Matlab

Raymond Phan Ph.D.
. Candidate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Distributed Multimedia Computing Research Lab EPH 408 rphan@ee.ryerson.ca
Some slides were taken from Prof. R. A. Peters PPT slides: http://www.archive.org/details/Lectures_on_Image_Processing
Topics Covered in this Presentation

1st Hour: 6:10 p.m. 7:00 p.m.
Quick intro to myself What is MATLAB? Where to get MATLAB and how to run Basic I/O Reading and writing images Accessing pixels and groups of pixels Resizing Images Rotating Images break for 10 minutes!
Introduction to Digital Images and in MATLAB

2nd Hour: 7:10 p.m. 8:00 p.m.
Operations on Digital Images

Intro to image histograms
Simple contrast and brightness enhancing Advanced enhancing using image histograms Intro to convolution in images Blurring / Smoothing images Edge detection Sharpening images break for 10 minutes!

3rd Hour: 8:10 p.m. 9:00 p.m.
Segmenting simple objects Noise Filtering Simple image stitching using template matching
Applications of Image Processing
NOTE! For a more comprehensive MATLAB tutorial, check:

You can access the slides, images and code at:
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~rphan/ele532/MATLABTutorial.ppt
http://www.rnet.ryerson.ca/~rphan/IEEEDIPTalk

1st Hour: 6:10 p.m. 7:00 p.m.
Quick intro to myself What is MATLAB and where do I get it / find it? Intro to Digital Images Basic I/O Reading and writing images Accessing pixels and groups of pixels Resizing Images Rotating Images break for 10 minutes!
Introduction of Myself
Started in 2002 in the B.Eng. Computer Engineering
program
Program only started at this time Relatively new Graduated in 2006
Started my M.A.Sc. in 2006 ELCE Finished in 2008 Winner Ryerson Gold Medal (2008 SGS) Started my Ph.D. in 2008 ELCE Will finish before my back gives out Currently a 4th year Ph.D. Candidate 2010 NSERC Vanier Canada Graduate Scholar
Introduction of Myself (2)

Research Interests Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, Multimedia, Computer Vision, Stereo Vision, 3DTV, etc. M.A.Sc. Thesis Content-Based Image Retrieval
System
Featured in the Toronto Star (January 4th, 2008) Searching for images using actual images, rather than
keywords
Current Ph.D. Thesis Faster and more accurate 2D to
3D conversion

1st Hour: 6:10 p.m. 7:00 p.m.
What is MATLAB?
MATLAB Stands for MATrix LABoratory Created by Cleve Moler @ Stanford U. in 1970 Why? Makes linear algebra, numerical analysis and optimization a lot easier MATLAB is a dynamically typed language Means that you do not have to declare any variables All you need to do is initialize them and they are created MATLAB treats all variables as matrices Scalar 1 x 1 matrix. Vector 1 x N or N x 1 matrix Why? Makes calculations a lot faster (will see later)
What is MATLAB? (2)

How can I get and/or use MATLAB? 3 ways: 1) Find it on any of the ELCE departmental computers
Log in to your account, go to Applications Math MATLAB R2010b
2) Use any Ryerson computer on to the ACS network Log in with your Matrix ID and Password, then go to Start MATLAB R2010b 3) Install it on your own laptop Go to http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/matlab for more details You must be on the Ryerson network to sign up for an account After, you can download MATLAB from anywhere
MATLAB uses the Image Processing Toolbox (IPT) Should already be installed with MATLAB!

