Composites: Part B 32 (2001) 683686

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Exact solutions for stresses in functionally graded pressure vessels

Naki Tutuncu a,*, Murat Ozturk b
a

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA Received 19 December 2000; revised 20 August 2001; accepted 21 August 2001

Abstract Closed-form solutions for stresses and displacements in functionally graded cylindrical and spherical vessels subjected to internal pressure alone are obtained using the innitesimal theory of elasticity. The material stiffness obeying a simple power law is assumed to vary through the wall thickness and Poisson's ratio is assumed constant. Stress distributions depending on an inhomogeneity constant are compared with those of the homogeneous case and presented in the form of graphs. The inhomogeneity constant, which includes continuously varying volume fraction of the constituents, is empirically determined. The values used in this study are arbitrarily chosen to demonstrate the effect of inhomogeneity on stress distribution. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: FGM; B. Elasticity

1. Introduction The idea of grading the thermomechanical properties of particulate composites was rst concieved by a group of materials scientists in Japan [1,2]. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have attracted much interest primarily as heat-shielding materials. FGMs are made by combining different materials using powder metallurgy methods. An example of such a manufacturing process is the application of a centrifugal force by which a continuously varying volume fraction of the inclusion material is formed. The possibility of tayloring the desired thermomechanical properties holds an enormous application potential for FGMs. Apart from the thermal barrier coatings, some of the potential applications of FGMs include their use as interfacial zones to improve the bonding strength and to reduce residual stresses in bonded dissimilar materials and as wearresistant layers such as gears, cams, ball and roller bearings and machine tools [3]. Most of the studies conducted on FGMs are conned to the analysis of thermal stress and deformation (e.g. see Refs. [47]). The works concerned with the stress analysis of cylindrical and spherical structural elements involve nite elements and other numerical techniques due to the nature of functions chosen to describe the inhomogeneous properties [810]. Conceptually, the problems in solid mechanics involving
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 190-322-338-6084; fax: 190-322-3386999. E-mail address: ntutuncu@mail.cu.edu.tr (N. Tutuncu).

inhomogeneous media are relatively straightforward. Such problems can be formulated in terms of partial differential equations with variable coefcients by using the basic conservation laws. There has always been difculty in developing general methods for solving specic boundary value problems. In fact, for the most general second-order partial differential equations with variable coefcients (e.g. one-dimensional wave and diffusion equation), such general methods do not exist. The most comprehensive solution proposed for such equations is based on an inverse method [11]. Because of this difculty, all existing treatments dealing with the mechanics of inhomogeneous solids are based on a simple function representing material inhomogeneity. For example, in the half-plane elasticity problems considered in [12,13], it is assumed that the shear modulus is a power function of the depth coordinate of the form my m0 ym and the Poisson's ratio n is constant. Modelling of density and stiffness by the same power-law are proposed in [1416]. The functionally gradient material considered in [9] is composed of stainless steel and nickel where the volume fractions follow a power-law distribution. The purpose of the present paper is, upon employing simplifying assumptions, to present to the technical community in the eld simple, tractable closed-form solutions in FGM pressure vessels. Closed-form solutions for throughthe-thickness stresses in FGM hollow cylinders and spheres will be obtained. The model used will lead to solving the standard EulerCauchy equation. Use of a more general model will inevitably necessitate the employment of numerical techniques.

1359-8368/01/$ - see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 1359-836 8(01)00041-5

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It is assumed that the material is isotropic with constant Poisson's ratio and radially varying elastic modulus is approximated by Er E0 r b : Since r is away from zero and ranges in a; R; by adjusting the constants E0 and b , it is possible to obtain physically meaningful results. The range 22 # b # 2 to be used in the present study covers all the values of coordinate exponent encountered in the references cited earlier. However, these values for b do not necessarily represent a certain material. Various b values are used to demonstrate the effect of inhomogeneity on the stress distribution. 2. Analysis The stress distribution in thick-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels will be calculated. The radial   coordinate r and the displacement u are normalised as   r r =R and u u=R where R is the outer radius of the cylinder. The stiffness is assumed to vary as Er E0 r b through the wall thickness. Here, E0 is the stiffness at the outer surface r 1 and b is the inhomogeneity constant determined empirically. 2.1. Cylindrical vessel Employing the plain strain assumption and axisymmetry, the strain-displacement and constitutive equations are

