August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski

International Journal of Modern Physics A

c World Scientic Publishing Company
Nonrelativistic scattering in any number of spatial dimensions
Pawel Olszewski
Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw
ul. Ho za 69, 00-681 Warszawa, Poland
po276940@okwf.fuw.edu.pl
Received Day Month Year
Revised Day Month Year
Detailed description of nonrelativistic scattering in an arbitrary number of spatial dimen-
sions is presented. We give the explicit partial wave analysis and discuss the application
to scattering in supersymmetric potentials.
Keywords: Unitarity; dimensions; SUSYQM.
PACS number: 03.65.Nk
1. Introduction
The scattering problem in theories with extra dimensions appears naturally in mod-
els of high energy physics. However, it is interesting to see the formalism describing
the extra-dimensional scattering in the low energy limit. One can foresee its appli-
cations to many formal problems which extend the idealized scattering on localized
potentials. In what follows we discuss the generalized expansion in partial waves,
unitarity and supersymmetric potentials. Necesssary formal details are described
and simplied introduction to supersymmetric potentials in higher dimensions is
given.
2. Solution to the free Schodinger equation in d 2 dimensions
The Laplacian in multidimensional spherical coordinates may be written as follows:

d
=
1
r
d1

r
r
d1

r
+
1
r
2

d
LB
,
where
d
LB
, so called Laplace-Beltrami operator, proportional to the squared
angular momentum operator L
2
= (

i
L
x
i
L
x
i
), does not contain
r
or any r de-
pendence
1
.
The angular momentum value of a particle scattered on a spherically symmetric
potential is conserved, because the hamiltonian

H commutes with L
2
. In such case,
in search of solutions to the Sch odinger equation, it is reasonable to switch to the
1
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
2 Pawel Olszewski
base of L
2
eigenfuntions, Y
d
l
()
a
:
H =
d
+ V
V = V (r)
_
H ,
d
LB

= 0

d
LB
Y
d
l
() = l(l + d 2)Y
d
l
().
Using those, the wave function describing the scattered particle may be written
as a series of so called partial waves:
(r, ) =

l=0
j
d
l
(r)Y
d
l
(), (1)
which reduces the problem of solving the Schrodinger equation, to nding j
d
l
(r)
functions satisfying
b
_

1
r
d1

r
r
d1

r
+
l(l + d 2)
r
2
+ V (r) 1
_
j
d
l
(r) = 0, l = 0, 1, . . . (2)
We will employ a substitution = /r
d1
2
, j
d
l
(r) = u
d
l
(r)/r
d1
2
. The eq. (2)
transforms into
_

2
r
+
(d 1)(d 3)
4r
2
+
l(l + d 2)
r
2
+ V (r) 1
_
u
d
l
(r) = 0, l = 0, 1, . . . (3)
The dierentiation operator
r
, acting on a function , is antihermitian;

[
r
=
r

[
c
.
Let us focus temporarily on the above problem with no potential; V (r) = 0.
After dening
a
l,d
=
r
+
l +
d1
2
r
, (4)
a
l,d

=
r
+
l +
d1
2
r
, (5)
the equation (3) tells
a
l,d
a
l,d

u
d
l
(r) = u
d
l
(r).
a
Y
d
l
() is a restriction of a harmonic homogeneous polynomial of the degree l (of d variables ) to
a (d1)-dimensional sphere. Such denition determines the eigenvalue l(l +d2).

Y
d
l

l=0,1,...
is a set of orthogonal functions, which nite linear combinations are dense in the L
2
(S
d1
) space
1
.
b
The convention:
k
2
2m
= k
2
= 1 was adopted. To recover the k dependence, one has to substitute
r kr.
c
What can be showed with use of integration by parts, under the assumption that the boundary
term disappears;

r
d1

0
= 0.
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
Nonrelativistic scattering in any number of spatial dimensions 3
Indeed,
a
l,d
a
l,d

=
2
r
+
_
l +
d1
2
_ _
l +
d1
2
1
_
r
2
.
Moreover,
a
l,d

a
l,d
=
2
r
+
_
l +
d1
2
+ 1
_ _
l +
d1
2
_
r
2
,
which means:
a
l,d

a
l,d
= a
l+1,d
a
l+1,d

= a
l,d+2
a
l,d+2

. (6)
Thus, we found an easy way of producing j
d
l+1
and j
d+2
l
from j
d
l
. Indeed, we
notice that,
_
a
l+1,d
a
l+1,d

