Metal Oxide Surge Arresters

Metal Oxide Surge Arresters
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Hinrichsen

Darmstadt University of Technology High Voltage Laboratories
hinrichsen@hst.tu-darmstadt.de
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b
-1-
Contents Arrester application in general considerations on protective characteristics Arrester design (station arresters) porcelain housed polymer housed Configuring arresters electrical data mechanical data
-2-
Development of Surge Arresters over the past 25 years

Internally gapped SiC arresters with porcelain housings 1980 MO arresters without gaps with porcelain housings "state of the art" latest by 1990 MO arresters without gaps with polymeric housings (mv; distribution class) 1990 MO arresters without gaps with polymeric housings (hv; station class)
Technology
2000
-3-
Development of Surge Arresters over the past 25 years

Failure rates of MO arresters: Failure rates of MO arresters: Distribution: 0.1 %/a ... 1 %/a (with geographical variations) Distribution: 0.1 %/a ... 1 %/a (with geographical variations) High-voltage: virtually zero High-voltage: virtually zero Expected life time of MO arresters: Expected life time of MO arresters: > 30 years? > 30 years? (no indication for any severe degradation of MO material so far) (no indication for any severe degradation of MO material so far)
1980
2000 2003
Today's situation
1990
Market share of polymer housed MO arresters: Market share of polymer housed MO arresters: Distribution: 80 % > 90 % Distribution: 80 % > 90 % Reasons: -- partly poor performance of porcelain housed types Reasons: partly poor performance of porcelain housed types -- benefits of polymeric designs: sealing, handling, benefits of polymeric designs: sealing, handling, overload performance overload performance -- cost/price! cost/price! High-voltage: 30 %, with increasing tendency Reasons: - hv users more conservative - higher requirements - cost/price!
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b -4-
Typical Arrester Application: Transformer Protection

Us = 420 kV
Siemens / VEAG
-5-
Special Arrester Application: Protection of an SC Capacitor Bank

Us = 550 kV
Siemens / Hydro Qubec

-6-
Special Arrester Application: Line Arresters

Us = 245 kV Us = 800 kV
ABB / AEP
Siemens / REN Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
-7-
Special Arrester Application: HVDC Valve Protection Arresters

UDC = 600 kV
UDC = 600 kV
-8-
Arrester Application
-9-
Fundamentals of Insulation Coordination

5
Possible voltages without arresters Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.

4
Withstand voltage of equipment

3
Voltages limited by arresters

0
Lightning overvoltages (Microseconds) Switching overvoltages (Milliseconds) Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment (Seconds) (Continuously)
Time duration of (over-)voltage
- 10 -
Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester (Us = 420 kV)

5 1200 1100 1000 Peak value of voltage / kV 900 800 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 10
-4
I = kU with values up to 50
10-kA residual voltage = lightning impulse protection level = 823 kV
Factor 2.4
700
Peak value of rated voltage: 2Ur = 2336 kV = 475 kV
Peak value of continuous operating voltage: 2Uc = 2268 kV = 379 kV Peak value of line-to-earth voltage: 2Us /3 = 2242 kV = 343 kV Leakage current res 100 A Nominal discharge current In = 10 kA
10
-2
1 Peak value of current / A
10 2
10
8 decades of magnitude
- 11 -
Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester (Us = 420 kV)

400 300 Voltage 200 Voltage / kV . 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0 5 10 Time / ms 15 20 Current 0,50 Current / mA 0,25 0,00 -0,25 -0,50 -0,75 -1,00 1,00 0,75
Simplified circuit diagram
at U = Uc: at U = Uc Itotal 1 mA total 1 mA
R = f(u)
C
Voltage / kV
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Time / s Current Voltage
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 Current / kA
at = In: n 825 kV
- 12 -
Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester

Voltage Resistive component
Simplified circuit diagram
R = f(u)
Voltage, Current
Total leakage current

Time
at U = Uc: c Itotal 1 mA total Icapacitive 1 mA capacitive resistive 10 A 100 A resistive 10 A 100 A

- 13 -
MO Resistors
70 mm
100 mm 58 mm
48 mm
41 mm
78 mm
32 mm
Example: EPCOS
- 14 -
U-I- vs. E-J-Characteristics

U-I-characteristics for different MO resistors U-I-characteristics for different MO resistors
common E-J-characteristics common E-J-characteristics
- 15 -
LI Protection Characteristics
2 Tra veling wav
4 m
Doubling of voltage due to full reflection at "open" end of line
e effects
!!!!!
Voltage at arrester terminal Voltage at arrester terminal might be higher than the LI might be higher than the LI protection level protection level Voltage at terminals of Voltage at terminals of equipment to be protected are equipment to be protected are higher than voltage at the higher than voltage at the arrester terminal arrester terminal
1 3
Inductivity of current path 1 H/m (here: L = 10 H) Currents exceeding In 3.5 m 2.5 m
- 16 -
Protective Distance Model Calculation 1 (Um = 420 kV)

