Online Stopwatch Timer

A marine stopwatch, also called online stopwatch, clock is sufficiently accurate to be used as a time base cell, including a moving vehicle. The development of these instruments in the eighteenth century constituted a major breakthrough, because the precise knowledge of the time during a long journey was necessary for celestial navigation to determine longitude. The first true stopwatch was the result of tireless efforts of one man, John Harrison, during 31 years of trial and error, it would revolutionize the art of shipping (and subsequently air) while the colonialism took off. The term stopwatch was apparently created in 1714 by Jeremy Thacker1 one of the first competitors for the price offered by the Longitude Act in the same year2, but the word "clock" is a little older appearance in French, in the direction of mtronome3 , in the early twenty-first century, it refers more generally watch tested and certified to meet certain standards of accuracy (for example, the word "clock" can appear on a Swiss watch unless it has been certified by the COSC), it is However misused for measuring devices short periods, such as sporting events, which are made chronographs. Before the advent of clocks Related article: Measurement of longitude. The "clock" Marine Jeremy Thacker used gimbals of a vacuum chamber. To determine a position on the surface of the Earth, we must know the latitude, longitude and altitude (the latter can be neglected for maritime uses). Until the mid-eighteenth century, precise navigation on the high seas (out of sight from the coast) was impossible because of the difficulty of calculating longitude. While latitude could be determined, for example, by measuring the height of the Sun at noon (the culmination of his time), longitude asked to know the real time (universal time) of the event, which required clock keeping time with good accuracy (other methods, such as that of Galileo, based on the observation of the movement of the satellites of Jupiter, had proved unworkable on a moving ship). In parallel with the method based timepieces, measuring lunar distances proposed early in the sixteenth century by the astronomer Johannes Werner was put into practice and remained the most common technique to the development of stopwatchs and lower cost. The Dutch scientist Gemma Frisius was the first, in 1530, to propose (without using the word) the use of a stopwatch to determine longitude. A precise stopwatch indicate the online stopwatch in which it was calibrated (the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), for example), even after several days of travel. Knowing the time (solar) Greenwich allows sailors to calculate the difference in longitude between the position of the boat and the meridian of Greenwich, as the Earth rotates 15 of longitude per hour. In practice, an almanac for navigation, trigonometric tables and sextant enabled browsers to use the Sun, the Moon, the planets of the solar system and 57 reference stars. The creation of an object to measure reliably time a ship proved difficult. Until the twentieth century, more accurate instruments were known pendulum clocks, but they were useless at sea The first marine stopwatchs Christiaan Huygens, after the invention of the pendulum clock in 1656, in France tried to build instruments not using pendule4 5. In 1675, when he was pensioned by Louis XIV, he invented a clock using a pendulum and a spiral spring pendulum as a regulator replacement, paving the way for marine stopwatchs and modern watches (wrist). Colbert awarded a patent for his invention, but his clocks were too imprecise to use maritime6. Henry Sully (en) presented a first marine stopwatch in 1716. Other attempts were made by Jeremy Thacker (in) 1 in England in 1714, and Henry Sully (en) in France in 1716, which 1|http://onlinestopwatchtimer.com

