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Length
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
astronomical unit
AU
barleycorn (H)
8.4610
bohr, atomic unit of length cable length (imperial) cable length (International) cable length (US) chain (Gunter's; Surveyor's) cubit (H)
a0
11
3.610
20
[2]
ch
66 ft(US) 4 rods
[3]
20.11684 m 0.5 m
ell (H) fathom fermi finger finger (cloth) foot (Benot) (H) foot (Cape) (H) foot (Clarke's) (H) foot (Indian) (H) foot (International) foot (Sear's) (H)
= 1.143 m = 1.8288 m
110
110
15
7/8 in 4 in ft (Ben) Legally defined as 1.033 English feet in 1859 ft (Cla) ft Ind ft ft (Sear) 0.3048 m 1/3 yd 12 inches
foot (US Survey) french; charriere furlong hand inch (International) league (land) light-day light-hour light-minute light-second
ft (US) F fur
1200 1
3937 m
[5]
0.304800610 m = 0.3 10
3
in lea
2.54 cm 1/36 yd 1/12 ft 3 US Statute miles 24 light-hours 60 light-minutes 60 light-seconds Distance light travels in one second in vacuum
[3]
12
1.79875474810 m 299792458 m
15
10
ly ln lnk
= 9.460730472580810 = 0.002116 m
1/100 ch 7.92in 1 ft
[4]
0.66 ft
= 0.201168 m
lnk
= 0.3048 m
Distance light travels 1 in 299792458 of a second in [8] vacuum. 1 10000000 of the distance from equator to pole. 200 in
1
1m
mickey micron mil; thou mil (Sweden and Norway) mile (geographical) (H) mile (international) mile (tactical or data) mile (telegraph) (H) mile (US Survey) nail (cloth) nanometer nautical league nautical mile (Admiralty) nm NL; nl NM (Adm); nmi mi mi mi mil mil
= 1.2710 110
6
m
5
110
in
2.5410
10 km 6082 ft 80 chains 5280 ft 1760 yd 6000 ft 6087 ft 5280 US Survey feet 1200 (5280 3937) m 2 in 110
[4]
= 10000 m
3 nmi
[4]
= 5556 m
= 6080 ft
= 1853.184 m
(Adm) nautical mile (international) nautical mile (US pre 1954) pace palm NM; nmi 1852 m
[9]
1853.248 m 2.5 ft 3 in
[4]
[4]
parsec
pc
Distance of star with parallax shift of one arc second from a base of one astronomical unit 12 points
16
[10]
1/72.272 in
1/12 1/72 of pied du roi; 0.000 375 97 m; point (Didot; [12][13] European)
[11]
pt
After 1878: 0.000 375 939 85 m = 0.000 352 7 m = 0.000 351 4598 m = 0.2286 m = 5.0292 m = 6.096 m = 0.2286 m 110
12
pt pt
rd rope
16 ft 20 ft 9 in
[4]
[4]
stick (H) stigma; bicron (picometre) twip x unit; siegbahn yard (International) [edit]Area pm twp xu yd
2 in
= 0.0508 m 110
12
m
5
1/1440 in
= 1.763810 1.002110
m m
[4]
13
0.9144 m
[5]
3 ft 36 in 0.9144 m
Area
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
acre (international)
ac
ac
4 046.873 m
2 [15]
are
100 m
= 100 m
barn
10
28
= 10
28
barony board bd
boiler horsepower equivalent direct bhp radiation EDR circular inch circular mil; circular thou cord dunam guntha hectare hide rood section shed square (roofing) square chain (international) square chain (US Survey) square foot square foot (US Survey) square inch square kilometre sq ch sq ch sq ft sq ft sq in km
2
12.958 174 m
2 2
10 2
121 sq yd ha 10 000 m
2
101.17 m
10 000 m 510 m
5 2
120 ac (variable) ro ac 1 mi 1 mi 10
52
2 2 2
10 ft 10 ft 66 ft 66 ft = 1/10 ac 66 ft(US) 66 ft(US) = 1/10 ac 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft (US) 1 ft (US) 1 in 1 in 1 km 1 km 1 lnk 1 lnk 0.66 ft 0.66 ft
= 9.290 304 m
9.290 30410
square link (Gunter's)(US Survey) square link (Ramsden's) square metre (SI unit) square mil; square thou square mile square mile (US Survey) square rod/pole/perch square yard (International)
