Dishonorable Discharge

The State PIRGs
E N V I R O N M E N T A L G R O U P W O R K I N G
TM
Dishonorable Discharge
Toxic Pollution of Americas Waters
Jacqueline D. Savitz Christopher Campbell Richard Wiles Carolyn Hartmann
Dishonorable Discharge was released in cooperation with the following organizations. Environmental Working Group is solely responsible for the analyses and information contained in this report.
National Organizations
Citizen Action and affiliated state organizations Clean Water Action and affiliated state organizations Environmental Information Center River Network Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund U.S. Public Interest Research Group and the State PIRGs
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Molly Evans who designed and produced the report and to Allison Daly who coordinated its release. Thanks to Ken Cook and Mark Childress for their editing and advice, and to Dale Klaus of U.S. PIRG who assisted with research. Dishonorable Discharge was made possible by grants from The Joyce Foundation, the W. Alton Jones Foundation, The Pew Charitable Trusts, and Working Assets Funding Service. A computer equipment grant from the Apple Computer Corporation made our analysis possible. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Pew Charitable Trusts or our other supporters listed above. Copyright September 1996 by the Environmental Working Group/ The Tides Center. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America, printed on recycled paper.
Regional, State and River Organizations

Alabama State River Coalition Alaska Center for the Environment Chesapeake Bay Foundation Clean Water Fund of North Carolina Colorado Rivers Alliance Dakota Resource Council Delaware Nature Society Dog River Clearwater Revival Florida Environmental Alliance Friends of the Los Angeles River Friends of the River of Virginia Friends of the Tennessee River Georgia Environmental Organization Great Lakes United Hudson River Sloop Clearwater Idaho Conservation League Idaho Rivers United Kansas Natural Resource Council Louisiana Environmental Action Network Mid-South Peace and Justice Center Mississippi River Basin Alliance New York Rivers United Northern Plains Resource Council Office of the River Keeper Tennessee Oregon Environmental Council Pennsylvania Assoc. of Watersheds and Rivers People for Puget Sound Rivers Alliance of Connecticut Rivers Unlimited Ohio Save Our Rivers North Carolina Save San Francisco Bay Sierra Club Kentucky Chapter Sierra Club South Dakota Chapter Tennessee Environmental Council Tongass Conservation Society Utah Rivers Conservation Council Washington Toxics Coalition West Virginia Rivers Coalition
U.S. PIRG and The State PIRGs

The United States Public Interest Research Organization (U.S. PIRG) is the national lobbying office for the state PIRGs. PIRGs are nonpartisan, nonprofit watchdog organizations, working for environmental, consumer, and government reform in over thirty states. Gene Karpinski, Executive Director
Environmental Working Group

The Environmental Working Group is a nonprofit environmental research organization based in Washington, D.C. The Environmental Working Group is a project of the Tides Center, a California Public Benefit Corporation based in San Francisco that provides administrative and program support services to nonprofit programs and projects. Kenneth A. Cook, President Mark B. Childress, Vice President for Policy Richard Wiles, Vice President for Research
To order a copy
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World Wide Web

Environmental Working Group publications are available on the World Wide Web at: <http://www.ewg.org>
Contents
FOREWORD .......................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. 1 TOXIC POLLUTION OF AMERICAS WATERS .................................................. 5 FINDINGS .......................................................................................... 13 REFERENCES ....................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX A. CARCINOGENS, PERSISTENT TOXIC METALS, AND CHEMICALS THAT AFFECT R EPRODUCTION .......................................... 31 APPENDIX B. CHEMICALS WITH CHANGES IN REPORTING REQUIREMENTS BETWEEN 1990 AND 1994 .............................................. 32 APPENDIX C. WATERBODIES FLOWING THROUGH MULTIPLE STATES ................................................................................ 33
Foreword
So whats the big deal? Its been years since an American river burst into flames. In a nutshell, the deal is this: Chemical plants, pulp mills, steel factories and all manner of other manufacturing concerns dumped more than a billion pounds of toxic chemicals into Americas rivers, lakes, streams, bays and coastal waters between 1990 and 1994. Another huge load of toxic substanceswe estimate about 450 million pounds worthended up in U.S. waters during that 5 years after having been flushed by factories through sewage treatment plants. The vast majority of this pollution was, and is, legal. The effects of the various pollutants, and the chemical soups they form in most rivers, have scarcely been studied, much less understood. The toxic emissions we report in this study, massive though they are, are but a fraction of the total pollutant load entering the nations waterwaysmaybe 5 percent. Many polluting facilities are not required to report all of what they dump into rivers or sewers. Many chemicals are not on the government checklist for those facilities that are required to report. And most Americans have no idea whos dumping how much of what pollutants into their favorite river, lake or bay. As a result of this continuing pollution, thousands of water bodies nationwide are damaged, as are the economies that depend on them, from tourism to fisheries. And the toxic load only adds more stress to the nations aging and overworked drinking water infrastructure. Dishonorable Discharge : Toxic Pollution of Americas Waters, presents a national overview of toxic emissions that enter the nations rivers, lakes and bays, based on the Federal governments most recent Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). State-level versions of the report provide further detail, including pollution loadings for every TRI-reporting facility in the country. Dishonorable Discharge builds on previous studies of TRI pollutants in water that were prepared by U.S. PIRG and the State PIRGs, and Carolyn Hartmann, environmental program director with U.S. PIRG, is an author of this study. Thanks to Richard Wiles, EWG vice president for research, and EWG analysts Jackie Savitz and Christopher Campbell, this report represents the first attempt that we know of to use publicly available data in order to depict TRI water emissions to specific water bodies nationwide. Dishonorable Discharge also presents the first, rough estimate of toxic loadings to water bodies that result when factoriesas the EPA puts ittransfer toxic materials to taxpayer-owned sewer systems. This is one in a planned series of reports that make the case for full public disclosure about any use, transport or release of any toxic substance that might pose a risk to public health or the environment. The idea is simple enough: if Americans are exposed to toxic substances, they have a right to know about it. Our rivers may not catch fire these days, but this idea will. Kenneth A. Cook President, EWG
Most Americans have no idea whos dumping how much of what pollutants into their favorite river, lake or bay.
ENVIRONMENTAL WORKING GROUP/THE STATE PIRGS
ii
DISHONORABLE DISCHARGE
Executive Summary
Under existing federal pollution control laws, the American people are kept in the dark about the vast majority of toxic pollution spewed into the environment by U.S. industry. Even the most comprehensive toxic pollution reporting system in the nation, the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), accounts for only about 5 percent of all toxic pollution of the environment each year (GAO 1991, EPA 1996c). Most pollution of Americas waters is unregulated and unmonitored allowing polluters to pollute with little fear of regulation or disclosure. A 1994 study by the General Accounting Office, a research and auditing arm of the Congress, found that the majority of toxic pollutants discharged from 200 of 236 pesticide, pharmaceutical, and paper plants it examined, were so-called uncontrolled pollutants that are exempt from regulation under the pollution permitting process of the Clean Water Act (GAO 1994). The Environmental Working Group estimates that the total load of toxic pollution in most rivers, streams, lakes, and bays over the past five years may be 20 times greater than the amounts reported in Dishonorable Discharge. More than one billion pounds of toxic chemicals were discharged directly to Americas waters between 1990 and 1994, according to TRI records analyzed in Dishonorable Discharge. An additional 450 million pounds were discharged to the nations waters by polluting facilities, via sewage treatment plants built and operated at the expense of American taxpayers.
The Most Polluted Waters

More than 700 million pounds of toxic chemicals were reported dumped into the Mississippi River between 1990 and 1994, more than twice the amount of toxic chemicals dumped into all other U.S. waters combined. Ninety percent of this pollution came from three fertilizer plants in Louisiana, which dumped 643 million pounds of toxic substances in the Mississippi during this five year period. The next most polluted waters, in terms of toxic chemical discharges, were the Pacific Ocean, the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers, the Houston Ship Channel, Ward Cove in Alaska, the Savannah River between Georgia and South Carolina, and the Delaware River, between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. More than 1 million pounds of toxic chemicals were dumped directly into each of 63 different rivers, harbors, and bays between 1990 and 1994. For 80 percent of rivers and waters receiving toxic pollution, one polluter accounted for all reported toxic discharges during the five year period analyzed; for 92.7 percent of all waters, three or fewer polluters accounted for all reported toxic discharges during this time. Bearing in mind the significant shortcomings with TRI data, these figures nonetheless suggest that significant water quality improvements in some watersheds might be achieved through efforts that target a few major polluters. Many rivers receive huge amounts of toxic effluent via publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), commonly
Most pollution of Americas waters is unregulated and unmonitored.
More than one billion pounds of toxic chemicals were discharged directly to Americas waters between 1990 and 1994.
An additional 450 million pounds were discharged to waters via sewage treatment plants.
More than 1 million pounds of toxic chemicals were dumped directly into each of 63 different rivers, harbors, and bays between 1990 and 1994.
In many cases rivers that receive relatively little direct toxic pollution are the targets of enormous amounts of toxics via sewage treatment plant outflow.
known as sewer systems. Huge amounts of toxic material are transferred to sewage treatment plants by polluters, in part because regulations governing disposal of toxics in this fashion are even weaker than the discharge permits required under the federal Clean Water Act. The EPA does not count these transfers as releases to the environment in the TRI, although the agency estimates that 25 percent of the toxic chemicals sent to sewage treatment plants flow through these facilities to receiving waters (EPA 1996b). Dishonorable Discharge presents the first estimates of the portion of these so-called toxic transfers to POTWs, a large share of which is discharged to specific rivers and bodies of water. In many cases rivers that receive relatively little direct toxic pollution are the targets of enormous amounts of toxics via sewage treatment plant outflow. For example, less than 1 million pound of toxics were directly dumped into the Illinois River between 1990 and 1994, compared to an estimated 13 million pounds discharged to the river basin via sewage treatment plants during that same period of time. Gravelly Run in Virginia received 6.3 million pounds of direct discharges, between 1990 and 1994, in contrast to an estimated 20 million pounds of toxics that may have been dumped into it via the sewage treatment plant during that same five year period. By EWG estimates, the Kalamazoo River in Michigan, the Sacramento River in California, and Onondaga Lake in Syracuse, New York, may have received more than 95 times the amount of toxic chemicals via sewage treatment plants than were directly discharged into these waters. EWG estimates that the Raritan River in New Jersey received 50,000 times more toxic pollution from POTWs (12.6 million pounds) than the TRI reported as being directly discharged into that river between 1990 and 1994.
Chemical Discharges
More phosphoric acid, ammonia, and sulfuric acid were discharged to Americas waters between 1990 and 1994 than any other chemicals in the TRI, at 544 million, 188 million, and 122 million pounds respectively. Phosphoric acid and ammonia present serious threats to the aquatic environment when discharged in large quantities such as those reported here, because they can be converted to the nutrients phosphate and nitrogen in water. Phosphate and nitrogen are primarily responsible for the low-oxygen conditions that threaten whole ecosystems such as the Chesapeake Bay and portions of the Gulf of Mexico. Sulfuric acid discharges to water are no longer reported to the TRI. The compound, however, continues to be dumped to waters in substantial amounts and contributes substantially to disruptions of local ecosystems. Temporary but significant increases in acidity of waterbodies are likely to occur near major sulfuric acid discharge points, which can in turn create toxic conditions for aquatic life by liberating toxic metals that are chemically bound to sediment under normal conditions.
30 million pounds of carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or persistent toxic metals were discharged directly to waters during this five year period.
Highly Toxic Discharges

The vast majority of toxic chemicals have not been fully studied for their health and environmental effects. At a minimum, however, all of the chemicals reported here have triggered one of the EPA criteria for TRI listing. (See sidebar, How Toxic is Toxic?). Based on official determinations by federal and state health and environmental officials, TRI records indicate that nearly 30 million pounds of carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or persistent toxic metals were discharged directly to waters during this five year period. Fifteen (15) million pounds were persistent toxic metals like ar-
senic, lead, chromium, and zinc, which last in the environment virtually forever. Another 11.5 million pounds of material released into water were carcinogenic industrial chemicals like formaldehyde, chloroform, vinyl chloride and benzene, and nearly 5 million pounds of the pollutants were reproductive toxins such as toluene, lead, and nickel. Carcinogens. Eastman Kodak Company dumped more cancer causing chemicals into the nations waters than any other company, 879,000 pounds between 1990 and 1994, according to the TRI. All of these discharges went into the Genesee River in New York. Kodak was followed by Cytec Industries in Wallingford, Connecticut, Weyerhauser and Longview Fibre Companies, both of Longview Washington, and Pfizer Inc. of Groton, Connecticut. The Columbia River received the most cancer causing toxic chemical discharges between 1990 and 1994, at 1.39 million pounds, followed by the Quinnipiac River in Connecticut, the Genesee River in New York, the Mississippi River, and the Thames River in Connecticut. The waters of Washington state received the most cancer causing substances, 1.76 million pounds, followed by the waters of Connecticut, New York, and Louisiana. Reproductive Toxins. The Tennessee Eastman Division of Eastman Chemical, in Kingsport, Tennessee dumped more reproductive toxins into the nations waters than any other facility, 286,000 pounds, according to TRI records for 1990 through 1994. All of these discharges went into the Holston River. DuPont company in Old Hickory, Tennessee, Pfizer Inc. in Groton, Connecticut, S.D. Warren Company in Skowagen, Maine, and James River Paper Company in Clatskanie, Oregon round out the top five dischargers of reproductive toxins
to Americas waters during the five year period analyzed. More reproductive toxins were dumped in the Holston River in Tennessee, 286,000 pounds between 1990 and 1994, than any other body of water in the United States, according to the TRI. Next in rank are the Kennebec River in Maine, the Cumberland River in Tennessee, the Thames River in Connecticut, and the Columbia River in the Washington and Oregon. The waters of Tennessee received more reproductive toxins that any other state, with 742,000 pounds discharged during the five year period analyzed. Tennessee is followed by Maine, Connecticut, and Texas. Persistent Toxic Metals. Bethlehem Steel in Sparrows Point, Maryland, dumped more persistent toxic metals to the nations waters than any other facility in the nation, 851,000 pounds between 1990 and 1994, according to the TRI. Most of these metals were dumped into Old Road Bay, at the mouth of the Patapsco River, on the Chesapeake Bay. The next largest dischargers of persistent toxic metals were Amoco Chemical in Decatur, Alabama, with 729,000 pounds, Weirton Steel in Weirton, West Virginia, with 617,000 pounds, Elkem metals in Marietta, Ohio, with 540,000 pounds, and Eastman Kodak in Rochester New York, with 507,000 pounds. More persistent toxic metals were dumped into the Ohio River than any other body of water in the United States, 1.1 million pounds between 1990 and 1994, according to TRI estimates. The Tennessee River ranks next with 774,000 pounds, followed by Old Road Bay in Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay, with 759,000 pounds, the Savannah River between Georgia and South Carolina, with 525,000 pounds, and the Genesee River in New York with 507,000 pounds. Alabama waters received more persistent metals between 1990 and 1994 than
Eastman Kodak Company dumped more cancer causing chemicals into the nations waters than any other company between 1990 and 1994.
The Columbia River received the most cancer causing toxic chemical discharges between 1990 and 1994.
Bethlehem Steel in Sparrows Point, Maryland, dumped more persistent toxic metals to the nations waters than any other facility in the nation.
More persistent toxic metals were dumped into the Ohio River than any other body of water in the United States.
any other state, 1.67 million pounds, according to the TRI. Maryland ranked second, followed by the waters of Texas, Ohio and Georgia.
Recommendations
Americans should have a right to know about any use, transport, or release of any toxic substance in their communities that might pose a risk to human health or the environment. Required reporting under the TRI provides only a small portion of this information. Comprehensive community right-toknow laws are a low cost, market-based step toward environmental and health protection. As a part of a comprehensive right-to-know based pollution prevention strategy, full accounting of toxic material use can reveal many cost-effective opportunities for pollution prevention. In New Jersey, where companies are required to account for toxic chemical use, state officials estimate that every dollar spent on materials accounting generates five to eight dollars in in-
creased efficiency (GAO 1994). Without materials accounting industry will miss many opportunities for substantial low cost reductions in pollution, and the public and policy makers will be unable formulate strategies that most effectively reduce exposure to toxic substances in the environment and consumer products. We recommend: Timely implementation of the EPAs proposed expansion of industries and facilities required to report toxic releases under the TRI. Further expansion of the TRI to include any facility that uses or releases a toxic substance that may pose a risk to human health or the environment. Modification of TRI reporting requirements to include full materials accounting for all facilities.
How Toxic is Toxic?

