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visual plate waste study provides valuable information that can be used as a benchmark of menu performance and to guide activities designed to improve menu response and efciency. By minimizing waste an effective menu optimizes patient nutrition, sponsors positive perceptions, and establishes a foundation for meeting nancial objectives (1). As delineated in the Standards of Professional Practice established by the American Dietetic Association for dietetics professionals in management and foodservice, a routine function of the profession is evaluating services and analyzing practices (2). A systematic review of the menu to determine its effectiveness falls within the scope of practice for dietetics professionals who have access to professional resources, such as journals, for guidance (3). A structured approach for menu review avoids overreliance on anecdotal evidence and supplies objective information for decision making. One method for evaluating menu performance is a plate waste study. Previously reported studies have
P. L. Connors is an assistant professor, Hospitality Management, University of North Texas, and S. B. Rozell is chief clinical dietitian, Nutritional Services, Denton Community Hospital, Denton, TX. Address correspondence to: Priscilla L. Connors, PhD, RD, Hospitality Management, University of North Texas, PO Box 311100, Denton, TX 76203-1100. E-mail: pconnors@unt.edu Copyright 2004 by the American Dietetic Association. 0002-8223/04/10401-0005$30.00/0 doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.10.012
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Figure. Tick sheet for plate waste study. level of 80% was achieved. For each meal in both phases of the study the investigator monitored tray assembly for 15 minutes to observe a minimum of 10 trays and establish an accurate image of a standard portion for eventual comparison with waste on soiled patient trays. Although portion sizes were standardized as 3 oz meat and one-half cup starch, fruit, or vegetable, the shape and texture of each food item inuenced portion appearance. Familiarity with the plated portion enhanced accuracy of subsequent waste estimation. At the conclusion of each meal, soiled trays were individually collected at bedside by nursing staff and placed on patient carts. Carts were transported for visual inspection in the dish washing room. The investigator used menu slips on returned trays as a reference to original contents and inspected each tray before removing it from the cart and placing it on a tray rack. Trays without menu slips were included only if the remaining foods clearly suggested the original contents. The extra step of transferring trays to a rack before washing did not change the hour and a half normally required to clean meal trays, and data collection was completed in this time. For each phase of the study, plate waste data were collected for all lunches and dinners over 7 consecutive days. Breakfast was excluded because of its uncomplicated menu and popularity with patients. Trays for patients receiving liquid or pureed diets as well as trays that were delivered but not served were excluded from the study. For each meal a mean score was tabulated for the entree, starch, vegetable, fruit, bread or roll, and milk that was served to the majority of patients. It was determined that any item with a mean score below a benchmark of 4.0 was producing excessive waste and would be scrutinized for possible replacement. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A North Texas acute care hospital was the site for the study. A daily average of 66 inpatients were served meals during the rst phase (August 2001), and 68 were served during the second phase (August 2002). Average length of stay was 4.5 and 4.0 days, respectively. The population was evenly divided between male and female patients. Approximately 82% of patients were white, 10% were Hispanic, and 8% were Asian or African American. No single diagnostic related group or age range predominated. The nutritional services department operated a conventional food production system with a 7-day cycle menu. Although patients had the option to make menu choices, most received nonselect trays. A hazard analysis critical control point system was in place, and all foods met minimum temperature standards as outlined in the hospital policies and procedures manual. Fourteen entrees, seven starches, seven vegetables, and six fruits were observed during the rst phase, conducted for 1 week in August 2001. A total of 383 trays were observed (190 lunch and 193 dinner), with an average of 27 trays per meal. All fruits served met or exceeded the benchmark value. Twelve entrees exceeded the benchmark value, including beef and macaroni (5.0), southwest chicken (4.7), and turkey with gravy (4.7). The only entrees to score below the benchmark value were pot roast (3.6) and Salisbury steak (2.8). Nursing staff reported that patients who had difculty cutting disliked the large chunks in the pot roast, and patients with poor dentition found the Salisbury steak difcult to masticate. Three starches, mashed potatoes (4.5), baked potato chips (4.3), and dressing (4.3), scored above the benchmark value, although baked potato (3.8), noodles (3.7), rice (3.5), and au gratin potatoes (3.2) scored below. All vegetables, including mixed vegetables (3.6), peas (3.5), broccoli (3.4), carrots (3.4), green beans (3.4), corn (2.8), and spinach (2.8), scored below the benchmark, as did sliced whole wheat bread (3.6) and skim milk (3.6). The following changes were made based on the evidence of unpopularity that was shown by the rst phase of the