sq lnk sq lnk m
2
1 lnk 1 lnk 0.66 ft(US) 2 2 4.046 87210 m 0.66 ft(US) 1 lnk 1 lnk 1 ft 1 ft 1m1m 1 mil 1 mil 1 mi 1 mi 1 mi (US) 1 mi (US) 1 rd 1 rd 1 yd 1 yd = 0.09290304 m =1m
2 10 2 2
sq mil sq mi sq mi sq rd sq yd
= 6.451610
= 2.589 988 110 6 2 33610 m 2.589 998 4710 m = 25.292 852 64 m 0.836 127 36 m
2 2 6 2
1 000 m
= 1 000 m
2 7 2
36 sq mi (US) 30 ac
Volume
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
acre-foot
ac ft
1 ac x 1 ft = 43 560 ft
acre-inch
1 ac 1 in
barrel (imperial)
bl (imp)
36 gal (imp)
= 0.163 659 24 m
barrel (petroleum)
bl; bbl
42 gal (US)
bl (US)
105 qt (US) = 105/32 bu 3 = 0.115 628 198 985 075 m (US lvl)
fl bl (US)
31 gal (US)
board-foot bucket (imperial) bushel (imperial) bushel (US dry heaped) bushel (US dry level) butt, pipe coomb cord (firewood) cord-foot cubic fathom cubic foot cubic inch cubic metre (SI unit) cubic mile cubic yard
3 3
= 0.035 239 070 166 88 m = 0.476 961 884 784 m = 0.145 474 88 m
3 3 3 3 3 3
= 3.624 556 363 776 m = 0.453 069 545 472 m = 6.116 438 863 872 m 0.028 316 846 592 m 16.387 06410 1m
3 6
1 fm 1 fm 1 fm 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft 1 in 1 in 1 in 1m1m1m 1 mi 1 mi 1 mi 27 cu ft
cu mi cu yd
cup (breakfast) cup (Canadian) cup (metric) cup (US customary) c (CA) c c (US)
6 3
= 250.010
1/384 gi (imp) = pinch = 369.961 751 302 9 3 (imp) 08 310 m 1/96 US fl oz = US pinch 1/12 gi (imp) gtt gtt 1/288 fl oz (imp) 1/1 824 gi (imp) 0.9964/12 ml 1/12 ml 1/20 mL gtt gtt gtt 1/360 US fl oz 1/456 US fl oz 1/576 US fl oz 1/5 US gal 9 gal (US) fl dr fl dr fl s beer gal gal (imp) gal (US) gal (US) gi (imp); nog gi (US) fl oz (imp) US fl oz 1/24 fl oz (imp) 282 cu in 4.546 09 L bu (US lvl) 231 cu in 5 fl oz (imp) 4 US fl oz = 308.057 599 609 9 3 37510 m = 11.838 776 041610
6
dash (US) dessertspoon (imperial) drop (imperial) drop (imperial) (alt) drop (medical) drop (medical) drop (metric) drop (US) drop (US) (alt) drop (US) (alt) fifth firkin fluid drachm (imperial) fluid dram (US); US fluidram fluid scruple (imperial) gallon (beer) gallon (imperial) gallon (US dry) gallon (US fluid; Wine) gill (imperial); Noggin gill (US) hogshead (imperial) hogshead (US) jigger (bartending) kilderkin lambda last litre load minim (imperial) min L
3 3
m
3 3
9 9
m m
9 9 9
3 3 3
64.854 231 496 7110 51.342 933 268 2310 = 757.082 356810
6
m m
= 0.034 068 706 056 m = 3.551 632 812510 = 3.696 691 195 6 3 312510 m = 1.183 877 6041610 = 4.621 152 04810 4.546 0910
3 3 6
3 3
m
3
3 3 3 3
m
6
3 3
3 3
80 bu (imp) 1 dm
3 [17]
3 9 3
fl dr (imp) minim (US) ounce (fluid imperial) ounce (fluid US customary) ounce (fluid US food nutrition labeling) peck (imperial) peck (US dry) perch pinch (imperial) min 1/480 US fl oz = 1/60 US fl dr = 61.611 519 921 9 3 87510 m 28.413 062510
6
3 6 3
= 9.092 1810
3 3 3
= 8.809 767 541 7210 = 0.700 841 953 152 m = 739.923 502 9 3 6041610 m = 616.115 199 218 9 3 7510 m = 568.261 2510
6
pinch (US) pint (imperial) pint (US dry) pint (US fluid) pony pt (imp) pt (US dry) pt (US fl)
gal (imp)
1/64 bu (US lvl) gal 6 3 = 550.610 471 357510 m (US dry) gal (US) 3/4 US fl oz gal (imp) = 80 fl oz (imp) = 473.176 47310 = 22.180 147 171 6 3 87510 m = 2.273 04510
3 6
pottle; quartern quart (imperial) quart (US dry) quart (US fluid) quarter; pail register ton sack (imperial); bag sack (US) seam shot strike (imperial) strike (US) tablespoon (Australian metric) tablespoon (Canadian) tablespoon (imperial) tablespoon (metric) tablespoon (US customary) tablespoon (US food nutrition labeling) tbsp tbsp tbsp tbsp qt (imp) qt (US) qt (US)
