8.

Multi-pressure systems.

Example No. 1 Calculate the power needed to compress 1.2 kg/s of ammonia from saturated vapor at 80 kPa to 1000 kPa (a) by single-stage compression and (b) by two-stage compressiron with intercooling by liquid refrigerant at 300 kPa. Given: Mass of ammonia = 1.2 kg/s From saturated vapor at 80 kPa to 1000 kPa. Intercooling at 300 kPa Required: a. Power by single-stage compression. b. Power by two-stage compression with intercooling. Solution:

(a) Single stage compression (1-3-6) From properties of Ammonia. At state point 1. Saturated at 80 kPa

h1 = 1410 kJ kg s1 = 6.2072 kJ kg K
At state point 3, 1000 kPa, s3 = s1. (Superheated ammonia)

h3 = 1800 kJ kg
Power required = w (h3 h1 ) = 1.2(1800 1410) = 468 kW (b) By two-stage compression with intercooling. From properties of Ammonia. At state point 1. Saturated at 80 kPa

h1 = 1410 kJ kg s1 = 6.2072 kJ kg K
At state point 2, 300 kPa, s2 = s1. (Superheated ammonia)

h2 = 1588 kJ kg
At state point 4, saturated at 300 kPa

h4 = 1450 kJ kg s4 = 5.7451kJ kg K
At state point 5, 1000 kPa, s5 = s4. (Superheated ammonia)

h5 = 1628 kJ kg
At state point 6, 1000 kPa, saturated liquid.

h6 = 316 kJ kg
The flow rate of ammonia compressed in the high stage can be calculated by making a heat and a mass balance about the intercooler, as shown in Figure 6.

Heat balance:

w6 h6 + w 2h2 = w 4h4 w 6 (316 kJ kg ) + (1.2 kg s )(1588 kJ kg ) = w 4 (1450 kJ kg )

Mass balance:

w6 + w2 = w4 w 6 + 1.2 = w 4
Solving gives:

w 4 = 1.346 kg s Power required = w 2 (h2 h1 ) + w 4 (h5 h4 ) Power required = = 1.2(1588 1410) + 1.346(1628 1450) = 453.2 kW
Intercooling the ammonia with liquid refrigerant reduced the power requirement from 468 to 453.2 kW.

Example No. 2 Calculate the power required by the two compressors in an ammonia system which serves a 250-kW evaporator at -25 C. The system uses two-stage compression with intercooling and removal of flash gas. The condensing temperature is 35 C. Given: Required: Solution: First sketch the schematic diagram of the system (Figure 10a) and the corresponding pressureenthalpy diagram (Figure 10b). The functions of the intercooler and flash tank are combined in one vessel.

Determine the intermediate pressure for optimum economy. ps = saturation pressure at -25 C = 152 kPa pd = saturation pressure at 35 C = 1352 kPa

pi = ps pd =

(152)(1352) = 453 kPa

The enthalpies at all points can now be determined from ammonia table of properties. At state point 1 h1 = hg at -25 C = 1430 kJ/kg s1 = 5.9813 kJ/kg-K At state point 2, s2 = s1 h2 = h at 453 kPa after isentropic compression = 1573 kJ/kg At state point 3 h3 = hg at 453 kPa s3 = 5.6001 kJ/kg At state point 4, s4 = s3

h4 = h at 1352 kPa after isentropic compression = 1620 kJ/kg At state point 5 h5 = hf at 35 C = 366 kJ/kg At state point 6 h6 = h5 = 366 kJ/kg At state point 7 h7 = hf at 453 kPa = 202 kJ/kg At state point 8 h8 = h7 = 202 kJ/kg Mass rates of flow: Heat balance about the evaporator:

m1 =

QA 250 = = 0.204 kg s h1 h8 1430 202

m1 = m2 = m7 = m8 = 0.204 kg s
Heat and mass balance about the intercooler:

m2 h2 + m6 h6 = m7 h7 + m3h3 m6 = m3 and m7 = m2 0.204(1573) + m3 (366) = 0.204(202) + m3 (1463) m3 = 0.255 kg s Low-stage power: m1(h2 h1) = (0.204 kg/s)(1573 1430 kJ/kg) = 29.2 kW High-stage power: m3(h4 h3) = (0.255 kg/s)(1620 1463 kJ/kg) = 40.0 kW Total power: 29.2 + 40.0 = 69.2 kW

Example No. 3 In an ammonia system one evaporator is to provide 180 kW of refrigeration at -30 C and another evaporator is to provide 200 kW at 5 C. The system uses two-stage compression with intercooling and is arranged as in Figure 11a. The condensing temperature is 40 C. Calculate the power required by the compressors. Given: 180 kw of refrigeration at -30 C 200 kw of refrigeration at 5 C Condensing temperature is 40 C Required: Power required by the compressor. Solution: Sketch the pressure-enthalpy diagram of the cycle as in Figure 11b.

The discharge pressure of the low-stage compressor and the suction pressure of the high stage compressor are the same as the pressure in the 5 C evaporator. Enthalpies at the state points. At state point 1 h1 = hg at -30 C = 1423 kJ/kg s1 = sg at -30 C = 6.0636 kJ/kg-K At state point 2 h2 = h at 517 kPa after isentropic compression =1630 kJ/kg At state point 3 h3 = hg at 5 C = 1467 kJ/kg s3 = sg at 5 C = 5,5545 kJ/kg-K At state point 4 h4 = h at 1557 kPa after isentropic compression = 1652 kJ/kg At state point 5 h5 = hf at 40 C = 390.6 kJ/kg At state point 6 h6 = h5 = 390.6 kJ/kg At state point 7 h7 = hf at 5 C = 223 kJ/kg At state point 8 h8 = h7 = 223 kJ/kg Mass rates of flow: 180 kW QA1 m1 = = = 0.150 kg s h1 h8 1423 223 kJ kg m7 = m8 = m2 = m1 = 0.150 kg s Probably the simplest way to calculate the mass rate of flow handled by the high-stage compressor is to make a heat and mass balance about both the high temperature evaporator and the intercooler, as shown in Figure 12.

Heat balance: m5 h5 + QA 2 + m2 h2 = m3 h3 + m7 h7 Mass balance: m2 = m7 = 0.150 kg s Therefore: m5 = m3 Combining gives: m3 (390.6) + 200 + 0.150(1630) = m3 (1467) + 0.150(223) Solving leads to m3 = 0.382 kg s The power required by the compressors can now be calculated: Low-stage power: m3 (h4 h3 ) = 0.150(1630 1423) = 31.1 kW High-stage power: m1 (h2 h1 ) = 0.382(1625 1467) = 60.4 kW Total = 91.5 kW