used in 1921 by Francis'(l) caused Uy p._.*f.il""i" extensively to the knowledge of the disease and iio tt." t""tri.U"t.a the organism. other narnes that have been used for the disease are raUbit-fever, deerfly fever, glandular fever, and Oharars disease' b. (u) Transmission. Tularemia is primarily a disease of and rodents, though it has probably lagomorph" (i"UUit"-t" ""a-tares) of susceptible hosts of any bacterial disease the greatesE variety of k"o".. These include birds, reptiles, and a large numberand manrnalian to surit is unique in its ability to reProduce Also, ,fu"i.". the vive in arthropods. It has been knovrn to be transmitted from can be mature female tick to the young through the egg. The disease great transmiEted from the infecEed to the noninfected host by a fleas, .r.ii"ay of arthropod veetors, including ticks, flies, lice, the mites, and mosquilos. Bedbugs and spiders were found to carry may organism, but lransmission was not demonsErated. Transmission handling occur by most of the known modes--such as contact \./iCh (or food or of) infected infectei animals, consumption of or contact with dust vraEer, the bite of an infected animal, or inhalation of infected nan from man to or .r"ty small parEiculate materrial. Direct infection has not been demonstrated.(1) c.(U)Svrnptoms.TheSymPcomsoft'hediseasearevariedand enEry of depend t,o some ."t""t on the source of infection, the portal of the disease in the body' into the host, and the form and locat.ion infecsion The forns of the disease and the parts affected in human have been described as -follows '(e) of GiioductG" of tne agent' Progresses to an ulcer formed aE the "Tt" by an enlargemenL of the regional lyoph nodes' and is accompanied These initial lesions may be due to direct contact with the infected sraEerial or co the bite of an arEhroPod' (() oculoglandular or.ophthalnic. This begins as a conjunctiles on the upper eye lid and vitis follotred ulceration of thl conjunctiva. It is often accompanied by an enlargeIt ment of the lynph noals of the scalp, salivary glands, and,axilla' soiled probably ,""rrit" from the introduction of the agent by hands the eye' with P. tularensis or the splashing of infected liquids inEo (3) Glandular. In this forrn the portal of entry cannot be is no local lesion, but enlargemeng of the determinea, "iffiere occurs. regional lyoPh nodes (4) fvphoidal or crvptogenic' The symPtoms of this rype closely throug:i resemble those of tvphoia t".,r"f-lHe organism may gain access enor regional lyir'ph r:oce the skir. , bu t :here "r" ,,o local les ioas Largenei:s. SePt,icemia occurs. (1)Ulceroglandularorcutaneous.Theprimarylesion,apapule

l:
I I I I I I I I I

t,'

{'i

lo ominal. In Ehis form, as ed food or \^/ater, Ehere may be a a resulE of the ingestion of conE violenE local process that takes the form of a necrot,izing pharyngitis or angina. There may be absesses on Ehe upper palate and ulcers in the pharyn-x or nasopharynx. IE is accompanied by gas troinEes E,inal symp Eoms of vomit,ing, Dain, and diarrhea.

(6) Pneumonic or pleuropulmonary. The sympEorus are variable and may occur as a result of inhalaLion of Ehe F. tularensis organism or from its hemaEogenous E,ransfer from a primary focus on Ehe skin or elsewhere Eo Ehe lungs. Priu'rary. E,ularemic pneumonia has been described. (7) MeningiEic. This Eype of involvemenE. is rather rar-e in Ehe UniEed Seates buE under cerEain condiEions of arthropod Eransmission has been observed in che USSR. Development of the infecEion is accompanied by high fever, headache,prosEraEion, and frequenEly incoherence and lack of responsiveness. Fever may undulaLe markedly, rising rapidly to high cerdperaEures. (8) The nnnifestation of Ehe disease resulting frorn the ulcerogland,ular, oculoglandular, and che glandular is sinilar and these forms could conveniencly be termed glandular. Pneurnonic Eularemia may represenc a special forin of typhoidal Eularemia and ic is quite f.ikely thac the principle route of infection for cyphoidal tularemia is respiraEory. (ro;

