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3D seismic an overview
EPT-LD
an acoustic image of the subsurface a volume made up by a series of seismic lines reflection time contains information on depth of subsurface interface reflected energy contains information on properties
Bridge between Geophysics and Geology (can we see a seismic section as a geological profile?) Tries to overcome the non-uniqueness problem Balance between Science and Art Young discipline with rapidly changing technology
1900
Mintrop: patent on the refraction method (salt dome discovery, Texas) reflection method (Oklahoma) magnetic tape: analog recording patent on CDP method first 3D surveys development of seismic workstation software
4
A refraction shot in West Texas. 2,000 pounds of dynamite shot by Humble Oil & Refining Company (now Exxon), 1930.
C. Hcker, SIEP, EPT-S
Spatial continuity
(less correlation problems)
From A. Brown
8
2D vs. 3D Migration
EPT-LD
Dipping events are not focussed with 2D migration but are with Events with out-of-plane dip 3D are not focused with 2D
migration but are with 3D
2D 3D likely increases the number of faults in a subsurface description 3D but it also likely will increase the geological feasibility of a fault pattern From A. Brown 10
Reacquisition and/or Reprocessing: Getting the target imaged for the first time
EPT-LD
11
EPT-LD
1983
12
1993
1998
1999/2000
1999/2000
Time Migration
Cluster PreSDM
Enhanced PreSDM
Post Migration
Structurally Oriented Filtering
14
Detailed faults can be seen on the 3D cube. Hydrocarbons (gas) show as green.
C. Hcker, SIEP, EPT-S 15
Virtual Reality
EPT-LD
An inter-disciplinary skill
between geology, geophysics, petrophysics & reservoir engineering often homeless between geology and geophysics skill pools
strong presence in E&A and early development straddling prominent boundaries in Global Processes
Boundary towards quantitative interpretation (QI) not well defined Traditionally more involved in early modelling steps in the asset life cycle
18
depth conversion
velocity model
Petrophysicist: physical properties from logs
sequence-stratigraphic interpretation
stratigraphic / facies architecture model
Seismic Interpretation
Geologist: marker depths from logs facies from logs and cores, depositional history
quantitative interpretation
property model
structural interpretation
structural model
Structural Geologist: faults & fracture prediction, tectonic history
Reservoir Engineer: volumetrics, simulations, development options, field development plan, well plans
C. Hcker, SIEP, EPT-S 19
EPT-LD
Seismic Processing = impact of seismic data Velocity Model Structural Framework Modelling Framework of Structural & Large-Scale Stratigraphic Surfaces Reservoir Architecture Modelling Detailed Layer/Object Model of Reservoir
Facilities Planning
Facility Design
C. Hcker, SIEP, EPT-S
Pre-Stack Processing Well Data Preproc/Interpr Stacking & Migration Exploration / Appraisal / Production 2D and 3D Seismic
Structural&Stratigraphic Segmentation Tops & Faults from Well Data Structural&Stratigraphic Model Building Depth Conversion Closure-Catchment Analysis Compartmentalisation Analysis Volumetric Analysis
Velocity Model
Exploration / Appraisal / Production 2D and 3D Seismic
Seismic Interpreter Quantitative Interpreter (GP) Petrophysicist Geologist
C. Hcker, SIEP, EPT-S
22
Interpretive Processing Well Data Preproc/Interpr Deposition Modelling Appraisal / Production 3D Seismic
Segmentation into Layers/Objects Genetic/Property Units from Well Data Layer/Object Model Building
Volumetric Analysis
Seismic Modelling/ Seismic Inversion Rock/Fluid Properties & Fractures from Well Data
Volumetric Analysis
24
Seismic Preprocessing
4D Seismic Analysis / Seismic Modelling Fluid Properties / Pressure / Production from Well Data Property Model Update Compartmentalisation Analysis Volumetric Analysis
25
EPT-LD
cost of finding
$8.00 $7.00
($/BOE)
$5.00
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Reservoir Structure
Reservoir Architecture
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Raw Data
Rule Sets
33
Simple
Complex
STUDY COMMENCES
STUDY CONCLUDES
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STUDY COMMENCES
STUDY CONCLUDES
UR (MMm3)
Simple/ Conceptual Models Regional Seismic Logs Core SCAL PVT Well Data Production Data
Scenario
Data Analysis
DATA
Model Complexity
35
Structure and organise your work such that intermediate products can be passed on to your customers or the activity be stopped at any time without the product being incomplete.
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