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E D SE PTI/sk0632 Page 1 of 127 03/04/2009
E D SE PTI/sk0632/SER11-A
Extensive Studies and Enhancement
of Iranian HV Power System

Section Report
on
Protection Coordination
(Revision A)

Energy
Power Technologies International
Editors Order: E D SE PT/sk0632
Gerhard Ziegler, Team leader
Work package: sk0632.2.5.2
Rafal Lubiatowski
Document ID: E D SE PTI/sk0632/SER11-A
i.A. Date: March 4, 2009
Checked Address: Freyeslebenstr. 1
Prof. Dusan Povh, Chief Advisor
91058 Erlangen
Tel. +49 (9131) 7 - 33515
Fax. +49 (9131) 7 - 35017
Released
Dr. Rainer Krebs, Project leader

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Content
Extensive Studies and Enhancement of Iranian HV Power System.........................1
Section Report on Protection Coordination................................................................1
(Revision A) ...................................................................................................................1
1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................4
2 Existing state of the Iranian High Voltage System protection....................................6
3 Problems in the protection of the Iranian High Voltage System................................9
3.1 Protection issues of the complex Iranian transmission grid ...............................9
3.1.1 Mixture of long and short transmission lines.................................................9
3.1.2 High degree of network meshing................................................................11
3.1.3 Zero-sequence mutual line coupling...........................................................14
3.1.4 Impact of large coupler transformers..........................................................20
3.1.5 Impact of line loading on distance zone setting ..........................................28
3.2 Deficiencies of the existing protection system in the Iranian High Voltage
System............................................................................................................34
3.2.1 Missing teleprotection channels..................................................................34
3.2.2 Non-suitable relay application ....................................................................37
3.2.3 Overcurrent time relays as back-up protection on transmission lines .........39
3.2.4 Different characteristics of inverse time O/C relays ....................................40
3.2.5 Breaker failure protection not time coordinated ..........................................41
3.2.6 Auto-reclosing on most lines not existing or not active ...............................43
4 Upgrade to International Standard of High Voltage System protection ...................44
4.1 Line protection ................................................................................................45
4.2 Transformer Protection ...................................................................................46
4.3 Shunt Reactor Protection................................................................................47
4.4 Busbar Protection ...........................................................................................47
4.5 Bus Coupler Protection...................................................................................49
4.6 Local Backup Protection .................................................................................49
4.7 Upgrade procedure.........................................................................................49
5 Coordination of Iranian 400/230 kV protection........................................................51
5.1 General ...........................................................................................................51
5.2 Relay coordination policy ................................................................................52
5.2.1 Instrument transformers and assignment ...................................................52
5.2.2 General Setting Data..................................................................................52
5.2.3 Distance zones...........................................................................................53
5.2.4 Overcurrent and U/I/ fault detectors..........................................................63
5.2.5 Load blocking zone ....................................................................................64
5.2.6 Power swing blocking.................................................................................64
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5.2.7 Teleprotection ............................................................................................66
5.2.8 Directional comparison earth fault protection..............................................67
5.2.9 Distance protection at transformers............................................................68
5.2.10 Distance protection of shunt reactors .........................................................69
5.2.11 Setting of backup overcurrent time protection.............................................71
5.2.12 Setting of breaker failure protection............................................................84
6 Description of the individual protection coordination steps......................................86
6.1 Adaptation of existing collected data...............................................................86
6.1.1 New setting columns in protection data sheet.............................................87
6.1.2 Plausibility checks ......................................................................................88
6.1.3 Protection data sheets for new lines...........................................................89
6.1.4 Protection data sheets for new transformers and shunt reactors ................94
6.1.5 Coordination of settings for lines ................................................................94
6.1.6 Coordination of settings for transformers and shunt reactors....................101
6.2 Data Transfer and Protection Coordination in PSSSINCAL using VB-
macros..........................................................................................................102
6.2.1 Data transfer ............................................................................................103
6.2.2 Protection Simulation ...............................................................................115
7 References...........................................................................................................126
8 Appendices ..........................................................................................................127

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1 Introduction
The aim of the Protection study of the project "Extensive Studies and Enhancement of
Iranian HV Power System" is

to analyze the condition of the protection equipment, to evaluate the used
protection schemes and to check the selectivity of the protection system,
to design protection schemes according to international standards where
necessary and to calculate protection settings for highest reliability and availability
of the power supply and
to train IGMC personnel, enabling them for carrying out these studies in the future
by themselves after every change of conditions in the power system.