Chemicals reported to the TRI present serious health and environmental risks. According to the EPA, For a chemical or chemical category to remain on or be added to the TRI list, it must be known to cause or be reasonably anticipated to cause one of the following: Significant adverse acute health effects at concentration levels that are reasonably likely to exist beyond facility boundaries as a result of continuous, or frequently recurring releases; In humans cancer; teratogenic effects; or serious irreversible reproductive dysfunction, neurologic disorders, heritable genetic mutations, or other chronic health effects; A significant adverse effect on the environment because of its toxicity, its toxicity and persistence in the environment, or its toxicity and tendency to bioaccumulate in the environment of sufficient seriousness to warrant reporting under EPCRA section 313" (EPA 1996).
Toxic Pollution of Americas Waters

Forty (40) percent of Americas rivers, lakes, and coastal waters remain unsafe for fishing, swimming or basic recreation (EPA 1996b). The pollution that fouls these waterways deprives the U.S. economy of tens of millions of dollars from tourism, fishing, and development that would otherwise occur on or near these waters if they were not so polluted. According to state water quality officials, toxic pollutants degrade the quality of at least 40,000 miles of the nations rivers (EPA 1995b), and toxic pollutants caused more than half (55 percent) of the fish kills attributed to human activities during the latest reporting period (EPA 1996b). In spite of the poor quality of much of Americas waters, Americans make 1.8 billion recreational trips to beaches, rivers and lakes, contributing mightily to annual sales in the tourism industry of $380 billion (EPA 1996b). It is no wonder that Americas waters are a polluted mess hundreds of millions of pounds of toxic chemicals are flushed into them each year. Most of this pollution is unregulated and unmonitored. As recently as 1994, a study by the General Accounting Office (GAO), a research and auditing arm of the Congress, found that 77 percent of the toxic water pollutants it analyzed were not specifically regulated by the Clean Water Act (GAO 1994). The GAO examined toxic discharges to waters from 236 pesticide, pharmaceutical, and pulp and paper manufacturing plants. The majority of toxic pollutants discharged at 200 of these 236 facilities (85 percent) were so-called uncontrolled pollutants that were exempt from regulation under the pollution permit process of the Clean Water Act (GAO 1994). The public should have the right to know about toxic pollution that may pose a risk to human health or the environment. Yet today, 24 years after the enactment of the Clean Water Act, thousands of factories flush millions of pounds of toxic substances into rivers and streams with impunity, without any obligation to inform the communities downstream about the vast majority of toxic chemical use or discharges. Pollution estimates in the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), which provided the basis for the analyses presented in Dishonorable Discharge, account for only about 5 percent of the total toxic chemical load borne by these waters during the five year reporting period (GAO, 1991; EPA 1996c). What we do know from the current, but very limited public disclosure law, is that Americas waters serve as a repository for a considerable amount of toxic pollution. Dishonorable Discharge presents a partial accounting of the dangerous manmade chemicals polluting Americas rivers, streams, and bays, and argues for a comprehensive public disclosure law as a logical first step toward addressing this problem. Forty (40) percent of Americas rivers, lakes, and coastal waters remain unsafe for fishing, swimming or basic recreation.
The General Accounting Office (GAO) found that 77 percent of the toxic water pollutants it analyzed were not specifically regulated by the Clean Water Act.
Dishonorable Discharge Underestimates Toxic Water Pollution

The pollution of waterways described in Dishonorable Discharge is
An accurate estimate of the total load of toxic pollution in many rivers streams, lakes and bays over the past five years might be 20 times greater than the amounts reported here.
based on an analysis of toxic chemical releases reported by industrial facilities to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and so-called transfers of toxics to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) the term of art that industry and the EPA use when a polluter, in most cases legally, flushes toxic chemicals down the drain to the local sewage treatment plant. Releases reported to the TRI, in turn, are based entirely on estimates of toxic pollution resulting from specific production practices and engineering systems. No monitoring of actual toxic pollution levels at reporting facilities is required to determine if TRI estimates are accurate. About 90 percent1 of all toxic discharges coming out of pipes into water (so-called point source discharges) are not reported to the TRI because the TRI exempts many polluters (especially sewage treatment plants, utilities, certain industries and those with fewer than ten employees) from reporting requirements (EPA 1996). Further, about half of all toxics that pollute rivers, lakes, streams, and bays, comes from surface runoff or atmospheric deposition, as opposed to pipes. Yet comprehensive monitoring and reporting of this so-called nonpoint source pollution is not required by any federal law.
mates in the TRI are often taken as proof that releases of toxic chemicals to waters have decreased since reporting under the TRI began in 1987. Indeed, it is true that reporting and publicizing pollution levels has achieved some actual reductions in discharges. However, the majority of reported decreases in toxic discharges to waters are due to changes in estimation methods (TRI data are based on estimates as opposed to monitoring), or onetime site-specific reductions in high volume chemicals that may or may not represent real long term national trends in pollution reduction. For example, in 1994, nearly all of the reductions cited were attributable to two fertilizer facilities in Louisiana. Absent those facilities, however, reported toxic discharges to waters nationwide barely changed. Wastes released by incinerators and sewage treatment plants that often receive millions of pounds of toxic chemical transfers from polluters, are still not reported as pollution in the TRI. Other reductions may actually reflect a switch to the release of a more toxic chemical, or incorporating more toxics into products. In order to present the most comprehensive possible accounting of pollution from the TRI, the analyses and rankings in Dishonorable Discharge are based on cumulative emissions of toxic chemicals to rivers and other water bodies over 5 years, 1990 through 1994. These total pollution estimates provide a more meaningful long term perspective on water quality than a one year snapshot of toxic discharges. We focus on rivers and specific water bodies because the analysis provides extremely useful information for the public and policy makers. It is important to note that at many individual facilities toxic emissions to water varied considerably over this period. Some facilities appear to have made progress in reducing pollution, while at other facilities pollution has
The majority of reported decreases in toxic discharges to waters are due to changes in estimation methods or one-time site-specific reductions in high volume chemicals.
As large as they are, the figures reported in Dishonorable Discharge dramatically underestimate the total amount of toxic compounds that have been discharged, dumped, or made their way into Americas water over the past five years. Taking all of the limitations of the existing information into account, Environmental Working Group believes that an accurate estimate of the total load of toxic pollution in many rivers streams, lakes and bays over the past five years might be 20 times greater than the amounts reported here.
Cumulative Emissions vs. Trends

Declining total water discharge esti-
increased. And in some cases, what appear to be pollution control trends are nothing more than artifacts of TRI reporting changes. For example, two Louisiana fertilizer plants top the list of the largest TRI water polluters by cumulative amount for 1990 through 1994, but both of them reported very sharp reductions in water emissions for 1994. Based on the TRI, then, such facilities have made progress in controlling emissions of specific pollutants over this period. The opposite is true at other facilities, where all or most of the cumulative emissions to water began or occurred during the latter part of the period examined. Detailed trend and cumulative information about emissions, by chemical and facility, are presented in the state-level versions of Dishonorable Discharge. For some TRI chemicals, emissions trends are hard to decipher because EPA has delisted the chemical, modified the listing, or added the chemical to the TRI at some point during the 5year period. Acetone, for example, was a TRI chemical between 1990 and 1993, but was delisted for 1994, so the most recent inventory contains incomplete information about acetone emissions for that year. We simply do not know if acetone emissions remained the same or even increased. In fact, by EPA convention, once a chemical is delisted, historical releases of it into the environment, as reported in previous TRIs, are dropped altogether in subsequent reporting. When chemicals are added to the TRIas several dozen were in 1994the inventory obviously provides no insight into emissions in prior years. Listing changes affecting the years 1990 through 1994 are presented in Appendix B of the report. Unless otherwise indicated, the toxic pollutants tabulated in Dishonorable Discharge include all releases reported between 1990 and 1994, regardless of when compounds were listed or delisted.
Hiding Toxics in the Sewer

The EPA does not include so-called transfers of toxic chemicals to sewer systems as an official release of a toxic chemical into the environment (EPA 1996). At the same time, the EPA estimates that 25 percent of all toxic chemicals transferred to sewers from industrial facilities pass through treatment and into the waterways that receive wastewater (EPA 1995). According to TRI estimates, transfers of toxic chemicals to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) otherwise known as sewage treatment plants were four times greater in 1994 than the total amount of toxic chemicals that were directly discharged to water. To better estimate the total amount of toxic substances dumped into waterways, we used EPAs assumption that 25 percent of the total toxic chemicals transferred to POTWs pass-through untreated. In reality some chemicals flow through POTWs untouched, while others are removed and held in the sludge, broken down in treatment, or allowed to evaporate into the ambient air as toxic pollutants. Toxic discharges from POTWs could not be accurately estimated for every river and body of water in the United States because POTWs are not required to report toxic discharges or receiving waters to the TRI.
The EPA does not include so-called transfers of toxic chemicals to sewer systems as an official release of a toxic chemical into the environment.
Some chemicals flow through POTWs untouched, while others are removed and held in the sludge, broken down in treatment, or allowed to evaporate into the ambient air as toxic pollutants.
How Toxic is Toxic?

For the years analyzed in Dishonorable Discharge the TRI required reporting of more than 300 chemicals discharged by industry into the air or water, or disposed of on land. These substances run the gamut from toxic metals like lead and mercury that can cause birth defects, decreased fertility, and learning deficits, to known carcinogens like benzene, vinyl chloride, and arsenic, to chemicals that can damage a developing fetus, like toluene and styrene, and chemicals that can alter normal sexual development
For most of the TRI chemicals, federal regulators and scientists have an incomplete understanding of the long term toxic effects on the environment or human health.
and reproductive function like some phthalates. Requirements for the reporting of 29 chemicals, including some discharged in substantial quantities, has been either discontinued or modified since the TRI began in 1987, based on industry arguments that these toxic chemicals pose an acceptable level of risk to human health or the environment. These include ammonia, sulfuric acid, ammonium nitrate, and acetone, which ranked first, third, sixth and tenth, respectively, in total water discharges in 1990. Acetone and ammonium nitrate were completely delisted, while certain forms of ammonia and sulfuric acid must still be reported. Delisting does not mean that industry is dumping less of these hazardous substances in the nations waters, nor does mean that the compound is any safer than when it was reported in the first place; it simply means that the public has been denied its right to know about these discharges. This report includes discharges of all chemicals that were reported in any given year, even if they were subsequently delisted. According to the EPA, For a chemical or chemical category to remain on or be added to the TRI list, it must be known to cause or be reasonably anticipated to cause one of the following: * Significant adverse acute health effects at concentration levels that are reasonably likely to exist beyond facility boundaries as a result of continuous, or frequently recurring releases; In humans cancer; teratogenic effects; or serious irreversible reproductive dysfunction, disorders, heritable genetic mutations, or other chronic health effects; A significant adverse effect on the environment because of its toxicity, its toxicity and persistence in the environment, or its
toxicity and tendency to bioaccumulate in the environment of sufficient seriousness to warrant reporting under EPCRA section 313" (EPA 1996). For most of the TRI chemicals, federal regulators and scientists have an incomplete understanding of the long term toxic effects on the environment or human health. The vast majority of compounds reported in the TRI have not been fully studied, but nonetheless have triggered one of the above criteria based on what little we know. Toxic discharges and runoff to water are a serious and largely unaddressed environmental and human health problem. Most, if not all of the pollution reported in Dishonorable Discharge is legal. Current pollution control laws like the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) do little to move the nation towards reducing the toxic pollution cited in this report. In effect, these laws issue pollution licenses or exemptions from regulations, making legal most of the pollution reported in Dishonorable Discharge. The most glaring loophole may be the so-called domestic sewage exclusion under RCRA, whereby toxic contaminants sent to sewage treatment plants escape otherwise applicable RCRA hazardous waste regulations. This accounts for the huge amount of toxic chemicals dumped down the drain by American industry. Another major source of toxic pollution of waters is agricultural pesticides. Pesticide runoff to waterways following normal application is not prohibited or monitored any federal law and is not included in this report. About 1.1 billion pounds2 of pesticides were used in the United States in 1993 alone (Aspelin, 1994).
Most, if not all of the pollution reported in Dishonorable Discharge is legal.
Recommendations
Americans should have a right to know about any use, transport, or release of any toxic substance in their communities that might pose a risk to human health or the environment. Required reporting under the TRI provides only a small portion of this information. Americans also have a right to know about toxic chemicals in the products they buy that may pose a risk to them and their children. Comprehensive community rightto-know laws are a low cost marketbased approach to environmental and health protection. As a part of a comprehensive right-to-know based pollution prevention strategy, full accounting of toxic material use can reveal many low cost opportunities for pollution prevention. In New Jersey, where companies are required to account for toxic chemical use, state officials estimate that every dollar spent on materials accounting generates five to eight dollars in increased efficiency (GAO 1994). Without materials accounting industry will miss many opportunities for substantial low cost reductions in pollution, and the public and policy makers will be unable to formulate strategies that most effectively reduce exposure to toxic substances in the environment and consumer products. We recommend: * Timely implementation of the EPAs proposed expansion of industries and facilities required to report toxic releases under the TRI. Expansion of the TRI to include any facility that uses or releases a toxic substance that may pose a risk to human health or the environment. Expansion of TRI reporting requirements to include full materials accounting for all facilities.
Methodology
Dishonorable Discharge is based on data collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) for the reporting years 1990 through 1994, which includes the most recent data available. The reporting requirements of the TRI apply only to manufacturing industries and, for the first time in 1994, federal facilities. This narrow focus excludes a large universe of water polluters, including sewage treatment plants, oil drilling and gas extraction facilities, mining industries, incinerators and other waste disposal facilities, farms, and stormwater systems. The EPA has proposed the addition of a few facility types including some types of mining and electrical utilities. But even after this expansion, many of the most significant dischargers of toxic chemicals will not be required to report toxic releases to the environment. In addition, during this five year period, companies were required to report the releases of only about 340 chemicals when roughly 73,000 chemicals are used in commerce on a regular basis. A recent expansion to about 650 chemicals went into effect in the 1995 reporting year, and will make data available in 1997. Recent challenges to TRI expansion and attempts to exempt some chemicals from reporting requirements threaten these improvements in the inventory. It is generally agreed that the TRI represents about 5 percent of all toxics flowing to our nations environment each year (GAO 1991, EPA 1996c). To make this limited year-to-year data more useful, we have summed, for each river or body of water, all the water discharges reported since 1990 (when reporting had become more consistent.) While limited, these total pollution estimates provide a more meaningful long term perspective on what is happening to our waters than a one year snapshot of toxic discharges.
Comprehensive community right-to-know laws are a low cost market-based approach to environmental and health protection.
Enormous quantities of toxic chemicals are discharged to waterways via sewer systems.
Analyzing Discharges by Body of Water