Overvoltage surge of s = 800 kV/ s
Arrester u pl = 800 kV = const. x=0

Transformer LIW = 1425 kV = ?= 300 m x=

- 17 -

2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 -400 -800 -1200 0 0 1600 kV 0,5 1 1,5 2 s 2,5 800 400
t = 0 s t = 0 s
1600 kV 1200
uArr (x = 0)
uTr (x = )
x=0
x=
1200 800 400
x = 0: uArr = 0 kV x = 0: uArr = 0 kV x = : uTr = 0 kV x = : uTr = 0 kV
0 0
0,5
1,5 - 18 -
2 s
2,5
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5

2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 -400 -800 -1200 0 0 1600 kV 0,5 1 1,5 2 s 2,5 800 400
t = 0,5 s t = 0,5 s
1600 kV 1200
uArr (x = 0)
u1v
uTr (x = )
x=0
x=
1200 800 400
x = 0: uArr = u1v = 400 kV x = 0: uArr = u1v = 400 kV x = : uTr = u1v = 0 kV x = : uTr = u1v = 0 kV
0 0
0,5
1,5 - 19 -
2 s
2,5

2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 -400 -800 -1200 0 0 1600 kV 0,5 1 1,5 2 s 2,5 800
t = 1 s t = 1 s
1600 kV 1200
uArr (x = 0)
u1v
400
uTr (x = )
x=0
x=
1200 800 400
x = 0: uArr = u1v = 800 kV x = 0: uArr = u1v = 800 kV x = : uTr = u1v = 0 kV x = : uTr = u1v = 0 kV
0 0
0,5
1,5 - 20 -
2 s
2,5

2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 -400 -800 -1200
t = 1,5 s t = 1,5 s
1600 kV 1200
uArr (x = 0)
u1v u1r u2v
800 400 0 0 1600 kV 0,5 1 1,5 2 s 2,5
uTr (x = )
Increase at double steepness!
x=0
x=
1200 800 400
(1200 400) kV = 800 kV (1200 400) kV = 800 kV

x = : uTr = u1v + u1r = x = : uTr = u1v + u1r =
x = 0: uArr = u1v + u2v = x = 0: uArr = u1v + u2v =
(400 + 400) kV = 800 kV (400 + 400) kV = 800 kV

0 0 0,5 1 1,5 - 21 2 s 2,5

2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 -400 -800 -1200 0
t = 2 s t = 2 s u1v
1600 kV 1200 800
uArr (x = 0)
u1r
400
u2v
x=0 x=
0 1600 kV 1200 800 400
0,5
1,5
2 s
2,5
uTr (x = )
(1600 800) kV = 800 kV (1600 800) kV = 800 kV

x = : uTr = u1v + u1r = x = : uTr = u1v + u1r =
x = 0: uArr = u1v + u2v = x = 0: uArr = u1v + u2v =
(800 + 800) kV = 1600 kV (800 + 800) kV = 1600 kV

0 0 0,5 1 1,5 - 22 2 s 2,5

2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 -400 -800 -1200
t = 2,5 s t = 2,5 s u1v u1r
1600 kV 1200 800 400
uArr (x = 0)
u3v
u2r u2v
0 0 1600 kV 0,5 1 1,5 2 s 2,5
uTr (x = )
x=0
x=
1200 800 400
(2000 + 400 1200 400) kV = 800 kV (2000 + 400 1200 400) kV = 800 kV
x = : uTr = u1v + u1r + u2v + u2r = x = : uTr = u1v + u1r + u2v + u2r =
x = 0: uArr = u1v + u1r + u2v + u3v = x = 0: uArr = u1v + u1r + u2v + u3v =
(1200 + 1200 400 400) kV = 1600 kV (1200 + 1200 400 400) kV = 1600 kV
0 0 0,5 1 1,5 - 23 2 s 2,5

Assumptions: overvoltage surge as a voltage ramp 1 000 kV/s (1 kV/ns) arrester limits voltage to 80 kV at its terminals
100 90 80 70 u [kV] u [kV] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 t [ns] Voltage at arrester Voltage at transformer
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 t [ns] 70 80 90 100 110 120 Voltage at arrester Voltage at transformer
a) Distance arrester - transformer: 1.5 m (propagation time 5 ns)
b) Distance arrester - transformer: 3 m (propagation time 10 ns)
- 24 -
Protective Distance Estimation (Rule of Thumb)

Due to traveling wave effects on the line the protection of the equipment by an arrester can be guaranteed only for short distances between arrester and equipment. Simplified estimation of the protective distance *): (LIWV / 1.15) - Upl vtw 2s
xs LIWV Upl s vtw
*) For more detailed information see IEC 60099-5, IEC 60071-1 and IEC 60071-2
xs =
protective distance [m] standard rated lightning impulse withstand voltage [kV] LI protection level of the arrester [kV] front steepness of the overvoltage [kV/s] (in the range of 1000 kV/s) propagation speed of traveling wave: - 300 m/s (overhead line) (equals "c0") - (150 ... 200) m/s (cable)
Example 1: Distribution network, Um = 24 kV, insulated neutral, arrester of Ur = 30 kV: xs = (125 / 1.15) - 80 21000 300 =
4.3 m
!!!
Example 2: Transmission network, Um = 420 kV, effectively earthed, arrester of Ur = 336 kV: xs = (1425 / 1.15) - 823 21000 300 =
62.4 m !!!
- 25 -
Representative Overvoltage (acc. to IEC 60071-2)

