Sewell 1 Kiarra Sewell Goman Period 5 27 Dec.

2012 Chapter 19 Study Guide- SW Asia and Indian Ocean 1500-1750 1. The Ottoman Empire was the post-Mongol Muslim empire that lasted the longest. 2. In 1453 the Ottoman Empire attacked the city of Constantinople. 3. The Ottoman Empire fought the prolonged war with Venice. The outcome of the war was that Venice became more than just a trading nation. It competed with Egypt in the international trade of the fifteenth century, and the stifled Ottoman maritime activities in the Aegean Sea. 4. The court language of the Ottoman Empire was called Osmanli. 5. The askeri was the military class, which made people of that class exempt from taxes and dependent on the sultan for their well-being. The raya literally meant the flock of sheep, and those were the mass of the population that flooded to the Ottoman territory after expulsion from Spain. 6. The Ottoman Empires military balanced mounted archers, primarily Turks supported by grants of land in return for military service, with JanissariesTurkified Albanians, Serbs, and Macedonians paid from the central treasury and trained in the most advanced weaponry. Greek, Turkish, Algerian, and Tunisian sailors manned the galley-equipped navy, usually under the command of an admiral from one of the North African ports. 7. Islam became the primary religion in the Balkans.

Sewell 2 8. A flood of cheap silver from the New World caused inflation in the 16th century. 9. Tax farming was when tax farmers paid specific taxes, such as custom duties, in advance in return for the privilege of collecting greater amounts from the actual taxpayers. 10. Cotton and tobacco were the two cash crops grown in the Ottoman Empire. 11. Coffee from the highlands of Yemen became the rage in the Ottoman Empire. 12. The decay of the Ottoman Empire spelled benefits elsewhere because in the provinces, ambitious and competent governors, wealth landholders, urban notables, and nomad chieftains took advantage of the central governments weakness. By the mid- eighteenth century groups of Mamluks had regained a dominant position in Egypt, and Janissary commanders had become virtually independent rulers of Baghdad. 13. Sunni movement was inspired by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. 14. Royal tradition rooted in pre-Islamic legends and adoption of Shiism, set Iran off from its neighbors. 15. Qizilbash are nomadic groups that most of the members of the Safaviya belonged to. The groups were called Qizilbash because of their distinctive turbans. 16. In Iran, the second language of Islam was Persian. 17. The self-image of the Ulama was enhanced in the Iranian Shiisms. 18. The Commemoration of martyrdom of Imam Husayn is done by the Shia like so: day after day for two weeks of every lunar year, preachers recited the woeful tale to crowds of weeping believers, and chanting and self-flagellating men paraded past

Sewell 3 crowds of reverent onlookers in elaborate street processions, often organized by craft guilds. 19. Three things that cities of Isfahan and Istanbul had in common were Wheeled vehicles were scarce, in size and layout both places favored walking, and houses crowded against each other in dead-end lanes. 20. The fact that Islamic law permitted a wife to retain her property after marriage gave some women a stake in the general economy. 21. The norm for both men and women was complete coverage of arms, legs, and hair in terms of clothing. 22. The deep-pile carpet made by knotting colored yarns around stretched warp threads were the manufactured goods that became most closely associated with Iran. 23. The Portuguese were able to seize the strategic port of Hormuz from Iran because the government had become so weak and commanded so little support from the nomadic groups. 24. Mughal lands differed from the lands of the Safavid and Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman provinces in the Balkans, except for Albania and Bosnia, remained mostly Christian; but the remainder of the Ottoman Empire was overwhelmingly Muslim with small Christian and Jewish minorities. The Ottoman sultans made much of their control of Mecca and Medina and resulting supervision of the annual pilgrimage caravans just as the Safavids fostered pilgrimages to a shrine in Mashhad in northeastern Iran for their overwhelming shiite subjects. India, in contrast, lay far away from Islamic homelands. Muslim dominion in northern India began with

Sewell 4 repeated military campaigns in the early 11th century, and the Mughals had to contend with the Hindus long-standing resentment of the destruction of their culture. 25. Babur, descended from Timur was the founder of the Mughal Empire. 26. Mughal, in Persian, means Mongol. 27. Three things Akbar did in his attempts at Hindu-Muslim reconciliation was: Marry a Hindu princess, rescinded the head tax that Muslim rulers traditionally levied on tolerated non-Muslims, and he had a son of Muslim and Hindu descent. 28. Nanak drew upon both Muslim and Hindu imagery. 29. To signal their faith the army of the pure left their hair uncut beneath their turbans carrying a comb, a steel bracelet, a sword or dagger; and wearing military-style breeches. 30. The Mughal, Safavid, Ottoman Empires declined simultaneously because of complex changes in military technology and in the world economy, along with the increasing difficulty of basing an extensive land empire on military forces paid through land grants. 31. Islam spread extensively into East Africa and Southeast Asia because Europeans, particularly the Jesuits, tried to extend Christianity into Asia and Africa, most Europeans the Portuguese excepted, did not treat local converts or the offspring of mixed marriages as full members of their communities, and Islam was generally more welcoming therefore it spread extensively. 32. Some valuable East African exports were Ivory, ambergris; and forest products such as beeswax, copal tree resin, and wood. Gold was also exported. 33. Portugal conquered the East African port cities.

Sewell 5 34. The Dutch acquired Malacca after defeating the Portuguese.

Free Response Questions

1. The Ottoman Empire encompassed most of southeastern Europe by the late fifteenth century. The Ottoman Empire basically controlled most of Europe when it reached its height of its rein. It grew to control an important link between Europe and Asia as well. With the help of Venice, the Ottoman Empire pressed on forward to other parts of Europe and conquered them. However, the Empire began to grow weak and the sultans power had weakened leaving regions to grow and take back Europe beyond the Ottoman Empires reach. 2. Military technology began to advance and light weight weaponry began to play a major role on the battlefield. The amount of Janissary corps and the cost to the government began to increase so the sultan started reducing the number of landholding cavalrymen in order to pay the Janissaries. Money that was previously spent on their living expenses and military equipment went directly into the imperial treasury. Economically, the Ottoman Empire began to decline when inflation caused by flood of cheap silver from the New World affected many of the remaining landholders, who collected taxes according to legally fixed rates. Some began to see their purchasing power decline so much that they could not report for military service. This was all caused by the government who wanted to reduce the cavalry and increase the janissary corps; this inspired the decline of the Ottoman Empire. 3. The primary difference between the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires was mostly religion based. The Mughals had to contend with the Hindus long-

Sewell 6 standing resentment of the destruction of their culture. Unlike the Balkan people who had struggled to maintain their separate identities in relation to the Byzantines, the crusaders, and one another before arrival of the Turks, the peoples of the Indian subcontinent had used centuries of freedom from foreign intrusion to forge a distinctive Hindu civilization that could not easily accommodate the worldview of Islam. The Mughals faced the challenge of not just conquering and organizing a large territorial state but also of finding a formula for Hindu-Muslim coexistence. 4. The Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire shared many similar traits as well as many different traits. Both empires initially used land grants to support its allimportant cavalry. Both empires also focused on land rather than sea power. A difference was that the religion of the Safavid Empire was Islam and they had now developed a second language for the religion of Islam, Persian. In contrast to the Ottoman Empire which was cosmopolitan in character meaning that it didnt have on dominant religion, there were many of them.