1st Hour: 6:10 p.m. 7:00 p.m.
Intro to Digital Images

Digital Image
a grid of squares, each of which contains a single color each square is called a pixel (or picture element)
Color images have 3 values per pixel; monochrome / grayscale images = 1 value/pixel.
Pixels
Intro to Digital Images (2)

uniformly spaced discrete points, {p = (r,c)}, into a set of positive integer values, {I( p)}, or a set of vector values, e.g., {[R G B]T(p)}. Each column location of each row in I has a value The pair (p, I(p)) is a pixel (for picture element) p = (r,c) pixel location indexed by row r & column c I(p) = I(r,c) Value of the pixel at location p If I(p) is a single number I is monochrome (B&W) If I(p) is a 3 element vector I is a colour (RGB) image
A digital image, I, is a mapping from a 2D grid of
Monochromatic Case: We call the values at each pixel intensities Smaller intensities denote a darker pixel Bigger intensities denote a lighter pixel Colour Case: Think of a colour image as a 3D matrix First layer is red, second layer is green, third layer is blue Why RGB? Trichromacy theory All colours found in nature can naturally be decomposed into Red, Green and Blue This is basically how CCD cameras work! The three element vector tells you how much red, green and blue the pixel is compromised of (i.e. [R G B]T = [0 255 0] No red, no blue, all green

Pixel : [ p, I(p)]
Pixel Location: p = (r , c) Pixel Value: I(p) = I(r , c)
p = (r, c ) = (row # , col # ) = (272, 277)
red 12 I ( p ) = green = 43 blue 61

How do digital cameras take images (very basic)? Uses sampling and quantization What we see now through our eyes is continuous There is essentially an infinite amount of points that comprise our field of view (FoV) Not good, because we want to store this information! We first need to sample the FoV Transfer the FoV to
a rectangular grid, and grab the colour in each location of the grid

Sampling and Quantization
pixel grid
column index
row index
real image
sampled
quantized
sampled & quantized

Were not done yet! There are also an infinite number
of possible colours
We will now need to quantize the colours Quantizing will reduce the total number of colours to a
smaller amount Key Quantize accurately so that we cant tell much difference between the original image and the quantized one
A digital image is essentially taking our FoV and
performing a sampling and quantization

Values are now discrete and positive

Sampling and Quantization
pixel grid
column index
row index
real image
sampled
quantized
sampled & quantized

Digital images store their intensities / colour values as
discrete and positive values Usually, digital images need 8 bits for B & W and 24bits for colour (8 bits for each primary colour)
B & W 0 for Black and 255 for White All integers
Colour 0 to 255 for Red, Green and Blue All integers Note: We can consider a colour image as three 2D images
Without compression, files would be very large! Compression algorithms (PNG, JPEG, etc.) eliminate
extra information to reduce the size of the image

1st Hour: 6:10 p.m. 7:00 p.m.
R/W Images in MATLAB

So we have an image file how do I access the info? Open up MATLAB and change working directory to
where image is stored Use the imread() function
im = imread(name_of_image.ext) Use single quotes, and type in the full name of the image
with its extension (.bmp, .jpg, etc.) im will contain a 2D matrix (rows x cols) of B&W values or a 3D matrix (rows x cols x 3) of colour values Matrix corresponds to each pixel in the digital image for B & W, or a colour component of a pixel in colour
R/W Images in MATLAB (2)

How do I access a pixel in MATLAB B&W case? pix = im(row,col);

row & col: Row & column of the pixel to access pix contains the intensity value Access elements in an array by round braces, not square!
For you C buffs Indexing starts at 1, not 0!
How do I access a pixel in MATLAB Colour case? pix = im(row,col,1); Red colour value pix = im(row,col,2); Green colour value pix = im(row,col,3); Blue colour value 3rd argument 3rd dimension of matrix Only grabs one colour value at a time!

How can I get the RGB pixel entirely? Use the :
command
pix = im(row,col,:); : means to grab all values of one dimension However, this will give you a 1 x 1 x 3 matrix we just
want an array! Call the squeeze() command pix = squeeze(im(row,col,:)); Now a 3 x 1 vector. To access R, G and B values, do: red = pix(1) Red, gr = pix(2) Green, blue = pix(3) Blue

So I know how to get pixels; how can I modify them in
the image?
Easy! Just go backwards For a B & W Image do:
im(row,col) = pix; For a colour image, do either: im(row,col,1) = red; im(row,col,2) = green; im(row,col,3) = blue; or im(row,col,:) = [red; green; blue] or im(row,col,:) = rgb; %rgb - 3 x 1 vector