A L U rp = U pl + n ( Lsp + Lt )
Lt = adopted return rate 1/a shielding failure rate + back flashover rate 1/a m
Lsp ... span length in m L ... distances a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 in m n ... number of connected lines A ... factor describing the lightning performance of the OHL in kV (see next slide)
Note: n should reasonably be set to n = 1 (if only one line is connected) or n = 2 (if two Note: n should reasonably be set to n = 1 (if only one line is connected) or n = 2 (if two or more lines are connected). Assuming n > 2 could yield too optimistic results that are or more lines are connected). Assuming n > 2 could yield too optimistic results that are not valid in a real failure scenario (e.g. possible loss of lines). not valid in a real failure scenario (e.g. possible loss of lines).
- 26 -

Factor A describing the lightning performance of an OHL
[IEC 60071-2]
- 27 -

Example: Us = 420 kV Upl = 825 kV; A = 11000 kV (four conductor bundle) L = 30 m Lsp = 400 m 2 lines connected; Shielding failure rate (typ. for Germany; one OHGW): 2.5 per 100 km and year = 2.510-5 (am)-1 Adopted return rate: 110-3 a-1
1 103 Lt = = 40 m 2.5 105 A L 11000 kV 30 m U rp = U pl + = 825 kV + = 1200 kV n Lsp + Lt 2 (400+40) m Note 1: Note 1: These equations yield representative overvoltages, These equations yield representative overvoltages, which are not implicitly the real overvoltages! which are not implicitly the real overvoltages!
Note 2: Note 2: No effect of the lightning No effect of the lightning overvoltage amplitude! overvoltage amplitude!
- 28 -
Increase of Protection Voltage by Inductive Voltage Drops

Example: outdoor arrester Us = 420 kV
4 m
Ur = 336 kV u10kA, 8/20 s = 823 kV (= Upl) u10kA, 1/2 s = 872 kV

3,5 m 2,5 m
Specific inductance of surge current path 1 H/m Length of surge current path 10 m Inductance of surge current path 10 H Steepness of surge current impulse 10 kA/s Additional inductive voltage drop 100 kV
- 29 -
Arrester Design
- 30 -
Examples of High-Voltage Arresters
- 31 -
Grading Rings Corona Rings

Corona rings
Beginning with a height of about 1.5 m to 2 m arresters need grading rings for control of voltage distribution along the arrester axis. Corona rings serve to reduce RIV, usually applied in system voltages of 550 kV and higher.
Grading rings
- 32 -
Examples of Medium-Voltage Arresters
- 33 -
Design of a Porcelain Housed High-Voltage Arrester

O-ring Pressure relief vent Sulfur cement bonding Pressure relief diaphragm Compression spring Supporting rod (FRP) Fixing plate (FRP) Porcelain housing Aluminum flange MO column
Example: Siemens
- 34 -
Basic Designs of Polymer Housed High-Voltage Arresters
Porcelain/Type A MO column
Type B1a Gas
Type B1b FRP supporting structure Outer housing
Type B2
Solid/semi-solid material
Metal end fittings

- 35 -
Type A "Tube Design"

Type A Type A "tube design" "conventional" approach (like porcelain type) "conventional" approach (like porcelain type) gas volume included gas volume included separate sealing system separate sealing system pressure relief vents pressure relief vents outer housing: silicone rubber (SR) outer housing: silicone rubber (SR) (all types: HTV, RTV, LR/LSR) (all types:
Porcelain/Type A MO column Gas FRP supporting structure Outer housing Metal end fittings
- 36 -

Top cover plate Flange with venting outlet Sealing ring Pressure relief membrane Compression spring MO resistor column Composite hollow core insulator (FRP tube/ rubber sheds)
Example: Siemens
- 37 -

Nearly any desired mechanical strength and energy absorption capability (separate housing, multi-column possible) Safest possible short-circuit performance (closed tube) Single unit arrester up to Um = 300 kV (control of radial fields) Most expensive design Internal partial discharges possible (depending on design) Separate sealing system risk of sealing deficiencies
The Type A arrester is the typical "special feature" arrester.