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Table. Effect of changes on plate waste by menu category Phase 1 Category Entree Starch Vegetable Fruit Bread/roll Skim milk
a
Phase 2 SD
a
plate waste study. Pot roast and Salisbury steak were replaced with steak ngers and chopped steak. Noodles, rice, and au gratin potatoes were replaced with red potatoes and macaroni and cheese. A dinner roll that was baked on site replaced sliced whole wheat bread. In August 2002 the second phase of the study was conducted. A total of 467 trays (231 lunch, 236 dinner) were observed, with an average of 33 trays per meal. Fourteen entrees, seven starches, eight vegetables, and six fruits were observed. All entrees, including steak ngers (5.4) and chopped steak (4.0), as well as all starches, including baked potato (4.4), macaroni and cheese (4.6), and red potatoes (4.1), cleared the benchmark value. Mixed vegetables (4.4), peas (4.3), broccoli (4.2), carrots (4.1), corn (4.1), and peas and carrots (4.0) met or exceeded the benchmark, although green beans (3.9) and tossed salad (3.8) scored below it. Dinner rolls (4.6) outperformed the previously offered sliced bread, but skim milk (3.8) continued to score low. The ndings of this study are consistent with previous reports that sliced bread and milk are among the least popular food items for patient meals (4,5). To determine the impact of menu changes on plate waste, a series of t tests were conducted to compare phase one and two by meal category (Table). Plate waste scores for entree, starch, vegetable, and bread/roll were signicantly higher after the changes, although those for fruit and skim milk were not. This outcome is not surprising because menu changes (replacement of two entrees, three starches, two vegetables, and sliced bread) did not equally impact all categories. More importantly, results suggest that menu changes based on plate waste evidence are an effective way to decrease waste and improve patient consumption of meals. To better understand those factors that inuenced food waste, a visual plate waste study was conducted to provide objective information for decision making. Action taken based on initial results improved menu appeal and made food production activities more effective. A follow-up study conrmed that patients were eating more of the foods provided. APPLICATIONS This article summarizes how the nutritional services in one hospital successfully carried out a two-phase plate waste study. Exploration of causative factors behind undesirable waste and poor patient consumption high-
lighted correctable problems and provided justication for expenditures targeted at improving performance. Measuring menu performance is an important task. A visual plate waste study can provide valuable information for determining the desirability of each food item on the menu. A popular menu improves consumption and enhances the nutritional status of patients. References 1. Folio D, OSullivan-Maillet J, Touger-Decker R. The spoken menu concept of patient foodservice delivery systems increases overall patient satisfaction, therapeutic and tray accuracy, and is cost neutral for food and labor. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;102:546-548. 2. Grifn B, Dunn JM, Irvin J, Speranza IF. Standards of professional practice for dietetics professionals in management and foodservice settings. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:944-946. 3. Glore S. Show me the science. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001; 101:186. 4. Frankes RM, Arjmandi BH, Halling JF. Plate waste in a hospital cook-freeze production system. J Am Diet Assoc. 1986;86:941-942. 5. Hirsch KM, Hassanein RS, Nelson SJ. Factors inuencing plate waste by the hospitalized patient. J Am Diet Assoc. 1979;75:270-273. 6. Buzby JC, Guthrie JF. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Plate waste in school nutrition programs: Final report to congress E-FAN-02.009. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Ofce; 2002. 7. Comstock EM, Pierre RG, Mackiernan YD. Measuring individual plate waste in school lunches. J Am Diet Assoc. 1981;79:290-296. 8. Weisberg K. A remedy for patient meals: Memorial Sloan-Kettering aims to increase meal intake. Foodservice Director. 2002;15:32. 9. OHara PA, Harper DW, Kangas M, Dubeau J, Borsutzky C, Lemire N. Taste, temperature, and presentation predict satisfaction with foodservices in a Canadian continuing-care hospital. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:401-405. 10. Kirks B, Wolff H. A comparison of methods for plate waste determination. J Am Diet Assoc. 1985;85:328331.
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