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Science Exam Review

Definitions: Abiotic Factors: The non living physical and chemical components of an ecosystem. Ex. Temperature, weather, Water quality, Alkali Metals: Group 1 of the periodic table Alkali earth metals: Group 2 of the periodic table Alloy: A solid solution of two or more metals Alternating Current (AC): A flow of electrons that alternates in direction in an electric circuit (p. 515) Astronomical Unit (AU): Distance of Earth to the Sun, approx. 150 million kilometre Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the Earth Atomic Mass: the mass of an atom (p. 235) Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atoms nucleus Bioaccumulation: the concentration of a substance, such as pesticides, in the body of an organism (One organism) Bioamplification: The increase in a substance that moves up the food web Biodiversity: The variety of life in a certain ecosystem Biomass: The mass of a living organisms in a given area Biome: a large geographical region defined by climate with specific abiotic and biotic features Biosphere: The area where all living things can exist Biotic Factors: living things and their features and associated activity Carbon cycle: The movement of carbon through the spheres (p. 49) Celestial Object: Any object in space Celestial sphere: An imaginary sphere that rotates around earth, onto which all celestial objects are projected (pg. 331) Cellular respiration: The process of converting sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, to provide energy to the organism Chemical Change (Reaction): the change between substances that produces a new substance Chemical Family: The column of elements in the periodic table Chemical formula: notation that indicates the type and number of atoms in a pure substance (pg. 257) Chemical property: Chemical characteristics

Truo2 Circuit diagram: Diagram that describes the layout of an electric circuit with standard symbols Comet: A chunk of ice and rock travelling a long orbit around the sun Compound: A pure substance of two or more different elements that are chemically joined. Conductor: Material that easily allow electrons to pass through Constellations: a group of stars Consumer: An organism that obtains its energy from other organisms (p. 41) Controlled experiment: An experiment where an independent variable is purposely changed to find the new outcome Covalent: A bound formed from two non metal atoms that share an electron Current electricity: the flow of electrons through conductors Density: a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume of a substance (p. 192) Dependent variable: A variable that changes in response to the change in the independent variable Direct Current (DC): A flow of electrons in one direction through an electric circuit Dwarf planet: A celestial object that orbits the sun and sustains a spherical shape but does not dominate its own orbit Eclipse: A darkening of a celestial object due to another position of a different celestial object Ecliptic: The apparent path that celestial objects travel Earths night sky Ecological Niche: the function of a species it serves in a ecosystem Ecological Pyramid: A representation of energy, numbers, or biomass relationships in an ecosystem Ecosystem: all the living organisms and their physical and chemical environment Efficiency: Comparison of the energy output of a device with the energy supplied (p. 530) Electric cell: a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy Electric Current (I): a measure of the rate of electrical flow past a given point in a circuit Electric Discharge: the rapid transfer of electrical charge from object to another Electric force: The force exerted by an object with an electric charge (p. 468) Electrical Resistance (R): The ability of a material to oppose the flow electric current Electromagnetic Radiation: Energy emitted from matter that travels the speed of light Electromagnetic spectrum: The range of electromagnetic radiation, radio waves, gamma rays, visible light

Truo3 Electron: a negatively charge particle in an atom Electrostatic series: a list of materials arranged in order of their tendency to gain electrons Element: a pure substance that cant be broken down any further by any means Element symbol: an abbreviation for an element Endangered: A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction Equilibrium: describes the state of an ecosystem with relatively constant conditions over a period of time Equinox: The time of year when the hours of daylight and hours of darkness or the same (12 hours) Extinct: refers to species that has died out and no longer exists anywhere on earth Extirpated: a species no longer exist in a specific area Grounding: connecting an object to a large body, like earth (p. 475) Hydrosphere: All of earths water, liquid and gas, and solid (clouds, ice, lakes) Independent variable: A variable changes by an investigator Insulator: material that does not easily allow electrons to pass through invasive species: non native species whose international or incidental introduction negatively affects the environment/ecosystem Ion: a particle that has either a positive or negative charge Ionic compound: a compound consistent of negative or positive charge Kilowatt hour: the SI unit for measuring electrical energy unit Lithosphere: Earths outer solid layer Lunar cycle: the phases of the moon (p. 324) Mixture: a substance that is made of at least two different types of particles Molecular element: a molecule that is made of atoms of the same element Molecule: Two or more atoms of the same or different atoms joined together in a unit Natural fertilizer: plant nutrients that have been obtained from natural sources and have not been chemically modified Neutron: a neutral particle in the atoms nucleus Nitrogen Cycle: the series of process of which nitrogen cycle are moved through the sphere (p. 50) Noble Gases: An element of the periodic table (last column) and does not react with any other element Non-renewable energy: a resource for electricity that cant be replaced as quickly as it is