gal (imp)
= 1.136 522510
1/32 bu (US lvl) = gal = 1.101 220 942 3 3 (US dry) 71510 m gal (US fl) 8 bu (imp) 100 cu ft 3 bu (imp) 3 bu (US lvl) 8 bu (US lvl) 1 US fl oz 2 bu (imp) 2 bu (US lvl) = 946.352 94610 = 0.290 949 76 m
6
3 3
3[citation needed] 3
= 0.105 717 210 500 64 m = 0.281 912 561 335 3[citation needed] 04 m 29.5710
6
3 3 3
= 0.072 737 44 m
3 6 3 3
m
6
3 6 3
US fl oz 15 mL
[16]
teaspoon (Canadian) teaspoon (imperial) teaspoon (metric) teaspoon (US customary) teaspoon (US food nutrition labeling) timber foot ton (displacement) ton (freight) ton (water) tun wey (US) [edit]Plane
tsp tsp
m
6
3 3
3 6 3
tsp tsp
1/6 US fl oz 5 mL
[16]
= 0.028 316 846 592 m = 0.991 089 630 72 m = 1.132 673 863 68 m = 1.018 324 16 m
3 3 3
3 3
angle
Plane angle
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
angular mil
2/6400 rad
0.981 3 74810 rad 0.290 3 88810 rad 4.848 6 13710 rad 0.157 3 08010 rad 1.570 6 79610 rad 17.453 3 29310 rad 15.707 3 96310 rad 0.785 398 rad 1.570 796 rad
arcminute; MOA
'
1/60 1/3600 1 grad/100 1 grad/(10 000) 1/360 of a revolution /180 rad 1/400 of a revolution 2/400 rad 0.9 45 90 The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the circle's radius. One full revolution encompasses 2 radians. 60 30
arcsecond centesimal minute of arc centesimal second of arc degree (of arc)
"
'
"
grad
rad
angle
Solid angle
Definition
Relation to SI units
sr
The solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r 2 by a portion of the surface of the sphere having an area r . A = 1 sr [14] sphere encompasses 4 sr.
[edit]Mass Notes: See Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion. Avoirdupois is a system of mass based on a pound of 16 ounces, while Troy weight is the system of mass where 12 troy ounces equals one troy pound. In this table, the unit gee is used to denote standard gravity in order to avoid confusion with the "g" symbol for grams. In physics, the pound of mass is sometimes written lbm to distinguish it from the poundforce (lbf). It should not be read as the mongrel unit "pound metre". Mass
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
27
atomic mass unit, unified atomic unit of mass, electron rest mass bag (coffee) bag (Portland cement) barge carat carat (metric) clove crith dalton dram (apothecary; troy) dram (avoirdupois) electronvolt gamma grain grave
u; AMU
31
me
= 42.637 682 78 kg = 20 411.656 65 kg 205.196 548 333 mg = 200 mg = 3.628 738 96 kg 89.9349 mg
kt ct
3 1/6 gr 200 mg 8 lb av
27
kg
the kilogram hundredweight (long) long cwt or cwt 112 lb av 100 lb av mass of the prototype near Paris ( mass of 1L of water) 1000 lb av 8 oz t 1/20 gr 1/20 g oz t oz av oz dwt; pwt 1/12 lb t 1/16 lb 28 g
[16]
= 50.802 345 44 kg = 45.359 237 kg 1 kg (SI base unit) = 453.592 37 kg = 248.827 8144 g = 3.239 9455 mg = 50 mg = 31.103 4768 g = 28.349 523 125 g = 28 g = 1.555 173 84 g = 2 mg = 0.45359237 kg 0.453 592 37 kg = 500 g = 0.373 241 7216 kg = 12.700 586 36 kg = 226.796 185 kg = 254.011 7272 kg = 100 kg = 1.295 9782 g = 647.9891 mg
2 [8]
