TOPIC Pneumatics INTRODUCTION Pneumatics is the science of mechanical properties of elastic fluids.

In industry, Pneumatic generally refers to use of compressed air to transmit power and/or motion. OBJECTIVES 1. Understand the basic principle of pneumatics and its application. 2. Describe and identify the different types andfunctions of pneumatics components. 3. Read and construct simple pneumatics circuits. ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS 1. Air is available everywhere in unlimited quantities. 2. Air can be easily transported tin pipelines, even over large distance 3. Compressed air can be stored in reservoir and removed as required. 4. Compressed air is relatively insentive to temperature fluctuations. This ensures reliable operation, even under extreme conditions. 5. Compresses air offers no risk of explosion or fire 6. Unlubricated exhaust is clean. Any unlubricated air which escapes through leaking pipes or components does not cause contamination. 7. Compressed air is very fast working medium. 8. Pneumatic tools and operating components can be loaded to the point of stopping and therefore overload safe. DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS 1. Compressed air required good preparation. Dirt and condensate should not be present. 2. It is always possible to achieve uniform and constant piston speeds with compressed air. 3. Compressed air is economical up to a certain force requirement. Under the normal working pressure of 600 to 700 kPa and dependent on the travel and speed, the output limit os between 40000 and 50000N. 4. The exhaust air is loud. This problem has now, however been largely solved due to the development of sound absorption material and silencers. Types Of Pneumatic : 1. Manual pneumatic. 2. Electro-pneumatic. 3. PLC (Program Logic Controller).

Types Of Valves : 1. DCV (Direction Controlled Valve). - Units that provide full or restricted flow by opening or closing of one or more paths(one or several squares). Flow Paths One flow path Two closed ports Two flow paths Two flow paths and one closed port Two flow paths with cross connection One flow path in a bypass position, two closed ports Non-throttling directional control valve Two position would have distinct circuit conditions shown in each square Three position would have distinct circuit conditions shown in each square Transitory position significant position passed through while switching positions optionally shown by dashed lines Directional control valve 2/2 Manual control directional control valve with 2 ports and 2 distinct postions. Controlled by pressure operating against a spring (ex. air unloading valve)directional control valve with 2 ports and 2 distinct postions. Directional control valve 3/2 Controlled by pressure in both directions directional control valve with 3 ports and 2 distinct postions. Controlled by solenoid with spring return (showing transitory position)directional control valve with 3 ports and 2 distinct postions.

Directional control valve 4/2 Detailed Pic- directional control valve with 4 ports and 2 distinct postions controlled by pressure in both directions by means of pilot valve (with single solenoid and spring return) Simplified Pic- directional control valve with 4 ports and 2 distinct postions controlled by pressure in both directions by means of pilot valve (with single solenoid and spring return) Directional control valve 5/2 Controlled by pressure in both directions- directional control valve with 5 ports and 2 distinct postions Throttling directional control Two extreme positions- unit has 2 extreme positions and an infinite number of intermediate conditions with varying degrees of throttle) Shows the extreme positions and a central(neutral) positionTwo ports(one throttling orifice) ex. -tracer valve plunger operated against a return spring Three ports(two throttling orifices) ex. -directional control valve controlled by pressure against a spring return Four ports(four throttling orifices)- ex. --tracer valve plunger operated against a return spring Electro-hydraulic servo valve Single-stage direct operation unit which accepts an analog signal and provides a similar analog fluid power output Two-stage with mechnical feedback indirect pilot operation unit which accepts an analog signal and provides a similar analog fluid power output Two-stage with hydraulic feedback indirect pilot operation unit which accepts an analog signal and provides a similar analog fluid power output

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PCV (Pressure Controlled Valve).

Pressure Control Valve One normally closed throttling orifice (general symbol) One normally open throttling orifice (general symbol) Two normally closed throttling orifices (general symbol) Pressure Relief Valve(safety valve) Inlet pressure is controlled by opening the exhaust port to the reservoir or to atmosphere against an opposing force (for example a spring). With remote pilot control the pressure at the inlet port is limited to the setting of a pilot control Proportional Pressure Relief

Inlet pressure is limited to a value proportional to the pilot pressure

Sequence Valve When the inlet pressure overcomes the opposing force of the spring, the valve opens permitting flow from the outlet port A unit which , with a pressure variable inlet pressure, gives substantially constant output pressure provided Pressure regulator or Reducing valve that the inlet pressure remains higher than the required outlet pressure Without relief port Without relief port with remote control but the outlet pressure is dependent on the pressure control With relief port With relief port with remote control but the outlet pressure is dependent on the pressure control
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Differential pressure regulator The outlet pressure is reduced by a fixed amount with respect to the inlet pressure Proportional pressure regulator The outlet pressure is reduced by a fixed ratio with respect to the inlet pressure

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FCV (Flow Controlled Valve). Throttle valve Simplified symbol (doesn't show the control method or state of valve) With manual control detailed(shows control method) With mechanical control against a spring return detailed(shows control method) ex.-(braking valve) Flow Control valve With fixed output (variations in inlet pressure do not affect rate of flow) With fixed output and relief port to reservoir with relief for excess flow (variations in inlet pressure do not affect rate of flow) With variable output