- 38 -
Basic designs of polymer housed high-voltage arresters

Type B no (intentional) gas volume included Type B1 Type B1a "wrapped design" "wrapped design"
FRP material directly wrapped onto MO stack outer housing slipped over or molded on (SR, EPDM, EPDM/SR blends )
Type B1a MO column Gas FRP supporting structure Outer housing Metal end fittings
- 39 -
Type B1a "Wrapped Design"

Implementation example 1: Fiber glass rovings soaked in uncured epoxy resin or pre-impregnated ribbons are wound crosswise around the MO stack. They do not fully overlap and form rhombic "windows". Best compromise between mechanical strength and short-circuit performance must be found.
MO column FRP wrap
Example: Ohio Brass - 40 -
main orientation of glass fibers


Implementation example 2: Full overlapping of the ribbons or pre-impregnated FRP mats with appropriate (crosswise) orientation of the glass fibers Forms a closed tube (good for mechanical strength, bad for short-circuit performance) Slots as pre-determined weakened breaking areas
MO column
FRP wrap
Example: Ohio Brass - 41 -


Implementation example 3: Pre-impregnated FRP mats with axial orientation of the glass fibers Forms a closed tube, which however easily tears open by the arc in case of short-circuit
MO column
FRP wrap

- 42 -

Type B no (intentional) gas volume included Type B1 Type B1b Type B1b "wrapped design" "wrapped design"
FRP material with distance to MO stack FRP material to MO stack gap filled by other material (solid/semi-solid) gap filled by other material (solid/semi-solid) outer housing slipped over or molded on outer housing slipped over or molded on (SR, EPDM, EPDM/SR blends ) (SR, EPDM, EPDM/SR blends
Type B1b MO column Gas FRP supporting structure Outer housing Metal end fittings
- 43 -
Type B1 "Wrapped Design"

Most economical design; lowest market prices Short-circuit performance better than for porcelain Lightweight; easy to handle
Limited mechanical strength (diameter of housing, wall thickness) Big differences in performance (e.g. with regard to moisture ingress, short-circuit performance) depending on design variants and implementation Multi-unit arresters even for lower system voltages (radial fields)
The Type B1 arrester is the typical "low cost" arrester.

- 44 -

Type B no (intentional) gas volume included Type B2 Type B2 "cage design" "cage design"
FRP rods or loops form an open cage around FRP rods or loops form an open around the MO stack the MO stack outer housing directly molded onto the MO stack outer housing directly molded onto the MO stack (silicone rubber) (silicone rubber)
Type B2 MO column Gas FRP supporting structure Outer housing Metal end fittings
- 45 -
Type B2 "Cage Design" 1st sub-variant Loops
Example: ABB Switzerland

- 46 -
Type B2 "Cage Design" 1st sub-variant Loops
Example: ABB Switzerland

- 47 -
Type B2 "Cage Design" 2nd sub-variant Loops + bondage
Example: ABB Sweden
- 48 -
Type B2 "Cage Design" 3rd sub-variant Rods
Example: Siemens
- 49 -
Type B2 "Cage Design" 3rd sub-variant Rods
Example: Siemens
- 50 -
Type B2 "Cage Design"

Economical design; low market prices Short-circuit performance better than for porcelain Mechanical strength usually higher than for B1 design Lightweight; easy to handle Limited mechanical strength (diameter; mechanical strength of MO blocks) Multi-unit arresters even for lower system voltages (radial fields)
The Type B2 arrester is a higher performance "low cost" arrester.

- 51 -
Configuring Arresters
- 52 -
System
Highest voltage of the system Us Grounding Temporary overvoltages (TOV) Lightning current stress Energy (line discharge, switching overvoltages) LIWV, safety margin, distance (protection zone)
Arrester
Environment
Min. MCOV, Uc,min rated voltage Ur1 Rated voltage Ur MCOV, Uc Rated voltage Ur2 Nominal discharge current Density of lightning strikes, magnitude of lightning strikes
electrical
Line discharge class
LI protection level, SI protection level
Active part specified
mechanical
Length of housing, number of units, flashover distance (withstand voltages) Creepage, sheds Diameter, material, length of units (number of units)
Height of erection
Pollution
Short-circuit current
Seismic stress
Mechanical stress (short-circuit current, tensile loads)
Housing Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
- 53 -
Choice of Continuous Operating and Rated Voltage

(phase-to-phase) TOV (1 s) TOV (10 s)
System
1 3
(phase-to-earth)
System
Arrester
Highest system voltage Nominal system voltage
1-s-voltage Rated voltage Cont. operating voltage +5% 1.25
Note: Nominal system voltage of no interest for configuring an arrester!

- 54 -
Choice of Continuous Operating and Rated Voltage

Ur1 = 1.25 Uc,min = 1.25 (1.05 Um/3) Ur2 = _______ = f(tTOV) kTOV
k t ov = U /U r
UTOV
1,3 1,25 1,2 1,15 1,1 1,05 1 0,95 0,9 0,85 0,8 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Power-frequency vs. time (U-t-) characteristics
t /s
Urr is the higher value of Ur1 and Ur2, rounded up to a multiple of three r1 r2
- 55 -
Calculation Example 1 (Um = 550 kV)

Um = 550 kV U10sec = 1.4 Um/3 = 445 kV LIWV = 1550 kV LD-class = 5
Rated Voltage:
Uc, min = 1.05 Um/3 = 333 kV Ur1 = 1.25 Uc, min = 416 kV Ur2 = _______ = _______ = 414 kV kTOV 1.075 Ur, min = 417 kV Ur, typ = 420 kV UTOV 445
- 56 -
Calculation Example 2 (Um = 24 kV; isolated neutral)