3-4

i:'

l i:,-Li

fi

I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I

e. (U) Susceptibilitv/Severicv. f. Lularensis is highly infect.ive and pathogenic as eviienced by the wide range of hosEs, che invasiveness of ghe organism, and the exEensiveness of manl' recorded out,breaks. (abbits, horses, and a number of rodents are highly suscepc:ble co che disease. )1an, also, is highly suscentibLe. No eviience is reporLed of differences in susceptibility wiEh regard Eo sex or socioeconomic variatioa. There is some indication of increased severit.y with age. Severity may be greater for blacks than fc: whites.(s) Occurrence of che di.sease is occupation-orienEed ani so a grea:er number of cases are reporEed anong nen than wornen and

also among Ehose who work with animals or animal producEs. A11 individuals when exposed do noE necessarily become infecEed or clinically ill. fn a recenE outbreak of 47 cases, where a number were hospiLalized, seven showed no clinical sympt.oms, buE Ehey did have changes in aggluEinaLion EiEer indicaLing infect,ion.(e) The relaEive severit,y of the disease is dependenE, to some degree, uPon the form it takes, the mode of enEry of rhe infecEion, and Ehe source of the infecEive agent. Thus, the oculoglandular, the Eyphoidal, the abdominal, and the pneumonic are more severe Ehan the oEher forms of the disease. The abdominal and oculoglandular forms are associated with rather specific modes of entry. Apparenely the ryphoidal and pneumonic may resulE from several modes of entry, buc Ehere is some evidence thaE they frequently are associaEed with respirat,ory inhalaeion of infecEed parEiculace maEerials. In America, Ehe severity of Ehe disease in humans is greaEer Ehan that observed in Europe, whereas the incidence and magniEude of major outbreaks in Europe, particularly Ehe steppe areas, are greaEer Ehan in America. IE is thoughc thaE sone differences in reservoir hosts may be responsible for these differences. In the United SCaEes, Ehe cotLonE,ail rabbie is the EpsE conmon source of infection, whereas, in Europe, and part,icularly in Russia, Ehe principal source of infecLion is srna1l rodenEs, mainly wat,er rodenLs. IE appears that nrhere the coEconE,ail rabbiE is Ehe principal- reservoir of the disease, Ehe organism is mainEained in a more virulent and infecEive condition Ehan when the waEer rodenE is the principal reservoir hosE. There is evidence that some degree of sErain selectivity with regard Eo Ehe organism occurs wit,h these different hosEs. The less severe naEure of Ehe disease, as iE occurs in wat.er rodent,s (as conpared Eo tabbiLs), has been observed in Ehis country.(e) IE is probabLe thac this shifE in number of cases may be associaced wich changes in occupaEional populacion densiE,ies and with ureEhods of Creatment, prirnarily Ehe exEensive use of antibiotics wiEhouE specific idenEiii.cation of the cause of Ehe illness, rather Lhan a change in suscepeibility of the population or severiEy of the disease.

3-6

Table- 3 -1 (-).

Infe-ctivitY of Strains of E' tularensis for )iice, Pigs, anC Rabbics

Number

Guinea

of Organisms Constituting
e

One LD=^

tularensis Strain
SCHU S)

Ilous

Guinea Pig

Rabbit I

Nev lr/+25
F3

I
G
1

I I
10
101
r r'

I
103

425 F.- =G 425 F. G

425

I
I I
su

>lu'"
l0e
10e

r:c (rt),

t0
utane ulls

alntraperiEoreal injection; all ot ers are

J-O

Ir;--=-

..* :

i',i"

.'.. ;,; r. ^,.-

3-3 (U). Incapacitating Tularenia in }lan Caused by Inhalation of 'xt tt Table Francisella Eularensis 425 (ts) r'1
\
D6 s p

tor! Number VolunEeersi Average ebrile I Incubation Dose Volunteers

ira
I 1

Average

(or ganisms)
80

Exposed
8
7 9
B 1

Period (days l0
7 6 5

Average No Days Oral

Temp >100oF
B

Itaximal

al

,o- r r/

Temp.