Truo4 consumed. Ohms law: The straight line relationship voltage, current and resistance Orbit: The closed path for a celestial object Orbital radius: The average distance between a celestial object in the solar system and the sun. Organic farming: The system of agriculture that relies on non synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Parallel circuit: A circuit in which the loads are connected by branches so that there are two or more paths for electrons to flow through Pesticide: Chemicals used to kill pests Photosynthesis: The process of converting the suns rays into chemical energy (p. 38) Photovoltaic cell: a device that converts light energy directly into electric energy Physical changes: a change in which the composition of the substances remains unaltered and no new substances are produced. Pollution: harmful contaminants released into the environment. Potential Difference (Voltage [V]):The difference in electrical potential energy per unit charge measured at two different points Precession: The changing direction of the earths axis Primary cell: a electrical cell that may only be used once. Primary succession: succession on newly exposed ground, such as following a volcanic eruption. Producer: Organisms that produce their own energy-rich food from the suns energy. Proton: Positively charged particle in the atoms nucleus. Pure substance: a substance that is made up of only one type of element. Qualitative property: a property of a substance that is not measured and does not have a numerical value. Quantitative property: a property of a substance that is measured and has a numerical value. Renewable resource: a natural resource that is unlimited or can be replenished naturally over relatively short period at a time. Satellite: a celestial object that travels around a planet or dwarf planet. Scientific method: the general types of mental and physical activities use to create, refine, extend and apply knowledge. (P. 647) Secondary cell: an electric cell that can be recharged. Secondary Succession: succession in a partially disturbed ecosystem, such as following a forest fire. Series circuit: A circuit where its load are connected end to end so that only one path for electrons can flow. Solar Flare: gases and charged particles expelled above an active sunspot. Solar prominence: Low energy gas eruptions from the suns surface that extend thousands

Truo5 kilometres into space. Solstice: an astronomical event that occurs two times in the year. When the tilt of the earths axis is most inclined toward or away from the sun. (The longest and shortest days of the year) Solution: a uniform mixture of two or more substances. Special concern: a species that may become threatened or endangered because of combinations of factors. (p. 85) Species richness: the number of a specific species in an area Static electricity: an imbalance of electric charge on the surface of an object. Succession: the gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic conditions following a disturbance. Sunspots: darken spots on the surface of the sun that is cooler than the area surrounding it. Threatened: a species that is likely to become endangered of factors reducing its decline remains unchanged. Tolerance range: The abiotic conditions within which a species can survive. Trophic level: the level of an organism in an ecosystem depending on feeding positions along the food chain. Viscosity: the degree to which a fluid resists flow. Water cycle: the series of process that cycles water through the spheres.

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Diagrams:
Carbon Cycle

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Nitrogen Cycle

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Phosphate Cycle

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Water Cycle

Truo10 Bohr Rutherford Diagram

Truo11 WHMIS

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Truo13 Soil Layer

Truo14 Lightning As water molecules make their way up to the clouds, the rub off one another, this causes friction and the bottom of a cloud develops a charge. So the bottom of a cloud would be negatively charged while the top is positively charged. The cloud would like to release the excess charge, and one way to do so, is through electrical discharge. Electrical discharge is the sudden movement of large amounts of electrons from one object to another. For clouds, they can either transfer electron between each other, or ground it. Grounding is getting rid of excess charge onto a large body, such as the Earth. The excess electrons travel from water molecules to water molecules, which creates friction and heat (where the sound [thunder] comes from, the heat) and onto the ground.