_
a
l,d

u
d
l
=
_
a
l,d

a
l,d
_
a
l,d

u
d
l
= a
l,d

u
d
l
.
Followed by a conclusion:
a
l,d

u
d
l
(r) u
d
l+1
a
l,d

_
r
d1
2
j
d
l
(r)
_
r
d1
2
j
d
l+1
(r) r
d+1
2
j
d+2
l
(r) . (7)
We calculate using the explicit form of a
l,d

, (5),
r
1d
2
_
a
l,d

_
r
d1
2
= r
1d
2
_

r
+
l +
d1
2
r
_
r
d1
2
=
=
r

d1
2
r
+
l +
d1
2
r
=
r
+
l
r
= r
l
(
r
) r
l
. (8)
We use (8) to calculate j
d
l+1
(r) from (7) (We drop any proportionality constants,
noting that none of the j
d
l
function was normalized.):
j
d
l+1
(r)
r
l+1
=
_

1
r

r
_
j
d
l
(r)
r
l
=
_

1
r

r
_
l+1
j
d
0
(r) .
Because of (7): j
d
l+1
(r) r j
d+2
l
(r), we may start from d = 2, 3:
_
_
_
j
d
l
= r
n
j
3
l+n
= r
l
_

1
r

r
_
l+n
_
u
3
0
/r
_
, d = 2n + 3 ;
j
d
l
= r
n
j
2
l+n
= r
l
_

1
r

r
_
l+n
_
u
2
0
/

r
_
, d = 2n + 2 .
(9)
In order to nd u
2/3
0
, we go back to the equation (3) with V (r) = 0,
_

2
r

1
4r
2
_
u
2
0
(r) = u
2
0
(r) ,

2
r
u
3
0
(r) = u
3
0
(r) .
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
4 Pawel Olszewski
Solutions to u
2
0
are
67
:
1
u
2
0
=
_

2
r J
0
(r) and
2
u
2
0
=
_

2
r Y
0
(r), multiplied by

r Bessel functions of the rst and second kind with the zero subscript, dened by
following series
d
:
J
0
(r) =

i=0
_

_
r
2
_
2
_
i
/(i!)
2
,
Y
0
(r) =
_
2

_
_
log
r
2
+
_
J
0
(r)

m=1
H
m
_

_
r
2
_
2
_
m
/(m!)
2
_
.
Solutions to u
3
0
are slightly more commonly known functions:
1
u
3
0
= sin(r)
and
2
u
3
0
= cos(r).
Knowing
1/2
u
2/3
0
and using formulas (9), one can retrive all the solutions j
d
l
to
the radial part of the free Schrodinger equation. Yet we will only draw few simple
conclusions. One namely sees, that:

2
j
d
l
are divergent at r = 0 for all l and d.

1
j
d
l
are well dened at r = 0 for all l and d,
1
j
2/3
l+n
r
l+n
(
r
2)
l+n 1
j
2/3
0
= r
l+n
(
r
2)
l+n

i=0
a
n
(r
2
)
i
r0
r
l+n

1
j
d
l
r0
r
l

l,d
. (10)
The asymptotics of
1/2
j
d
l
at (r ) for an odd d:
1
j
3
l+n
= r
l+n
_

1
r

r
_
l+n
sin(r)
r
r

1
r
(
r
)
l+n
sin(r) =
=
sin(r

2
(l + n))
r
d=2n+3
=
1
j
d
l
=
1
j
3
l+n
r
n
=
sin(r

2
(l + (d 3)/2))
r
(d1)/2
; (11)
2
j
3
l+n
= r
l+n
_

1
r

r
_
l+n
cos(r)
r
r

1
r
(
r
)
l+n
(cos(r)) =
=
cos(r

2
(l + n))
r
d=2n+3
=
2
j
d
l
=
2
j
3
l+n
r
n
=
cos(r

2
(l + (d 3)/2))
r
(d1)/2
. (12)
Additionally, making use of
6
and
7
, we have
1
j
2
l+n
r

sin(r

2
(l + n 1/2))

r
,
2
j
2
l+n
r

cos(r

2
(l + n 1/2))

