Foundation Engineering

Foundation Engineering
Prof. Mesut Pervizpour
Earth Retaining Structures
Flexible Retaining Walls:
Cantilever sheet pile walls Cantilever sheet pile walls
Anchored sheet pile walls
Braced excavations
Slurry walls y
Stability of open cuts
For NAVFAC and other online manuals
(i l di A C f E & FHWA)
1
(including Army Corps of Eng, & FHWA)
http://www.vulcanhammer.net/download/
Anchored sheet
pile (H > 3m)
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Design:
Additional support by tieback anchors (horizontal or inclined)
R d ti i fl l t d l t l t f th ll
H
Anchor
Reduction in flexural stresses and lateral movement of the wall
Walls can be constructed to larger heights
Reduction in required depth of embedment D
Less settlement in the backfill material Less settlement in the backfill material
Design principles: free-end method, fixed end method, beam on elastic foundation method
Assumptions: rigid sheet pile, rotation of the wall about tie rod level, bottom
embedment just sufficient for stability (taking moment by tie rod location) j y ( g y )
2
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Design Free Earth Support Method:
Simplified Earth Pressure Distribution for Sands
The embedment is calculated by taking
moment about O
( ) 0 = + =

z P z z H P M
Simplified Earth Pressure
Distribution
The required anchorage resistance is:
F = P - P
( ) 0 = + =
a a p f p
o
z P z z H P M
H
F
z
f
O
z
a F P
a
P
p
o
a
a
P
a
P
p
z
c C z
p
o
p
= (K
p
K
a
) (D z
c
)
Sand
P
p
D
p
For design increase calculated D by 20-50%.
Sand
Z
f
often ~ H/4
3
g y
Find force in the tie rod.
Find bending moment and pile section.
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Design Free Earth Support Method:
Simplified Earth Pressure Distribution for Granular Backfill and
Cohesive Soil (Clay) Below Dredge Line Cohesive Soil (Clay) Below Dredge Line
The embedment is calculated by taking
moment about O
0
|
|

P
D
H P M
Simplified Earth Pressure
Distribution
The required anchorage resistance is:
F P P
0
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
a a f p
o
z P z H P M
H
F
z
f
O
z
Sand
F = P
a
- P
p
o
a
H
z
a
P
a
C

e
H
e
H: is the
weight of backfill
o
p
= 4c -
e
H
P
p
C
D
g
and surcharge
For design increase calculated D by 20-50%.
Clay (| = 0)
4
For design increase calculated D by 20 50%.
Find force in the tie rod.
Find bending moment and pile section.
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Design Free Earth Support Method:
Sloping dredge line Reduce Kp
5
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Moment Reduction
Rowes moment reduction method:
Sheet pile flexible bending moment observed < M from Free earth support method Sheet pile flexible bending moment observed < M
max
from Free-earth support method.
Rowe reduce the moment, factors considered in this method:
1. D
r
2. Relative flexibility of pile: where (H is H+D)
Flexibility no = H
4
/ EI (English Units) Flexibility no. = H
4
/ EI (English Units)
H in ft, E in psi, I in in
4
/ft of wall
= (10.91x10
-7
) H
4
/ EI (SI Units)
H in m, E in MN/m
2
, I in m
4
/m of wall
3 Stability no for cohesive soils: 3. Stability no. for cohesive soils:
S = 1.25 c /
e
h
4. Relative height of piling o = (H/ D+H)
Choose pile section, find S
find I and H, calculate log
Find moment capacity M S Find moment capacity M
d
= o
all
S
Obtain M
d
/M
max
(M
max
calculated theoretical)
Plot log and M
d
/M
max
Do above for several sections
Points that fall above curve are safe sections
6
Points that fall above curve are safe sections
Pick cheapest section
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Moment Reduction
Rowes moment reduction method:
For walls in sand with
sloping dredge line sloping dredge line.
7
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Moment Reduction
Rowes moment reduction method:
For anchored sheet pile
walls penetrating in to
cohesive soils in terms of
stability number and
flexibility number.
Using calculated o and Using calculated o and
Stability number, obtain the
ration of M
d
/M
max
for
various log values (from
the three plots).
Generate a plot of M
d
/M
max
versus log and follow the versus log and follow the
same steps as in granular
soils (described earlier).
8
Example Anchored Sheet Pile Wall in Sand:
Total embedment depth of the sheet pile
Force in the tie rod per meter of wall Force in the tie rod per meter of wall
Suitable piling section
From sum of the moment From sum of the moment
about O (tie level):
9
Example Anchored Sheet Pile Wall in Sand:
M
max
= (4.1 + 1) 167.9
Total length L of the sheet pile:
L = 10 + 6.2 = 16.2m
(4.1 + 4/3) 47.1
(4.1)(4.1/2) 23.5
(4.1)
2
(4.1/3) 1.45
= 369.56 KNm/m
= 997 kip in/ft
H 265 . 0 1 . 53 '
6
4 4
= = =
Forces on the wall and the location of M
max
, x below
the water level is shown in the figure, Equilibrium, EF
x
= 0:
Select the pile appropriate pile
section from the following tables
I I EI 10 30
6