published his work in 1726 under the title A Clock invented and executed by Mr. Sulli ( sic), but these machines proved unable to withstand the movements of the sea to keep heurenote one with enough precision in all circonstances7. Drawings H4 stopwatch Harrison, built in 1761 (from the book The Principles of Mr. Harrison's Time-keeper). Ferdinand Berthoud, marine stopwatch No. 3, 1763. John Harrison, a Yorkshire cabinetmaker, then submitted a project in 1730, and in 1735 built a clock based on a couple of oscillating weight in the opposite direction and connected by springs, whose operation was not influenced by gravity, or by the ship motions. His first two prototypes, H1 and H2 (completed in 1741) used this system, but he realized that they had a crippling sensitivity to centrifugal forces. The construction of his third machine in 1759, called the H3, included new circular scales and the invention of the bimetal and bearings, inventions still widely used. H3 circular scales should be too imprecise, and Harrison decided to renounce too large machines. Harrison solved the precision problems with the invention of the stopwatch H4, much smaller than the previous ones. The H4 was much like a large pocket watch, with a diameter of 12 cm. He submitted in 1761 obtenantnote 2 the price of 20,000 which had been offered by the British government in 1714. He used a quick arm controlled by a spiral spring with temperature compensation (a system that remained in general use until the emergence of stable electronic oscillators allows the manufacture of portable watches very precise affordable). Harrison had published his work in 1767 in a book entitled Principles of Mr Harrison's time-keeper8. The stopwatch modern Pierre Le Roy marine stopwatch, 1766. The stopwatch H5 Harrison, 1772. Ferdinand Berthoud stopwatch No. 24, 1782 At about the same time, in France, Pierre Le Roy invented in 1748 the detent escapement feature stopwatchs modernes9. In 1766, Le Roy created a watch with a detent escapement, a temperature compensated pendulum and a spring isochrone10 Harrison showed the possibility of a reliable stopwatch at sea, but Le Roy innovations were considered fundamental for modernes10 online stopwatchs, making these devices much more accurate than what was anticip11. Ferdinand Berthoud in France, and Thomas Mudge in England, also managed to build reliable timepieces mer12. None were simple, but they showed that the solution of Harrison was not the only conceivable. However, the greatest strides towards practical solutions came from Thomas Earnshaw (en) and John Arnold (in) that, in 1780, developed and brevetrent exhausts "spring", 13,14 and improved the design and manufacture of springs spiral. This combination of innovations would be the basis of modern stopwatchs, until the advent of electronic devices. The new technology was so expensive that few vessels were equipped, as showed the dramatic final voyage of the ship Arniston (in) 15. However, by 1825, the Royal Navy had begun to systematically bring its vessels chronomtres16. It was common at this time that the sailors go observe a time ball, such as that of Greenwich, to adjust their watches before a long journey. Every day, ships cast anchor briefly in the River Thames at Greenwich, until the ball falls to the observatory exactement17 13 hours. This practice eventually led to the adoption of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as standard international18 (balls lost their utility schedules in 1920 with the advent of radio time signals, eg WWV themselves now largely replaced by GPS time). In addition to these settings before departure, marine stopwatchs were also routinely monitored at sea by observations of lune19 or Soleil20. Although industrial production methods have begun to revolutionize the watch in the middle of the nineteenth century, the manufacture of stopwatchs long remained a craft. 1900, Swiss manufacturers such as Ulysse Nardin made great progress in the use of modern production methods and interchangeable parts, but it was only at the beginning of the Second World 2|http://onlinestopwatchtimer.com

War that the Hamilton Watch Company perfected the techniques of production series, which allowed to build thousands of Hamilton Model 21 stopwatchs for the U.S. Navy and other allied ships. Despite the success of Hamilton stopwatchs craftsmanship is never completely disappeared from the market, so in England, Mercer St. Albans continued to produce until 1970. Without precision marine stopwatchs and navigation accuracy they brought, it is likely that the prevalence of the Royal Navy, and consequently, that of the British Empire, would not have occurred: during the formation of the Empire, the British ships had, thanks to the timer, navigation much more reliable than their opponents Portuguese, Dutch and franais21. Thus, the French, who were well established in India before the beginning of the colonization of British trade, were expelled after their naval defeats during the Seven Years' War. The international collection of marine stopwatchs fullest, including models Harrison H1 to H4, is the National Museum of the Navy Greenwich22. The mechanism of stopwatches Diagram of a timer mechanism (the text is in German). Note the use of a spindle (fr) to transform various spring tensions in a constant force. The main problem was to find a resonator that is not affected by the variable conditions encountered by a ship at sea using a pendulum coupled to a coil spring solved most of the problems related to the movement of the ship. However, the elasticity of the materials of the spring changes with temperature. To compensate for these changes in tension springs, the rockers of bimetals timers used to move the counterweight with respect to the center of oscillation, thereby changing the moment of inertia, and thus the period of the balance. This problem was solved satisfactorily by the discovery of a nickelsteel alloy elinvar named because of its elasticity invariant usual temperatures. Its inventor, Charles douard Guillaume won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1920, in recognition of his work in metallurgy (the only Nobel Prize awarded for discoveries in connection with the watch). The exhaust system has two functions. First, it allows the gear to move a small distance fixed, thereby recording the oscillations of the balance. At the same time, it provides the latter a very small amount of energy, offsetting losses due to friction, and now the oscillation amplitude as constant as possible. This is the exhaust that produces the characteristic ticking watches with mechanical movement. There online timer are many types of exhaust, but the most common are the exhausts relaxation, in which a small room (relaxation) blocks the escape wheel and allows a free oscillation of the pendulum, except for a brief moment at the center of oscillation, where the balance is less sensitive to external forces. During this time, the trigger is moved, allowing the escape of a tooth to move and communicate an impulse to the balance axis (this occurs only in one direction, when the oscillation back, relax is blocked). Timers often enjoyed other innovations to increase their efficiency and accuracy. Of synthetic gemstones such as rubies or sapphires were often used in the manufacture of bearings to reduce friction and wear of the pivots and escapement; until the end of production of mechanical watches, manufacturers continued experimenting improvements from ball bearings to chromium plating with the pivots. Finally, stopwatchs always contain a backup system (en) allowing them to continue to work while they are back, and a gauge measuring the spring tension, indicating the time remaining before the break it up. Marine stopwatchs mechanical clocks are the most accurate laptop that has ever been built, giving the time with a drift of about a tenth of a second per day, which can determine the position of a vessel with an error of a mile after a month sea voyage

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