Discharges from TRI facilities were assigned to a given waterway based on the receiving stream reported to the EPA. Most waterways reported as tributary streams were included with their respective rivers in this report when it was possible to link them. Rivers themselves, however, were not considered part of larger watersheds. For example, a Tributary to the Mississippi River was counted as Mississippi River, while the Missouri River was not, even though it eventually runs into the Mississippi. Small streams receiving large quantities of discharges such as Gravelly Run in Virginia and Clear Creek in Colorado are reported individually, as reported to the TRI. Streams with the same name in different states were not assumed to be contiguous without verification. Discharges from all facilities reporting discharges to a given body of water were added over the 5-year period between 1990 and 1994. River by river totals were calculated for persistent toxic metals, carcinogens and chemicals known to cause reproductive effects based on information characterizing the toxic properties of these substances previously published by the EPA, the State of California, the State of New Jersey and other toxicological literature (Environmental Protection Agency, 1996; California Code of Regulations; New Jersey Department of Health; and Dixon, 1986). Lists of chemicals included are found in the Appendix.
1994, compared to 66 million pounds of direct discharges to waters reported in that same year. While the EPA does not count these transfers as environmental releases, they estimate that 25 percent of these transfers flow through sewer systems untreated (EPA 1995). To better illustrate the amount of toxic chemicals that actually make it into the nations waters each year, we assumed that 25 percent of the toxic chemicals transferred to POTWs (a.k.a. sewers) ultimately flow into the water receiving the POTW discharges. To identify the waters to which sewage treatment plants discharge effluent, EWG conducted a survey of the wastewater treatment plants that received 75% of the industrial discharges reported to TRI. These plants release treated wastewater to about 50 different water bodies. Based on this survey, EWG estimated total toxic chemical pollution from POTWs and direct dischargers to about 50 of Americas rivers, streams, lakes or bays. Twenty five (25) percent of POTW transfers reported to the TRI were unaccounted for in this analysis. Additional industrial discharges to POTWs that are not reported to TRI also are not accounted for. No pass through was estimated for POTWs that reported releases to more than one waterbody, or use treated wastewater for irrigation, cooling, or some other purpose. State level estimates of POTW and total discharges are included in the state reports. Toxic chemical releases through POTWs were not attributed to specific rivers in the state level analyses due to the difficulty of verifying the receiving waters. Analyses of facility discharges and top chemicals listed in the state reports do not include POTW release estimates and reflect direct discharges only.
EWG estimated total toxic chemical pollution from POTWs and direct dischargers to about 50 of Americas rivers, streams, lakes or bays.
Reporting Toxics Dumped Down the Drain

Enormous quantities of toxic chemicals are discharged to waterways via sewer systems. These so-called transfers of toxic chemicals to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) totaled more than 250 million pounds in
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Notes
Estimate based on an EPA report (National Sediment Contaminant Point Source Inventory: Analysis of Release Data for 1992. Final Draft. EPA, 1995) where data from TRI were compared to the Permit Compliance System (PCS) Database and found to represent only about 9% of discharges reported in PCS. 2 This estimate accounts for active ingredients. The total volume of pesticide products, including so-called inert ingredients is far higher.
1
11
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Findings
More than one billion pounds of toxic chemicals were directly discharged to Americas waters between 1990 and 1994, according to Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) records (Table 1). At a minimum, an additional 450 million pounds of toxic substances that were dumped into publicly owned sewer systems, made their way to rivers and other waters during those same five years. Many of these compounds present serious hazards to human health and the environment. About 30 million pounds of persistent toxic metals, carcinogens, and reproductive toxins were directly dumped into Americas waters between 1990 and 1994 (Table 2). Fifteen (15) million pounds were persistent toxic metals like arsenic, lead, chromium, and zinc, which last in the environment virtually forever, 11.5 million pounds were carcinogens like vinyl chloride and benzene, and nearly 5 million pounds were reproductive toxins such as toluene, lead, and nickel.
Table 1. Toxic discharges to water reported to the TRI totalled 1.5 billion pounds between 1990 and 1994.
Direct Discharges Estimated Sewer Discharges* Total 1,060,319,939 Pounds 450,581,136 Pounds 1,510,901,075 Pounds
* Total discharges of toxic chemicals to sewage treatment plant in the U.S. equalled 1,802,324,543 pounds in 1990-1994. EPA estimates that 25% of all toxic discharges to sewers pass through sewage treatment plants untreated (EPA 1995). Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 19901994.
Table 2. Total carcinogens, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins discharged to U.S. waters (1990-1994).
Carcinogens* Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins* Total** 11,528,406 15,364,538 4,801,191 29,712,494 Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
The Most Polluted Waters

More than 700 million pounds of toxic chemicals were reported dumped into the Mississippi River between 1990 and 1994, more than twice the amount of toxic chemicals dumped into all other U.S. waters combined (Table 3). Ninety percent of this pollution was from three fertilizer plants in Louisiana, which dumped 643 million pounds of toxic substances in the
* Carcinogens and reproductive toxins defined by the State of California Proposition 65, EPAs TRI Public Data Release and other literature. Includes known, probable, and possible carcinogens. ** The sum of carcinogens, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins may be larger than the total because a chemical may be in one or more categories, i.e. a chemical may be both a carcinogen and a reproductive toxin. Chemicals were counted only once in the total. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 19901994.
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Table 3. The most polluted waters: U.S. waters receiving the greatest amounts of toxic pollution (1990-1994).
States with toxic discharges contributing to water pollution TN, AR, LA, MO, IL, MN, WI, IA, KY, MS OR, HI, CA IL, IN, OH, KY, WV, PA KY, TN, AL TX AK GA, SC DE, PA, NJ CT WA IL, WI WA FL VA LA AR, LA AL WA, OR TN NY KS MS IN TX OH MD WV PA, NY CT FL IA WA NJ, NY NE, KS, MO, ND, IA TX AL FL WI IL, IN, OH VA MI GA ME, NH MS NC AK NC IA MS, AL OR Total pounds of direct toxic discharges to water (1990-1994) 702,496,748 35,195,908 22,072,491 22,031,743 18,235,338 14,261,169 13,968,965 13,329,248 13,312,639 10,840,795 8,165,469 7,899,229 7,461,070 6,330,209 5,427,508 4,925,933 4,572,055 4,368,387 4,098,240 3,672,733 3,420,965 3,339,065 2,578,038 2,442,430 2,427,663 2,329,123 2,320,910 2,144,339 2,105,384 1,896,369 1,881,803 1,749,650 1,729,084 1,727,759 1,645,307 1,613,809 1,568,522 1,553,152 1,532,308 1,488,346 1,449,750 1,431,183 1,388,133 1,358,148 1,325,423 1,322,140 1,319,953 1,270,304 1,210,471 1,202,737
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
River/Waterbody Mississippi River Pacific Ocean Ohio River Tennessee River Houston Ship Channel Ward Cove Savannah River Delaware River Thames River Grays Harbor Rock River Straits Of Juan De Fuca Amelia River Gravelly Run Calcasieu River Ouachita River Mobile River Columbia River Holston River Genesee River Kansas River Martins Creek Indiana Harbor Ship Canal Brazos River Cuyahoga River Patapsco River Kanawha River Susquehanna River Quinnipiac River Fenholloway River Cedar River Everett Harbor Hudson River Missouri River Neches River Alabama River Escambia Bay Wisconsin River Wabash River Blackwater River Detroit River Little Attapulgus Creek Androscoggin River Escatawpa River Pigeon River Cook Inlet Cape Fear River Des Moines River Tombigbee River Willamette River
Mississippi during this five year period. The next most polluted waters, in terms of toxic chemical discharges, were the Pacific Ocean, the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers, the Houston Ship Channel, Ward Cove in Alaska, the Savannah River which forms the border between South Carolina and Georgia, and the Delaware River, which forms the border between New Jersey and Pennsylvania (Table 3). More than 1 million pounds of toxic chemicals were directly dumped into each of 63 different rivers, harbors, and bays between 1990 and 1994. The facilities directly dumping the most toxic chemicals to U.S. waters during this five year period were three fertilizer plants in Louisiana the IMC-Agrico fertilizer plants in St. James, and in the town of Uncle Sam, and the Arcadian Fertilizer facility in Geismar. Both of the IMC-Agrico facilities reported substantial reductions in emissions to water in the 1994 TRI, ostensibly through pollution prevention efforts. Next in rank were the Louisiana Pacific mill in Samoa, California, which dumped 21 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the Pacific Ocean; Mobil Mining and Minerals in Pasadena, Texas, which dumped 15 million pounds of toxic discharges into the Houston Ship Channel; 3M in Cordova, Illinois which flushed 14.8 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the Mississippi River; and Ketchikan Pulp Co. in Ketchikan, Alaska which dumped 14.2 million pounds to toxic chemicals into Ward Cove between 1990 and 1994 (Table 4). It should be noted that the vast majority of reported water emissions from Mobil Mining and Minerals were for a single year, 1992. For 80 percent of waters receiving toxic pollution, one polluter accounted for all reported toxic discharges during the five year period; for 92.7 percent of all polluted waters, three or fewer polluters accounted for all reported toxic discharges during this time. Bearing in mind the significant short-
Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 1990-1994.
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comings with TRI data, these figures nonetheless suggest that substantial improvements in local watersheds might be possible through efforts that target a few major polluters. The parent corporations responsible for the most toxic chemical pollution of Americas waters from 1990 through 1994 were IMC Global and Arcadian Partners LP companies, followed by Louisiana Pacific, DuPont, Mobil, 3M, and ITT corporations. IMC Global and Arcadian, which operate major fertilizer plants in Louisiana, reported significant reductions in toxic discharges in 1994 as a result of pollution prevention measures that were implemented (Table 5).
Table 4. Top polluters reporting toxic discharges to the TRI (1990-1994).

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Company Name IMC-Agrico Co. IMC-Agrico Co. Arcadian Fertilizer L.P. Louisiana-Pacific Corp. Mobil Mining & Minerals Co. 3M Ketchikan Pulp Co. Elkem Metals Co. Simpson Paper Co.* Pfizer Inc. Du Pont Weyerhaeuser Co. IBP Inc. Inland Container Corp. Rayonier Inc. Rayonier Inc. Allied-Signal Inc. Monsanto Co. Arcadian Corp. Laroche Chemicals Inc.* Arcadian Fertilizer L. P. Tennessee Eastman Div. Le Chem Inc.* Champion Intl. Corp. CF Ind. Inc. U.S. Vanadium Corp. Farmland Ind. Inc. Dyno Nobel Inc. Lomo Plant Mississippi Chemical Corp. Scott Paper Co. Eastman Kodak Co. IBP Inc. Inland Steel Co. Melamine Chemicals Inc. LTV Steel Co. Inc. Dow Chemical Co. ITT Rayonier Inc.* PPG Ind. Inc. IMC-Agrico Co. Buckeye Florida L.P. Dow Chemical Co. Scott Paper Co. Weirton Steel Corp. Union Camp Corp. Air Prods. & Chemicals Inc. Triad Chemical Osram Sylvania Inc. Exxon Baytown Refinery Union Camp Corp. Cytec Ind. City Saint James Uncle Sam Geismar Samoa Pasadena Cordova Ketchikan Marietta Eureka Groton Deepwater Cosmopolis Joslin New Johnsonville Port Angeles Fernandina Beach Hopewell Decatur Port Wentworth Baton Rouge Augusta Kingsport Baton Rouge Courtland Donaldsonville Hot Springs Lawrence Louisiana Yazoo City Mobile Rochester Columbus Junction East Chicago Donaldsonville Cleveland Plaquemine Hoquiam Lake Charles Hahnville Perry Freeport Everett Weirton Savannah Pace Donaldsonville Towanda Baytown Franklin Wallingford State LA LA LA CA TX IL AK OH CA CT NJ WA IL TN WA FL VA AL GA LA GA TN LA AL LA AR KS MO MS AL NY IA IN LA OH LA WA LA LA FL TX WA WV GA FL LA PA TX VA CT Toxic chemical release to water 1990-1994 (pounds) 335,952,405 205,451,043 103,872,585 21,484,105 15,415,200 14,802,439 14,261,169 13,845,443 13,317,670 13,308,986 11,478,906 8,707,255 8,144,910 7,963,258 7,894,420 7,428,844 6,400,592 6,012,620 4,669,369 4,600,200 4,346,080 3,944,895 3,897,392 3,887,851 3,852,015 3,709,500 3,403,150 3,384,200 3,339,065 3,262,340 2,764,467 2,569,812 2,556,356 2,542,686 2,365,660 2,145,939 2,125,940 1,953,140 1,950,755 1,896,369 1,881,606 1,749,650 1,743,607 1,718,904 1,609,109 1,580,773 1,576,204 1,496,653 1,488,346 1,483,956
Dumping Toxics Down the Drain