roots are m1 m2
1 2 1 2

q 2b 2 4 1 b2 2 4bnp q 2b 1 4 1 b2 2 4bnp

These roots may be (a) real, distinct, (b) double roots, (c) complex conjugate. For real, distinct roots, the solution is u Ar m1 1 Br m2 For double roots m1 m2 m; the solution becomes u A 1 B ln rr m 6 In the case of complex roots m1 x 1 yi; m2 x 2 yi; the solution takes the form u A cosy ln r 1 B siny ln rr x
p

er eu

du dr u r

For the numerical values to be used (n 0:3 and 22 # b # 2; only real, distinct roots will be obtained. Thus, the stress expressions will be obtained using Eq. (5). The constants A and B are determined from the boundary conditions s r a=R 2P; where P is the pressure applied on the inner surface, a is the inner radius and s r 1 0 as  12b a P 1 1 n1 2 2n R    A 2  m1 8a a a m2 E0 2 n 1 1 2 nm1 R R  a 12b P 1 1 n1 2 2n R  m1  m2  B a a E0 2 n 1 1 2 nm2 R R The resulting stress expressions are  12b a P r m1 2 r m2 r b21 R   m2 sr 2 a m1 a 2 R R 

1a 1b 1c 2a 2b

8b

gr u 0 s r C11 er 1 C12 eu s u C12 er 1 C11 eu

where C11  C12   E0 1 2 n rb 1 1 n1 2 2n  E0 n rb 1 1 n1 2 2n

 12b a P x1 2 x2 R s u  m1  m2  a a 2 m1 n 2 1 2 nm2 n 2 1 2 n R R 10 where 3

The only nontrivial equilibrium equation is ds r s 2 su 1 r 0 dr r

x1 r m1 m2 n 2 1 2 n1 1 m1 2 1n x2 r m2 m1 n 2 1 2 n1 1 m2 2 1n
2.2. Spherical vessel The strain-displacement and constitutive equations are du dr

Using Eqs. (1)(3), the governing equation of radial displacement becomes r 2 u 00 1 b 1 1ru 0 1 np b 2 1u 0 4 where np n=1 2 n: Eq. (4) is the familiar EulerCauchy equation with the characteristic equation m2 1 bm 1 np b 2 1 0; whose

er

11a

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685

eu ef gru grf

u r guf 0

11b 11c 12a 12b

s r C11 er 1 C12 eu 1 C12 ef s u s f C12 er 1 C11 eu 1 C12 ef

The only nontrivial equilibrium equation is ds r 2s r 2 s u 0 1 r dr

13

Following the same procedure as that in the cylindrical vessel case, yields the following governing equation of radial displacement r 2 u 00 1 r2 1 bu 0 1 2np b 2 1u 0
2

Stresses for the FGM pressure vessels will be compared with those for the homogeneous ones. The well-known stress expressions for the homogeneous cylinder under internal pressure are  2 a P r 2 2 1 R H sr 2 19  2 ! a 2 21 r R  2 a P r 2 1 1 R H 20 su 2  2 ! a 21 r2 R For the homogeneous sphere under internal pressure, they are  3 a P r 3 2 1 R H 21 sr 2  3 ! a 3 r 21 R  3 a P 2r 3 1 1 R H 22 su 2  3 ! a 3 2r 21 R Note that the above expressions can also easily be obtained by setting b 0 in the FGM case. It should also be noted that no Poisson's ratio is present in the homogeneous case whereas it is clearly noticed in the FGM case along with the inhomogeneity constant. 3. Results and conclusions The results are presented for a=R 0:6 and n 0:3: Stresses in FGM vessels are normalised by corresponding stresses in the homogeneous case to demonstrate the effect of inhomogeneity. A positive b means increasing stiffness

14

The related characteristic equation is s 1 b 1 1s 1 2np b 2 1 0 with the roots q s1 1 21 2 b 2 9 1 2b 1 b2 2 8bnp 2 s2