hundredweight (short); cental sh cwt kilogram kip mark mite mite (metric) ounce (apothecary; troy) ounce (avoirdupois) ounce (US food nutrition labeling) pennyweight point pound pound (avoirdupois) pound (metric) pound (troy) quarter (imperial) quarter (informal) quarter, long (informal) quintal (metric) scruple (apothecary) sheet slug; geepound; hyl stone ton, assay (long) ton, assay (short) ton, long ton, short tonne (mts unit) wey Zentner [edit]Density Ztr. slug st AT AT long tn or ton sh tn t q s ap lb t lb lb av kg kip
0.453 592 37 kg = 7000 grains 500 g 5 760 grains 1/4 long cwt = 2 st = 28 lb av short tn long tn 100 kg 20 gr 1/700 lb av 1 gee 1 lb av 1 s /ft 14 lb av 1 mg 1 long tn 1 oz t 1 mg 1 sh tn 1 oz t 2 240 lb 2 000 lb 1 000 kg 252 lb = 18 st Definitions vary; see
[19]
14.593 903 kg = 6.350 293 18 kg 32.666 667 g 29.166 667 g = 1 016.046 9088 kg = 907.184 74 kg = 1 000 kg = 114.305 277 24 kg (variants exist)
and.
[14]
Density
Name of unit
Symbol Definition
Relation to SI units
g/mL
g/mL
= 1,000 kg/m
kg/m
kg/m
= 1 kg/m
kg/L
kg/L
= 1,000 kg/m
oz/ft
oz/ft
1.001153961 kg/m
oz/in
oz/in
1.72999404410 kg/m
oz/gal
6.236023291 kg/m
oz/gal
7.489151707 kg/m
lb/ft
lb/ft
16.01846337 kg/m
lb/in
lb/in
2.76799047110 kg/m
lb/gal
99.77637266 kg/m
lb/gal
119.8264273 kg/m
slug/ft
slug/ft
515.3788184 kg/m
Time
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
day
= 24 h Time needed for the Earth to rotate once around its axis, determined from successive transits of a very distant astronomical object across an observer's meridian (International Celestial Reference Frame) 10 a (see below for definition of year length) 2 wk 1/1 080 h 4 Callippic cycles - 1 d
day (sidereal)
86 164.1 s
decade fortnight helek Hipparchic cycle hour jiffy jiffy (alternate) ke (quarter of an hour)
dec fn
= 10 years = 1 209 600 s = 3.3 s = 9.593 42410 s = 3 600 s = .016 s = 10 ms = 60 60 / 4 s = 900 s = 60 / 4 min = 15 min = 24 60 60 / 100 s = 864 s = 24 * 60 / 100 min = 14.4 min = 1.576810 s = 5.996 1610 s
8 8 9
h j ja
ke (traditional)
1 000 a (see below for definition of year length) = 1000 years 1/1 000 d 60 s, due to leap seconds sometimes 59 s or 61 s, 90 s mo mo mo mo 30 d
[20]
minute moment month (full) month (Greg. av.) month (hollow) month (synodic)
min
Cycle time of moon phases 29.530 589 d (Average) = 48 mo (full) + 48 mo (hollow) + 3 mo [21][22] (full) = 8 a of 365.25 d = 2922 d (G/c )
5
octaeteris
Planck time
second
time of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2 hyperfine levels of the ground state of the [8] caesium 133 atom at 0 K (but other seconds are sometimes used in astronomy) 10
8
shake
= 10 ns
10
1 461 a of 365 d 10
13
7d = 365.2425 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus leap years (366 d) on most years divisible by 4. See leap year for details. = 365.25 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus one leap year (366 d) every four years time taken for Sun to return to the same position with respect to the stars of the celestial sphere Length of time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons
year (Gregorian)
a, y, oryr
= 31 556 952 s
year (Julian)
a, y, oryr
= 31 557 600 s
year (sidereal)
a, y, oryr a, y, oryr
year (tropical)
Where UTC is observed, the length of time units longer than 1 s may increase or decrease by 1 s if a leap second occurs during the time interval of interest. [edit]Frequency Frequency
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Hz
= 1 Hz = 1/s
rpm
One unit rpm equals one rotation completed around a fixed axis in one minute of time.