1t

102

200 800
7

J lt
3 5
7

2.5
.5
6 5

.8 101.5
103

ll

rl
I

l2 ,000 t5 ,0oo
30 ,000 86 ,000

,500

( )

37.5 r00
100

r03.1
LAz.6 L02.6 'b 104. I to3 .3

4.6
5R

2
6

2
6

t00
100

4.6 4.5

"6.5
b6.3
r^rhen

ll

astrepton"zcin thereapy was begu: n. *c: cure was 103 -; b StrepEon;;cin thereapy was begun in o ter,lPera ture was 103 F, or higher,
I r rr!-rre4, r

both volunteers
hou:s
.

oral tempera-

rwo of six volunt.eers when oral for 36 hours.

tl IlI
I I I I I

{ in'l

i.l

,'1"$,;q,i

Fif*l

Table 3-4 (U). Relationship BeLween Respiratory Dose of Francisella Eularensis 425 and Time to Illness'
Approxinate
Nr:mber

Equivalent No. Median Febrile

Doses

Time to Illness or Incubation Period

(days )

Con

fidence
957"

Lirnit ,

Organisms
100 200 800

(days )

9.46 8.8s

7.86-11.08 .29-L0,4L
6. s.37

0.5
1

,600 ,000 3,200 5 ,000 8,200 10,000 12 ,000 16,400 32 ,000 50,000 80 ,000 86 ,000 t00 ,000
1

2
5

.63 .01 6.82 6.40

7

14- 9. rl 5.56- 8.47

10

20
50

( ao 5.57 5.39 3.23 4.95 4,35 3,97 3.55

3

4.96- 7 .83 4.58- 7.44 4.L4- 6.99 3.96- 6.82 3.80- 6.65 3.53- 6.38 2.93- 5.79 2.53- 5.4L
2.

8.27

60

.48 3 .35

2.O3- 4.94

l0-

5.00

1.89- 4.81

rSelecEed data from Printout.

lA

I
I

Table 3-5 (U). Illness Probability as a Function of Respiratory of Francisella Eularens Ls 425
Ntunber Median Febrile Doses

Dose

Estimated Illness
Number Organisms
820

(rBo)
0.5 1.0 5.0

Probabilicy
ZJ

(%)"

r0.0

I ,640 8,200 16,400

50
87

94

aLog normal (probit) relationship statistic'

3-L2
F\
:_.:

rr l

\t+ f./.t.:-'1 ,t il iri lr i'l'E)

--

I
I

Table 3-6

(U).

Response

of l'lan Following Aerogenic Expo-sure -ivS ut..d on Agglutinin Ticer(1e) Levels of

Number

Eo

Do se

of
Expos ed

Number

(org)
200 450 560 600 700

Volunteers
3

ResPonding
1

ProPorEion RespondinC &)

33 .3 25 .0

!l
\,

4 4 4 4
4

1
1
2

1, 2oo

1 2

1,330

25.0 50.0 25.0 50.0 100.0

3-13

tjli'il[,AS;tIFIEH]

Table 3-7 ,(U). Response in Man to LVS Dose Levels

LVS Dose

(No. org)

Ind ividuals Challenged (Nunber)

42
t+2

Febrile
(%

ot challenge)
0 0 0 0 59

ResPonse

("/"

of challenge)
30
79

Sys Eemic Response

I
I I

1.0 x lG 1.0 x 105 8.5 x 106 5.0 x 106 5.0 x 10" 7.0 x 107 1.0 x 108

8
B

80
BO

29 42

80

100 90 90

lPersonal corrnunication with Dr. H. T. Eigelsbach, U. S. Army Biological Laboratories.