r
;
d
Harmonic number: H
m
:=

m
n=1
1
n
; Eulers constant: := lim
m
(H
m
log(m)) = 0, 577 . . .
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
Nonrelativistic scattering in any number of spatial dimensions 5
which makes evident that the formulas (11) and (12) are valid for an even d
(d = 2n + 2) as well.
Conclusions
e
:
(1) A series expansion under the equation (1) of a plane wave solution e
i

kr
does
not contain the divergent
2
j
d
l
(kr) functions.
(2) An asymptotic of a wave function of any free particle is of the form
(r)
r
/
e
ikr
(kr)
(d1)/2
+B
e
ikr
(kr)
(d1)/2
. (13)
3. Partial waves
We will now consider elastic scattering of a particle on a given spherically symmetric
potential V (r)
f
. The incoming particle is assumed to have a specied momentum.
Additionally, in a suciently large distance from the center, we will treat the particle
as a free, that is described by the Schrodinger equation without potential. The
asymptotical form of under these assuptions is
(r)
r
e
i

kr
+
e
ikr
r
d1
2
f() incoming plane wave + scattered wave . (14)
denotes the angle parameterizing an inection from the direction of

k - the
particles momentum vector. The function f() is called a scattering amplitude.
The plane wave is naturally a solution of the free Schrodinger eq. and will be
expanded as in (13) below. The asymptotic of the scatterd wave is however ad-
ditionally assumed, not to contain the second element of (13), that it a spherical
incoming wave
g
.
The wave function (14) is a stationary solution, that means after a separation
of the time dependence. A Reader interested in a time-dependent description is
advised to look into Ref. 2.
A ux of probability density is dened as follows,

S(r) = 1[

(/im)] .
Vanishing of a total ux through a surface enclosing some area is equivalent to
conservation of an overall possibility inside that area. The ux calculated for the
e
We go back to the explicit k dependence.
f
Equivalent to the scattering of two particles interacting via an potential that depends only on
their distance, after forgetting their mass center movement.
g
In strict analogy, when solving a problem of a scattering in one dimension, one postulates the
absence of waves coming from the direction opposite to a particles momentum.
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
6 Pawel Olszewski
scattered wave from the eq. (14), normalized to the ux of the incoming wave, after
dropping all elements but the rst in the expansion in powers of (1/r), is

S
n
(r)
r

[f()[
2
r
d1
e
r
,
which justies a simple interpretation of the function [f()[
2
as a dierential cross
section.
Expanding the incoming at wave from (14) as in (1), we get

l=0
a
d
l
_
i
l

1
j
d
l
+ f
d
l
e
ikr
r
(d1)/2
_
C
(d2)/2
l
(cos()) , (15)
where C
(d2)/2
l
denote the Gegenbauer polynomials
3
. Up to normalization, they
are a special example of the Y
d
l
(),
LB
eigenfunctions, wich depend only on the
angle. Having adopted the following standard normalization
h
:
_

0
_
C
(d2)/2
l
(cos())
_
2
sin
d3
() d(cos()) =
(l + d 2)
2
d3
(l +
d+2
2
)l!
2
(
d2
2
)
,
the coecients a
d
l
in the expansion (15) will be equal to
4
a
d
l
= 2
(d1)/2
1

_
l +
d 2
2
_

_
d 2
2
_
.
The above statement does not encompass the d = 2 case. The spherical part of
laplacian is particularly simple in two dimensions:
1
r
2

(where we use a traditional

angle variable with values from 0 to 2). An orthogonal set of its eigenfunctions
is for example:
_
e
il
_
l=0,1,2,...
, which is however to large for our purposes: due
to the symmetry of the problem, we are interested only in functions symmetrical
in the variable. Let us choose
_
C
0
l
(cos())
_
:= 1, 2cos(l)
l=1,2,...
, where we go
back to the [0; ] angle. We have then
5
a
2
l
=
_
2