Many polluters dump huge amounts of toxic chemicals down the drain, to sewage treatment plants. These socalled transfers of toxics to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) are not counted as releases of toxic chemicals to the environment by the TRI, even though the EPA estimates that, nationwide, 25 percent of these toxic substances flow through sewage treatment to the waters that receive the effluent (EPA 1995). Well over 1.8 billion pounds of toxic chemicals were sent to sewage treatment plants in the United States between 1990 and 1994, almost twice the amount of toxics directly released to waterways during that same time period. In many cases polluters send their toxic discharges to public sewer systems because regulations governing toxic discharges to sewers are less strict than those governing direct discharges to water. This circumstance may be more likely to occur when the stream near the polluting facility is relatively small, and direct discharge permits are denied by state or federal authorities. Existing, publicly available data make it difficult to determine the precise composition of the toxic waste stream at a given factory or the treatment technol-
* This facility reported no discharges to water in 1994, and may also have reported zero discharges for other years. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 1990-1994.
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Table 5. Top corporate toxic water polluters in TRI between 1990 and 1994.
Total toxic discharges reported by facilities (1990-1994) 543,368,440 115,447,188 35,745,289 17,088,978 16,252,393 16,045,444 15,467,258 14,037,918 13,492,444 11,031,663 10,682,510 8,296,228 8,172,990 6,983,942 6,751,577 6,626,700 6,330,089 5,217,671 4,409,436 4,318,384 4,167,593 4,125,852 3,879,693 3,852,066 3,709,520 3,413,553 3,372,044 3,287,605 3,102,648 3,062,792 3,062,772 3,019,114 2,694,160 2,556,356 2,542,686 2,368,421 2,344,916 2,242,553 2,210,157 2,174,215 1,976,608 1,896,369 1,877,074 1,859,069 1,743,607 1,733,289 1,726,787 1,691,368 1,684,921 1,644,977
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Parent Company IMC Global Inc. Arcadian Partners LP Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Du Pont E I De Nemours And Co. Mobil Corporation Minnesota Mining & Mfg Co. ITT Corporation Elkem Metals Company Pfizer Inc. IBP Inc. Weyerhaeuser Company Monsanto Company Temple-Inland Inc. Allied-Signal Inc. International Paper Company Laroche Ind. Inc. Champion International Corp. Scott Paper Company Eastman Chemical Company Dyno Nobel Inc. The Dow Chemical Company Farmland Ind. Inc. Georgia-Pacific Corporation CF Industries Inc. Strategic Minerals Corporation Union Camp Corporation Mississippi Chemical Corp. Cytec Industries Inc. James River Corp. Virginia Exxon Corporation Eastman Kodak Company LTV Corporation Engelhard Corporation Inland Steel Industries Inc. Melamine Chemicals Inc. Bethlehem Steel Corporation Chevron Corporation Terra Nitrogen Co. LP Amoco Corporation PPG Industries Inc. Air Products And Chemicals Buckeye Florida Corporation Osram Sylvania Inc. W R Grace & Co. Inc. Weirton Steel Corporation First Mississippi Corporation Bayer Corporation Star Enterprise WHX Corporation Tenneco Inc.
ogy used at a specific POTW. As a consequence, it is impossible to calculate how much of the discharge from a specific polluter makes it through sewage treatment to the water receiving the effluent. We do know, however, that Monsanto Co. in Sauget, Illinois sent the most toxics to a POTW between 1990 and 1994, 124 million pounds, followed by Columbian Chemicals Co. in St. Louis, Missouri with 74.7 million pounds, Simpson Pasadena Paper Co. in Pasadena, Texas, which transferred 46 million pounds, and Stone Container Corporation in Panama City, Florida, which sent 43 million pounds of toxic chemicals to publicly financed sewage treatment facilities (Table 6). For rivers that are the dumping destination for a large amount of toxic chemicals, a reasonable first approximation of the total amount of toxic chemicals discharged to these waters via sewage treatment plants can be estimated by applying EPAs assumption that 25 percent of all toxic chemical transfers to POTWs flow through treatment to receiving waters. The results of this analysis provide significant insight into the condition of numerous waterways that receive relatively low amounts of direct toxic discharges but large amounts of toxic chemicals from sewage treatment plants. For example, according to the TRI Gravelly Run in Virginia received 6.3 million pounds of direct discharges, between 1990 and 1994, in contrast to an estimated 20 million pounds of toxics dumped into it from a treatment plant during that same five year period (Table 7). Less than 1 million pound of toxics were directly dumped into the Illinois River between 1990 and 1994, compared to 13 million pounds discharged to the river basin via POTWs during that same period of time. The Kalamazoo River in Michigan, the Sacramento River in California, and Onondaga Lake in Syracuse New York, all received more than 95 times the amount of toxic chemicals via sewage treatment plants than were directly
Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 1990-1994, and additional information on parent companies provided by EPA.
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discharged into these waters. The Raritan River in New Jersey received 50,000 times more toxic from POTWs (12.6 million pounds) than were directly discharged into it between 1990 and 1994.
Table 6. Polluters sending the greatest amounts of toxic chemicals to sewage treatment facilities (1990-1994).
Toxic chemical release to sewers Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Company Name Monsanto Co. Columbian Chemicals Co. Simpson Pasadena Paper Co. Stone Container Corp. Air Prods. Inc. Filtrol Corp. Mgf Ind. Corp. Hercules Kraft Food Ingredients Corp. Procter & Gamble Mfg. Co. Boise Cascade Corp. Stone Container Corp. Allied-Signal Inc. Corn Prods. & Best Foods Mallinckrodt Chemical Inc. Penford Prods. Co. International Paper Co. Old Bridge Chemicals Inc. Rohm & Haas DVI Sun Chemical Corp. Merck & Co. Inc. Cincinnati Specialties Inc. Harcros Pigments Inc. Monsanto Co. Upjohn Co. Potlatch Corp. Phthalchem Inc. Westvaco Corp. Hilton Davis Co. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Arco Chemical Co. Hercules Inc. Monsanto Co. Ciba-Geigy 115th Street Corp. Amoco Givaudan-Roure Corp. Witco Corp. S. D. Warren Co. QO Chemicals Inc. St. Joe Forest Prods. Co. Kalama Chemical Inc. Hunt-Wesson Inc. Zeneca Inc. Miles Inc. Cookson Pigments Inc. Lederle Labs. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Ethyl Petroleum Additives Inc. Allied-Signal Inc. City Sauget Saint Louis Pasadena Panama City Pasadena Los Angeles Rockford Hopewell Memphis Sacramento Saint Helens Hopewell Hopewell Bedford Park Saint Louis Cedar Rapids Erie Old Bridge Philadelphia Newark Rahway Cincinnati East Saint Louis Springfield Portage Cloquet Cincinnati Luke Cincinnati Nutley Pasadena Parlin Saint Louis Newport Chicago Wood River Clifton Memphis Muskegon Memphis Port Saint Joe Garfield Memphis Bayonne Haledon Newark Pearl River East Syracuse Sauget Philadelphia State IL MO TX FL TX CA IL VA TN CA OR VA VA IL MO IA PA NJ PA NJ NJ OH IL MA MI MN OH MD OH NJ TX NJ MO DE IL IL NJ TN MI TN FL NJ TN NJ NJ NJ NY NY IL PA 1990-1994 (pounds) 124,307,379 74,735,900 46,208,739 43,279,970 36,114,290 33,886,486 32,064,255 31,940,718 29,395,835 28,810,260 26,028,877 25,167,400 22,774,991 22,174,500 21,292,566 20,927,880 20,627,100 19,573,393 18,936,272 18,900,000 17,693,994 17,319,964 17,280,795 16,771,100 16,248,691 15,510,961 15,437,800 13,770,930 13,691,688 13,211,684 12,940,710 12,487,456 11,538,735 11,073,061 10,866,725 10,738,010 10,498,001 10,413,648 10,342,635 9,708,153 9,701,010 9,634,532 9,536,931 9,513,827 9,142,381 8,839,501 8,430,793 8,295,500 8,277,829 8,229,615
Chemical Discharges
More phosphoric acid, ammonia, and sulfuric acid were discharged to Americas waters between 1990 and 1994 than any other chemicals in the TRI (Table 8). (Some of the chemicals in table 8 are no longer reported to the TRI. They are included here to show the magnitude of chemicals that are released even if they are no longer reported.) Phosphoric acid and ammonia present serious threats to the aquatic environment when discharged in large quantities such as those reported here, because they are converted to the nutrients phosphate and nitrate in water. Through the process of eutrophication phosphate can ultimately deprive the fresh water ecosystems of the oxygen needed to sustain life. Phosphate pollution has been responsible for numerous fish kills in the past. Nitrogen can contribute to this same process in salt water and presents a serious threat to the health and economic viability of many of the nations bays and estuaries. Phosphate and nitrogen are primarily responsible for the low-oxygen conditions that threaten whole ecosystems such as the Chesapeake Bay and portions of the Gulf of Mexico. Sulfuric acid discharges are no longer reported to the TRI. The compound, however, continues to be dumped to waters in substantial amounts and can contribute to disruptions of local ecosystems. Temporary but significant increases in water acidity are likely to occur near major sulfuric acid discharge points, which can in turn create toxic conditions for aquatic life and mobilize toxic metals that are chemically bound to sediment in normal conditions.
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Table 7. The most polluted waters, direct discharges and estimated sewer discharges of toxic chemicals (1990-1994).
Discharges to water (1990-1994) States contributing toxic pollution TN, AR, LA, MO, IL, MN, WI, IA, KY, MS TX OR, HI, CA IL, IN, OH, KY, WV, PA VA DE, PA, NJ KY, TN, AL IL, WI GA, SC IL AK CT FL NJ WA, OR WA IA PA, OH WA FL CA NY IN, MI, OH MI NJ LA AR, LA AL CT, MA, NH, VT TN MI MI NY DC, MD, VA, WV KS MS SC NE, KS, MO, ND, IA NY IN TX OH MD WV PA,NY CT NC FL NJ IL, IN Direct discharges to water 702,496,748 18,235,338 35,195,908 22,072,491 6,330,209 13,329,248 22,031,743 8,165,469 13,968,965 976,507 14,261,169 13,312,639 250 4,368,387 10,840,795 1,881,803 238,419 7,899,229 7,461,070 59,465 1,729,079 1,067,711 56,436 288,088 5,427,508 4,925,933 4,572,055 70,059 4,098,240 1,270 1,449,750 3,672,733 211,020 3,420,965 3,339,065 1,008,168 1,727,759 11,177 2,578,038 2,442,430 2,427,663 2,329,123 2,320,910 2,144,339 2,105,384 1,325,423 1,896,369 831,265 Estimated discharges from sewers* 79,631,507 31,382,021 13,407,047 15,432,691 20,186,098 11,601,921 ? 9,867,877 1,127,874 13,290,944 ? ? 13,259,746 12,646,337 6,508,169 ? 6,612,560 8,171,188 ? ? 7,213,065 4,614,478 4,682,318 5,427,636 5,158,072 ? ? ? 4,297,987 ? 3,878,042 2,264,299 ? 3,442,733 ? ? 1,754,189 930,003 2,589,386 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 775,956 ? 1,873,828 970,568 Total discharges to water 782,128,255 49,617,359 48,602,955 37,505,182 26,516,307 24,931,169 22,031,743 18,033,346 15,096,839 14,267,451 14,261,169 13,312,639 13,259,746 12,646,587 10,876,556 10,840,795 8,494,363 8,409,607 7,899,229 7,461,070 7,272,530 6,343,557 5,750,029 5,484,072 5,446,160 5,427,508 4,925,933 4,572,055 4,368,046 4,098,240 3,879,312 3,714,049 3,672,733 3,653,753 3,420,965 3,339,065 2,762,357 2,657,762 2,600,563 2,578,038 2,442,430 2,427,663 2,329,123 2,320,910 2,144,339 2,105,384 2,101,379 1,896,369 1,873,828 1,801,833
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
River/Waterbody Mississippi River Houston Ship Channel Pacific Ocean Ohio River Gravelly Run Delaware River Tennessee River Rock River Savannah River Illinois River Ward Cove Thames River Gulf of Mexico Raritan River Columbia River Grays Harbor Cedar River Lake Erie Straits Of Juan De Fuca Amelia River Sacramento River Hudson River Lake Michigan Kalamazoo River Arthur Kill Calcasieu River Ouachita River Mobile River Connecticut River Holston River Lake Superior Detroit River Genesee River Potomac River Kansas River Martins Creek Cooper River Missouri River Onondaga Lake Indiana Harbor Ship Canal Brazos River Cuyahoga River Patapsco River Kanawha River Susquehanna River Quinnipiac River Pigeon River Fenholloway River Hackensack River Little Calumet River
* EPA estimates that 25% of toxic discharges to sewage treatment plants pass through untreated. This estimate represents 25% of the discharges to a POTW on the waterbody indicated. POTWs were located on waterbodies through an EWG survey. This estimate does not necessarily include all POTWs on a given waterbody.
?
POTWs on this waterbody were not contacted by EWG, therefore no accurate estimate of POTW discharge could be made. No direct discharge reported to this waterway.
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The carcinogens discharged in the largest amounts were chloroform, formaldehyde, and 1,4 dioxane at 3.2 million, 2.6 million, and 2 million pounds respectively (Table 8). The reproductive toxins discharged in the highest amounts between 1990 and 1994 were glycol ethers at 1.9 million pounds, toluene at 560,000 pounds, and lead and lead compounds at 488,000 pounds (Table 8). The top persistent toxic metals dumped into Americas waters during the five year period were zinc, chromium and chromium compounds, and manganese, at 6 million, 1.5 million, and 850,000 pounds respectively. Persistent toxic metals are of particular concern because they do not degrade in the environment, and because many of them are carcinogens and reproductive toxins. Some, including arsenic, lead, and cadmium, which cause cancer, birth defects, and learning deficits in children, bioaccumulate in the food chain and are eventually consumed by humans in fish and other foods (Table 8).
Table 8. Toxic chemicals discharged to U.S. waters in the greatest amounts (1990-1994).
Total pounds of chemical discharged (1990-1994) 544,473,756 183,890,601 122,240,492 76,584,556 36,664,113 31,457,509 8,387,703 7,587,979 6,248,467 4,376,402 4,167,703 3,454,888 3,238,560 2,639,932 2,027,122 1,954,230 1,703,233 1,553,891 903,784 858,715 850,212 778,908 745,183 722,693 688,652 685,636 642,718 641,815 593,966 569,685 560,915 522,275 504,563 502,364 489,823 488,336 437,475 364,180 358,985 319,812 256,741 241,012 236,473 190,773 186,245 156,448 132,365 125,531 115,365 109,456
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Toxic chemical Phosphoric acid Ammonia Sulfuric acid Methanol Ammonium nitrate (solution) Ammonium sulfate (solution) Ethylene glycol Hydrochloric acid Zinc & Zinc compounds Acetone Chlorine Manganese compounds Chloroform Formaldehyde 1,4-Dioxane Glycol ethers Diethanolamine Chromium & Chromium compounds tert-Butyl alcohol Phenol Manganese Catechol Copper & Copper compounds n-butyl alcohol 2-Methoxyethanol Methyl ethyl ketone Dichloromethane Nitric acid Nickel & Nickel compounds Acetaldehyde Toluene Cyanide compounds Barium & Barium compounds Cobalt & Cobalt compounds Methyl isobutyl ketone Lead & Lead compounds Chloromethane Molybdenum trioxide Methyl tert-butyl ether Antimony & Antimony compounds Aluminum (fume or dust) Carbon disulfide Xylene (mixed isomers) Styrene Propylene Naphthalene 1,3-Butadiene Cyclohexane Acetonitrile Benzene
Reason for Concern 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,4 1 1 1,4 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3 1 1,4 1 1 1,4 1 1,4 1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2,3,4 1,2 1,3 1 1,4 1,4 1 1,2,3,4 1 1 1 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,2,3 1 1 1,2 1 1 1,2,3
Carcinogens
Eastman Kodak Company dumped more cancer causing chemicals into the nations waters than any other company 879,000 pounds between 1990 and 1994 according to the TRI. All of these discharges went into the Genesee River in New York. Second ranked Cytec Industries in Wallingford, Connecticut, continues to discharge a large amount of formaldehyde, though lower levels of that carcinogen were reported by the facility in 1994. Weyerhauser and Longview Fibre Companies, both of Longview Washington, and Pfizer Inc. of Groton, Connecticut round out the top five dischargers of cancer causing compounds for these five years (Table 9). In the case of both Longview and Pfizer, despite the large cumulative loadings over the period, substantial reductions in carcinogen emissions were reported in 1994 compared to previous years.
1: Meets EPAs TRI toxicity criteria; 2: Known, possible, or probable carcinogen; 3: Reproductive toxin; 4: Persistent toxic metal Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 1990-1994.
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Table 9. Top polluters releasing cancer-causing chemicals to U.S. waters (1990-1994).