With variable output and relief port to reservoir Flow dividing valve The flow is divided into two flow in a fixed ratio substanially independent or pressure variations

Introduction of Symbol :

P (1) Pressure port A (4) and B (2) Signals output Z (14) and Y (12) Pilot line opens flow R (3) and S (5) Exhaust port

Example of symbols of pneumatic :

2/2 Valve; 2 Ports, 2 Positions

3/2 Valve; 3 Ports, 2 Positions

4/2 Valve; 4 Ports, 2 Positions

4/3 Valve; 4 Ports, 3 Positions

5/2 Valve; 5 Ports, 2 Positions

5/3 Valve; 5 Ports, 3 Positions

Accumulator

Air Dryer

Air Motor (One Directional Flow)

Air Motor (Two Directional Flows)

Check Valve (Spring Loaded)

Compressor

Cylinder (Spring Return)

Cylinder Double Acting (Double Rod)

Cylinder Double Acting (Single Fixed Cushion)

Cylinder Double Acting (Two Adjustable Cushions)

Differential Pressure

Direction of Flow

Exhaust Line or Control Line

Filters and Regulators

Filter (Automatic Drain)

Filter (Manual Drain)

Fixed Restriction

Flexible Line

Flow Control Valve

Flow Gauge

Lever

Lines Connected

Lines Crossing

Lubricator

Muscular Control

One Bypass Flow Path and Two Closed Ports

One Flow Path

Pedal or Treadle

Pilot Pressure (External)

Pilot Pressure (Internal)

Plugged Port

Plunger or Position Indicator Pin

Pneumatic

Pressure Actuated Electric Switch

Pressure Gauge

Pressure Regulator (Adjustable, NonRelieving)

Pressure Regulator (Adjustable, SelfRelieving)

Pushbutton

Quick Acting Coupling

Roller

Roller (One-Way)

Shuttle Valve

Silencer

Single Square

Solenoid and Pilot; Manual Override and Pilot

Solenoid (Single Winding)

Spring

Two Closed Ports

Two Distinct Positions and One Transitory (Center) Position

Two Flow Paths

Two Flow Paths and One Closed Port

Two Flow Paths with Cross Connection

Vacuum Pump

Variable Restriction

Working Line

Components Used In Building Circuit Components Single Acting Cylinder Symbol Fuction Push out when compressed air go into and returned by spring force.

Double Acting Cylinder

Single piston rod, require fluid to extend and retract.

Push Button Directional Control Valve 3/2

Change the way of flow by click on the button

Mechanical Directional Control Valve 3/2

Change the way of flow by click on the switch.

Directional Control Valve 4/2 Directional Control Valve 5/2

Recycle the exhausted gas. (Due to the workshop lack of directional control valve 4/2, we use a tee-shape connector to connect two pipe as figure shown) Control the flow of fluid entering and exiting.

Adjustable Flow Control Valve / Throttle Valve

Control the flow enter and pass through.

Timer

As the countdown device to control times of flow

Distributor

Distribute the source of fluid to many parts.

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Tee-Shaped Connector

Connect three pipe together.

Shuttle Valve

Allow only a direction of flow at one time

Pipe

Allow the flow of fluid.

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INSTALLATION OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT Type of control 1. Direct control

The 1st circuit is just a simple circuit. When the push button is pressed, the cylinder rod of single acting cylinder will pushed out. And when the push button is released, the cylinder rod will return back by extended by spring inside. 2. Indirect control

When the start push button is pressed, the cylinder rod will pushed out, but the cylinder rod won't returned back itself. When the stop push button is pressed, the cylinder rod will returned back. 3. Single cycle process Single cycle process means that the functional steps sequence of any machine will be perform only when the machine starts. 4. Multiple cycle process Multiple cycle process means that the functional steps of any machine will be performed continuosly when the machine starts.

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CIRCUIT

This is a single Actuator with introducing the roller limit switch(Automation movement).It consist a cylinder rod,2 censors, a 5/2 way directional control valve and a push button. The cylinder rod wil push out when push button is pressed. Cylinder rod will automatically returned back and stop when it touched the censors.

DISCUSSION 1. When connecting the pipe with the ports, the pipe must be confirmed push into tightly. That is because if the pipes are not connected tightly, the pressure of the flow is not enough high. The actuator will not completely function if the minimum pressure of flow do not reach. 2. when want to unplug the pipes from the devices, the source of the fluid has to cut off before. If the source do not cut off first, when the pipes disconnected, the pipes will flied randomly.

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CONCLUSION Pneumatics are very important in industrial uses. In industry, many hard work need to do, such as clamping,transferring,shifting,stamping,pressing and embossing. In daily life, we can also see the tools using hydraulics or pneumatics system. Such as forklift that can be seen at the building stage. So, fluid power is now become more important. In future, fluid power may be integrated with the daily life. REFERENCES www.pdf-search-engine.com/

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