.
We now go back to considering the s asymptotic. Based on former conclusions,
we write it in a form alternative to (15),

l=0
_
/
d
l

1
j
d
l
+ B
d
l

2
j
d
l
_
C
(d2)/2
l
,
and making use of (11) and (12),

l=0
1
(kr)
(d1)/2
_
/
d
l
sin
_
kr

2
(l + (d 3)/2)
_
+
B
d
l
cos
_
kr

2
(l + (d 3)/2)
_
_
C
(d2)/2
l
. (16)
h
Consistent with the denition of the C

l
polynomials by means of the generating function:
(1 2xt t
2
)

l=0
C

l
(x)t
l
.
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
Nonrelativistic scattering in any number of spatial dimensions 7
We dene new variables:
D
2
l
= /
2
l
+B
2
l
and tan(
l
) =
B
l
/
l
,
which enable us to write the radial part of a single component in the series (16) as
T
d
l
(kr)
(d1)/2
sin
_
kr

2
_
l +
d 3
2
+
d
l
__
. (17)
A value of
d
l
is called a l-th waves phase shift.
d
l
= 0, means a complete lack of
scattering of a given wave.
The presence of an individual partial wave near the center of a coordinate sys-
tem vanishes rapidly with increasing value of its orbital angular momentum (eq.
10). Thus, the partial expansion of a plane wave shall prove particularly useful in
perturbative calculations of a scattering amplitude, providing that the potential of
interest is localized.
Knowing the sequence of all phase shifts is equivalent to knowing the scattering
amplitude. In order to translate one to the other, we equate (16) to (15) with the
asymptotic of
1
j
d
l
substituted from (11). From comparing the coecients of incom-
ing and outgoing spherical waves separately, we get two equations. After supplanting
the T
d
l
variable from them, we reach
f
d
l
=
e
i(
d
l

d3
2
)
k
d1
2
sin(
d
l
). (18)
Let us dene a partial scattering amplitude f
d
l
() := a
d
l
f
d
l
C
(d2)/2
l
(cos()). The
following equality holds
i
:

l
_

f
d
l
()

2
d =
_
2i
_
2i
k
_
d1
2
f
d
l
(0)
_
. (19)
The above equation is the content of the so called optical theorem.
4. The optical theorem. Unitarity
We demand the conservation of a total probability. More precisely, let
_
S
d1
(0,R)

S

dn = 0 . (20)
We are interested in consequences of inserting the wave function from (14) to
the identity (20).
We begin with calculating the ux,

S =
k
m
_
e
k
+
[f()[
2
r
d1
e
r
+
e
k
+ e
r
r
d1
2
1
_
f() e
ikr(1 e
k
e
r
)
_
_
.
i
To check that by direct calculation, one would need yet only the value: C
d
l
(1) =

l+d3
l

, and the
identity: 2
2z1
(z)(z + 1/2) =

(2z).
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
8 Pawel Olszewski
Integrating the rst component over a sphere gives a zero. The integral of the
second term is the total ux of probability density caused by the scattered wave,
which we decide to call the total cross section
TOT
. To integrate the third term,
we adopt the standard multidimensional spherical coordinates:
_

_
x
1
= rsin(
1
) . . . sin(
d2
)sin()
x
2
= rsin(
1
) . . . sin(
d2
)cos()
x
3
= rsin(
1
) . . . cos(
d2
)
.
.
.
x
d
= rcos(
1
)
Therefore we get

TOT
= lim
r
1
_
r
d1
2
_

0
sin
d2
(
1
)d
1
_

0
sin
d3
(
2
)d
2
. . .
_
2
0
d (1 + e
r
e
k
) e
ikr(1 e
r
e
k
)
f()
_
(21)
We transform the expression in the exponent of the oscillating factor under the
integral,
1 e
r
e
k
= 1 +
( e
r
e
k
)
2
2
2
=
( e
r
e
k
)
2
2
.
Due to rapid oscillations, the integral (21) done over an area, which closure does
not contain the e
r
= e
k
point, can be made arbitrarily small, for suciently large
r. Hence, we expand the variable e
r
around e
r
only to the rst order in (
i
k

i
r
):
We orient the axes of our coordinate system in such a way, that sin(
k
) =
sin(
i
k
) = 1, i = 1, . . . , d 2; that is e
k
= e
1
= (1, 0, . . .). Then
e
r
=
_
_
_
_
_
sin(
1
r
) sin(
2
r
) . . . sin(
d2
r
) sin(
r
)
sin(
1
r
) . . . cos(
r
)
.
.
.
cos(
1
r
)
_
_
_
_
_