How do I access a subset of the image? How do I grab a portion of the image and store it into another variable? Do the following for monochromatic images:
im2 = im(row1:row2,col1:col2); Do the following for colour images: im2 = im(row1:row2,col1:col2,:); This will grab a rectangular region between rows 1 and 2, and columns 1 and 2 e.g., if I wanted to get rows 17 31, and columns 32 45 for colour, do: im2 = im(17:31,32:45,:);

So I know how to get pixels; how can I display images? Use the imshow() command imshow(im); im: Image loaded into MATLAB Shows a new window with the image in it If you do: imshow(im,[]) For monochromatic: Smallest intensity becomes 0 and largest intensity becomes 255 for display For colour: Apply the above for each colour channel Every time you use imshow, the image you want to
display is put in the same window so what do you do?

Use figure command to create a new blank window Then, run the imshow command to display the image on the other window We can also do: imshow(im(:,:,1)); Shows red channel imshow(im(:,:,2)); Shows green channel imshow(im(:,:,3)); Shows blue channel (:,:,1) means grab all of the rows and columns for the
first layer (i.e. red), etc.

When showing the red channel: Darker pixels mean there isnt much red in that pixel Lighter pixels mean there is a lot of red in that pixel Same applies for green and blue! How do I save images to disk? Use imwrite() imwrite(im, name_of_image.ext, EXT); im image to write to disk name_of_image.ext Name of the image EXT Extension of the file (JPG, BMP, PNG, etc.)
Demo Time #1!

Reading in Images Accessing Pixels Changing Image Pixels Obtaining a Subset Display Images Monochromatic and Colour Displaying Colour Channels Separately Writing Images to File

1st Hour: 6:10 p.m. 7:00 p.m.
Resizing Images
One common thing that many people do is resize
images
i.e. Make an image bigger from a smaller image, or make
an image smaller from a larger image
How do we resize images in MATLAB? Use the
imresize command How do we use it? out = imresize(im, scale, method); or out = imresize(im, [r c], method); For both methods im is the image we want to resize, and out is the resized image
Resizing Images (2)

Lets look at the first method:
out = imresize(im, scale, method); scale takes each of the dimensions of the image (# of rows and columns), and multiplies by this much to determine the output
e.g. If we have an image that is 20 rows x 40 columns: If scale = 2, the output 40 rows x 80 columns If scale = 0.5, the output 10 rows x 20 columns
method determines the type of interpolation when
resizing Important when making an image bigger
Resizing Images (3)

When we are making an image bigger, we are trying to
create an image with a lack of information present There are three main types of interpolation
Nearest Neighbour method = nearest
Uses the best pixels that are near the original pixels and fills in missing information Uses linear interpolation in 2D to fill in missing information Uses cubic interpolation in 2D to fill in missing information
Bilinear Interpolation method = bilinear
Bicubic Interpolation method = bicubic
Usually, bicubic is known to have the best accuracy
Resizing Images (4)

Now, lets take a look at the second method for resizing
out = imresize(im, [r c], method); This routine will resize the image to any desired dimensions you want
You can customize how many rows and columns the
final image will have
65 rows x 90 columns, with bilinear interpolation, do: out = imresize(im, [65 90], bilinear);
We can also do!
Example: To resize a 130 rows x 180 columns image to
out = imresize(im, 0.5, bilinear);
Rotating Images
Suppose we want to rotate an image How?
out = imrotate(im, angle, method); im: The image we want to rotate angle: How much we want to rotate the image
Angle is in degrees! Positive angle denotes counter-
clockwise rotation, and negative angle is clockwise
When rotating, there will inevitably be some missing
information method is like before with resizing out: The rotated image Example: Lets rotate CCW by 45 degrees by bilinear: out = imrotate(im, 45, bilinear);
Demo Time #2!

Enlarging Images Shrinking Images Rotating Images

2nd Hour: 7:10 p.m. 8:00 p.m.