Um = 24 kV U10sec1h = Um = 24 kV LIWV = 125 kV LD-class = ---
Rated Voltage:
Uc, min = Um = 24 kV Ur1 = 1.25 Uc, min = 30 kV Ur2 = _______ = _______ = 18.1 kV kTOV 1.075 Ur, min = 30 kV Ur, typ = 30 kV UTOV 19.4
- 57 -
System
Arrester
Environment
electrical
mechanical
Height of erection
Pollution
Seismic stress
- 58 -
Direct Lightning Strokes to Overhead Line Conductors

The nominal discharge current In is a coordination current on which the protective characteristics and thus insulation coordination are based. Question: What is a reasonable value for In? To answer this question: what are the highest possible currents of a lightning stroke directly into the overhead line conductor?
- 59 -
Direct Lightning Strokes to Overhead Line Conductors

CIGR electro-geometrical model
rc and rg are the maximum striking distances of a return stroke to the stepped leader. The higher the stroke current, the higher rc and rg. Im is the maximum current at and above which no strokes will terminate on the phase conductor:
h+ y 2 Im 7.1 (1 sin )
1 0.75
= shielding angle
Strokes between A and B Strokes between A and B phase conductor phase conductor Strokes between B and C Strokes between B and C ground wire ground wire Strokes beyond A Strokes beyond A ground ground
Examples: h = 60 m, y = 45 m, = 30
Im 36 kA Im 9 kA
- 60 -
h = 30 m, y = 25 m, = 15
Lightning Stroke and Surge Propagation on a Transmission Line

1 2
1 Lightning stroke: two traveling waves of = Z (Example: = 350 20 kA = 3.5 MV) 2 1st insulator: flashover Example: 100 % flashover voltage (negative polarity*)): ud100 2100 kV for Um = 420 kV max. current of propagating wave: = 2100 kV / 350 = 6 kA
Surge currents are limited to values below 10 kA!

*) More than 90 % of lightning flashes to ground are negative cloud-to-ground flashes!
- 61 -
Lightning Impulse Current Stress of Station Arresters

Usually, no direct lightning strokes of discharge currents higher than 20 kA Usually, no direct lightning strokes of discharge currents higher than 20 kA on shielded transmission lines (all other strokes will hit the shield wire on shielded transmission lines (all other strokes will hit the shield wire or directly the ground) or directly the ground) Currents limited by flashover voltage of line insulators Currents limited by flashover voltage of line insulators and surge impedance of the line: and surge impedance of the line:
= flashover/Z flashover
Examples: Examples: Um = 123 kV, flashover 600 kV, Z = 450 Um = 123 kV, flashover 600 kV, Z = 450 Um = 420 kV, flashover 2 100 kV, Z = 350 Um = 420 kV, flashover 2 100 kV, Z = 350
= 1.3 kA = 6 kA 6 kA
LI currents in the substation usually below 10 kA LI currents in the substation usually below 10 kA
- 62 -
System
Arrester
Environment
electrical
mechanical
Height of erection
Pollution
Seismic stress
- 63 -
Energy Requirements
Two aims: 1) Mechanical integrity of the MO blocks 1) Mechanical integrity of the MO blocks 2) Thermal stability 2) Thermal stability
- 64 -
Energy Requirements
Single impulse energy absorption capability

Energetic overloading (puncture or thermo-mechanical cracking of one or more MO-resistors)
- 65 -
Energy Requirements Thermal energy absorption capability
Electrical power losses
Limit of thermal stability (unstable operating point) Heat dissipation, electrical power losses
Heat dissipation Normal operation (stable operating point)
Temperature
- 66 -
"Thermal" and "Impulse" Energy Values

"Thermal" 1)
2 long duration current impulses, 1 minute apart Ur for 10 seconds Uc for 30 minutes 1 long duration current impulse
"Impulse"
Time Preheat to 60 C max. 100 ms
Time
Energy input by two long duration current impulses 1 minute apart (each impulse 50% of the injected energy); thermal stability required
1)
Energy input by one long duration current impulse t 4 ms; thermal stability not critical
Note: If no thermal stability has to be guaranteed after energy injection (i.e. arrester de-energized afterwards) higher energy values are allowed.
- 67 -
Thermally Equivalent Prorated Section for Operating Duty Test

Current supply Gripping Hard tissue Gripping
Cork
Test sample Porcelain
Temperature measurement
Current supply
- 68 -
Choice of Line Discharge Class acc. to IEC 60099-5

IEC 60099-5, 1996-02 Surge Arresters - Part 5: Selection and application recommendations Table 1:
L D c la s s 1 2 3 4 5 a p p ro x . U m kV 245 300 420 550 800 a p p r o x . lin e le n g th km 300 300 360 420 480 a p p ro x . Z Ohm 450 400 350 325 300 a p p r o x . o v e r v o lta g e fa c to r p .u . *) 3 ,0 2 ,6 2 ,6 2 ,4 2 ,4
*)
1 p.u. =2 x Um/ 3
- 69 -
Line Discharge Class (IEC 60099-4) Problem of Definition