0.104719755 rad/s
or velocity
Speed
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
foot per hour foot per minute foot per second furlong perfortnight
m/s m/s
= 3.04810
iph
ipm ips
1 in/min 1 in/s 1 km/h 1 NM/h = 1.852 km/h 1 NM (Adm)/h = 1.853 184 km/h
[citation needed]
m/s
km/h
= 1/3.6 m/s 2.777 1 77810 m/s 0.514 444 m/s = 0.514 773 m/s
kn, kt kn
mach number
Ratio of the speed to the speed of sound in the medium. Varies especially with temperature. About 340 to 295 m/s 1225 km/h (761 mph) in air at sea level to about for aircraft 1062 km/h (660 mph) at jet altitudes (12,200 metres [23] (40,000 ft)). Unitless 1 m/s 1 mi/h 1 mi/min 1 mi/s 299 792 458 m/s Varies especially with temperature. About 1225 km/h (761 mph) in air at sea level to about 1062 km/h (660 mph) at jet altitudes. = 1 m/s = 0.447 04 m/s = 26.8224 m/s = 1 609.344 m/s = 299 792 458 m/s 340 to 295 m/s at aircraft altitudes
metre per second (SI unit) mile per hour mile per minute mile per second speed of light in vacuum speed of soundin air
A velocity consists of a speed combined with a direction; the speed part of the velocity takes units of speed. [edit]Flow
(volume)
Flow
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
CFM
[citation needed]
1 ft /min = 4.71947443210
m /s
ft /s
1 ft /s
= 0.028316846592 m /s
in /min in /s
3 3
1 in /min = 2.731177310 1 in /s 1 m /s
3 3
m /s m /s
3
= 1.638706410 = 1 m /s
3
cubic metre per second (SI unit) m /s gallon (US fluid) per day gallon (US fluid) per hour gallon (US fluid) per minute GPD GPH
[citation needed] [citation needed] [citation needed]
1 gal/d 1 gal/h
= 4.38126363810 = 1.05150327310
8 6
m /s m /s
3 3
GPM
1 gal/min = 6.3090196410
m /s
LPM
[citation needed]
1 L/min
= 1.610
m /s
Acceleration
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
foot per hour per second foot per minute per second foot per second squared gal; galileo inch per minute per second inch per second squared knot per second
m/s
m/s
2 2
= 3.04810 = 10
2
m/s
1 cm/s
m/s
2 4 2 2 2
1 in/(mins) 1 in/s
2
m/s
m/s
kn/s
2
1 kn/s 1 m/s
2
m/s
metre per second squared (SI unit) m/s mile per hour per second mile per minute per second mile per second squared standard gravity [edit]Force
= 4.470410
m/s
2 3
= 26.8224 m/s
Force
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
atomic unit of force dyne (cgs unit) kilogram-force; kilopond; grave-force kip; kip-force dyn kgf; kp; Gf kip; kipf; klbf
me c /a0 gcm/s
2
g 1 kg g 1 000 lb g1g
A force capable of giving a mass of one kg 2 an acceleration of one metre per second, per = 1 N = 1 kgm/s [25] second. g 1 oz g 1 lb = 0.278 013 850 953 7812 N = 4.448 221 615
ounce-force pound-force
ozf lbf
2605 N poundal sthene (mts unit) ton-force pdl sn tnf 1 lbft/s 1 tm/s
2
g 1 sh tn
or mechanical stress
Pressure
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
atmosphere (standard)
atm
101 325 Pa
[26]
atmosphere (technical) bar barye (cgs unit) centimetre of mercury centimetre of water (4 C) foot of mercury (conventional)
at bar
