It is important for a researcher to make a decision regarding the level of measurement he/she will adopt because this will

influence the techniques for data analysis. A researcher formulates a scale for every variable of a study. Among the four levels of measurement, the interval scale requires the most creativity on the part of the researcher in defining the range by which a given variable is scored.

First Rule:
make sure that the items formulated are

related to the variable being studied.

Second Rule:
principle of unidimensionality.

In scoring items in a scale, remember to assign equal units from one point of the continuum to another.

This is made up of a set of categories that are organized according to scale positions on a continuum.

This requires the rater to compare an element with a group with known characteristics.

A multiple- item scale consists of a series of items in order to depict a particular attribute. The rater (or judge) expresses agreement with each of these items to which specific scores are assigned. A composite score for all items can be obtained, showing the overall profile of the element being evaluated. Three techniques will be discussed here as examples of this type of scale.
Differential scale
Summated scale Semantic differential scale

This type of scale consists of both favorable and unfavorable items concerning a person, event, concept, or object to which a rater is asked to react. The rater marks only the items with which he/she agrees. A score is obtained by computing the mean of the scale value of the items to which the rater responds. The score indicates the raters position of favorable or unfavorable attitude, with a continuum of 1 to 11 points.

1. Items that depict an attitude or an attribute relevant to a particular issue formulated. The items should be formulated so that they are distributed over various points on the dimension underlying the attitude or attribute. 2. Next, a panel of judges is asked to rate the statements on a scale from 1 to 11, where 6 serves as the neutral position. 3. The scale value of an item is assigned by obtaining the mean of the position to which it is assessed by a group of judges. Only the statements where there is most consistency in rating among the judges are considered in the scale. 4. Final selection is made by taking items that are spread out evenly along the scale from one point of the continuum to the other.

This is sometimes called the Likert Scale, after the person who conceptualized it. This is a very popular scale because it is relatively easy to formulate, compared with the Thurston Scale.

1. Items are assembled according to the attitude investigated- that is, whether favorable or unfavorable. 2. These items are administered to a group that is representative of those to whom the scale will be administered. 3. Participants are made to indicate either agreement or disagreement to all the items. 4. The total score is obtained by adding item scores. The mean may also be used to determine the profile of the one evaluated. 5. The items that are finally selected are those that show a difference between the high scorers and the low scorers in the pretest.

This is actually the easiest to formulate among the three. It is like a summated scale since every respondent is expected to answer all items.

1. The selection of the concepts to be rated. 2. The selection of the appropriate adjective pairs to depict the concept or concepts. 3. Scores can be analyzed for differences between concepts, between scales, and the overall components of the scale.

Secondary techniques of data collection include methods of gathering information obtained by other entities. There are many such resources of information. These includes;
STATISTICAL RECORDS PERSONAL RECORDS NARRATIVE DOCUMENTS

First, they are economical as the materials have already been collected by others. Second, the materials can be retrieved anytime at the convenience of the researcher, for as long as the gatekeepers of the information will give the researcher access to the information. Third, secondary techniques do not result in or lead to reactivity on the part of the units of analysis.

A basic responsibility of the researcher in dealing with secondary sources of information is to establish rapport with the gatekeepers of the information.

One of the secondary sources of information in census data. These are often collected, regularly by institutions and have the advantage of enabling the conduct of trend studies. Statistical and census data are useful in responding to quantitative research problems and do not require much cost on the part of the researcher.

Personal records serve as a source of raw data about the profile of people. They are compiled regularly about each person and can be aggregated by a researcher to serve a particular research purpose.

Narrative documents include those that are regularly prepared by agencies or specific individuals within an institution, including development plans and annual reports.

Scaling Techniques & Secondary Techniques

PROJECT IN RESEARCH
Mary Michealle Alvarez Wybeet Campugan Clexandrea Corpuz

II- MENDEL