W = Ures (UL Ures) 1/Z T W = Ures (UL Ures) 1/Z T
Arrester classification Line discharge class 1 2 3 4 5 Surge impedance of the line Z () 4,9 Ur 2,4 Ur 1,3 Ur 0,8 Ur 0,5 Ur Virtual duration of peak T (s) 2 000 2 000 2 400 2 800 3 200 Charging voltage UL (kV d.c.) 3,2 Ur 3,2 Ur 2,8 Ur 2,6 Ur 2,4 Ur
10 000 A 10 000 A 10 000 A 20 000 A 20 000 A
Example: Example: A MO arrester with resistors of 4 kJ/kV (22 A MO arrester with resistors of 4 kJ/kV (22 kJ/kV) energy absorption capability may be kJ/kV) energy absorption capability may be specified as a Class 2 arrester if Ures/Urr = 2, specified as a Class 2 arrester if Ures/U = 2, but as a Class 3 arrester if Ures/Urr = 2.4. but as a Class 3 arrester if Ures/U = 2.4. A Class 3 arrester of Ures/Urr = 2 needs A Class 3 arrester of Ures/U = 2 needs resistors of 6 kJ/kV (23 kJ/kV). resistors of 6 kJ/kV (23 kJ/kV).
- 70 -
System
Arrester
Environment
electrical
mechanical
Height of erection
Pollution
Seismic stress
- 71 -
LI protection level from U-I-Characteristics

U-I-characteristics for U-I-characteristics for different MO resistors different MO resistors
Upl = (2.8 ... 3.4)Uc Upl = (2.8 ... 3.4)Uc
r c
- 72 -
Calculation Examples 1 + 2 (Um = 550 kV and 24 kV)

1) Um = 550 kV U10sec = 1.4 Um/3 = 445 kV Ur, typ = 420 kV 1550 kV
__________
LIWV = 1550 kV
LD-class = 5
Rated Voltage: Protection Level:
1550 kV (
__________
U10kA = 420 kV 2.3 *) = 966 kV <
= 1107 kV )
1.4
1.4 LIWV = 125 kV LD-class = ---
*) Typical value for LD class 5, but manufacturer dependant
2) Um = 24 kV
U10sec1h = Um = 24 kV
Rated Voltage: Ur, typ = 30 kV Protection Level:

125 kV U10kA = 30 kV 2.67 *) = 80 kV <
_________
125 kV (
_________
= 89 kV )
1.4
1.4
- 73 -
*) Typical value for 5-kA distribution arrester, but manufacturer dependant

Typical Values of Protection Level

Standard lightning Lightning impulse impulse withstand protective level upl voltage LIWV kV kV kV 24 Resonant earthed 125 80 123 Resonant earthed 550 370 145 Solidly earthed 650 295 245 Solidly earthed 950 485 420 Solidly earthed 1425 825 550 Solidly earthed 1550 960 Us Neutral earthing Factor
LIWV/upl
1.56 1.49 2.2 1.96 1.73 1.61
As a rule of thumb, a factor LIWV/upl 1.4 offers sufficient protection against lightning overvoltage:
upl pl
LIWV
________ ________
The voltage at the terminals of the equipment to be protected must not reach values above LIWV/1.15 (Ks = 1.15 = safety factor for non-self restoring insulation, acc. to IEC 60071-2)
For more detailed information see IEC 60099-5, IEC 60071-1 and IEC 60071-2
1.4
- 74 -
Protection Level and Stability against Power-Frequency Stress

600 500 400
Example: Um = 245 kV, neutral effectively earthed

Ur = 224 kV u10kA=538 kV Ur = 198 kV u10kA= 475 kV
u [kV]
300 200 1.4 times line-to-earth-voltage 100 Line-to-earth-voltage 0 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
i [A]
Lower LI protection level higher specific power-frequency stress Protection level should be set to reasonable (not necessarily the lowest) values!
- 75 -
System
Arrester
Environment
electrical
mechanical
Height of erection
Pollution
Seismic stress
- 76 -
Housing Requirements Mechanical strength static and dynamic loads by connected conductors strength against seismic events Dielectric strength Short-circuit performance Performance under polluted conditions shed profile creepage distance flashover distance partial heating of active parts internal partial discharges hydrophobicity (incl. dynamics of hydrophobicity)
- 77 -
Mechanical Strength of Housing

Minimum recommended strength if there are no further requirements (given by conductor loads wind, vibration, short-circuit current forces):
System voltage Um (kV) 420 550 800 Fmin static (N / lbf) 400 / 90 600 / 135 800 / 180 Fmin dynamic min. breaking value (N / lbf) 1000 / 225 1500 / 337 2000 / 450 (N / lbf) 1200 / 270 1800 / 405 2400 / 540
(Table valid for porcelain housed arresters)
Ratio Fdyn / Fstat = 2.5 for porcelain housings Ratio Fdyn / Fstat for polymer housings not yet definitely established
- 78 -
Pressure Relief of a Porcelain Housed Arrester Unit
1) Puncture and flashover of individual MO resistor(s)

2) Internal arc along the full length of the unit
3) Opening of pressure relief devices and venting of the unit
- 79 -
Pressure Relief of a Cage Design Polymer Housed Arrester Unit

1. Arrester has failed and gas begins to be expelled through the housing. The gas streams trigger an external flashover and the internal arc is commutated to the outside
2.
- 80 -
Pressure Relief Test according to IEC 60099-4 Ed. 2 (inf.)