River/waterbody receiving carcinogenic Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Company Eastman Kodak Co. Cytec Ind. Weyerhaeuser Co. Longview Fibre Co. Pfizer Inc. AC Molding Compounds Tennessee Eastman Div. Union Carbide Corp. Ketchikan Pulp Co. Louisiana-Pacific Corp. Scott Paper Co. Du Pont Schenectady Intl. Inc. Huntsman Corp. Simpson Paper Co.* Wellman Inc. Hoechst Celanese Corp. Georgia-Pacific West Inc. PPG Ind. Inc. Monsanto Co. Champion Intl. Corp. Dow Chemical Co. Hoechst Celanese Corp. Ameripol Synpol Corp. Boise Cascade Corp. ISP Chemicals Inc. Alaska Pulp Corp.* Du Pont Du Pont Bethlehem Steel Corp. Carolina Eastman Div. Merck & Co. Inc. International Paper BASF Corp.* Hoechst Celanese Corp. Weyerhaeuser Co.* Simpson Tacoma Kraft Co. Angus Chemical Co. Gilman Paper Co. Scott Paper Co. AK Steel Corp. Albemarle Corp. Georgia-Pacific Corp. Ciba-Geigy Dow Chemical Co. Firestone Synthetic Rubber International Paper Bowater Inc. Gulf States Steel Inc. Weirton Steel Corp. City Rochester Wallingford Longview Longview Groton Wallingford Kingsport Taft Ketchikan Samoa Mobile Deepwater Rotterdam Junction Port Neches Eureka Darlington Salisbury Bellingham Lake Charles Addyston Canton Plaquemine Spartanburg Port Neches International Falls Calvert City Sitka Kinston Florence Sparrows Point Eastman Columbia Albany Natchez Wyandotte Greer Everett Tacoma Sterlington Saint Marys Everett Middletown Orangeburg Palatka Mc Intosh Freeport Sulphur Selma Calhoun Gadsden Weirton State NY CT WA WA CT CT TN LA AK CA AL NJ NY TX CA SC NC WA LA OH NC LA SC TX MN KY AK NC SC MD SC GA MS MI SC WA WA LA GA WA OH SC FL AL TX LA AL TN AL WV chemicals Genesee River Quinnipiac River Columbia River Columbia River Thames River Quinnipiac River Holston River Mississippi River Ward Cove Pacific Ocean Mobile River Delaware River Mohawk River Neches River Pacific Ocean Black Creek North Second Creek Bellingham Bay Calcasieu River Ohio River Pigeon River Mississippi River Pacolet River Neches River Rainy River Tennessee River Silver Bay Neuse River Great Pee Dee River Old Road Bay, Bear Creek, Patapsco River Congaree River Flint River Mississippi River Detroit River White Plains Branch Snohomish River, Steamboat Slough Puget Sound Sterlington Ditch, Ouachita River North River Everett Harbor Great Miami River, Dick's Creek Edisto River Rice Creek Tombigbee River Brazos River Calcasieu River Alabama River Hiwassee River Black Creek Ohio River, Harmon Creek Total pounds of carcinogens discharged to water (1990-1994) 879,222 809,889 684,815 630,270 529,150 339,858 291,168 254,045 239,741 222,000 178,000 158,180 149,605 149,040 132,800 128,470 126,250 112,929 109,740 105,601 103,180 100,635 99,655 98,395 97,100 96,125 93,000 81,889 81,466 79,876 78,892 73,280 72,497 66,750 64,699 62,100 62,053 59,940 55,900 50,200 49,887 49,465 49,460 47,725 46,196 45,422 45,000 44,395 41,606 40,836
* This facility reported no discharges of carcinogens to water in 1994, and may also have reported zero discharges for other years. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 1990-1994. Includes known, probable, or possible carcinogens as defined by EPAs Public Data Release and the State of Californias Proposition 65 list.
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Table 10. Waterbodies receiving the most cancer-causing chemicals (1990-1994).

Total pounds of States discharging carcinogenic chemicals Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 River/Waterbody Columbia River Quinnipiac River Genesee River Mississippi River Thames River Pacific Ocean Holston River Ohio River Neches River Ward Cove Mobile River Calcasieu River Delaware River Mohawk River Tennessee River Tombigbee River Black Creek North Second Creek Bellingham Bay Pigeon River Pacolet River Rainy River Great Pee Dee River Silver Bay Detroit River Neuse River Congaree River Flint River Wisconsin River White Plains Branch Grays Harbor Puget Sound Alabama River Old Road Bay North River Steamboat Slough Androscoggin River Savannah River Everett Harbor Edisto River Rice Creek Brazos River Ouachita River Dick's Creek Houston Ship Channel Kanawha River Hiwassee River Black Creek Willamette River Battenkill River to waterbody WA, OR CT NY AR, IL, IA, KY, LA, MN, MS, MO, TN, WI CT OR, HI, CA TN IN, OH, KY, WV, PA TX AK AL LA DE, PA, NJ NY KY, TN, AL MS, AL SC NC WA NC SC MN SC AK MI NC SC GA WI SC WA WA AL MD GA WA ME, NH GA, SC WA SC FL TX AR, LA OH TX WV TN AL OR NY carcinogens discharged (1990-1994) 1,393,628 1,156,656 879,256 663,277 530,426 369,320 301,938 275,949 273,205 239,741 190,254 186,063 174,259 149,745 143,838 136,245 128,847 126,250 112,929 103,180 99,655 97,100 94,816 93,000 90,285 88,619 79,392 73,710 72,005 64,699 64,100 62,818 59,747 57,300 55,900 54,300 50,554 50,468 50,200 49,801 49,460 47,616 47,232 47,052 46,423 45,978 44,395 41,606 35,837 35,200
Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 1990-1994. Includes known, probable, or possible carcinogens as defined by EPAs Public Data Release and the State of Californias Proposition 65 list.
21
Table 11. States with waters receiving the most cancercausing chemicals (1990-1994).
Total pounds of carcinogens discharged (1990-1994) 1,763,207 1,705,759 1,144,510 870,381 639,181 606,485 530,381 391,096 385,802 369,163 333,330 321,098 238,023 226,195 204,530 175,020 171,720 146,209 127,914 115,795 104,835 104,370 98,584 90,616 90,010 84,019 83,722 82,282 74,119 61,035 37,354 37,102 34,067 17,372 15,219 10,032 9,202 6,769 4,881 4,775 4,115 2,029 1,000 786 623 53 19 15 10 -
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
State Washington Connecticut New York Louisiana South Carolina Texas Alabama California North Carolina Tennessee Alaska Ohio Georgia Pennsylvania New Jersey Michigan Kentucky West Virginia Maine Minnesota Wisconsin Mississippi Indiana Illinois Maryland Oregon Arkansas Virginia Florida New Hampshire Missouri Nebraska Idaho Massachusetts Iowa Oklahoma Colorado Kansas Montana Utah Delaware Rhode Island Vermont Wyoming North Dakota Arizona New Mexico South Dakota Hawaii Nevada
The Columbia River received the most cancer causing toxic chemical discharges between 1990 and 1994, at 1.39 million pounds, followed by the Quinnipiac River in Connecticut, the Genesee River in New York, the Mississippi River, and the Thames River in Connecticut (Table 10). The waters of Washington State received the most cancer causing substances, 1.76 million pounds, followed by the waters of Connecticut, New York, and Louisiana (Table 11).
Reproductive Toxins
The Tennessee Eastman Company in Kingsport, Tennessee dumped more reproductive toxins into the nations waters than any other facility, 286,000 pounds, according to TRI records for 1990 through 1994. All of these discharges went into the Holston River. TRI records indicate a sharp 1994 reduction in the main reproductive toxin released by Tennessee Eastman (2methoxyethanol), and an apparent elimination of another reproductive toxin that was released in large quantity in 1990. Next in rank is a DuPont Company facility in Old Hickory, Tennessee, though virtually all of its discharges of reproductive toxins occurred in 1991 and 1992. Pfizer Inc. in Groton, Connecticut ranks third, followed by S.D. Warren Company* in Skowhegen, Maine, and James River Paper Company in Clatskanie, Oregon which rounds out the top five dischargers of reproductive toxins to Americas waters during the five year period analyzed (Table 12). Pfizer Inc., in Groton, Connecticut reported especially high emissions of one reproductive toxin (toluene) in 1990, and S.D. Warren Company reported no emissions of one major category (glycol ethers) after high levels in 19901993.
*This facility reported no discharges in 1994, and may also have reported zero discharges of reproductive toxins for other years.
22
Table 12. Top polluters releasing reproductive toxins to U.S. waters (1990-1994).
River/waterbody receiving reproductive toxins Holston River Cumberland River Thames River Kennebec River Columbia River Genesee River Androscoggin River Duck River Sugar Camp Run, Ohio River Congaree River Edisto River Neches River Ogeechee River Congdon Drain Quinnipiac River White Oak Creek, Ohio River, Hood Creek Horseshoe Lake Mobile River Mobile River Shenandoah River Penobscot River Cache La Poudre River Kanawha River Arthur Kill Calcasieu River Tuscarawas River Willamette River Oconee River Watauga River Dead Horse Creek Pee Dee River Delaware River Ohio River Gulf Ohio River Potato Creek Carpenter's Bayou Black River Hog Run Creek Kennebec River Black Creek Tar River Long Island Sound Mississippi River Mississippi River Caribbean Sea Sterlington Ditch, Ouachita River Shenango River Bean Creek San Jacinto River/Bay Total pounds of reproductive toxins discharged to water (1990-1994) 286,884 262,181 261,220 248,000 207,460 171,812 135,044 134,323 128,971 116,043 109,700 98,395 96,000 76,800 74,774 70,905 66,280 64,000 59,700 58,180 53,207 49,578 47,129 45,922 45,422 44,673 44,164 43,628 37,000 36,857 34,900 32,815 32,698 30,762 28,859 28,838 27,923 27,902 27,347 26,330 26,232 24,452 24,362 23,061 22,520 17,784 17,750 17,450 16,842 16,094
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Company Tennessee Eastman Div. Du Pont Pfizer Inc. S. D. Warren Co.* James River Paper Co. Inc. Eastman Kodak Co. International Paper Spontex Inc. OSI Specialties Inc. Carolina Eastman Div. Albemarle Corp. Ameripol Synpol Corp. King Finishing Co. Ford Motor Co.* Circuit-Wise Inc. AK Steel Corp. - West Works* Granite City Steel Scott Paper Co.* Courtaulds Fibers Inc. Merck & Co. Inc. Champion Intl. Corp. Kodak Monsanto Co. Bayway Refining Co. Firestone Synthetic Rubber Armco Inc. Dover Operations* Smurfit Newsprint Corp.* Southeast Paper Mfg. Co.* North American Rayon Corp. Goody Prods. Inc.* Galey & Lord Society Hill Du Pont General Electric Co. Delphi Harrison Thermal Sys. Akzo Nobel Chemicals Inc. Petrowax PA Inc. CDC Coatings Champion Intl. Corp. Rohm & Haas Delaware Valley Scott Paper Co.* Gulf States Steel Inc. National Spinning Co. Inc. AMP-Akzo Co. Star Enterprise Ferro Corp. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp. Angus Chemical Co. Sharon Steel Corp.* Metalloy Hudson Foundry Lyondell Petrochemical Co.*
City Kingsport Old Hickory Groton Skowhegan Clatskanie Rochester Jay Columbia Sistersville Eastman Columbia Orangeburg Port Neches Dover Wixom North Haven Ashland Granite City Mobile Axis Elkton Bucksport Windsor Nitro Linden Sulphur Dover Newberg Dublin Elizabethton Kearny Society Hill Deepwater Mount Vernon Lockport Gallipolis Ferry Smethport Houston Deferiet Bristol Winslow Gadsden Washington Aquebogue Union Zachary Kingshill Sterlington Farrell Hudson Channelview
State TN TN CT ME OR NY ME TN WV SC SC TX GA MI CT KY IL AL AL VA ME CO WV NJ LA OH OR GA TN NJ SC NJ IN NY WV PA TX NY PA ME AL NC NY LA LA VI LA PA MI TX
* This facility reported no discharges of reproductive toxins to water in 1994, and may also have reported zero discharges for other years. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 1990-1994.
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Table 13. Waterways receiving the most reproductive toxins (1990-1994).

States discharging reproductive toxins to waterbody TN ME TN CT WA, OR IN, OH, KY, WV, PA NY TN ME, NH AL TX SC SC AR, IL, IA, KY, LA, MN, MS, MO, TN, WI GA WV CT MI IL VA WV LA OR ME CO DE, PA, NJ OH NJ TN, GA KY TN NJ SC TX NY PA TX NY PA AL NY, CT NC PA AR, LA IL PA TX MI CO, OK, AR, KS VA Total pounds of reproductive toxins discharged (1990-1994) 286,884 274,350 262,906 261,476 211,864 197,397 171,813 135,423 135,044 126,098 117,029 116,298 109,700 108,195 96,000 82,800 79,375 76,800 66,275 58,180 58,053 57,372 53,253 53,233 49,578 49,325 48,836 45,859 44,942 42,700 37,000 36,857 34,900 34,466 30,762 28,838 27,928 27,902 27,347 26,232 24,959 24,452 21,852 20,348 19,438 17,232 17,061 16,842 16,025 16,000
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
River/Waterbody Holston River Kennebec River Cumberland River Thames River Columbia River Ohio River Genesee River Duck River Androscoggin River Mobile River Neches River Congaree River Edisto River Mississippi River Ogeechee River Sugar Camp Run Quinnipiac River Congdon Drain Horseshoe Lake Shenandoah River Kanawha River Calcasieu River Willamette River Penobscot River Cache La Poudre River Delaware River Tuscarawas River Arthur Kill Oconee River White Oak Creek Watershed Watauga River Dead Horse Creek Pee Dee River Houston Ship Channel Gulf Potato Creek Carpenter's Bayou Black River Hog Run Creek Black Creek Long Island Sound Tar River Shenango River Ouachita River Illinois River Allegheny River San Jacinto River/Bay Bean Creek Arkansas River Willougeby Bay
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Table 14. States with waters receiving the most reproductive toxins (1990-1994).
Total pounds of reproductive toxins discharged (1990-1994) 742,671 466,937 352,920 309,048 287,248 285,379 262,648 247,648 195,268 180,996 179,602 161,547 142,181 126,888 119,897 111,145 107,077 96,916 66,619 53,776 50,579 32,921 29,473 27,047 25,340 21,607 21,512 14,715 14,365 9,768 8,425 6,858 5,583 4,982 3,191 3,045 2,854 1,764 820 781 519 382 276 146 15 13 10 5 -
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
State Tennessee Maine Connecticut Texas South Carolina New York Oregon West Virginia Louisiana Alabama Georgia Pennsylvania Michigan New Jersey Ohio Illinois Kentucky Virginia Indiana North Carolina Colorado Wisconsin California Mississippi Arkansas Missouri Kansas Nebraska Washington Iowa Delaware Maryland Massachusetts Idaho Oklahoma Hawaii Minnesota Florida Wyoming New Hampshire Rhode Island Alaska North Dakota Montana Utah New Mexico South Dakota Arizona Vermont Nevada
More reproductive toxins, 286,000 pounds between 1990 and 1994, were dumped in the Holston River in Tennessee than any other body of water in the U.S., according to the TRI. Next in rank is the Kennebec River in Maine, the Cumberland River in Tennessee, the Thames River in Connecticut, and the Columbia River in the Washington and Oregon (Table 13). The waters of Tennessee received more reproductive toxins that any other state, with 742,000 pounds discharged during the five year period analyzed (Table 14). Tennessee is followed by Maine, Connecticut, and Texas as states where the most toxic chemicals that cause reproductive damage or birth defects were discharged to waters between 1990 and 1994, according to the TRI.
Persistent Toxic Metals