Truo15 Calculations Ohms Law To calculate Current. I = R/V To calculate Resistance. R = I/V To calculate Voltage. V = R*I Series Calculating the current in series circuit. (P. 571) I=V/R Calculating the Voltage in a series circuit (p. 572) Vload = Vsource/# of loads. Parallel Calculating the current in a parallel circuit. (P. 573) Iload = Isource/# of loads Calculating the voltage in a parallel circuit. (P. 574) Vsource = I/V Density. D = M/V

Truo16 Physical (Qualitative) Properties Colour Odour Taste Clarity Lustre Crystal Form Texture Hardness Brittleness Malleability Ductility State of Matter Quantitative Properties Viscosity Solubility Melting Point Boiling Point Density Heat Conductivity Electrical Conductivity Scientific Method IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM GATHER INFORMATION STATE A HYPOTHESIS TEST THE HYPOTHESIS MAKE CAREFUL OBSERVATIONS ORGANIZE AND ANALYZE THE DATA STATE A CONCLUSION Charge by Conduction Two objects of different amounts of electrons come into contact with one another and electrons transfer, both are likely to become negative. Charge by Induction When a charged object charges a neutral object. Either temporary or permanent (through grounding) Charge by Friction Two different neutral material are rubbed together or come into contact, one becomes negative, and the other, positive

Truo17 Hydroelectricity 21% fast moving waterfalls or rivers pushing turbines, powering a generator, producing DC power. Pros No pollution during usage. Renewable Cons Effects water-based ecosystems, changes the river backs and water flow, fish migration may be disturbed. Expensive Pollution upon construction Not always available suitable locations. Solar (alternative) No generator or turbine is used. A photovoltaic cell is used to convert light directly into electrical energy. Sunlight on the solar cells sets of a flow electrons. When light strikes the semiconductor, silicon, it knocks some of the electrons loose, and with metal conductors attached to the silicon, the flow of electrons can get captured and moved to be used. Pros No pollution Acts independent from power grid or connected to Can be set up in any sunny locations Maintenance free, lasts to more than 40 years Cons Pollution during manufactured, or disposal Only 30% efficient in capturing sunlight Expensive Geothermal (alternative) Using earths heat to turn water into high power steam for steam turbines. Pros No pollution No climate change Cons Hard to obtain limited areas to set up geothermal generation stations # Biomass (alternative) Burning crops or any biological material to power steam turbine. Pros Renewable Methane gas is released when plant or animal matter decays, this can be used and burned for energy Cons Not enough to meet energy demands Nuclear 52%

Truo18 Using uranium and nuclear fission to make high power steam for steam turbines. Pros A lot of power is generated No water or air pollution Cons Massive nuclear waste nonrenewable Health and environmental consequences Water is then placed back into a lack, though temperature is higher and thus affects aquatic ecosystems exposure may cause cancer or organ failure Expensive Risks (human error, machine malfunction, earthquakes) Wind 1% (alternative) Wind pushing blades of the wind turbine which then powers a generator, and creates DC power. Pros Installations and maintenance cost is generally lower than fossil fuels or uranium. Wind is free Wind turbines can be added and removed fairly easily for maintenance, without disrupting the energy supply. Wind turbines can be placed near homes and business than fossil fuel and nuclear power plants, meaning less electricity is loss with the shorter transmission lines to deliver it. No pollution Can be located anywhere Cons Difficult to obtain a steady supply electrical power at all times, meaning many turbines are needed to be placed across a large area Noisy (Newer models are made to be silent) Dangerous to birds Tidal (alternative) Using tides to turn turbines, powering a generator. Pros Tides are cyclical, thus a renewable resource Cons Can only be built near coastlines After station installations, significant change in tides occur Natural Gas (oil) 8% Pros Less air pollution than coal Cons Nonrenewable Pollution Accidents may be difficult to clean up after

Truo19 Becoming expensive and scarce

Coal 18% Burning coal to power generators. Pros Easy and inexpensive to mine Cons Creates ash, smoke, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide Also releases Mercury Nonrenewable

10 Signs of Chemical Change

1) Bubbles of gas appear 2) A precipitate forms 3) A colour change occurs 4) The temperature changes 5) Light is emitted 6) A change in volume occurs 7) A change in electrical conductivity occurs 8) A change in melting point or boiling point occurs 9) A change in smell or taste occurs 10) A change in any distinctive chemical or physical property occurs