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1 EA the number of cooling tower 1 kcal/kg specific heat 1 m3/hr 85 % 0.0019 water treatment capacity relative humidity evaporation contant, please refer to table
A) Evaporation loss (E) Ev(%)= T x[(Tad-1.6667)xKm + 0.1098] latent heat for water = E= = Et= 2.84 % R x Ev(%)/100 9.7696 m3/hr 9.7696 m3/hr total evaporation loss
B) Windage loss (W) Dp= Ds= Dt= 0.1 % 0.34 m3/hr 0.344 m3/hr total windage loss drop loss percent (0.05 - 0.2 %) Normally, 0.1 % has been used for plant
C) Blow down loss Cm= Cr= N= = 500 ppm 2500 ppm Cr Cm 5 TDS content in make-up water(mg/l) TDS content in recirculating water(mg/l) concentration factor
Bs=
E (N-1) = 2.44 m3/hr 2.44 m3/hr total blow down loss 12.6 m3/hr
Bt=
CT
1. Cooling tower Qh= R= Ti= To= Tw= T= Cn= Cp= DM= 7179 kW 344 m3/hr 50.0 32.0 27 5 heat rejection capacity cooling water circulating flow rate cooling tower inlet temp. cooling tower outlet temp. wet bulb temp. approach temp. range
1 EA the number of cooling tower 1 kcal/kg specific heat 1 m3/hr water treatment capacity interpolation
A) Evaporation loss (E) E= R x Cp x (Ti-To) latent heat for water = 10.9 m3/hr
Et=
10.9 m3/hr
B) Windage loss (W) Dp= Ds= Dt= 0.1 % 0.34 m3/hr 0.344 m3/hr total windage loss drop loss percent (0.05 - 0.2 %) Normally, 0.1 % has been used for plant
" to be consider the water quality for following parameters" TDS content in make-up water(mg/l) TDS content in recirculating water(mg/l) concentration factor
= 5 The recommended TDS limit for economical chemical treatment is about 2100 ppm, please reduce concentration factor value. *** Alkalinity limit for economical chemical treatment Cm= Cr= N= 300 ppm 1500 ppm Cr Cm = 5 The recommended Alkalinity limit for economical chemical treatment is about 400 ppm, please reduce concentration factor value. *** Chrolide limit for economical chemical treatment Cm= Cr= N= = Bs= E W (N-1) = Bt= 2.38 m3/hr 2.38 m3/hr 5 5 total blow down loss 13.6 m3/hr 132 ppm 660 ppm Cr Cm 5 The recommended Chrolide limit for economical chemical treatment is about 280 ppm, please reduce concentration factor value. Chrolide content in make-up water(mg/l) Chrolide content in recirculating water(mg/l) concentration factor Alkalinity content in make-up water(mg/l) Alkalinity content in recirculating water(mg/l) concentration factor
W.H.R.B
STEAM TRACING 2.0 T/HR WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM CAPA. : 0.5 M3/HR
TOTAL WATER LOSS : 20.69 M3/HR ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM EVAPORATION & LOSS: 0.02 M3/H
COOLING TOWER
0.70 M3/HR
NOTE) - Office: 120 liter/day/person(Based on 40 persons) - The blow-down loss of cooling tower is based on concentration factor 5 and TDS 313 ppm of water quality at cooling tower inlet and discharge limit 1565 ppm.
Company Name
Based on Han Su LTD. Recommended Cooling Tower make-up water quality 6.5-7.5 <1 <2 < 100 < 250 < 50 < 400 < 60
Based on Han Su LTD. Recommended Cooling Tower circulating water quality(economical treatment) <7 <14 < 1750 < 350 < 280 < 420
Based on Nalco Korea Recommended Cooling Tower circulating water quality(economical treatment) 7.0-8.5 < 100 < 20 < 2000 < 3000 50-600 < 4500 50-600
Based on Han Su LTD. Max. circulating water quality for chemical treatment 8.0-9.0 < 25 < 20 < 1800 < 350 50- 500
Based on Nalco Korea Max. circulating water quality for chemical treatment 7.0-8.5 < 200 < 30 < 1500 < 4000 < 1000 < 6000 < 1000
UNIT PH Suspended Solid(SS) Turbidity T-hardness NH4-N Total Dissolved Solid(TDS) Alkalinity(Methyl orange) Conductivity Ca++ Mg++ Aluminium Na+ HCO3SO42Cl- (Chloride) SiO2 K+ NO3FIron Remaining Cl T-PO4
ppm NTU ppm as CaCO3 ppm as CaCO3 ppm ppm micro mhos/cm ppm as CaCO3 ppm as CaCO3 as Al ppm as ion ppm as ion ppm as ion ppm as Clppm ppm as ion ppm as ion ppm as ion ppm as Fe ppm as R-Cl ppm
< 600 < 40 <5 < 280 < 35 < 600 < 50 < 350 <100
< 0.2 -
0.5-1.0(3hrs/day) 2.5-4.5
Based on HEC Circulating water quality requirement for CT 7.5-8.5 < 100 < 500 < 2500 < 400
WATER EXPANSION
10 1000 -
20 1002 0.2 -
30 1004 0.4 -
40 1008 0.8 -
WATER EXPANSION
50 1012 1.2 -
60 1017 1.7 -
70 1023 2.3 -
80 1029 2.9 -
90 1036 3.6 -
conc in mg/l
37 x 1000 ---------------------------------------------------= 148.00 mg/l 250 Suspended solids, where such material is likely to be organic and/or biological in nature, are an improtant parameter of waset water. The suspended solids parameters is used to measure the quality of the wastewater influent, to monitor several treatment processes, and to measure the quality of the effuent. EPA has set a maximum suspended-solids standard of 30 mg/l for most treated wastewater discharges. 2) Turbidity A direct measurement of suspended solids is not usually preformed on samples from natural bodies of water or on potable water supplies. The nature of the solids in these waters and the secondary effects they produce are more important than the actual quantity. For such waters a test for turbidity is commmly used. Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered by suspended material in water. Because absorption and scattering are influenced by size and surface characteristics of the suspended materials, turbidity is not a direct quantitive measurement of suspended solids. For example, one small pebble in a galss of water would produce virtually no turbidity. If this pebble were crushed into thousands of particles of collodal size, a measurable turbidity would result, even though the mass of solids had not changed. Sources Most turbidity in surface water results from the erosion of collodial material such as clay, silt,rock fragments, and metal oxides from the soil. Vegetable fibers and microorganisms may also contribute to turbidity. Household and industrial wastewaters may contain a wide variety of turbidity-producing material. Soaps, detergents, and emulsifying agents produce stable colloids that result in turbidity. Although turbidity measurements are not commonly run on wastewater, discharges of wastewater may increase the turbidity of