Bethlehem Steel in Sparrows Point, Maryland, dumped more persistent toxic metals to the nations waters than any other facility in the nation, 851,000 pounds between 1990 and 1994, according to the TRI (Table 15). Most of these metals were dumped into Old Road Bay, at the mouth of the Patapsco River, on the Chesapeake Bay. Despite these large cumulative totals and continued large emissions, Bethlehem Steel did report substantial reductions of nickel, copper and chromium emissions to water over the period. The next largest dischargers of persistent toxic metals were Amoco Chemical in Decatur, Alabama, with 729,000 pounds, Weirton Steel in Weirton, West Virginia, with 617,000 pounds, Elkem metals in Marietta, Ohio, with 540,000 pounds, and Eastman Kodak in Rochester New York, with 507,000 pounds. In the case of Amoco, most of the metals discharged are cobalt and manganese. Elkem Metals discharges mainly manganese. More persistent toxic metals were dumped into the Ohio River than any other body of water in the United
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Table 15. Top polluters releasing persistent toxic metals to U.S. waters (1990-1994).
Total pounds of River/waterbody receiving persistent Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Company Bethlehem Steel Corp. Amoco Chemical Co. Weirton Steel Corp. Elkem Metals Co. Eastman Kodak Co. Kemira Pigments Inc. Georgia-Pacific Corp. Gulf Reduction Corp. Riverwood Intl. Inc. National Steel Corp. Gulf States Steel Inc. Chemetals Inc. Amoco Chemical Co. Potlatch Corp.-Idaho Pulp Rayovac Corp.* Finch Pruyn & Co. Inc.* Georgia-Pacific Corp. Courtaulds Fibers Inc. International Paper* NVF Co. Zinc Corp. Of America Bethlehem Steel Corp. Sharon Steel Corp.* AK Steel Corp. International Paper Clinton Labs. Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. Star Enterprise U.S. Steel SCM Chemicals Macmillan Bloedel Packaging Mclouth Steel Exxon Baytown Refinery Georgia-Pacific West Inc. Granite City Steel Pfizer Inc. State Ind. Inc. Du Pont USS Fairfield Works Chevron USA Prods. Co. Bit Mfg. Inc. AK Steel Corp. - West Works Dow Chemical Co. Smurfit Newsprint Corp. Ford Motor Co. USS/Kobe Steel Co.* Tennessee Eastman Div. Boise Cascade Corp. Du Pont Bethlehem Steel Corp. City Sparrows Point Decatur Weirton Marietta Rochester Savannah Brunswick Houston West Monroe Ecorse Gadsden Baltimore Wando Lewiston Covington Glens Falls Ashdown Axis Jay Yorklyn Palmerton Burns Harbor Farrell Middletown Bastrop Clinton Hamilton Port Arthur Gary Baltimore Pine Hill Trenton Baytown Bellingham Granite City Groton Ashland City Leland Fairfield El Segundo Copperhill Ashland Freeport Newberg Nashville Lorain Kingsport Jackson Deepwater Steelton State MD AL WV OH NY GA GA TX LA MI AL MD SC ID TN NY AR AL ME DE PA IN PA OH LA IN MS TX IN MD AL MI TX WA IL CT TN NC AL CA TN KY TX OR TN OH TN AL NJ PA toxic metals Old Road Bay, Bear Creek, and Patapsco River Tennessee River Ohio River, Harmon Creek Ohio River Genesee River Savannah River Turtle River Buffalo Bayou Ouachita River Detroit River, Rouge River Black Creek Patapsco River Cooper River Snake River Town Creek Hudson River Red River Mobile River Androscoggin River Red Clay Creek Aquashicola Creek, Lehigh River Little Calumet River, Burns Waterway Harbor Shenango River Great Miami River, Dick's Creek Staulkinghead Creek Wabash River Tombigbee River, Dose Maie Creek Taylor Bayou Grand Calumet River, Lake Michigan Patapsco River Alabama River Detroit River Houston Ship Channel Bellingham Bay Horseshoe Lake Thames River Cumberland River Cape Fear River Opossum Creek Santa Monica Bay Oconee River, Burra Burra Creek White Oak Creek, Ohio River, Hood Creek Brazos River Willamette River Cumberland River Black River Holston River Tombigbee River Delaware River Susquehanna River persistent toxic metals discharged to water (1990-1994) 851,347 729,000 617,109 540,300 507,984 491,000 436,000 412,691 375,248 355,875 343,323 328,989 255,800 241,900 201,952 188,000 179,000 178,750 174,611 167,462 159,781 155,600 137,872 133,390 118,061 113,225 110,559 107,752 103,300 100,000 94,000 91,075 87,987 87,340 85,905 84,450 82,005 81,737 78,433 77,479 77,250 71,275 69,014 68,000 67,000 64,600 64,237 61,800 61,435 61,401
* This facility reported no discharges of metals to water in 1994, and may also have reported zero discharges for other years. Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory 1990-1994.
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Table 16. Waterbodies receiving the most persistent toxic metals (1990-1994).
States discharging persistent toxic metals to waterbody IN,OH,KY,WV,PA KY,TN,AL MD GA,SC NY MD MI GA TX AR,LA AL AR, IL, IA, KY, LA, MN, MS, MO, TN, WI SC ID NJ, NY WV TN TN AL AR, LA ME, NH IL, IN DE PA AL PA TX NC LA OH OH, IL, IN OR TX WI DE, PA, NJ LA CO, OK, AR, KS TX PA, NY MS, AL IN CT WA IL OH TN, GA IL, WI, MI, IN AL CA TX Total pounds of persistent toxic metals discharged (1990-1994) 1,148,676 774,194 759,000 525,753 507,150 500,466 439,240 436,000 435,603 401,139 343,323 325,119 259,424 241,900 232,977 207,538 203,481 201,949 181,410 179,240 179,711 179,453 167,462 161,655 157,022 153,103 146,008 127,967 118,061 116,570 115,908 110,218 107,863 106,163 105,315 101,370 96,418 96,068 95,326 94,498 90,325 88,083 87,340 85,905 82,827 81,112 80,555 78,433 77,479 76,179
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
River/Waterbody Ohio River Tennessee River Old Road Bay Savannah River Genesee River Patapsco River Detroit River Turtle River Buffalo Bayou Ouachita River Black Creek Mississippi River Cooper River Snake River Hudson River Harmon Creek Cumberland River Town Creek Mobile River Red River Androscoggin River Little Calumet River Red Clay Creek Aquashicola Creek Alabama River Shenango River Houston Ship Channel Cape Fear River Staulkinghead Creek Dick's Creek Wabash River Willamette River Taylor Bayou Wisconsin River Delaware River Calcasieu River Arkansas River Neches River Susquehanna River Tombigbee River Grand Calumet River Thames River Bellingham Bay Horseshoe Lake Black River Oconee River Lake Michigan Opossum Creek Santa Monica Bay Brazos River
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Table 17. States with waters receiving the most persistent toxic metals (1990-1994).
Total pounds of persistent toxic metals discharged 1,675,575 1,319,804 1,202,977 1,188,110 1,069,313 1,005,670 818,127 789,293 671,462 660,378 579,345 495,581 399,702 388,436 303,564 274,419 261,387 241,900 220,785 211,464 208,246 178,379 170,195 154,560 136,978 134,136 111,459 88,893 78,898 48,775 46,015 45,683 43,452 30,480 29,594 28,356 20,603 14,079 4,574 2,441 2,304 2,278 2,113 1,076 951 892 750 45 27 15
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
State Alabama Maryland Texas Ohio Georgia New York Pennsylvania Louisiana West Virginia Tennessee Michigan Indiana Illinois South Carolina Arkansas Washington Maine Idaho Mississippi Wisconsin Delaware California North Carolina Kentucky Oregon Connecticut New Jersey Virginia Nebraska Iowa Missouri Oklahoma Minnesota Florida Kansas Utah Massachusetts Colorado Rhode Island New Hampshire Arizona New Mexico Vermont Montana Alaska North Dakota Nevada Wyoming Hawaii South Dakota
States, 1.1 million pounds between 1990 and 1994, according to TRI estimates (Table 16). The Ohio is followed by the Tennessee River with 774,000 pounds, Old Road Bay in Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay, with 759,000 pounds, the Savannah River between Georgia and South Carolina with 525,000 pounds, and the Genesee River in New York with 507,000 pounds of persistent toxic metals reported as directly discharged into them during the five year period analyzed. Alabama waters received more persistent metals between 1990 and 1994 than any other state, 1.67 million pounds, according to the TRI. Maryland ranked second, followed by the waters of Texas, Ohio and Georgia (Table 17).
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References
Aspelin, A.L. 1994. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 1992 and 1993 Market Estimates. EPA, Washington, DC. California Code of Regulations, Title 22. Chapter 3. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Social Security, S 12000, Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. Dixon, R. L. 1986. Toxic Responses of the Reproductive System. In: Casarett and Doulls Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Third Edition. C.D. Klaassen, M.O. Amdur, and J. Doull, Eds. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. pp. 432-477. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. National Sediment Contaminant Point Source Inventory: Analysis of Release Data for 1992. Final Draft, March 22, 1995. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995b. National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress. EPA841-R-95-005. 497pp. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. 1994 Toxics Release Inventory, Public Data Release. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. EPA 745-R-96-002. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996b. Liquid Assets: A Summertime Perspective on the Importance of Clean Water to the Nations Economy. 800-R-96-002. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996c. Addition of Facilities in Certain Industry Sectors; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule. Published in the Federal Register June 27, 1996. p. 33588-33618. Federal Register Notice. June 27, 1996. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Facilities in Certain Industry Sectors; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-toKnow; Proposed Rule. pp.33588-33618. New Jersey Department of Health. Right-To-Know Program. Hazardous Substances Fact Sheets. Office of Technology Assessment, 1989. Statement before the Subcommittee on Superfund, Ocean and Water Protection, Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, May 10, 1989. (As cited in Federal Register Notice, June 27, 1996. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Facilities in Certain Industry Sectors; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule. pp.33588-33618.)
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United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1993. 1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. United States Government Accounting Office. 1991. EPAs Toxics Release Inventory is Useful but Can Be Improved. GAO/RCED-91-121. 89pp. United States Government Accounting Office. 1994. Poor quality assurance and limited pollutant coverage undermine EPAs Control of Toxic Substances. GAO/ PEMD-94-9. 87pp.
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Appendix A
Carcinogens
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) (alar trans. prod.) 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) 1,3-Butadiene 1,3-Dichloropropylene 1,3-Propane sultone 1,4-Dioxane 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone 1-Naphthylamine 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4-Diaminoanisole 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 2,4-Diaminotoluene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2-Acetylaminofluorene 2-Aminoanthraquinone 2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine) 2-Naphthylamine 2-Nitropropane 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-Dianisidine) 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether (4,4'-Oxydianiline) 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) 4,4'-Methylene bis(N,N-dimethyl) benzenamine 4,4'-Methylenedianiline 4,4'-Thiodianiline 4-Aminobiphenyl (4-aminodiphenyl) 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-Nitrobiphenyl 5-Nitro-o-anisidine Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Allyl chloride Aniline Arsenic Arsenic compounds Asbestos Auramine Benzene Benzidine [and its salts] Benzotrichloride Benzyl chloride Beryllium and beryllium compounds Beryllium compounds beta-Propiolactone Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Cadmium Cadmium compounds Captan Carbon tetrachloride Chlordane Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) Chloroform Chloromethyl methyl ether Chlorophenols Chlorothalonil Chromium Cupferron D&C Red No. 19 DDVP (Dichlorvos) Di -(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) Diepoxybutane Diethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfate Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride Direct Black 38 Direct Blue 6 Direct Brown 95 Epichlorohydrin Ethyl acrylate Ethylene dibromide Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) Ethylene oxide Ethylene thiourea (EBDC trans prod.) Ethyleneimine Formaldehyde Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloroethane Hexamethylphosphoramide Hydrazine Hydrazine sulfate Hydrazobenzene (1,2-Diphenylhydrazine) Isosafrole Lead Lead compounds Lindane Methyl iodide Michler's ketone Mustard Gas N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea N-Nitroso-N-methylurea N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiphenylamine N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine N-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosonornicotine N-Nitrosopiperidine Nickel Nickel compounds Nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrofen Nitrogen mustard (Mechlorethamine) ortho-Anisidine ortho-Anisidine hydrochloride ortho-Toluidine ortho-Toluidine hydrochloride p-Aminoazobenzene p-Cresidine p-Dichlorobenzene p-Nitrosodiphenylamine Pentachlorophenol Polybrominated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls Propylene oxide Saccharin Safrole Styrene Styrene oxide Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) Thioacetamide Thiourea Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate Toxaphene (Polychorinated camphenes) Trichloroethylene Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate Urethane (Ethyl carbamate) Vinyl bromide Vinyl chloride Vinyl trichloride (1,1,2-Trichloroethane)
Persistent Toxic Metals

Antimony & Antimony Compounds Arsenic & Arsenic Compounds Barium & Barium Compounds Beryllium & Beryllium Compounds Cadmium & Cadmium Compounds Chromium & Chromium Compounds Cobalt & Cobalt Compounds Copper & Copper Compounds Lead & Lead Compounds Manganese & Manganese Compounds Mercury & Mercury Compounds Nickel & Nickel Compounds Selenium & Selenium Compound Silver & Silver Compounds Thallium & Thallium Compounds Zinc & Zinc Compounds
Chemicals that Affect Reproduction

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane Cadmium Carbon disulfide Diethylhexyl phthalate o-Dinitrobenzene m-Dinitrobenzene p-Dinitrobenzene Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene oxide Hexamethylphosphoramide Lead Styrene Toulene Trichloroethylene Xylene(mixed isomers) o-xylene m-xylene p-xylene Di-n-butyl phthalate Glycol ethers Mercury Compounds Mercury Benzene Aluminum Arsenic Nickel Lindane Vinyl Chloride
Source: Environmental Working Group. Compiled from California Proposition 65, EPA's TRI Public Data Release, New Jersey Department of Health, Hazardous Substances Fact Sheets, and Toxic Responses of the Reproductive System (Dixon 1986).
31
Appendix B
Chemicals with Changes in Reporting Requirements between 1990 and 1994.
Chemical Name n-Dioctyl phthalate Barium sulfate Butyl benzyl phthalate Acetone Ammonium sulfate (solution) Barium compounds Glycol ethers Copper compounds Ammonia Sulfuric acid CFC - 115 Halon 1211 Halon 1301 Halon 2402 CFC - 12 CFC - 114 CFC - 11 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane HCFC - 123b HCFC - 141b HCFC - 123a 1,4-dichloro-2-butene HCFC - 124a HCFC - 142b HCFC - 123 HCFC - 124 2-Methylpyridine 5-Nitro-o-toluidine Acetophenone Amitrole Bis (2-chloroethoxy)methane HCFC - 22 Chlorotetrafluoroethane Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Dichlorotrifluoroethane Dihydrosafrole Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid Ethylidene dichloride Formic acid Hexachlorophene Malonitrile Methacrylonitrile Methyl chlorocarbonate Paraldehyde Pentachloroethane Pronamide Thiram Tryptan blue Warfarin and salts Action Taken delisted delisted delisted delisted delisted modified modified modified modified modified added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added added Effective Year 1993 1993 1994 1994 1994 1993 1993 1994 1994 1994 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency, list included in communication from Kathy Franklin to Jacqueline Savitz, July 17, 1996.
32
Appendix C
Waterbodies Flowing Through Multiple States
Many waterbodies flow through, or are surrounded by, more than one state. The following pages summarize TRI releases to 15 such waterways. The State versions of Dishonorable Discharge include pages for each of the top ten waterways in a given state, and summarize releases from that state alone. This Appendix, however, contains data on releases from multiple states for waterbodies ranked among the top 50 in TRI water emissions, nationally, but which are not confined to only one state. These tablulations present information on the entire waterbody. The following waterbodies are included in Appendix C: Androscoggin River Columbia River Delaware River Hudson River Mississippi River Missouri River Ohio River Ouachita River Pacific Ocean Rock River Savannah River Susquehanna River Tennessee River Tombigbee River Wabash River
33
TM
The Androscoggin River