Test with high current (rated short-circuit current): 5 10 16 20 31.5 40 50 63 80 kA Test with low current: 600 A 200 A
(additionally: tests with 50% and 25% of rated short-circuit current)
Basic idea:
d Arrester unit H Circular enclosure Explosion not allowed Thermal breaking allowed (definition: all parts within the circular enclosure)
Factors that improve pressure relief performance:

Short housings Large gas volume Fast opening pressure relief devices
h >= 0,4 m
High mechanical strength (porcelain quality, thickness) Favorable short circuit current loop
D = (d + 2H) >= 1,8 m
Problems: - how to initiate the failure - pass criteria

see 37/317/CDV
- 81 -
Influence of the Short Circuit Current Loop

i i i i
i i i i
Porcelain Polymer (with gas volume included) Polymer (without gas volume included)
worst case favorable case
most favorable case most favorable case
neutral case worst case worst case
most favorable cases
- 82 -
Examples for Successful Pressure Relief Tests with High Current

Test with 63 kA/0,2 s on porcelain housed arrester
- 83 -
Examples for Successful Pressure Relief Tests at High Current

Test with 63 kA/0,2 s on polymer housed high-voltage arrester (FRP hollow insulator)
Before test
After test
- 84 -

Test with 63 kA/0,2 s on polymer housed high-voltage arrester (cage design)
- 85 -

Test with 20 kA/0,2 s on polymer housed distribution arrester (cage design)
- 86 -
Short-Circuit Performance Wrap-Up In general, polymer housed arresters tend to offer a "safer" short-circuit performance. But not all polymer housed arresters are intrinsically "safe". Design differences must still be regarded.
- 87 -
Performance under Pollution Conditions

Measures against:
1 Long creepage distance Optimized shed profile 2 Radial filed stress: - risk of "internal" partial discharges, degradation of the MO resistors and deterioration of the supporting structure or - risk of puncture in case of the housing directly applied to the MO column Risk of partial heating of the active parts (see Annex F of IEC 60099-4) Few number of units (best: single-unit arrester)
1 Risk of external flashover
3 In case of gas volume included: large distance MO column - housing no sharp edges at the MO column MO blocks with stable aging characteristics internal gas volume free of oxygen high tracking resistance of supporting structure use of desiccants In case of no gas volume included: sufficient thickness of housing optimized shed profile high tracking resistance of materials
General: High rated and continuous operating voltage General: High rated and continuous operating voltage rather than low protection level ififpossible (leads to rather than low protection level possible (leads to moderate electrical stress under continuous operating moderate electrical stress under continuous operating conditions and improves long term stability) conditions and improves long term stability)
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b - 88 -
Performance under Pollution Conditions Radial Field Stress

MO column Gas or solid Solid Conductive layer
Uaxial, int Uradial

- 89 -
Summary - Characteristic Values (1): Main Data

Continuous operating voltage (Uc/MCOV) Rated voltage (Ur) Rated frequency Rated short-circuit current (Is) Line discharge class (LD-Class) Nominal discharge current (In) (8/20 s) LI protection level (Upl) (= residual voltage at In) Additional: residual voltages for different current shapes and amplitudes
- 90 -
Summary - Characteristic Values (2): Additional Data

Long duration current impulse withstand capability (amplitude, time) Energy absorption capability (in kJ/kV of Ur or Uc) High current impulse capability (4/10 s) (for distribution arresters) Temporary overvoltage (TOV) capability (1 s, 10 s, 100 s) Creepage distance Dielectric withstand values of the housing Permissible mechanical headloads (static, dynamic)
- 91 -
Metal Oxide Surge Arresters
- 92 -
Voltage and Temperature Distribution of MO Arresters

1800 1600 1400 1200 H [mm] 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1
mean
H= 1200 mm H= 1465 mm H= 1805 mm
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
U/Umitte l U/U
Grading rings necessary for arrester heights > 1.5 m ... 2 m
- 93 -
Arrester Ur = 224 kV, Voltage Distribution, Equivalent Circuit

2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 Height [mm] 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 U/Umean
- 94 -
Specified Currents for Residual Voltage Tests on MO Arresters

Double exponential current impulses: definition by T1/T2 and
T1 T2 Front time [s] Time to half value [s] Amplitude [kA]
from IEC 60060-1
FS UL C
R PO
T1 = 1.25 T
Typical test circuit
- 95 -
Specified Currents for Residual Voltage Tests on MO Arresters