10
x = 4.1m (below water)
g
1.45x
2
+ 23.54x + 47.1 167.9 = 0
X
2
+ 16.23x 83.31 = 0
Example Anchored Sheet Pile Wall in Sand (Cont.):
11
Moment
of
Section
Modulus
Area
Example Anchored Sheet Pile Wall in Sand (Cont.):
inertia
Example: 25ksi*46.8/12=97.5
97.5/(997/12)=1.17 0.96 0.76
12
Example Anchored Sheet Pile Wall in Sand (Cont.):
Rowes moment reduction method:
Sheet pile flexible bending moment Sheet pile flexible bending moment
observed < M
max
calculated via. Free-earth
support method.
Rowe reduce the moment, factors
considered in this method:
1. D
r
2. Relative flexibility of pile:
Flexibility no. = H
4
/ EI
(H is H+D)
3. Stability no. for cohesive soils:
Any section plotting above the
3. Stability no. for cohesive soils:
S = 1.25 c /
e
h
4. Relative height of piling o, (H/ D+H)
97.5/(997/12)=1.17 0.96 0.76
dense curve would be
sufficient for stress. PZ27 is
adequate (allowable design
stress used 25 000 psi)
Dense Curve
stress used 25,000 psi).
13
From Rowes Moment Reduction Curve
Details of a Typical Anchor wall
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall:
14
(Foundation Handbook-Winterkorn/Fang)
Details of a Typical Anchor wall
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall:
15
(Foundation Handbook-Winterkorn/Fang)
Sheet Pile Anchorage:
Tie-back can be supported by deadman anchor, braced piles, cast-in-place tie rod,
d H li l h and Helical anchors
Wales placed horizontally in front of
sheet piling.
Deadman Anchor
Cast-in-place
d d
Braced Piles
deadman
16
Cast-in-place
anchored tie-rod
Helical Anchors
Continuous Anchor Wall
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall:
17
Resistance of Discontinuous Anchor (deadman)
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall:
18
Grouted Anchors
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall:
19
Sheet Pile Anchorage:
Load Capacity of Deadman Anchor:
A i t ll bl
T
u
= R
p
- R
a
Approximate allowable
capacity of a given
deadman anchor in
granular soil per unit g p
length of deadman:
( )
2
1
d K A
FS
T
p a
=
L
F = (P
p
P
a
) L / FS
where FS = 1.25 1.5
A = 0.6
d = depth of bottom
of deadman
Or:
P
p
P
a
Sheet Pile Anchorage:
P t h i
F = c tdL + tdz
1
LK tan|
Auger hole
Pressure grout anchor in
soil or rock
F c
a
tdL + tdz
1
LK tan|
C
a
= (0.7 0.9) c
K = K
o
if grout is placed
z
1
d
20
under pressure or K
a
otherwise
L
Sheet Pile Anchorage:
Location of Anchor Plates
F h f d t i d f EF 0 F: anchor force determined from EF
x
= 0
Reduce it by a FS
a
= 2
Determine d
z
to bottom of plate by EF = 0
at the deadman:
( ) FS F K K d
2
1
' ( )
a a p z
FS F K K d =
2
2
'
( )
a
z
K K
FS F
d

=
'
2
( )
a p
K K
The anchor plate must be located outside of the active slip plane (avoiding the
interaction of wall active zone and plate passive zone):
| | | | ' ' | |
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
45
2
45
'
tan
'
tan
| | o
z
o
o a
d d H L
Calculate spacing of anchors s: longitudinal spacing, h
a
height of anchor plate.
Due to EF = 0: Due to EF
x
0:
( )
a p
a
a z
K K
FS F
L d
s

=
2
'
2

Calculate maximum bending moment using embedment depth and determine

21
Calculate maximum bending moment using embedment depth, and determine
required section modulus of the wall.
Proof testing setup and
instrumentation for threadbar
Sheet Pile Anchorage:
ground anchor
z
1
Auger hole
F = c
a
tdL + tdz
1
LK tan|
C (0 7 0 9) d
L
C
a
= (0.7 0.9) c
K = K
o
if grout is placed
Under pressure or K
a
otherwise
22
Dunnicliff
(1988)
otherwise
Typical Steel Work Design
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall:
23
(Foundation Handbook-Winterkorn/Fang)
Typical Steel Work Design
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall:
24
(Foundation Handbook-Winterkorn/Fang)
Typical Steel Work Design
Anchored Sheet Pile Wall:
25
(Foundation Handbook-Winterkorn/Fang)