1 kgf/cm
1 dyn/cm cmHg
= 0.1 Pa
3
13 595.1 kg/m 1 cm g
3
1.333 3 [26] 2210 Pa 98.063 8 Pa 40.636 3 [26] 6610 Pa 2.988 3 [26] 9810 Pa 3.386 3 [26] 38910 Pa 249.082 Pa = 9.806 6 [26] 6510 Pa 6.894 6 [26] 75710 Pa
[26] [26]
cmH2O 999.972 kg/m 1 cm g ftHg 13 595.1 kg/m 1 ft g 999.972 kg/m 1 ft g 13 595.1 kg/m 1 in g 999.972 kg/m 1 in g
2 2 3 3 3 3
inch of mercury (conventional) inch of water (39.2 F) kilogram-force per square millimetre kip per square inch
kgf/mm 1 kgf/mm
ksi
micron (micrometre) of mercury millimetre of mercury millimetre of water (3.98 C) pascal (SI unit) pize (mts unit) pound per square foot pound per square inch
mHg mmHg
m g 0.001
[26]
999.972 kg/m 1 mm g = 0.999 mmH2O 2 972 kgf/m Pa pz psf psi N/m = kg/(ms ) 1 000 kg/ms 1 lbf/ft
2 2 2 2 2
1 lbf/in
75710 Pa poundal per square foot short ton per square foot torr [edit]Torque torr pdl/sq ft 1 pdl/sq ft 1 sh tn g / 1 sq ft 101 325/760 Pa
[26] [26]
[26]
or moment of force
Torque
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
foot-pound force
ft lbf
g 1 lb 1 ft
ft pdl in lbf m kg
1 lbft /s
Nm
g 1 lb 1 in Nm/g
2 2
N m = kgm /s = 1 Nm
Energy
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
barrel of oil equivalent British thermal unit (ISO) British thermal unit (International Table) British thermal unit (mean) British thermal unit (thermochemical) British thermal unit (39 F) British thermal unit (59 F) British thermal unit (60 F) British thermal unit (63 F)
6.1210 J = 1.054510 J = 1.055 055 852 3 6210 J 1.055 8710 J 1.054 35010 J 1.059 6710 J
3 3 3 3
1.054 80410 J
4.1868 J
1
= 4.1868 J 4.190 02 J
100 of the energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 0 C to 100 C @ 1 atm 4.184 J
calorie (thermochemical)
= 4.184 J
calorie (3.98 C) calorie (15 C) calorie (20 C) Celsius heat unit (International Table) cubic centimetre of atmosphere; standard cubic centimetre cubic foot of atmosphere; standard cubic foot cubic foot of natural gas cubic yard of atmosphere; standard cubic yard
1 atm 1 cm
= 0.101 325 J
= 2.869 204 480 3 934410 J = 1.055 055 852 6 6210 J = 77.468 520 985 3 228810 J 1.602 177 19 3310 26 4.910 J
electronvolt
eV
e1V 1 gcm /s
2 2
erg ft lbf
= 10
g 1 lb 1 ft 1 lbft /s
2 2
= 1.355 817 948 331 4004 J = 4.214 011 009 380 2 4810 J = 460.632 569 25 J = 383.556 849 0138 J 4.359 74410
18
foot-poundal gallon-atmosphere (imperial) gallon-atmosphere (US) hartree, atomic unit of energy horsepower-hour
1 atm 1 gal (imp) 1 atm 1 gal (US) me c (= 2 Ry) 1 hp 1 h g 1 lb 1 in The work done when a force of one newton moves the point of its application a distance of one metre in [25] the direction of the force. 1 000 calIT 1 kW 1 h 1 atm 1 L 10
15 2 2
=2.684 519 537 696 6 172 79210 J = 0.112 984 829 027 6167 J = 1 J = 1 mN = 2 2 1 kgm /s = 1 CV = 1 Ws = 4.186810 J = 3.610 J = 101.325 J = 1.055 055 852 18 6210 J 2.179 87210 = 105.505 585 6 26210 J
18 6 3
inch-pound force
in lbf
kilocalorie; large calorie kilowatt-hour; Board of Trade Unit litre-atmosphere quad rydberg therm (E.C.)