I
3

-14

CIJAPTER 4

ror*.E

PAMITETERS AND,IToDELS

(u)

4-1.

(U) General

I
I

I I I I t I I I

Source DaraneCers associaced wilh tne effecE,iveness of a biological are the concenEration of Ehe agent maEerial produced, Ehe sLorage sEabiliCy cf the agent producE in storage, and the efficiency of disseminaEion cf Che agenE maEerial. These are the agent-related parameE,ers ChaE influrce source scrength of Ene agent as iE is disseminated by a municion. Through research and testing over Ehe pasE several years, informacio:: has been acquired on Ehe production, scorage and dissemination of agenE p:eparaLion of F. Eularensis. NaEional policy now bans the developroenc. of biological weapo". a.d Ehose \^/eapons thaE were developed and Ehe iniormation regarding thenr lnay now be considereC "obso1ere." However, Er:e general informaEion, as well as the parameEer values obt,ained, re:ain of rnajor imporcance in assessing the Ehreat thaL biological warfare may pose for this naEion or it,s allies and in developing defensive capa'ciliLy againsE biological atEack.
weapon
/, -,)

Agent. ProCucE,ion and Storage

I
I I I I I

CHAP]ER

f
5-1. (U) General

aouu*cE

AND MoDELs

(u)

'ARAI'{E'ER'

The atmospheric transfer model for biological agents involves a consideration of gas/aerosol transport and attenuation effects. The particle size range of interest is equal to or less Chan 5 microns in

ii"*"ter so t,hat deposition and irnpaction of particles are not significant. The atmospheric transfer model describes the transPort. of the source cloud(s) by the wind as Ehe cloud diffuses, and also those factors which aEtenuate the biological effectiveness of the cloud.

t-r.

Attenuat,ion

a. (U) Loss of viabilitv

with Aerosol

Age

(r) The source cloud of biological agents is subjecEed to a decrease in the biological effectiveness of the cloud as it is transported and as it ages. One reason for this lessening of biological effect:-veness is a decrease (with cime) in t,he viable cell concentration of the agent cloud. This decrease rnay be affected by such conditions as relative humidity, temPeraEure' solar radiation, and atmospheric pollutants. One of Ehe widely used mathematical models Eo quantify viable agenr decay is the exponengial decay model:

Q(t) = Qs exp(-Kt)
where Q(t) = number of organisms in agent cloud aE time t, oEB., Qo = source sLrength (i.e., number of organisms in agent - cloud at E = o) K = exponenrial decaY cons tant rl
E

(s.l)

= aerosol age after dissemination, min.

(2) The Eime at which Ehe number of viable organisms in the agent cloud has decreased to one-half. the initial number (source The viable agent sirength) is defined as the viable agent half-life. half-life, Qo, is given bY: (s.2) to = '693/K
I l00K is nearlv equal to Eire decay rate values of K ='O.I or less. 5-r

in Percent per minute for

'I

ir

-:

(3) The simple e:<ponential cecay nodeL is riidel,v used but i-' has long been argued that this model does not adequately quantiiy the viable agent cecay nor does it describe the biological Ioss process. Nunerous other models have been proposed to quantify ciecay of the biological aercsol cLoud.(5e) A joint working group of llLJCOl{ ORG and ForE Detrick personnel, while noc proPosing the use of this model, has indicated the need for a modification of the model which will reflect various values of K cnanging with sequentially increasing time increnents.(5e) A recent Deseret Test Center special study on biologicaL aerosol decaf in test chamber experiments(6o) has determined thaE despite its i:'ladequacies, the widespread use and reasonable f it co data of the sinple exponential model justify its continued use unliL further data tndicate that other mocels offer sorne significant improvenenE.