Total toxic pollution reported (1990-1994): 1,388,133 Pounds
Table 1. States discharging the greatest amounts of toxic
chemicals to the Androscoggin River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,179,081 209,052 Percent of total release 84.9% 15.1%
Table 4. Total carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Androscoggin River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 50,554 Pounds 179,711 Pounds 135,044 Pounds 365,309 Pounds
State Maine New Hampshire
Table 5. Polluters reporting the greatest amounts of Table 2. Polluters discharging the greatest amounts of toxic
chemicals to the Androscoggin River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 947,147 209,052 207,934 24,000 carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Androscoggin River (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Androscoggin River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 30,973 11,236 8,345
Facility International Paper Boise Cascade Corp. Robinson Mfg. Co.
Location Jay, ME Rumford, ME Oxford, ME
Facility Boise Cascade Corp. International Paper James River U.S. Holdings
Location Rumford, ME Jay, ME Berlin, NH
James River U.S. Holdings Inc. Berlin, NH
Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Androscoggin River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 174,611 5,100
Table 3. Toxic chemicals discharged in the greatest amounts to

the Androscoggin River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 682,237 180,041 174,611 135,044 54,041 49,117 46,456 24,000 23,735 8,000
Facility International Paper Boise Cascade Corp.
Location Jay, ME Rumford, ME
Chemical Ammonia Methanol Manganese Glycol ethers Acetone Chloroform Ethylene glycol Diethanolamine Catechol Chlorine
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Androscoggin River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 135,044
Facility International Paper
Location Jay, ME
* This polluter did not report any discharges to water in 1994. See Table 9 in state editions of "Dishonorable Discharge" for year to year pollution figures. The sum of carcinogens, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins listed in Table 4 may be larger than the total because a chemical may be in one or more categories. Chemicals were counted only once for the total in Table 4.
** Carcinogens and reproductive toxins defined by the State of California Proposition 65, EPA's TRI Public Data Release and other literature. See full report for references.
The Environmental Working Group is a non-profit environmental research organization based in Washington, D.C. Phone: (202) 6676982 Fax: (202) 2322592 Email: info@ewg.org Web: http://www.ewg.org
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The Columbia River

chemicals to the Columbia River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 3,366,871 1,001,516 Percent of total release 77.1% 22.9%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Columbia River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 1,393,628 Pounds 57,494 Pounds 211,864 Pounds 1,654,807 Pounds
State Washington Oregon
chemicals to the Columbia River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,413,974 1,082,575 932,533 675,220 142,572 54,100 16,529 13,788 10,699 9,153 Facility James River Paper Co. Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 1,919,109 838,303 531,414 308,431 207,460 143,300 133,048 65,222 59,906 47,800 Facility James River Paper Co. Inc. Weyerhaeuser Co. James River Paper Co. Location Clatskanie, OR Longview, WA Camas, WA James River Paper Co. Inc. Weyerhaeuser Co. Reynolds Metals Co. Kalama Chemical Inc. Location Camas, WA Clatskanie, OR Longview, WA Longview, WA Kalama, WA Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Columbia River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 25,100 15,800 13,800 1,148 841 Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Columbia River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 683,947 630,270 36,700 26,400 14,600 carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Columbia River (1990-1994).
Facility James River Paper Co. Weyerhaeuser Co. James River Paper Co. Inc. Longview Fibre Co. Boise Cascade Chevron Chemical Co. Chevron Chemical Co.* Unocal Agricultural Prods. Reynolds Metals Co.
Location Camas, WA Longview, WA Clatskanie, OR Longview, WA Wallula, WA St. Helens, OR Kennewick, WA Kennewick, WA Longview, WA
Facility Weyerhaeuser Co. Longview Fibre Co. James River Paper Co. James River Paper Co. Inc. Boise Cascade
Location Longview, WA Longview, WA Camas, WA Clatskanie, OR Wallula, WA
Northwest Aluminum Co. Inc. The Dalles, OR

the Columbia River (1990-1994).
Chemical Ammonia Chloroform Formaldehyde Methanol Glycol ethers Acetone Chlorine Ammonium nitrate (solution) Methyl ethyl ketone Chromium compounds
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Columbia River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 207,460 3,904 500
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The Delaware River

chemicals to the Delaware River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 12,064,013 939,106 326,129 Percent of total release 90.5% 7.0% 2.4%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Delaware River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 174,259 Pounds 105,315 Pounds 49,325 Pounds 265,461 Pounds
State New Jersey Delaware Pennsylvania
Table 5. Polluters reporting the greatest amounts of

carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Delaware River (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Delaware River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 158,180 5,000 3,505 2,670 2,000
Table 2. Polluters discharging the greatest amounts of toxic

chemicals to the Delaware River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 11,478,906 658,350 289,590 241,600 181,616 177,959 90,948 48,582 36,052 28,132 Facility Du Pont Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 9,059,652 2,956,054 462,570 202,285 97,159 76,138 51,772 42,585 38,265 31,472 Facility Du Pont
Facility Du Pont Star Enterprises BP Exploration & Oil Inc. General Chemical Corp. Coastal Eagle Point Oil Co. Monsanto Co. J. T. Baker Inc. Occidental Chemical Corp. Roche Vitamins & Fine Mobil Oil Paulsboro Refy.
Location Deepwater, NJ Delaware City, DE Trainer, PA Claymont, DE Westville, NJ Bridgeport, NJ Phillipsburg, NJ Burlington, NJ Belvidere, NJ Paulsboro, NJ
Facility Du Pont Franklin Smelting & Refining Roche Vitamins & Fine Star Enterprises Hoeganaes Corp.
Location Deepwater, NJ Philadelphia, PA Belvidere, NJ Delaware City, DE Riverton, NJ
Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Delaware River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 61,435 17,139 9,593 7,500 5,280

the Delaware River (1990-1994).
Location Deepwater, NJ Fairless Hills, PA Phillipsburg, NJ Philadelphia, PA Riverton, NJ
USS Fairless Works J. T. Baker Inc. Franklin Smelting & Refining Hoeganaes Corp.
Chemical Ammonia Ammonium sulfate (solution) Diethanolamine Ammonium nitrate (solution) Chlorine Chloromethane Chloroethane Lead compounds Sulfuric acid 1,2-Dichloroethane
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Delaware River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 32,815 7,900 3,750 1,115 1,015
Location Deepwater, NJ Delaware City, DE Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia, PA Westville, NJ
Star Enterprises Franklin Smelting & Refining National Chemical Labs. Coastal Eagle Point Oil Co.
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The Hudson River

chemicals to the Hudson River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,729,079 5 Percent of total release 100.0% 0.0%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Hudson River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 7,347 Pounds 232,977 Pounds 8,461 Pounds 245,821 Pounds
State New York New Jersey
chemicals to the Hudson River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,104,505 557,353 31,323 20,650 7,418 2,800 2,257 1,070 750 750 Facility Finch Pruyn & Co. Inc. Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 846,548 483,742 188,020 122,000 32,120 16,891 10,251 5,955 4,500 4,450 Facility General Electric Co. Bicc Utility Cable Co. Passonno Paints Inc. Allied-Signal Inc. Location Waterford, NY Yonkers, NY Watervliet, NY Troy, NY General Electric Co. General Electric Co. Allied-Signal Inc. Bicc Utility Cable Co. Location Glens Falls, NY Waterford, NY Selkirk, NY Troy, NY Yonkers, NY Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Hudson River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 188,000 37,970 5,309 764 750 Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Hudson River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 4,450 991 829 750 265 carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Hudson River (1990-1994).
Facility Finch Pruyn & Co. Inc. General Electric Co. International Paper Co. Encore Paper Co. General Electric Co. Scott Worldwide* Allied-Signal Inc. Cibro Petroleum Prods. Inc.* Bicc Utility Cable Co. Passonno Paints Inc.
Location Glens Falls, NY Waterford, NY Corinth, NY South Glens Falls, NY Selkirk, NY Fort Edward, NY Troy, NY Albany, NY Yonkers, NY Watervliet, NY
Facility Encore Paper Co. Allied-Signal Inc. General Electric Co. Bicc Utility Cable Co.
Location South Glens Falls, NY Troy, NY Selkirk, NY Yonkers, NY
Cibro Petroleum Prods. Inc.* Albany, NY

the Hudson River (1990-1994).
Chemical Ammonia Methanol Manganese compounds Acetone Copper compounds Chlorine Zinc compounds Toluene Chloromethane Chloroform
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Hudson River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 6,370 795 750 250 174
Cibro Petroleum Prods. Inc.* Albany, NY
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The Mississippi River

chemicals to the Mississippi River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 672,221,661 15,995,834 4,975,622 2,956,994 Percent of total release 95.7% 2.3% 0.7% 0.4%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Mississippi River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 663,277 Pounds 325,119 Pounds 108,195 Pounds 1,016,676 Pounds
State Louisiana Illinois Missouri Arkansas

carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Mississippi River (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Mississippi River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 254,045 100,630 72,497 39,830 30,569

chemicals to the Mississippi River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 335,947,505 205,451,043 103,844,175 14,802,439 4,600,200 3,897,392 3,851,995 3,382,760 2,542,686 2,145,934 Facility
Facility IMC-Agrico Co. IMC-Agrico Co. Arcadian Fertilizer L.P. 3M Laroche Chemicals Inc.* Le Chem Inc.* CF Ind. Inc. Dyno Nobel Inc. Lomo Plant Melamine Chemicals Inc. Dow Chemical Co.
Location Saint James, LA Uncle Sam, LA Geismar, LA Cordova, IL Baton Rouge, LA Baton Rouge, LA Donaldsonville, LA Louisiana, MO Donaldsonville, LA Plaquemine, LA
Facility Union Carbide Corp. Dow Chemical Co. International Paper Monsanto Co. BASF Corp.
Location Taft, LA Plaquemine, LA Natchez, MS Luling, LA Geismar, LA
Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Mississippi River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 28,000 25,480 22,100 20,620 19,730

the Mississippi River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 530,782,803 109,940,190 35,407,918 9,953,129 7,616,779 5,389,840 610,541 608,228 271,939 216,972
Location Geismar, LA Roxana, IL Baton Rouge, LA Cottage Grove, MN Mc Gehee, AR
Arcadian Fertilizer L.P. Shell Oil Co. Exxon Co. USA - Refinery 3M Potlatch Corp.
Chemical Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid Ammonia Ammonium nitrate (solution) Ammonium sulfate (solution) Methanol Ethylene glycol Chlorine 1,4-Dioxane Acetone
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Mississippi River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 23,061 22,520 10,750 5,947 5,143
Facility Star Enterprise Ferro Corp. Geon Co.* Exxon Chemical Plant Dow Chemical Co.
Location Union, LA Zachary, LA Plaquemine, LA Baton Rouge, LA Plaquemine, LA
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The Missouri River

chemicals to the Missouri River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,358,772 226,163 114,865 16,399 Percent of total release 78.6% 13.1% 6.6% 0.9%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Missouri River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 34,026 Pounds 57,077 Pounds 2,221 Pounds 61,105 Pounds
State Iowa Missouri Nebraska North Dakota

carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Missouri River (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Missouri River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 30,910 1,517 1,315 100

chemicals to the Missouri River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,213,545 223,226 131,060 58,510 56,340 16,399 14,167 11,000 2,565 500 Facility
Facility Terra Intl. Inc. Bayer Corp. Kind & Knox Gelatin Arcadian Fertilizer L.P. Asarco Inc. Amoco Oil Co.* Ag Processing Inc. Owens-Corning Fiberglas General Motors Corp.
Location Sergeant Bluff, IA Kansas City, MO Sergeant Bluff, IA Laplatte, NE Omaha, NE Mandan, ND Sergeant Bluff, IA Kansas City, KS Kansas City, KS
Facility Asarco Inc. Bayer Corp. Cook Composites & Johnson Controls
Location Omaha, NE Kansas City, MO North Kansas City, Saint Joseph, MO
Cook Composites & Polymers North Kansas City,
Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Missouri River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 56,340 500 100

the Missouri River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 1,124,007 493,950 24,468 21,403 14,267 12,770 12,520 11,000 6,550 1,065
Location Omaha, NE Kansas City, KS Saint Joseph, MO
Asarco Inc. General Motors Corp. Johnson Controls
Chemical Ammonia Ammonium nitrate (solution) Lead compounds Methanol Chlorine Antimony compounds Zinc compounds Phosphoric acid Arsenic compounds Styrene
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Missouri River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 1,565 584
Facility Cook Composites & Bayer Corp.
Location North Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
TM
The Ohio River

chemicals to the Ohio River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 16,030,122 4,743,247 514,408 355,017 chemicals to the Ohio River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 13,845,443 1,334,595 1,219,557 1,197,600 856,876 450,094 428,462 355,017 341,841 317,097 Facility Elkem Metals Co. Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 18,510,728 670,893 656,555 310,110 242,146 233,498 141,038 138,776 133,197 126,400 Facility OSI Specialties Inc. General Electric Co. Akzo Nobel Chemicals Inc. Weirton Steel Corp. Location Sistersville, WV Mount Vernon, IN Gallipolis Ferry, WV Weirton, WV Weirton Steel Corp. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Bayer Corp. Location Marietta, OH Weirton, WV Mingo Junction, OH New Martinsville, WV Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Ohio River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 540,300 409,571 51,941 22,450 22,394 Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Ohio River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 105,601 33,250 29,422 23,184 16,260 Percent of total release 72.6% 21.5% 2.3% 1.6%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Ohio River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 275,949 Pounds 1,148,676 Pounds 197,397 Pounds 1,533,205 Pounds
State Ohio West Virginia Pennsylvania Illinois

carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Ohio River (1990-1994).
Facility Elkem Metals Co. Weirton Steel Corp. Monsanto Co. Cytec Ind. Shenango Inc. Bayer Corp. Allied Signal Inc. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Du Pont
Location Marietta, OH Weirton, WV Addyston, OH Belmont, WV Pittsburgh, PA New Martinsville, WV Metropolis, IL Mingo Junction, OH Washington, WV
Facility Monsanto Co. Willamette Ind. Inc. Weirton Steel Corp. General Electric Co. Bayer Corp.
Location Addyston, OH Hawesville, KY Weirton, WV Mount Vernon, IN New Martinsville, WV
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp Follansbee, WV

the Ohio River (1990-1994).
Chemical Ammonia Methanol Manganese compounds Ammonium sulfate (solution) Chlorine Ethylene glycol Zinc compounds Chromium compounds Formaldehyde Ammonium nitrate (solution)
AK Steel Corp. - West Works Ashland, KY
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Ohio River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 46,171 32,698 28,859 22,105 12,230
AK Steel Corp. - West Works Ashland, KY
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The Ouachita River

chemicals to the Ouachita River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 4,041,624 884,309 Percent of total release 82.0% 18.0%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Ouachita River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 47,232 Pounds 401,139 Pounds 20,348 Pounds 452,124 Pounds
State Arkansas Louisiana
chemicals to the Ouachita River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 3,709,500 427,082 324,048 315,862 128,606 12,759 7,301 760 Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Ouachita River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 375,248 14,570 6,650 3,500 760 Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Ouachita River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 25,210 13,925 4,052 3,250 750 carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Ouachita River (1990-1994).
Facility U.S. Vanadium Corp. Riverwood Intl. Inc. Georgia-Pacific Corp. Koch Nitrogen Co. Angus Chemical Co. Riverwood Intl. USA Inc.* International Paper Celotex Corp.
Location Hot Springs, AR West Monroe, LA Crossett, AR Sterlington, LA Sterlington, LA West Monroe, LA Camden, AR Camden, AR
Facility Angus Chemical Co. Georgia-Pacific Corp. Riverwood Intl. Inc. U.S. Vanadium Corp. International Paper
Location Sterlington, LA Crossett, AR West Monroe, LA Hot Springs, AR Camden, AR