_
_
_
_
_
1
cos(
r
)
.
.
.
cos(
1
r
)
_
_
_
_
_
Using this approximation, forgetting half the area of integration over
r
that
does not contain the
r
=
k
point, and consistently dropping terms of higher order
in (
i
k

i
r
), we transform the integral in (21) as follows:
_
1
1
sin
d3
(
1
r
) d(cos(
1
r
)) . . .
_
1
1
d(cos(
d2
r
))
_
1
1
d(cos(
r
))
sin(
r
)
(1 + e
r
e
k
) e
ikr(1 e
r
e
k
)
f() =
=
_
1
1
d(cos(
1
r
)) . . .
_
1
1
d(cos(
r
)
_
2 exp
_
ikr
2
_
d2

i=1
cos
2
(
i
r
) + cos
2
(
r
)
_
_
f()
_
= . . .
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
Nonrelativistic scattering in any number of spatial dimensions 9
Lastly we change the integration variables,
x
i
= cos(
i
r
)
_
kr
2
_
1/2
,
x
d1
= cos(
r
)
_
kr
2
_
1/2
,
getting
. . . = 2
_
kr
2
_
d+1
2
_

kr/2

kr/2
dx
1
. . .
_

kr/2

kr/2
dx
d1
d1

i=1
e
ix
i2
f(

)
r
2
_
kr
2
_
d+1
2
(i)
d1
2
f(
k
). (22)
The nal calculation (22) has a well known form of Gaussian integration over
an appropriate contour in the complex plane.
Finally,

TOT
= 1 i
_
2i
_
2i
k
_
d1
2
f(
k
)
_
=
_
2i
_
2i
k
_
d1
2
f(
k
)
_
.
We have reached the same conclusion, as earlier for partial waves, (19). How
come, the assumption about dissapearing of the probability current did not come up
then? Let us start with noting that, when the potential is a real function, both real
and imaginary parts of any solution to the Schodinger equation must be themselves
independent solutions. This is exactly what justies the assumption that the ratio
of the coecients //B in (16) is real. Now, if one were to calculate the ux of
probability density for the series (16), as a leading term at r , he would get

S(r)
r

k e
r
(kr)
(d1)/2
(/B

l,l

=0
cos
_

2
(l l

)
_
C
l
C
(d2)/2
l

(//B) .
Thus, not only vanishes the whole current of probability - the ux at every angle is
equal to zero.
Comparing the expressions (17) and (11), we note that - as far as only the
asymptotic form of a single partial wave is of interest - presence of the potential
manifests itself through the phase factors e
i
d
l
multiplying the outgoing spherical
wave and e
i
d
l
multiplying the incoming wave.
In quantum mechanics one denes a so called evolution operator U(t
1
, t
0
) that
stores all information about particles time evolution: (t
1
) = U(t
1
, t
0
)(t
0
). In a
context of scattering, the S operator, dened as follows, is used
8
: S := lim
t
U(t, t).
As was stressed at the beginning, we limit ourselves to the case, when the value of
particles angular momentum does not change. Hence, evolution operator commutes
with L
2
, and, in the base of partial waves has a block diagonal form. We span the
subspace of a specied l value on two functions, which asymptotics have the form of
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
10 Pawel Olszewski
accordingly (
2
j
d
l
i
1
j
d
l
) and (
2
j
d
l
i
1
j
d
l
). From (11) and (12), we see that this way
the chosen base functions, at r , have a form of spherical waves. By virtue of the
above argument about the phase factors, we nd that, in this basis, S is diagonal
j
and the eigenvalues are e
i
d
l
or e
i
d
l
. We conclude that:
d
l
R S

=S
1
. On
the other hand, evolution operators in general are required to be unitary, due to
the equality U(t
1
, t
0
) = e
iH(t
1
t
0
)
and the assumption that the hamiltonian H
is hermitian.
5. Applicability to supersymmetric potentials
Adding to the a
l,d
operator (4) an arbitrary function W(r) (and naming it a super-
potential) one can easily apply the above formalism to derive a connection between
phase shifts generated by quantum-mechanically-supersymmetric potentaials. The
three-dimensional consideration, to be found ex. in Ref. 9, may be generalized in a
following way.
We modify the free a
l,d
operator by an addition of a real function,
a
l,d
=
r
+
l +
d1
2
r
+ W(r).
We dene the potentials V
l,d
and

V
l,d
as follows:
a
l,d
a
l,d

=
2
r
+
_
l +
d1
2
_ _
l +
d1
2
1
_
r
2
+
_
W
2
+ W

+ W
2(l +
d1
2
)
r
_
. .
V
l,d
,
a
l,d

a
l,d
=
2
r
+
_
l +
d1
2
+ 1
_ _
l +
d1
2
_
r
2
+
_
W
2
W

+ W
2(l +
d1
2
)
r
_
. .