I
I

I I I I

I t
I I I I I
I I

I
\

ll

(U) Viabilitv Decay ?araneters for l1O (f) The mater:-aI presented is orienEed Cowari the use of \10 as a s i:nula::t f or agencs S3. anC JT i.n f ield ies ts . Paraneter value conparisons of che agent.s r.ri-ll be used as a basis for deiernining wheEle: or not ):a wil! be a gco<i sii-.rulan: ior agents SR. and JT. (2) Six aerr:sc1 Ees:s coi:ducted. a: Fort Detrick (Ces c chanbers 95 anc 9:) were poolec :o deternine the tcE:,1 decay ra!e ior llO. T::ese es:lna::s, as wel-l- as tIe irdividuaL tesC rcPCr: means, are prese::rcC e.
ct

l-l i \ \etir:

:'-- ''-

\
l

in Table

5-6. DaE,a from Eescs in oEher chambers or wiEh oEher disseminaEion devices q/as noE used because it. unnecessarily ineroduces bias inEo
Ehe escimaEes EstimaEes of Total MO Decay aE Selected Relacive oF Turp"taEure from TesE Chamber Humidit,ies and 75 Daca( 23 ,eo ,66 ,6? ,58)

l I
I

Table 5-6 (U)

Relative
Humidity
(%)
TeS

Number
138
7

Number of Repl ications

Observation
Times

100k)
Mean

Decay Rate
("L/nLn 95% Confidence Leve 1
L6

(min) 4-18 4-LB-32

30
ri
il;*

L4s6

19.0 L6.6
18

,2-2L.8
a

Pooled
50

mean

.3

L456

4-L8-32 Pooled
mean

L4.3
14.3
8

B5

1456

L652
1

r6
b

4-L8-32 4-LB-32
a

.33 5. 70

768

L77 6

T2

2346

4-LB-32 4-L8-32

5.41 8. 66
7

4.504,524.03-

6.89 5.95 6.79

3.76-r3.6

Pooled

mean

.5L

aBecause of interaction wiEhin the variables, confidence limits were not determined frorn Test 6l-tE-L456. bNo data available. " Test ieport 63-TE-1768 vras not obt,ained. These daLa were exEracEed from Deseret Test Center's report.(eo) This mean was not used in calculating the pooled mean because the number of replications per-

formed in the test \"ras unknown. dThe mean reported here was obtained from daEa in test tank 95. Data frorn test tanks 96 and 97 were too variable to be reliable.

(3) The pooled means were calculated by averaging Ehe weighEed means from each EesE. Because no measure of dispersion was calculaEed for Tesc 61-TE-1456(ezl, Ehe 95 percenc confidence limics cannoc be given. When each of Ehe percenE recovery points for Ehe 30 and 50 percenE relaEive humidities was fiEted direcEly Eo EquaEion (5.1) by leasc squares' a differenE pooled mean was generaEed. InformaEion on some of chis
variaE.ion is lacking. (4) The effecc which relative humidiEy has on decay can
be

5-8

t:ie individual- test:neans in Tabie 5-6 are assuned to be (and are treated as) inciepencienE rando: variables. Because of rhe different number of replicaEions conducted fc: each tesl, this assunption is ncI entirely Erue. Figure 5-2 shows the resulti-ng regression line when relacive hu:j-City is createi as tha independent variable. Because in the Fort Decrick chamber tes:s Cer:,)erature was not signiiicantly variei, the ef fect cf f emperature on llO iccav cannot be ascerEai-;recl .
shown when

l
J

CA{PTER. 6 AGENT EFFECTiIENESS PREDICTIONS (U)

6-1. (U) Casuaity Predictions

The ge;reral casualty prediction model for biological agents is presented in '.'clume X of the Source Book. The paraneter values (presenced in this book) for area coverage and dose response in humans r,ray be used rv:-th this mociel for casualcy prediction and threat assessnent fcr F. t:l-arensis. Casualty predictions are not presented in this book because cf the r,rultitude of pararneEer combinations that rvould need to be presented and because other publications, such as the Joint Ilunitions Ef f ectiveness }lanual, are designed to provide that inforr,ration. Doi"nr.ri:-.d dosage es t j::raLes are presented here for one disseminaEion model to
r-..