Cont. & Brig. Enhancement

First real application Brightness enhancement How do we increase /decrease brightness of an image? 1 way: Just add or subtract a brightness to every pixel How? im2 = im + c; or im2 = im c; c is any constant (0 255)

Takes c and add / subtract to every pixel in the image Adding / subtracting makes the image brighter / darker Round off occurs if out of range (i.e. set to 255 if > 255/set to 0 if < 0)
What about another way? We can also scale the image by a constant Do: im2 = c*im;

If c > 1, increasing brightness If c < 1, decreasing brightness
Cont. & Brig. Enhancement (2)

So we covered brightness what about contrast? Contrast How well you can see the objects from the
background When performing brightness enhancing, youll notice that it looks white washed out Poor contrast We can do a contrast enhancement to make objects look better, leaving background relatively unaffected How? Use the power law s = r
r is the input pixel intensity / colour and s is the output
intensity / colour

For each pixel, apply this equation to each of the
intensities / colours
For colour images,
apply to each channel separately
Exponent determines
how dark or light the output is
> 1 Make darker < 1 Make lighter

How do we apply the power law in MATLAB? Use imadjust
out = imadjust(im, [], [], gamma); im: Input image to contrast adjust Ignore 2nd and 3rd parameters Beyond the scope of our talk gamma: The exponent that weve seen earlier out: The contrast adjusted image Example use: If = 1.4, we do: out = imadjust(im, [], [], 1.4);
Demo Time #3!

Contrast and Brightness Enhancement

2nd Hour: 7:10 p.m. 8:00 p.m.

Intro to Image Histograms

We can perform more advanced image enhancement
using histograms Before we cover this we should probably cover what histograms are! So, whats a histogram?
It measures the frequency, or how often, something
occurs Lets look at a grayscale image for now Expressed as H(x) = q, x is an intensity- [0,255] for 8 bits This tells us that we see the intensity value of x for a total of q times
Intro to Image Histograms (2)

Example: Lets take a look at an grayscale image
There are ~1500 pixels with a gray level of around 10 There are ~1200 pixels with a gray of around 170, etc.

How do we create histograms in MATLAB? imhist(im); %im is read in by imread Assuming im is a grayscale image If we want this to work with colour images, we will have to display the histogram of each colour channel by itself imhist(im(:,:,1)); % histogram for red imhist(im(:,:,2)); % histogram for green imhist(im(:,:,3)); % histogram for blue The (:,:,1) means that we should grab every row and column from the red channel, etc.

Grabbing all of the pixels in any channel will produce a
grayscale image, which can be used for imhist We can also call the histogram function by: h = imhist(im); Will create a 256 element array, where the (i+1)th element contains how often we see the grayscale i. Histograms give us a good insight on image contrast
If the histogram has too many values towards the left
Image is too dark If the histogram has too many values towards the right Image is too bright If the histogram has too many values in the middle Image looks very washed out
Advanced Enhancement (1)

Above cases are when the image has bad contrast A good image should have good contrast i.e. The histogram should have an equal number of pixels over the entire histogram (a flat histogram) If an image has bad contrast, we can try to correct it by
doing histogram equalization
Tries to make the images histogram as flat as possible
for good contrast Stretches the histogram out For you probability nerds If you divide each histogram entry by the total number of entries, this forms a Probability Density Function (PDF)
Advanced Enhancement (2)

Histogram equalization seeks to modify the PDF so that
all possible events (pixels) are equally likely to occur
How do we perform histogram equalization?
out = histeq(im); %im given by imread What about for colour images?
You will have to perform histogram equalization on each
channel individually, then merge together
r = im(:,:,1); g = im(:,:,2); b = im(:,:,3); out(:,:,1) = histeq(r); out(:,:,2) = histeq(g); out(:,:,3) = histeq(b);
Demo Time #4!

Displaying and Calculating Histograms Contrast and Brightness Enhancement by Histograms

2nd Hour: 7:10 p.m. 8:00 p.m.

