TO STUDY THE RATE OF EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS.

CONTENT Aim Acknowledgments Reason For Selection Introduction Theory Requirements Procedure Observation Result Precautions Bibliography

AIM

In this project, we shall investigate various factors that have

already been discussed such as nature of liquid, surface area of liquid and temperature and find their correlation with the rate of evaporation of different liquids.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank the following people for helping make my

project possible:

My parents for helping me with my project and giving me ideas. Mrs. Neerja Chaturvedi for providing me with the apparatus that made my experiment possible and correcting my written work. Shubham, Mukul, and Ashutosh, for helping me when I couldnt find information. Mr. Sunny Sharma for helping me whenever I had a problem with my computer.

REASON FOR SELECTION

I became interested in this idea because I knew that water

evaporation could be helpful when it cooled you down and harmful when it dehydrated both plants and people, so I decided to learn more about what all organic compounds get evaporate and what are the factors affecting it. Then I thought which compound should get evaporate fast and for that I chose this project.

INTRODUCTION

When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into

gas phase, eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in terms of kinetic molecular model. Although there are strong intermolecular attractive forces which hold molecules of a liquid together, the molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gas phase if such molecules happen to come near the surface. In a sample of liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and escape into gas phase. Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules, which undergo evaporation, are high-energy molecules; therefore the kinetic energy of molecules which are left behind is less. Since the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy therefore, temperature must be lower. If the temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have the same distribution of molecular kinetic energies and the high-energy molecule will keep on escaping from the liquid into the gas phase. If the liquid is taken in an open vessel, evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.

THEORY

Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a

liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the surface tension of the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed the work function of cohesion at the surface. Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a small proportion of the molecules are located near the surface and are moving in the proper direction to escape at any given instant, the rate of evaporation is limited. Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches equilibrium, the vapor is said to be saturated, and no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature will occur.

Factors influencing rate of evaporation:1) Nature of Liquids: The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular force of attraction, larger is the extent of vaporisation. 2) Temperature: The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation also increases. 3) Surface Area: Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger surface area contributes accelerating evaporation. 4) Composition of Environment: The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapor state thereby preventing condensation.

Differences between evaporation and boiling:-

Structures:Water

Ether

Iso Propanol

REQUIREMENTS 6-PetriDishes 5 -10ml measuring cylinders Funnel Stop Watch Water Ether Iso Propanol

PROCEDURE

Clean and dry the Petri dishes, measuring cylinders and mark them as A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, and C2. Take 1 ml of Water in measuring cylinder A1. Take 1 ml of Ether in measuring cylinder B1. Take 1 ml of Iso Propanol in measuring cylinder C1. Take 3 ml of water in measuring cylinder A2. Take 3 ml of Ether in measuring cylinder B2. Take 3 ml of Iso Propanol in measuring cylinder C2. Take all measuring cylinders, Petri dishes and stop watch outside the room in sunlight. Transfer all the liquids to their respective Petri dishes and start the stop watch. Note the respective time when the liquids evaporate completely from each Petri dish. Also measure the quantity left after 20 minutes.

A1

A2

B1

B2

STOPWATCH

C1

C2

OBSERVATION

Petri dish Mark

A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2

Liquid Taken
Water Ether Iso Propanol Water Ether Iso Propanol

Time taken for Amount left after complete 20 minutes(ml) evaporation(minutes)

19 1.6 7.2 57 4.2 18.5 0 0 0 1.8 0 0

Time taken to evaporate(in minutes)

Comparison of Evaporation Time

57 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1ml 19 1.6 Water Ether 4.2 7.2 18.5 3ml

Iso Propanol

Solution taken

3.5 3

Volume Left

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time
3.5 3

Volume Left

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

Time
3.5 3

Volume Left

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20

Time

RESULT
The rate of evaporation of the given three liquids is in the order:

Ether > Iso Propanol > Water

PRECAUTIONS
1. Stop Watch should start from zero. 2. Apparatus should be cleaned and dried. 3. Lower meniscus of liquids should be used while taking reading in measuring cylinders. 4. While transferring the liquid, it should not spill out.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.cbseportal.com 2. www.projects.icbse.com 3. www.allprojectsreport.com