the Ouachita River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 4,103,593 380,046 275,084 60,227 16,970 13,391 12,679 11,735 11,215 8,770
Facility Riverwood Intl. Inc. Georgia-Pacific Corp. Angus Chemical Co. U.S. Vanadium Corp. Celotex Corp.
Location West Monroe, LA Crossett, AR Sterlington, LA Hot Springs, AR Camden, AR
Chemical Ammonia Zinc compounds Methanol Acetone Acetaldehyde Catechol Toluene Methyl ethyl ketone Chloroform Zinc (fume or dust)
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Ouachita River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 12,688 6,650 1,010
Facility Riverwood Intl. USA Inc.* Angus Chemical Co. Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Location West Monroe, LA Sterlington, LA Crossett, AR
TM
The Pacific Ocean

chemicals to the Pacific Ocean (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 34,879,722 259,864 56,322 Percent of total release 99.1% 0.7% 0.2%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Pacific Ocean (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 369,320 Pounds 35,938 Pounds 5,800 Pounds 403,688 Pounds
State California Oregon Hawaii

carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Pacific Ocean (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Pacific Ocean (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 222,000 132,800 7,020 3,600 3,000

chemicals to the Pacific Ocean (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 21,484,105 13,317,670 154,995 65,554 61,571 56,305 43,298 6,575 4,528 505 Facility
Facility Louisiana-Pacific Corp. Simpson Paper Co.* Georgia-Pacific West Corp. Unocal 76 Prods. Co. International Paper Chevron USA Prod. Co. Weyerhaeuser Paper Co. Unisys Corp.* Unocal* PC World*
Location Samoa, CA Eureka, CA Toledo, OR Arroyo Grande, CA Gardiner, OR Ewa Beach, HI North Bend, OR San Diego, CA Wilmington, CA Irvine, CA
Facility Louisiana-Pacific Corp. Simpson Paper Co.* Georgia-Pacific West Corp. International Paper Weyerhaeuser Paper Co.
Location Samoa, CA Eureka, CA Toledo, OR Gardiner, OR North Bend, OR
Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Pacific Ocean (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 29,000 6,200 250 250

the Pacific Ocean (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 33,139,098 576,080 335,875 319,270 258,634 228,600 126,820 91,266 34,670 29,015
Location Samoa, CA Eureka, CA Los Angeles, CA
Louisiana-Pacific Corp. Simpson Paper Co.* Brite Plating Co. Inc.*
Chemical Methanol Hydrochloric acid Acetone Sulfuric acid Ammonia Chloroform Acetaldehyde Catechol Methyl ethyl ketone Chromium compounds
U.S. Navy Long Beach Naval Long Beach, CA
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Pacific Ocean (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 3,045 2,465 250
Facility Chevron USA Prod. Co. Unocal* Brite Plating Co. Inc.*
Location Ewa Beach, HI Wilmington, CA Los Angeles, CA
TM
The Rock River

chemicals to the Rock River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 8,163,860 1,609 Percent of total release 100.0% 0.0%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Rock River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 3,220 Pounds 19,446 Pounds 1,500 Pounds 19,696 Pounds
State Illinois Wisconsin
chemicals to the Rock River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 8,144,910 12,456 3,750 1,387 1,250 859 750 Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Rock River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 12,456 3,750 1,324 1,000 859 Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Rock River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 1,250 855 805 310 carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Rock River (1990-1994).
Facility IBP Inc. Sall-Eclipse Inc. Quality Metal Finishing Co. Sonoco Prods. Co.* GMC* Janesville Wastewater Utility
Location Joslin, IL Rockford, IL Byron, IL Rockton, IL Janesville, WI Janesville, WI
Facility Sall-Eclipse Inc. Northwestern Steel & Wire Quality Metal Finishing Co. Gmc*
Location Rockford, IL Sterling, IL Byron, IL Janesville, WI
Northwestern Steel & Wire Co. Sterling, IL

the Rock River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 5,449,010 2,736,187 7,367 3,459 2,381 1,500 1,250 1,015 1,000 955
Facility Northwestern Steel & Wire Sall-Eclipse Inc. Quality Metal Finishing Co. IBP Inc. Gmc*
Location Sterling, IL Rockford, IL Byron, IL Joslin, IL Janesville, WI
Chemical Ammonium sulfate (solution) Ammonia Zinc compounds Manganese compounds Chromium compounds Zinc (fume or dust) Lead Lead compounds Copper Nickel compounds
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Rock River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 1,250 250
Facility Sall-Eclipse Inc. IBP Inc.
Location Rockford, IL Joslin, IL
TM
The Savannah River

chemicals to the Savannah River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 13,939,285 29,680 Percent of total release 99.8% 0.2%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Savannah River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 50,468 Pounds 525,753 Pounds 7,068 Pounds 544,742 Pounds
State Georgia South Carolina
chemicals to the Savannah River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 4,669,369 4,346,080 1,718,904 1,253,767 983,874 551,530 322,610 78,407 29,480 5,370 Facility Kemira Pigments Inc. Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 6,964,506 3,175,325 1,987,548 826,596 405,889 361,320 77,114 41,934 38,200 28,943 Facility Union Camp Corp. Sandoz Chemicals Corp. Citgo Asphalt Refining Co.* Location Savannah, GA Martin, SC Savannah, GA Union Camp Corp. DSM Chemicals N.A. Inc. Sandoz Chemicals Corp. Location Savannah, GA Savannah, GA Augusta, GA Martin, SC Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Savannah River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 491,000 25,000 7,300 2,119 250 Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Savannah River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 38,200 3,165 3,160 3,096 2,291 carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Savannah River (1990-1994).
Facility Arcadian Corp. Arcadian Fertilizer L. P. Union Camp Corp. Engelhard Corp. DSM Chemicals N.A. Inc. Kemira Pigments Inc. Stone Savannah River Pulp Federal Paper Board Co. Inc. Sandoz Chemicals Corp. Citgo Asphalt Refining Co.*
Location Port Wentworth, GA Augusta, GA Savannah, GA Savannah, GA Augusta, GA Savannah, GA Port Wentworth, GA Augusta, GA Martin, SC Savannah, GA
Facility Kemira Pigments Inc. Fort Howard Corp. Stone Savannah River Pulp Union Camp Corp.
Location Savannah, GA Rincon, GA Port Wentworth, GA Savannah, GA
Federal Paper Board Co. Inc. Augusta, GA

the Savannah River (1990-1994).
Federal Paper Board Co. Inc. Augusta, GA
Chemical Ammonium nitrate (solution) Ammonia Methanol Ammonium sulfate (solution) Zinc compounds Acetone Chromium compounds Catechol Nickel compounds Sulfuric acid
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Savannah River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 5,130 1,034 770
TM
The Susquehanna River

chemicals to the Susquehanna River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,956,196 188,143 Percent of total release 91.2% 8.8%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Susquehanna River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 20,328 Pounds 95,326 Pounds 3,376 Pounds 104,587 Pounds
State Pennsylvania New York
chemicals to the Susquehanna River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,576,204 202,601 179,755 61,401 58,128 48,541 5,390 4,300 2,520 1,565 Facility Bethlehem Steel Corp. Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 1,607,656 189,341 159,000 50,724 48,035 16,251 15,250 11,050 7,830 6,800 Facility Hadco Corp. Amphenol Corp. Merck & Co. Inc. Location Owego, NY Sidney, NY Riverside, PA Osram Sylvania Inc. Merck & Co. Inc. IBM Corp. Endicott Forging* Location Steelton, PA Towanda, PA Riverside, PA Endicott, NY Endicott, NY Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Susquehanna River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 61,401 20,560 5,670 3,500 1,000 carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Susquehanna River (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Susquehanna River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 8,377 4,229 3,541 1,250 930
Facility Osram Sylvania Inc. Howes Leather Co. Inc. Hadco Corp. Bethlehem Steel Corp. Merck & Co. Inc. Procter & Gamble IBM Corp. National Gypsum Co. Amphenol Corp.
Location Towanda, PA Curwensville, PA Owego, NY Steelton, PA Riverside, PA Mehoopany, PA Endicott, NY New Columbia, PA Sidney, NY
Facility Osram Sylvania Inc. Bethlehem Steel Corp. Procter & Gamble Hadco Corp. Merck & Co. Inc.
Location Towanda, PA Steelton, PA Mehoopany, PA Owego, NY Riverside, PA
Armstrong World Ind. Marietta Marietta, PA

the Susquehanna River (1990-1994).
Chemical Ammonia Molybdenum trioxide Ammonium sulfate (solution) Manganese compounds Methanol Zinc compounds Ethylene glycol Nickel compounds Acetonitrile Pyridine
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Susquehanna River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 1,750 893 700
TM
The Tennessee River

chemicals to the Tennessee River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 12,078,136 8,494,430 1,459,177 Percent of total release 54.8% 38.6% 6.6%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Tennessee River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 143,838 Pounds 774,194 Pounds 6,730 Pounds 910,924 Pounds
State Alabama Tennessee Kentucky

carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Tennessee River (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Tennessee River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 96,125 22,218 17,900 1,963 1,909

chemicals to the Tennessee River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 7,963,258 6,012,620 3,887,851 1,342,300 1,307,825 745,480 393,262 78,551 77,171 60,240 Facility
Facility Inland Container Corp. Monsanto Co. Champion Intl. Corp. Laroche Ind. Inc. ISP Chemicals Inc. Amoco Chemical Co. Packaging Corp. Of America Elf Atochem N.A. Inc. Du Pont* Mead Containerboard
Location New Johnsonville, TN Decatur, AL Courtland, AL Cherokee, AL Calvert City, KY Decatur, AL Counce, TN Calvert City, KY Chattanooga, TN Stevenson, AL
Facility ISP Chemicals Inc. Monsanto Co. Champion Intl. Corp. BF Goodrich Elf Atochem N.A. Inc.
Location Calvert City, KY Decatur, AL Courtland, AL Calvert City, KY Calvert City, KY
Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Tennessee River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 729,000 20,450 7,896 4,478 3,000

the Tennessee River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 8,541,224 7,600,000 3,723,955 1,049,550 420,295 319,000 93,292 61,101 46,410 25,307
Location Decatur, AL Decatur, AL Athens, AL Calvert City, KY Calvert City, KY
Amoco Chemical Co. Monsanto Co. GMC Saginaw Div. ISP Chemicals Inc. Elf Atochem N.A. Inc.
Chemical Ammonia Ammonium sulfate (solution) Methanol Ammonium nitrate (solution) Manganese compounds Cobalt compounds Formaldehyde Chlorine Ethylene glycol Acetone
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Tennessee River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 2,890 1,786 978 571 250
Facility ISP Chemicals Inc. Monsanto Co. GMC Saginaw Div. BF Goodrich Aqua Chem Inc.
Location Calvert City, KY Decatur, AL Athens, AL Calvert City, KY Knoxville, TN
TM
The Tombigbee River

chemicals to the Tombigbee River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 803,331 407,140 Percent of total release 66.4% 33.6%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Tombigbee River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 136,245 Pounds 94,498 Pounds 1,050 Pounds 230,665 Pounds
State Alabama Mississippi
chemicals to the Tombigbee River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 449,411 372,330 158,841 134,635 60,345 18,995 6,173 5,743 3,894 Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Tombigbee River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 49,230 36,800 5,287 2,953 223 carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Tombigbee River (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Tombigbee River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 47,725 36,291 35,950 14,456 1,118
Facility Boise Cascade Corp. Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. Ciba-Geigy James River Corp. Gulf States Paper Corp. Columbus Pulp & Paper Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. EKA Nobel Inc. True Temper Sports
Location Jackson, AL Hamilton, MS Mc Intosh, AL Pennington, AL Demopolis, AL Columbus, MS Hamilton, MS Columbus, MS Amory, MS
Facility Ciba-Geigy James River Corp. Gulf States Paper Corp. Boise Cascade Corp. True Temper Sports
Location Mc Intosh, AL Pennington, AL Demopolis, AL Jackson, AL Amory, MS

the Tombigbee River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 463,317 391,170 83,868 67,323 45,700 41,875 24,910 20,750 18,704 13,020
Facility Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. Boise Cascade Corp. James River Corp. True Temper Sports EKA Nobel Inc.
Location Hamilton, MS Jackson, AL Pennington, AL Amory, MS Columbus, MS
Chemical Ammonia Methanol Chloroform Acetone Manganese compounds Zinc compounds Nitrilotriacetic acid Epichlorohydrin Methyl isobutyl ketone Catechol
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Tombigbee River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 1,045
Facility Ciba-Geigy
Location Mc Intosh, AL
TM
The Wabash River

chemicals to the Wabash River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,532,282 14 12 Percent of total release 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

reproductive toxins** discharged to the Wabash River (1990-1994). Carcinogens Persistent Toxic Metals Reproductive Toxins Total 17,122 Pounds 115,908 Pounds 15,446 Pounds 145,928 Pounds
State Indiana Illinois Ohio

carcinogens**, persistent toxic metals, and reproductive toxins** discharged to the Wabash River (1990-1994). Top dischargers of carcinogens** to the Wabash River (1990-1994). Carcinogens** released to water (lbs) 9,960 5,185 1,000 798 125

chemicals to the Wabash River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to water (pounds) 1,162,743 291,755 28,324 27,710 9,548 9,024 1,250 1,058 250 250 Facility
Facility Tippecanoe Labs. Clinton Labs. Mallinckrodt Veterinary Inc. Weston Paper & Mfg. Co. Jefferson Smurfit Corp. (U.S.) Inland Container Corp. Landis & Gyr Energy Harrison Steel Castings Co. Applied Extrusion Techs. Flexel Indiana Inc.*
Location Shadeland, IN Clinton, IN Terre Haute, IN Terre Haute, IN Wabash, IN Newport, IN Lafayette, IN Attica, IN Terre Haute, IN Covington, IN
Facility Clinton Labs. Tippecanoe Labs. Landis & Gyr Energy Harrison Steel Castings Co. C & D Charter Power Sys.
Location Clinton, IN Shadeland, IN Lafayette, IN Attica, IN Attica, IN
Top dischargers of persistent toxic metals to the Wabash River (1990-1994). Persistent toxic metals released to water (lbs) 113,225 1,058 1,000 250 209

the Wabash River (1990-1994). Toxic chemical release to waterbody (pounds) 1,323,478 113,450 34,440 13,595 12,121 10,760 9,288 3,105 2,020 1,425
Location Clinton, IN Attica, IN Shadeland, IN Lafayette, IN Wabash, IN
Clinton Labs. Harrison Steel Castings Co. Tippecanoe Labs. Landis & Gyr Energy Ford Meter Box Co. Inc.
Chemical Ammonia Zinc compounds Chlorine Dichloromethane Glycol ethers Methanol Ammonium nitrate (solution) Acetonitrile Acetone Xylene (mixed isomers)
Top dischargers of reproductive toxins** to the Wabash River (1990-1994). Reproductive toxins** released to water (lbs) 11,616 2,239 1,000 529
Facility Weston Paper & Mfg. Co. Tippecanoe Labs. Landis & Gyr Energy Harrison Steel Castings Co.
Location Terre Haute, IN Shadeland, IN Lafayette, IN Attica, IN

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