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One of the biggest mysteries in television capacitor (Cs). Let’s take a closer look at The horizontal output transistor passes
receivers and video monitors is the the role that each of these components current levels ranging from 200 mA in a
operation of the horizontal output stage. plays in the operation of the output stage. small B&W chassis to 1.5 amps in large
The basic concept of this stage has not screen color chassis that have multiple
changed for many years, but scan derived scan derived power supplies. These
supplies and startup and shutdown values are the average value and peak
circuits have made the horizontal output current may reach 4 amps.
stage one of the most feared circuits in
television receivers and NTSC video If you remember your transistor theory
monitors. you know that the collector current equals
the base current multiplied by the current
Many servicers have difficulty relating gain (beta). Therefore, the base drive
horizontal output symptoms to the current must be sufficient to produce the
possible cause, and often misinterpret required collector current and may be as
circuit voltages and other troubleshooting much 100-300mA. If the base drive is
clues. Many of these difficulties arise insufficient the emitter-to-collector
because servicers don’t have a good, Fig. 1: Simplified horizontal output stage. resistance of the conducting HOT will be
practical understanding of how the Output Transistor too high and the transistor will get too
horizontal output stage functions. This The horizontal output transistor (HOT) is a hot. Sufficient drive is also important for
Tech Tip explains the operation of the switch. It provides a path for current to fast switching.
horizontal output stage in terms of the key flow through the flyback’s primary
components, currents and voltages. winding and horizontal yoke as shown in The horizontal output transistor is
Figure 2. The HOT is switched on and off switched on and off at the horizontal
Key Components by a signal applied to the base. Because frequency of 15,734 Hz. The horizontal
the this is a power transistor, a current oscillator (which controls the driver stage)
All horizontal output stages operate drive signal is needed. This drive current begins to turn the horizontal output
virtually the same regardless of make or is supplied by the horizontal driver and transistor on approximately 30-35 µS
model. All output stages drive a sawtooth driver transformer. In addition to current before horizontal sync as shown in Figure
current into the primary winding of the step-up, the driver transformer provides 3. The HOT conducts until the start of
flyback transformer and receive power Impedance matching. horizontal sync and then is abruptly
from the main B+ supply. The B+ supply turned off.
can deliver peak currents of several amps
while maintaining a regulated voltage of The time it takes to switch the HOT from
about 130 VDC. The peak-to-peak current on to off is important. As the transistor is
required by the output stage depends on switched, the emitter-to-collector
the CRT size, the number of scan derived resistance changes from <5 ohms (on) to
supplies, and whether the chassis is color >10 megohms (off). The current flowing
or B&W. through the transistor during the on/off
transition produces heat, and, the longer
Figure 1 shows a simplified horizontal the transition the greater the heat buildup
output stage. It consists of six key and the greater the chance of thermal
components: 1) horizontal output failure.
transistor (Q1); 2) flyback transformer
(flyback); 3) retrace timing capacitor or The drive current produces a voltage
“safety cap” (Ct); 4) damper diode (D1); waveform at the base of the HOT that is
Fig. 2: Horizontal output transistor current similar to a squarewave. Schematics
5) horizontal yoke; and 6) the yoke series conduction paths
and produce excessive high voltages to all
flyback windings.