BTUIT
Ry
therm (US) thermie ton of coal equivalent ton of oil equivalent ton of TNT [edit]Power th TCE TOE tTNT
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
atmosphere-cubic centimetre per minute atmosphere-cubic centimetre per second atmospherecubic foot per hour atmosphere-cubic foot per minute atmosphere-cubic foot per second BTU (International Table) per hour BTU (International Table) per minute BTU (International Table) per second
atm ccm
1 atm 1 cm /min
= 1.688 7510
atm ccs
= 0.101 325 W = 0.797 001 244 704 W = 47.820 074 682 24 W = 2.869 204 480 3 934410 W 0.293 071 W 17.584 264 W = 1.055 055 852 3 6210 W = 4.1868 W = 10 W 3.766 16110
4 7
atm cfh
atmcfm
atm cfs
BTUIT/h
BTUIT/min 1 BTUIT/min BTUIT/s 1 BTUIT/s 1 calIT/s 1 erg/s 1 ft lbf/h 1 ft lbf/min 1 ft lbf/s 34.5 lb/h 970.3 BTUIT/lb 75 kpm/s 746 W 550 ft lbf/s 75 m kgf/s
calorie (International Table) calIT/s per second erg per second foot-pound-force per hour erg/s ft lbf/h
= 2.259 696 580 552 2 33410 W = 1.355 817 948 331 4004 W 9.810 65710 W = 736 W
3
foot-pound-force per second ft lbf/s horsepower (boiler) horsepower (European electrical) horsepower (imperial electrical) horsepower (imperial mechanical) horsepower (metric) bhp hp
hp
hp hp
litre-atmosphere per minute Latm/min 1 atm 1 L/min litre-atmosphere per second Latm/s lusec poncelet lusec p 1 atm 1 L/s 1 LmHg/s 100 m kgf/s
[14]
square foot equivalent direct sq ft EDR 240 BTUIT/h radiation ton of air conditioning ton of refrigeration (imperial) 2000 lbs of ice melted / 24 h
2240 lb iceIT / 24 h: iceIT = 144F 3 3.938 87510 W 2326 J/kg.F 200 lbs iceIT / 24 h: iceIT = 144 3 3.516 85310 W 2326 J/kg.F The power which in one second of time gives rise to one joule of [25] energy. = 1 W = 1 J/s = 2 3 1 Nm/s = 1 kgm /s
Action
Name of unit
Symbol Definition
Relation to SI units
34
Js
[28]
viscosity
Dynamic viscosity
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Pas
1 baryes
= 0.1 Pas
4.133 78910
Pas
1 lbfs/ft
2 2
1 lbfs/in
viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Name of unit
ft /s
1 ft /s
= 0.09290304 m /s
1 m /s
= 1 m /s
St
10
m /s = 10
m /s
current
Electric current
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
The constant current needed to produce a force 7 of 2 10 newton per metre between two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible = 1 A circular cross-section placed one metre apart in a [8] vacuum. 10 A
electromagnetic unit; abampere (cgs abamp unit) esu per second; statampere (cgs unit) [edit]Electric
= 10 A
esu/s
(0.1 Am/s) / c
3.33564110
10
charge
Electric charge
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
abC; emu 10 C
= 10 C
au
e The amount of electricity carried in one second of time by one ampere of [25] current. 1 mol NAe
= 1 C = 1 As 96 485.3383 C 3.335
esu
64110
10
dipole
Electric dipole
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
atomic unit of electric dipole moment ea0 coulomb meter debye [edit]Electromotive Cm D = 10
10
30
Cm
[29]
30
Cm
[30]
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
abV
110
= 110
statV
c (1 J/Am) The difference in electric potential across two points along a conducting wire carrying one ampere of constant current when the power dissipated between the points equals one [25] watt.
= 299.792 458 V
[edit]Electrical
resistance
Electrical resistance
Definition
Relation to SI units
The resistance between two points in a conductor when one volt of electric potential difference, applied to these points, [25] produces one ampere of current in the conductor.
Name of
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI
unit
units
The capacitance between two parallel plates that results in one volt of potential difference when charged by one [25] coulomb of electricity.
= 1 F = 1 C/V = 1 2 4 2 A s /(kgm )
[edit]Magnetic
flux
magnetic flux
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Mx
10
Wb
[31]
= 110
Wb
Wb
Magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were [25] reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.
= 1 Wb = 1 Vs 2 2 =1 kgm /(As )
[edit]Magnetic
flux density
What physicists call Magnetic field is called Magnetic flux density by electrical engineers and magnetic induction by applied mathematicians and electrical engineers.
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
G T
Mx/cm = 10 Wb/m
2
= 110
[32]
= 1 T = 1 Wb/m = 1 kg/(As )
Inductance
Definition
Relation to SI units
The inductance of a closed circuit that produces one volt of electromotive force when the current in the circuit varies at a [25] uniform rate of one ampere per second.
[edit]Temperature For more details on this topic, see Conversion of units of temperature.