Intro to Convolution
Before we proceed, we need to understand what
convolution is for a digital image
Probably learned in ELE/BME 532, ELE 792, etc. Bleck! But! Actually very simple when dealing with 2D images
Preliminaries: First, we need to create an N x N matrix called a mask The numbers inside the mask will help us control the kind of operation were doing Different #s allow us to blur, sharpen, find edges, etc. We need to master convolution first, and the rest is easy!
Intro to Convolution (2)

Steps: 1) For each pixel (r,c) in our image, extract a N x N subset of pixels, where the centre is at (r,c) Example: 9 x 9 subsets shown below @ various locations

Another example: Lets grab a 3 x 3 subset, located at
(r,c) = (6,4)
Pixels are a, b,
g, and centre is e
2) Take each pixel in the subset, and do a point-by-
point multiplication with the corresponding location in the mask

Example: Our 3 x 3 subset has pixels:
a G = d g b e h c f i
Our mask has the following quantities

z H = w t y v s x u r

When we do a point by point multiplication, we will
now have 9 numbers:
a*z, b*y, c*x, d*w, e*v, f*u, g*t, h*s, i*r
3) Create an output image and: a) Add up all of these values b) Store the output at (r,c) (i.e. the same row and column location as the input image) in the output image Example:
out = a*z + b*y + c*x + d*w + e*v + f*u + g*t + h*s + i*r, then store out into (r,c) of the output image

Essentially, convolution is a weighted sum of pixels
from the input image within the subset

Weighted by the numbers in your mask
Each pixel in the output image is this weighted sum Do this for each location of the input image and assign to same location in the output image What about for colour!? Do convolution on each channel separately Note: If the output value is floating point (decimal),
we must round in order to make this an 8-bit number Heres one more example to be sure you understand

2nd Hour: 7:10 p.m. 8:00 p.m.

Blur / Smooth Images

So now what? Lets try blurring/smoothing images Blurring? Think of a camera that is out of focus Why should we blur? Minimize sensor noise Noise High Frequency When we blur, we are essentially low-pass filtering, eliminating high frequency content High frequency content Edges By getting rid of the edges, we blur the image How do we blur an image? Try an averaging filter
Blur / Smooth Images (2)

Averaging? 1st, create an output image to store results 1) For each pixel (r,c) in the image, look at a N x N neighbourhood / subset of pixels that surround (r,c) 2) Add up all pixel values in the neighbourhood and divide by N2 (number of pixels in neighbourhood) 3) Take this new value and store it into same (r,c) location Notes: This works for B & W images What about for colour images?

Remember, colour image can be seen as a 3D matrix 3D matrix 2D matrices with layers 1st layer Red values 2nd layer Green values 3rd layer Blue values So, we can blur each layer independently, and use the
RGB values after the blurring of each colour layer The bigger the neighbourhood, the more the blurring How can we efficiently implement this?

Create a mask for convolution to efficiently do this Mask: Same size as desired subset / neighbourhood Mask will contain numbers used to generate our result Examples:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 81 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 x 3 Averaging Mask

These masks make sense. Why? Lets look at the 3 x 3 case: Example: Suppose our 3 x 3 neighbourhood is:
1 G = 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9
1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9
Our 3 x 3 averaging mask is:

1 1 1 1 9 1 1 H = 1 1 1 = 9 9 1 1 1 1 9

The output should be:
out = (1)(1/9) + (2)(1/9) + (3)(1/9) + (4)(1/9) + (5)(1/9) + (6)(1/9) + (7)(1/9) + (8)(1/9) + (9)(1/9) out = (1/9)(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9) out = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9) / 9 isnt this exactly the same thing as averaging!? You are essentially adding up all of the pixels in the neighbourhood, and dividing them by the total number of pixels (9) Note: If we get a decimal number, we round to be sure that we have an integer number

Understanding was the hard part! In MATLAB, this is very easy! First, we need to create the mask We do this by calling fspecial() mask = fspecial(average, N); mask contains the averaging mask to use First parameter specifies we want an averaging mask N specifies the size of the mask Bigger the N, more blurring we get

Next, call a command that will perform this multiply
and sum command for each pixel in the image

Use the imfilter() command
out = imfilter(im, mask); out: output image (this case averaged output) im contains the image we want to blur mask: Convolution mask to use (this case averaging)
Nice little note imfilter() works on both
grayscale and colour images
For colour, this automatically performs convolution on
each channel individually and combines after

imfilter() performs image filtering using masks Essentially convolution Filtering Produce an output image that changes the
frequency content of the image
Blurring, Sharpening, Detecting Edges, etc.
Why are masks important? You change the size of the mask, and values in the mask and you get different results! Essentially how most filters in Adobe Photoshop and GIMP work
Demo Time #5!