Switching current impulse: (30100)/(2T1) s, <= 2 kA Lightning current impulse: 8/20 s, <= 40 kA (nominal discharge current In usually 5, 10 or 20 kA) High current impulse: 4/10 s, <= 100 kA (typical values 65 and 100 kA) Steep current impulse: 1/<20 s, <= 20 kA
- 96 -
Specified Currents for Energy Tests on MO Arresters

Long duration current impulse: <= 2 kA
Td Tt Virtual duration of the peak Virtual total duration
Standard values of Td: 500, 1000, 2000, 2400, 2800, 3200 s

from IEC 60060-1
Ln UL Cn L1 C1 FS PO
Typical test circuit
- 97 -
Accelerated Aging Procedure

Accelerated Aging Test: Test Conditions: Part of Operating Duty Test acc. to IEC 60099-4 Quality assurance for running MO production = 115 C, U = 1,05 Uc, t = 1000 h (6 weeks) "actual surrounding medium": Air, N2, SF6, (CO2, N2H2)
Accelerated Aging Test acc. to IEC 99-4 2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 P /P o 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 5 10 15 20 sqrt (t) [sqrt (h)] 25 30 35 40
Normal Behaviour Aging Resistor
- 98 -
Accelerated Aging Tests
- 99 -
Switching Surge Operating Duty Test (IEC 60099-4)

2 long duration current impulses, 1 minute apart 2 high current impulses 100 kA, 4/10 s
Conditioning 4 groups of 5 impulses at In 8/20 s, superimposed on 1,2 x Uc
Ur for 10 seconds
Uc for 30 minutes
1 minute apart Cool down to ambient temperature Time interval not specified
Preheat to 60 C max. 100 ms
Time
Test evaluation (pass criteria): Decrease of temperature, power loss, resistive component of the leakage current No significant change of residual voltage (max. 5%) No puncture, flashover or cracking of MO blocks
- 100 -
High Current Impulse Operating Duty Test (IEC 60099-4)

Conditioning
4 groups of 5 impulses at In 8/20 s, superimposed on 1,2 x Uc
1 high current 1 high current impulse 4/10 s impulse 4/10 s
Ur for 10 seconds Uc for 30 minutes
Time 1 minute apart Cool down to ambient temperature Time interval not specified Preheat to 60 C max. 100 ms
Test evaluation (pass criteria): Decrease of temperature, power loss, resistive component of the leakage current No significant change of residual voltage (max. 5%) No puncture, flashover or cracking of MO blocks
- 101 -
LongDuration Current Impulse Test (IEC 60099-4)

Long duration current impulse (2,4 ms, 1200 A)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 -0,2
Test procedure:
6 groups of 3 impulses = 18 impulses (MO blocks in open air)
I [kA]
U [kV]
Time 1 minute apart Cool down to ambient temperature
t [ms]
Typical 2 ms-values for single MO blocks from 200 A (distribution class arresters) to 1600 A (station class arresters), may be increased by connecting several blocks in parallel
Test evaluation (pass criteria): No significant change of residual voltage (max. 5%) No puncture, flashover or cracking of MO blocks
- 102 -

Metal Oxide Surge Arresters

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Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Development of Surge Arresters over the past 25 years

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Development of Surge Arresters over the past 25 years

Typical Arrester Application: Transformer Protection

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Special Arrester Application: Protection of an SC Capacitor Bank

Siemens / Hydro Qubec

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Special Arrester Application: Line Arresters

Siemens / REN Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Special Arrester Application: HVDC Valve Protection Arresters

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Fundamentals of Insulation Coordination

Possible voltages without arresters Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.

Withstand voltage of equipment

Voltages limited by arresters

Time duration of (over-)voltage

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester (Us = 420 kV)

10-kA residual voltage = lightning impulse protection level = 823 kV

Peak value of rated voltage: 2Ur = 2336 kV = 475 kV

1 Peak value of current / A

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester (Us = 420 kV)

Simplified circuit diagram

at U = Uc: at U = Uc Itotal 1 mA total 1 mA

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester

Simplified circuit diagram

Total leakage current

at U = Uc: c Itotal 1 mA total Icapacitive 1 mA capacitive resistive 10 A 100 A resistive 10 A 100 A

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

U-I- vs. E-J-Characteristics

common E-J-characteristics common E-J-characteristics

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Protective Distance Model Calculation 1 (Um = 420 kV)

Arrester u pl = 800 kV = const. x=0

Transformer LIW = 1425 kV = ?= 300 m x=

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b

Protective Distance Model Calculation 1 (Um = 420 kV)

1200 800 400

x = 0: uArr = 0 kV x = 0: uArr = 0 kV x = : uTr = 0 kV x = : uTr = 0 kV

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5

Protective Distance Model Calculation 1 (Um = 420 kV)

1200 800 400

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5

Protective Distance Model Calculation 1 (Um = 420 kV)

1200 800 400

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5

Protective Distance Model Calculation 1 (Um = 420 kV)

u1v u1r u2v

800 400 0 0 1600 kV 0,5 1 1,5 2 s 2,5

1200 800 400

(1200 400) kV = 800 kV (1200 400) kV = 800 kV

x = 0: uArr = u1v + u2v = x = 0: uArr = u1v + u2v =