Temperature
Name of unit
degree Celsius
C K 273.15
degree Delisle
De
degree Fahrenheit F
F C 9/5 + 32
degree Newton
degree Rankine
R; R K 9/5
degree Raumur
degree Rmer
GM; F GM 25 + 300
1K
[edit]Information
entropy
Information entropy
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Relation to bits
SI unit
J/K
J/K
= 1 J/K
nat
kB
23
J/K
bit; b; Sh ln(2) kB
24
J/K J/K
= 1 bit
ban; Hart ln(10) kB = 3.179 065 3(53)10 4 bits B 8 bits 1 000 B 1 024 B = 3.827 976 0(64)10 = 7.655 952 (13)10 = 7.655 952 (13)10 = 7.839 695 (13)10
23 23
23 20 20
Often, information entropy is measured in shannons, whereas the (discrete) storage space of digital devices is measured in bits. Thus, uncompressed redundant data occupy more than one bit of storage per shannon of information entropy. The multiples of a bit listed above are usually used with this meaning. Other times the bit is used as a measure of information entropy and is thus a synonym of shannon. [edit]Luminous
intensity
Luminous intensity
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
cd
The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 12 54010 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that [8] direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
= 1 cd
cp
cd The use of candlepower as a unit is discouraged due = 1 cd to its ambiguity. Varies and is poorly reproducible. [14] 0.981 cd.
[33]
cp
Approximately
0.981 cd
Luminance
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
cd/ft
cd/ft
10.763910417 cd/m
cd/in
cd/in
1,550.0031 cd/m
cd/m
cd/m
= 1 cd/m
footlambert
fL
(1/) cd/ft
3.4262590996 cd/m
lambert
(10 /) 2 cd/m
3,183.0988618 cd/m
sb
10 cd/m
110 cd/m
flux
Luminous flux
cdsr
= 1 lm = 1 cdsr
Illuminance
Name of unit
lm/ft
= 10.763910417 lx
lm/in
lm/in
1,550.0031 lx
lx
lm/m
= 1 lx = 1 lm/m
ph
lm/cm
= 110 lx
- source activity
Radioactivity
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Ci rd
3.710 1 MBq
10
Bq
= 3.710
6
10
Bq
[34]
= 110 Bq
Please note that although becquerel (Bq) and hertz (Hz) both ultimately refer to the same SI base unit 1 (s ), Hz is used only for periodic phenomena, and Bq is only used for stochastic processes [35] associated with radioactivity. [edit]Radiation
- exposure
Radiation - exposure
Definition
Relation to SI units
roentgen
1 R 2.5810
C/kg
[31]
= 2.5810
C/kg
[36]
The roentgen is not an SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its continued use. [edit]Radiation
- absorbed dose
Radiation - absorbed dose
Definition
Relation to SI units
1 J/kg = 1 m /s
2 [37]
= 1 Gy
rad
rad
0.01 Gy
[31]
= 0.01 Gy
[edit]Radiation
- equivalent dose
Radiation - equivalent dose
Name of unit
0.01 Sv = 0.01 Sv
Sv
1 J/kg
[35]
= 1 Sv
Although the definitions for sievert (Sv) and gray (Gy) would seem to indicate that they measure the same quantities, this is not the case. The effect of receiving a certain dose of radiation (given as Gy) is variable and depends on many factors, thus a new unit was needed to denote the biological effectiveness of that dose on the body; this is known as the equivalent dose and is shown in Sv. The general relationship between absorbed dose and equivalent dose can be represented as H=QD where H is the equivalent dose, D is the absorbed dose, and Q is a dimensionless quality factor. Thus, for any quantity of D measured in Gy, the numerical value for H measured in Sv may be [38] different. [edit]Software
tools
Home and office computers come with converters in bundled spreadsheet applications or can access free converters via the Internet. Units and measurements can be easily converted using these tools, but only if the units are explicitly defined and the conversion is compatible (e.g., cmHg to kPa). [edit]General
Advanced electronic calculators have unit-conversion functionality. Spreadsheet programs usually provide conversion functions or formulas or the user can write their own. Commercial mathematical, scientific and technical applications often include converters.
[edit]In
fiction
When a measure is converted to another unit in a fiction work like a novel or film, the value often loses meaning (as in numerology) or gets too many significant digits ("40 miles" turns into "64 km"). For this reason, authors sometimes choose numbers that can be converted easily. Most notably, distances measured in miles often begin with 3 or 5, so the value converted to km also has one significant digit (5 or 8).