Blurring / Smoothing Images

2nd Hour: 7:10 p.m. 8:00 p.m.

Edge Detection
Next? Edge detection what is an edge? Edges are sudden discontinuities appearing in images A.K.A. sudden jumps in intensity or colour in images How can we detect edges? Very simple: Think Calc. Find the derivative of each point in the image When slope is very high, that means you found an edge But, derivative is only for 1D signals what about 2D!? You must take the gradient Derivative in both the x
and y directions You combine both of these directions to create your final derivative function
How do I take the derivative? We perform convolution, but
Edge Detection (2)
with a different mask Corresponds to discrete approximation of the derivative Two possible masks we can use:
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 1
Prewitt 3 x3 Mask Sobel 3 x 3 Mask These masks detect changes in the horizontal direction If there are no changes, then weighted sum of the pixels in 3 x 3 neighbourhood should have same value Gradient = 0
Edge Detection (3)

Prewitt Mask Normal derivative Sobel Mask Puts more weight on the central pixels How does this detect horizontal changes? When using the mask, if there is a change, there is a huge change above the zero line, and below the zero line So when performing correlation, it can detect horizontal changes How do we detect vertical changes? Take the transpose of each mask! Tranpose Interchange rows & columns of the mask
Edge Detection (4)

How do we combine the horizontal and vertical
gradient information?
Remember from Vector Calculus:

G G | G |= + y x
2 2
So, we take the horizontal gradient image, and square
each term, and do the same for the vertical gradient image Now, add both images, and square root them This is our output image
Edge Detection (5)

How do we do this in MATLAB? 1) Create our Prewitt or Sobel Horizontal Masks: mask = fspecial(prewitt); or mask = fspecial(sobel); 2) Get the Vertical Mask: mask2 = mask; transposes a matrix 3) Convolve with each mask separately dX = imfilter(im, mask); dY = imfilter(im, mask2); 4)Find the overall magnitude mag = sqrt(double(dX).^(2) + double(dY).^(2));
Edge Detection (6)

Note: We must cast images to double for sqrt() func. Now, weve found the overall gradient how do we find
an actual edge? Threshold the image What do we mean by threshold?
Values greater than a threshold is an edge (white) Values less than the threshold are not edges (black)
How do we detect edges in MATLAB? Very easy!
I = edge(im, sobel); or I = edge(im, prewitt); So, we can pretty much ignore the previous slide, but I put that in there so you can see where it comes from
Edge Detection (7)

You can also call the routines this way:
I = edge(im, sobel, thresh); or I = edge(im, prewitt, thresh);

I specifies edges found in input (B & W image) im is the input image with edges to be found Second parameter specifies method of finding edges thresh determines threshold for finding edges If not specified, threshold will be found automatically
How do we use the thresh variable? Choose an intensity (e.g. 128) Any gradient value > 128 will be labeled white
Edge Detection (8)

Any gradient value < 128 is labelled black thresh is between [0,1], so take your threshold and
divide by 255 to use i.e. I = edge(im, prewitt, 128/255);
Output image will give you a black and white image
White is an edge, black is not an edge
Only works for B & W images. To find edges for colour
images, convert the colour image to a B & W image Use gray = rgb2gray(im); rgb2gray converts a colour image into B & W by doing: I = (R + G + B) / 3 Each colour pixel is the average of the red, green and blue components
Edge Detection (9)

Sidenote: Heres another way of finding the gradient
Unsharp Masking Probably heard this terminology in CSI? So whats unsharp masking? Lets go back to Signals and Systems
Suppose we perform a low-pass filtering of an image
Get a blurred version If we take the original image, and subtract its blurred version, what are we doing? Removing all low frequency components, so whats left? High frequency!
Edge Detection (10)

High frequencies are essentially edge information Edges are sudden jumps Essentially high frequency How do we perform unsharp masking? 1) Blur the image Try using the following mask: mask = fspecial(average, 5); %5x5 So we blur! im_blur = imfilter(im,mask); 2) Subtract the original image from the blurred im_unsharp = im im_blur; Now, why are edges useful? We can use them to
sharpen images Will take a look after this demo
Demo Time #6!