V
l,d
.(23)
Let
_

d
l
/r
d1
2
_
Y
d
l
() be the l-th partial wave scattered on V
l,d
, i.e.
_
1
r
d1
2
a
l,d
a
l,d

r
d1
2
_

d
l
r
d1
2
= k
2

l
r
d1
2
.
Then
_
1
r
d1
2
a
l,d

a
l,d
r
d1
2
_
a
l,d

d
l
r
d1
2
= k
2
a
l,d

d
l
r
d1
2
,
j
Drawing conclusions about an evolution operator from considerations about stationary solutions,
may meet with opposition. The presented reasoning can be justied after introducing a time
dependence to the hamiltonian: V = V (t), and postulating applicability of an adiabatic approach,
that is assuming that, at every moment t, the wave function scattered on V (t) is a required solution.
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
Nonrelativistic scattering in any number of spatial dimensions 11
and we may say, that
a
l,d

d
l

d
l+1
, (24)
where
_

d
l+1
/r
d1
2
_
Y
d
l+1
() is the (l + 1)-th partial wave scattered on

V
l+1,d
. We
denote its phase shift by

d
l+1
. Inserting the asymptotics from eq. (17) into (24),
we get in the limit r
_

r
+ W

l,d

sin
_
kr

2
_
l +
d 3
2
_
+
d
l
_
sin
_
kr

2
_
l + 1 +
d 3
2
_
+

d
l+1
_
,
which may be written as
_

r
+ W

l,d
_
e
i[kr

2
(...)+
d
l
]
_

r
+ W

l,d
_
e
i[kr

2
(...)+
d
l
]
=
e
i[kr

2
(...+1)+

d
l+1
]
e
i[kr

2
(...+1)+

d
l+1
]
,
ik W

l,d
ik + W

l,d
e
2i
d
l
= e
2i

d
l+1
= e
2i

d+2
l
.
The second equality above follows from restating the whole argument, but inter-
preting the additional centrifugal potential in (23) as an outcome of the increased
value of d insted of l:

V
l+1,d


V
l,d+2
. Noteworthy is the unavoidable increase of the
value of orbital angular momentum (stressed in eq. (6)), that excludes one of the
s-wave shifts from any predictions.
6. Summary
The method of partial waves was generalized to more dimensions: The expansion
of the plane wave into spherical functions along with properties of the latter were
presented. Phase shifts as a way to describe scattering, with their connection to the
scattering amplitude and the dierential cross section, were introduced on this basis.
The optical theorem was derived: independently as a conclusion from the probability
conservation and as a property of partial waves scattered on a real potential.
References
1. Derezinski, Jan Wielomiany ortogonalne, lecture notes: http://www.fuw.edu.pl/
~
derezins/mmf08iii.pdf.
2. Rodberg, Leonard S., Introduction to the quantum theory of scattering (Academic
Press, London, 1967).
3. Weisstein, Eric W. Gegenbauer Polynomial. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Re-
source. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GegenbauerPolynomial.html
4. Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich. Table of integrals, series, and products (Academic Press, San
Diego, 1994).
5. Weisstein, Eric W. Jacobi-Anger Expansion. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web
Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Jacobi-AngerExpansion.html
August 27, 2012 9:44 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE PawelOlszewski
12 Pawel Olszewski
6. Weisstein, Eric W. Bessel Function of the First Kind. From MathWorldA Wolfram
Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BesselFunctionoftheFirstKind.
html
7. Weisstein, Eric
W. Bessel Function of the Second Kind. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Re-
source. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BesselFunctionoftheSecondKind.html
8. Shankar, Ramamurti. Principles of Quantum Mechanics (PWN SA, Warsaw, 2006).
9. Gangopadhyaya, Asim Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics (World Scientic, Singa-
pore, 2011).