1 2

q 21 2 b 1 9 1 2b 1 b2 2 8bnp roots will be 15

Here also, only real, distinct considered.The general solution is u Cr s1 1 Drs2

The constants C and D are determined from the boundary conditions s r a=R 2P and s r 1 0 as  12b a P 1 1 n1 2 2n R    16a C 2  s1 a a s2 E0 2 2n 1 1 2 ns1 R R  a 12b P 1 1 n1 2 2n  R  s2  D s1 a a E0 2 2n 1 1 2 ns2 R R The resulting stress expressions are  12b a P r s1 2 r s2 r b21 R    sr 2 a s1 a s2 2 R R a P R  
s2

16b

17

12b

s u 

  a s1 a 2 R R

c 1 2 c 2

s1 n 2 1 2 2ns2 n 2 1 2 2n 18

where

c 1 rs1 21 s2 n 2 1 2 2nn 1 rb 1 1 s1 2 1n c 2 rs2 21 s1 n 2 1 2 2nn 1 rb 1 1 s2 2 1n

Fig. 1. Radial stress distribution in FGM cylinder.

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stiffness in the radial direction increases stresses with respect to the homogeneous case. The converse is obviously true; having higher stiffness near the inner surface carries the applied pressure leading to decreasing stresses through the wall thickness. Figs. 1 and 2 show the stress distribution in an FGM cylinder. The same trend in stress distribution in FGM spherical vessel is observed in Figs. 3 and 4. The inhomogeneity constant presented in the present study is a useful parameter from a design point of view in that it can be tailored for specic applications to control the stress distribution. Acknowledgements The rst author was supported through a grant in scope of the NATO Science Fellowship Program by The Scientic and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). References
[1] Yamanouchi M, Koizumi M, Shiota I. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials, Japan, 1990. [2] Koizumu M. The concept of FGM. Ceram Trans, Funct Grad Mater 1993;34:310. [3] Erdogan F. Fracture mechanics of functionally graded materials. Comput Engng 1995;5(7):75370. [4] Wetherhold RC, Seelman S, Wang JZ. Use of functionally graded materials to eliminate or control thermal deformation. Comput Sci Technol 1996;56(9):1099104. [5] Takezono S, Tao K, Inamura E, Inoue M. Thermal stress and deformation in functionally graded material shells of revolution under thermal loading due to uid. JSME Int J, Ser I: Solid Mech, Strength Mater 1996;39(4):57381. [6] Zhang XD, Liu DQ, Ge CC. Thermal stress analysis of axial symmetry functionally gradient materials under steady temperature eld. J Funct Grad Mater 1994;25:4525. [7] Obata Y, Noda N. Steady thermal stresses in a hollow circular cylinder and a hollow sphere of a functionally gradient material. J Therm Stresses 1994;17(3):47187. [8] Fukui Y, Yamanaka N. Elastic analysis for thick-walled tubes of functionally graded material. JSME Int J, Ser I: Solid Mech, Strength Mater 1992;35(4):37985. [9] Loy CT, Lam KY, Reddy JN. Vibration of functionally graded cylindrical shells. Int J Mech Sci 1999;41(3):30924. [10] Salzar RS. Functionally graded metal matrix composite tubes. Comput Engng 1995;5(7):891900. [11] Varley E, Seymour BA. A method of obtaining exact solutions to PDEs with variable coefcients. Stud Appl Math 1988;78:183225. [12] Kassir MK, Chauprasert MF. A rigid punch in contact with a nonhomogeneous solid. J Appl Mech 1974;42:101924. [13] Kassir MK. Boussinesq problems for a nonhomogeneous solid. J Engng Mech 1972;98:45770. [14] Bert CW, Niedenfuhr FW. Stretching of a polar-orthotropic disk of varying thickness under arbitrary body forces. AIAA J 1963;1(6):138590. [15] Reddy TY, Srinath H. Elastic stresses in a rotating anisotropic annular disk of variable thickness and variable density. Int J Mech Sci 1974;16:859. [16] Gurushankar GV. Thermal stresses in a rotating, nonhomogeneous, anisotropic disk of varying thickness and density. J Strain Anal 1975;10(3):13742.

Fig. 2. Circumferential stress distribution in FGM cylinder.

Fig. 3. Radial stress distribution in FGM sphere.

Fig. 4. Circumferential stress distribution in FGM sphere.

in the radial direction for 0:6 # r # 1 (at r 1; the limit of normalised stress is calculated). Under internal pressure alone, more stiffness is needed near the inner surface to better withstand the applied pressure. Thus, decreasing the