Edge Detection in Images Calculating an Unsharp Mask

2nd Hour: 7:10 p.m. 8:00 p.m.

Image Sharpening
Last image enhancing topic Image Sharpening What is image sharpening? Make the image look
clearer, sharper, make the details pop out more How do we do this?
Edges are the detail behind the image Edges are high frequency
How do we make images sharper? Find overall magnitude of the gradient for the image Add these values on top of the original image Result? Increase the visibility of the edges Sharper
Image Sharpening (2)

Use imfilter with unsharp masking mask = fspecial(unsharp); The above syntax creates an unsharp mask in such a way
where when you convolve, it will automatically subtract the image with a blurred version of itself and add the original image on top Good for both x and y direction changes How? mask = fspecial(unsharp); sharp = imfilter(im, mask); This will perform the detection of abrupt changes, and adding them on top of the image all in one go.
Demo Time #7!

Image Sharpening in Images

3rd Hour: 8:10 p.m. 9:00 p.m.
Segmentation via Thresholding

There are times when we want to separate objects (the
things we want) from the background Segmentation To make this easier, we convert to a B & W image first if the image is in colour. Else just leave it alone After conversion, most of the time the intensities of the objects are distinctly different from background We can write code to save the pixels that match these intensities, and disregard the rest Pixels that match Set to white, else set to black Output image will be binary White belonging to object, and black belonging to background
We can use this to mask out the background pixels
Segmentation via Thresholding (2)

What do we do? Take a look at the histogram, and see which pixels are predominantly belonging to the object, and of the background We threshold the image using this information We then use this threshold map to figure out what pixels we want to keep, and what we want to disregard
Demo Time #8!

Object Segmentation via Thresholding

3rd Hour: 8:10 p.m. 9:00 p.m.
Noise Filtering
A common task in image processing is to eliminate or
reduce image noise from an image Image Noise: Pixels in an image that are corrupted undesirably
in transmitting, etc.
Pixels could be corrupted in the acquisition process, or
How do we reduce image noise? Think in the frequency domain Noise is essentially high-frequency information If we blur the image, we would eliminate the noise, but the quality would reduce blurring details
Noise Filtering (2)

images
We can generate artificial noise and add these to

Purpose is for research Design good filters by
recreating the noise we would encounter in practice
How do we generate artificial noise? Use imnoise We will be concerned with two ways of generating noise
out = imnoise(im, gaussian, mean, var); out = imnoise(im, salt & pepper, prob); First method generates Gaussian-based noise
Usually encountered in transmitting process
Noise Filtering (3)

Second method generates salt & pepper based noise Also known as impulsive noise Called this way, because for monochromatic images, it literally looks like someone took salt (white pixels) and pepper (black pixels) and shook it over the image For colour images, specks of pure red, green and blue pixels appear We can use blurring to get rid of Gaussian noise, but
for impulsive noise, we need to use median filtering

doing a weighted sum
Whats median filtering? Like convolution, but were not
Noise Filtering (4)

For each pixel (r,c) in the image, extract an M x N
subset of pixels centered at (r,c) Sort these pixels in ascending order, and grab the median value
The output image at (r,c) is this value
How do we perform median filtering in MATLAB?
out = medfilt2(im, [M N]);

3rd Hour: 8:10 p.m. 9:00 p.m.
Demo Time #9!