I
I

I I

l;
I

I I
l.
6-i

NeuEraI (BeEa = 0.88

Inversion (Beta = 0.66)

E
I

roa

o
C}

lr

8 rot

(! 6

co

Wind speed (m/sec)- 3.00 Biological decAy rate (7"/min) - 3.00 Source StrengEh (org/m) - 2.36xl0lo

t;

ii
l,
li

li
?:

l0

-r

li
f

l50n release hf..

l0 -z
10

i{

-1

100
Distance Downwtnd
(km)

101

Figure 5-1 (U).

r,--\

Downwind Dosage Lrnder che CondlElons Indj-caced in Ehe Legend for SCabilizec Ti or JT (i.iind speed, 3 meters per second) (U)

''i l1 { Tl.l "* l[ i,.. {: ' .1 i I-'if n i i i: .. I .. ' '-: i, j s. tt-r';r

TINCLASSIFIED

Neutral
(Beca
2
I

Invers ion (Beca = .66) .88)

to'

tJ

CJ

\t
I

l:

(!
c

IO2

Wind speed

Biological

(m/sec)- 6.U0 Decay Race (%/min) -

3 .00 Source StrengEh (org/m)

- 2.35xlOo

l50m release ht.

10 -1

I0 -1

1Oo

I01
Dlscance Downwind (km)

102

103

I I

rgure o -3 (U).

Downwind Dosage Under che

Condicions Indicaced in che Legend for SEablllzed TT or Jl (:Jir.d speed, 6 mecers per s:ccnd)(U)
o-J

UNCLASSIFTED

-t

tJlYVLf\.).)rr

LLJU

nvers !on (Beca = 0.66)

IE
d E I
o0

NeuEral

(Beca = 0.88)

o
q,

o
.t)

b0

Wind speed (m/sec) - 3.00 Bio Decay Race (7./rnin) - 5.00

Source Screngch (org/m)

- 5.40xl0rr

I
I

release
50m

release

hE.

10

-r

lgJ

101

Figure 6-3 (U).

DisEance Downwind (km) Downwind Dosage Under the CondiEions IndicaE.ed in Ehe Legend for ZZ (Wind speed' 3 meEers per second) (U)

6-4

I]NCI.A,SSIFIED

tili
I@

ci,- &'

(Beca = 0.88)

I I I I I
I I I t I
I I t I I

104
e

Inversion (Bera = 0.66)

E
I

co

tr

cr
o

103

Wind speed (m/sec) - 6.00 Bio Decay nace (%/nin) - 5.00

Source SErength (org/m)

6.40x10rr

l50m release hc.

10 -1

l@
DisEance Downwind (km)
Downwlnd Dosage Under che

ro1

Figure 6-4 (U).

Conditions Indlcated in Ehe for ZZ (Wind speed, 6 mecers Per second) (U)

Legend

CHAPTER

(C)
s

DEFENSE (U)

{ I
T

rl

-L.

(U) DeEection and Physical

Prot.ection

!
t
I

I I I I

{ a
il
E

iI
d

Because of rhe number of poEent.ial biological agenEs, deEeccion and physical proEecEion capabilicies are developed E,o be applicable co all agenLs racher Ehan for specific agenEs. A detailed discussion of decection equiprnent and developments is presenEed in Volume XIII of Ehe Source Book. This wiIl include rapid agent idencification concepts. ProtecEive equipmenE and pracEices are discussed in Volume XI of che

Source Book.
7-)
ts

iolog ic a1 Countermeasures

(U)

1,

a. (Lr) General. the following: (f)

t.ularens is
.