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Use Although odors can be a problem with wastewater, the taste and odor parameter is only associated with potable water. EPA does not have a maximum standard for TON. A maximum TON of 3 has been recommended by the Public Health Service and serves as a guideline rather than a legal standard.[2-18] 2-6. Temperature Temperature is not used to evaluate directly either potable water or wastewater. It is, however, one of the most important paramters in natural surface-water systems. The temperature of surface waters governs to a large extent the biological species present and their rates of activity. Temperature has an effect on most chemical reactions that occur in natural water systems. Temperature also has a pronounced effect on the solubilities of gases in water.
Sources The temperature of natural water system responds to many factors. the ambient temperature(temperature of the surrounding atmosphere being the most universal. Generally, shallow bodies of water are more affected by ambient temperature than are deeper bodies. The use of water for dissipation of waste heat in industry and the subsequent dischage of the heated water may result in dramatic, though perhaps localized, temperature changes in receiving streams, Removal of forest canopies and irrigation return flows can also result in increased stream temperature.
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Impacts Cooler waters ususally have a wider diversity of biological species. At lower temperatures, the rate of biological activity, I.e, utilization of food supplies, growth, reproduction, etc., is slower. If the temperature is increased, biological activity increases. An increase of 10 deg. C is usually sufficient to double the biological activity,if essential nutrients are present. At elevated temperature increased metabolic rates, organisms that are more efficient at food utilization and reproduction flourish, while other species decline and are perhaps eliminated altogether. Accelerated growth of algae often occurs in warm water and can become a problem when cells cluster into algae mats. Natural secretion of oils by algae in the mats and the decay products of dead algae cells can result in taste and odor problems. Higher-order species, such as fish, are a function of temperature. Game fish generally require cooler temperature and higher dissolved-oxygen levels. Temperature changes affect the reaction rates and solubility. levels of chemicals, a subject more fully explored in later sections of this cha Most chemical reactions involving dissolution of solids are accerated by increased temperatures. The solubility of gases, on the other hand, decreases at elevated temperature. Because biological oxidation of organics in streams and impoundments is dependant on an aduquate supply of dissolved oxygen. decrease in oxygen solubility is undesirable. The relationship between temperature and dissolved oxygen levels is shown in Table C-3 of the appendix. Chemical water-quality Parameters Water has been called the universal solvent, and chemical parameters are related to the solvent capabilities of water Total dissloved solid, Alkalinity, hardness, fluorides, metals, organics, and nutrients are chemical parameters of concern in water quality management. The following review of some basic chemistry related to solutions should be helpful in understanding subsequent discussion of chemical parameters. 2-7 chemistry of solutions An atom is the smallest unit of each of the elements. Atom are building blocks from which molecules of elements and compounds are constructed. For instance, two hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule of hydrogen gas. H+H = H2 Adding one atom of oxygen to the hydrogen molecule results in one molecule of the compound water. A relative mass has been assigned to a single atom of each element based on a mass of 12 for carbon. The sum of the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 and the atomic mass of oxygen is 16. Thus the molecular mass of the hydrogen is 2 and the molecular mass of water is 18. A mole of an element or compound is its molecular mass expressed in common mass units, usually grams. A mole of hydrogen is 2 g, while a mole of water is 18 g. One mole of a substance dissolved in sufficient water to make one lilter of solution is called a one molar solution. Bonding of elements into compounds is sometimes accomplished by electrical forces resulting from transferred electrons. When these compounds dissociate in water, they produce species with opposite charges. An example is sodium chloride. NaCl = Na+ + ClThe charged species are called ions, Positively charged ions are called cations, and negatively charged ions are called anions. The number of positive charges must equal the number of negative charges to preserve electrical neutrality in a chemical compound. The number of charges on an ion is refered to as the valence of that ion.
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is the difference
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d on light absorption
e, I.e., complete sions of silica dioxide L of distilled water. dized electric bulb
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th standardized
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e of biological activity, I.e, ological activity increases. An present. At elevated temperature ourish, while other species decline
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