Noise Filtering in Images
Template Matching
Template matching is using a small test image, which
well call a patch
Objective is to automatically find the location of where
this patch is in the entire image Useful in a variety of applications: Image Retrieval, Eye Detection, etc.
What Ill show you today is to do some basic image
stitching
We will have two images of the same scene, that have
been taken at slightly different perspectives Only horizontal shifting is concentrated on here
Template Matching (2)

Whats the best way to do template matching? 1) For each pixel (r,c) in the image, extract a subset that is the same size as the template with its centre at (r,c) 2) Perform a cross-correlation between the patch and this subset 3) Take this value and assign it to location (r,c) for the output 4) The best location of where the template is, is where the maximum cross-correlation is We can perform (1) to (3) by doing:
C = normxcorr2(template, im);

Output is a correlation map To find the row and column co-ordinates of where the template best matches, do the following: [row col] = find(C == max(C(:))); So, how do we do image stitching? 1) Extract a region in either image that is common between both Template 2) Find the co-ordinates of where this template is in both images 3) Determine how much vertical and horizontal displacement there is between the two images

4) Create an output image with dimensions that
encapsulate both images together 5) Place one image on the left, then place the other image by displacing it over by the horizontal and vertical shift
OK lets do some code!
Demo Time #10!

Simple Image Stitching
Conclusion
MATLAB is a great tool for digital image processing Very easy to use This is not an exhaustive tutorial! There are many
more things you can do with MATLAB For more image processing demos, check out:
http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/demos.html Lots of cool image processing stuff you can find here
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~rphan/ele532/MATLABTutorial.ppt
For a more comprehensive MATLAB tutorial, check: You can access the slides, images and code at:
http://www.rnet.ryerson.ca/~rphan/IEEEDIPTalk

Matlab

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Topics Covered in this Presentation

Introduction to Digital Images and in MATLAB

Topics Covered in this Presentation

Operations on Digital Images

Topics Covered in this Presentation

Applications of Image Processing

NOTE! For a more comprehensive MATLAB tutorial, check:

Topics Covered in this Presentation

Introduction to Digital Images and in MATLAB

Program only started at this time Relatively new Graduated in 2006

Introduction of Myself (2)

Current Ph.D. Thesis Faster and more accurate 2D to

Topics Covered in this Presentation

Introduction to Digital Images and in MATLAB

What is MATLAB? (2)

Log in to your account, go to Applications Math MATLAB R2010b

Topics Covered in this Presentation

Introduction to Digital Images and in MATLAB

Intro to Digital Images

Intro to Digital Images (2)

A digital image, I, is a mapping from a 2D grid of

Intro to Digital Images (3)

Intro to Digital Images (4)

Pixel Location: p = (r , c) Pixel Value: I(p) = I(r , c)

p = (r, c ) = (row # , col # ) = (272, 277)

red 12 I ( p ) = green = 43 blue 61

Intro to Digital Images (5)

Intro to Digital Images (5)

sampled & quantized

Intro to Digital Images (6)

A digital image is essentially taking our FoV and

performing a sampling and quantization

Intro to Digital Images (6)

sampled & quantized

Intro to Digital Images (7)

extra information to reduce the size of the image

Topics Covered in this Presentation

Introduction to Digital Images and in MATLAB

R/W Images in MATLAB

where image is stored Use the imread() function

R/W Images in MATLAB (2)

For you C buffs Indexing starts at 1, not 0!

R/W Images in MATLAB (3)

R/W Images in MATLAB (4)

Easy! Just go backwards For a B & W Image do:

R/W Images in MATLAB (5)

R/W Images in MATLAB (6)

display is put in the same window so what do you do?

R/W Images in MATLAB (7)

first layer (i.e. red), etc.

R/W Images in MATLAB (8)

Demo Time #1!

Topics Covered in this Presentation

Introduction to Digital Images and in MATLAB

i.e. Make an image bigger from a smaller image, or make

an image smaller from a larger image

How do we resize images in MATLAB? Use the

Resizing Images (2)

method determines the type of interpolation when

resizing Important when making an image bigger

Resizing Images (3)

Bilinear Interpolation method = bilinear

az, by, cx, dw, ev, fu, gt, hs, i*r