Effective biological countermeasures consisc of uEilizing a live vaccine sErain of Francisella

used

ImmunizaEion

I I I
T

(2) Ancibiocic Eherapy abort illness.

as a posc-exposure prophylaxis to

3) Antibiocic

Eherapy pronpEly used as a curaEive treacmenE

I
t

I I t I I I

.\ i.!

t: rfra:r l i : ':
.l .
4

Table

-2

(u)

Tetracycline Prophylaxis of
Duration (days)
15

Human

Airborne Tularemia
Number 111

Daily
Dosea

(grams )
1 1

Frequency

Number of Subj ec ts
10
B

Number I11

During
TteatmenE
0 0 0
2

AfEer Treafment
2

2
1

Daily Daily Daily

Every

28
L4 19

8
B

0 0
8

other

day

sDivided inEo morning and.evening doses; treaEnent instituEed 24 hours after exposure to 25,000 organisms or 250 human infectious doses. Table 7-3 (U). Tetracycline Therapy of
Human

Airborne Tularemia
I

Daily

Dose" (grams )
2 2

Days of Therap;r
10
L4

Number of gubj ec ts
11
8

Number with Relapse

5 0
2

bzo

l5

rVolunteers exposed to 25,000 organisms or 250 human infectious doses; all men received 4 grams of drug the first day of therapy. Daily dose was given in incremenEs at 6 hour intervals. btvelve men infected with the SCHU-S4 strain and eight with the SCHU55 (streptomycin resistant) strain of Francisetla Lularensis. (3) freaunent of volunteers,exposed to aerosolized strain 425, with streptomycin resulted in dramatic therapeuEic resPonse similar to that seen with treatment of infection with SCHU-S4.(rs) The therapeutic efficacy of tetracycline against strain 425 has not been evaluated in humans, hcrvrever, it is reasonable Eo assune that it would be effective.

7-3-

t
a.

Decont.aloinaEion

General (U)

Table 7-4 (U). Forrnaldehyde Gas Sterilizacion of Facilities, Materials,

and Equipment(zs)
Volume

Test Condition

ft3
2250 4598
67216 2200

Amount of Paraforma
685 L379

Concentration
B. subtilLs S. marcescens
B. sub t
11

Viable
ecoverLes^

Laboratory
Rooms

106

2x101 o

0/s 0/s 0lL 0/s

Large
MoblLe

lioom

20165
330

is

1F
106

B.

Laboratory

subtills
sub

(
25 42

\|
ts O
I

Surfaces

7.5
12.6

ti1 is
b

10?

o/s o/s

r
a'

t-_

Vi,

FiIler

Class I Cabinet

Media

subtills subtilis
sub

loe

tt
ll:

[.
F

Laboratory
Equiprnent

100-200

0- 150

0/10 0/2 o/2

,' L
ft

Vaccine Tubes

0.6

tilis

mareescens aNumber
b

106 per patch.

of vlable recoverles/total tests

conduct,ed

Table 7-5 (U). Characteristics of Selected Deconganinsngs(2.4)

I
I I t I t I I I I I I I

Decontarninant

Physical State for Use

Vapor or
aeros o1

Decontaminant Requirements

Environmen

tal

Limi cations

Beta-propiolac tone
(BPL)

2 hr contact time; 24 hour aera tion

not less than 70%; minimum effective tempera ture 24 oc (75 oF)
RH

Formalin
water )

(377.

formaldehyde in

Vapor or aerosol

aeration

16 hr contact time; 24 hr

RH: 85% bes t; cemperacure 2L2l oc (7080 oE) best 16 oc (60 oF)

(not less than

Ethylene oxide

6-8 hr conEacE ar 2l oc (70 of) 12 hr contact oF) 16 oC at (60 12 hr aeration

Ilinimum effec-

tive temperaEure t6 oc (60 oF)

I t
j

I
i
:

i
I
,

I I

'

'-

7:1I

:{

r-':

c.

(u)

Decontamination of Small ArEicles

Because of the inability of BPL t,o peneErat.e exEensively, it was found <iuring Ehe experi-ment.s cited above EhaL contarninated materials in smaII inclosed spaces were noE decontaminaEed.(ze) As indicated in TabIe 7-5, 6 to L2 hours of cont.act, depending on tempelature, should adequaEell' eliminat.e the hazard.

(i)

Conc lus

ions

(u)