To achieve this goal, apart from the last mentioned training activities, which are covered
by the task "Training/Know How Transfer" of the project, the task Protection is divided
into the following subtasks, which define the sequence of the system investigation:

Protection data collection
Evaluation of existing protection system (2007/2008 system)
Protection coordination (2007/2008 system)
Verification of modifications (2007/2008 system)

The results of the Protection data collection have been reported with Section Report PTD
SE PTI/sk0632/SER08 "Section Report on protection data collection", the results of the
Evaluation of existing protection system (2007/2008 system) have been reported with
Section Report PTD SE PTI/sk0632/SER10 "Section Report on Evaluation of Existing
Protection System". Moreover, the results of measurements of Z0 impedances have
been reported with Section Report PTD SE PTI/sk0632/SER09 "Section Report on Z0-
Measurements".

This Section Report E D SE PTI/sk0632/SER11 "Section Report on Protection
Coordination" describes the relay coordination procedures adopted for protection
coordination to improve the protection schemes of the Iranian high voltage transmission
network.

The verification that the results of the protection coordination as provided in this report
meet this goal will be subject of the Final Report on Protection Study.

Objectives for protection coordination

The Iranian 230/400 kV System has experienced a number of large disturbances which
resulted in cascaded tripping and blackouts. Malfunction of protection has contributed to
these outages, due to an obsolete protection policy, equipment failures and not properly
coordinated settings.

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The Protection deficiencies are documented in the earlier Section Report PTD SE
PTI/sk0632/SER10 "Section Report on Evaluation of Existing Protection System".

The main objectives of the coordination part of the protection study are to work out a
suitable protection concept and submit proposals for the following:

Upgrade of the protection of the Iranian 230/400 kV system to the state of
international practice.
Coordination of protection settings which will ensure timely and selective fault
clearance to maintain system stability, allowing at the same time unrestricted use
of primary plant loading capability.
Introduction of a uniform protection policy for the whole Iranian High Voltage
System as a basis for a future protection grid code (Elaboration of the protection
grid code itself is not part of this study).
A regulatory agency (for example IGMC) would then take on the task of
reinforcing all network agents to comply with these requirements for design and
operation of all protection installations.
It has to be considered that the result of the study is a policy for enhanced
protection coordination of the Iranian High Voltage System based on the given
grid model.
The newly coordinated relay settings are based on this model and must be
understood as guideline. The real relay settings must finally consider the actual
grid conditions and details of the practical application.
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2 Existing state of the Iranian High Voltage System protection

The study findings can be summarised in the following main conclusions:

The complex and extended transmission grid (high degree of meshing and zero-
sequence line coupling, mixture of very long and extremely short lines) results in a wide
range and great variation of short circuit conditions which are difficult to handle by
traditional time graded distance and overcurrent protection.

Traditional power line carrier signalling channels do not exist in many cases or are out of
service because of technical problems (see appendix: Teleprotection &
Evaluation_Total.xls). Modern optic fibre or microwave communication is so far not used
for protection.

For this reason, many lines are not protected by 100% fast teleprotection (PUTT, POTT,
Blocking distance or differential protection) and line end faults are only tripped by the
second or third zones of distance relays. The consequence is long time delayed and in
many cases not selective fault clearing with danger to the system stability.

Directional earth fault relays are installed on practically all lines to detect high resistance
faults. But only in few cases these relays are integrated in a teleprotection scheme for
fast directional comparison earth fault protection. The time delayed clearance of high
resistance faults however cannot be selective due to the variety of uncoordinated settings
and the mixture of different time curves (normal inverse, very inverse and some other).

Breaker failure relays are installed in most feeders but the necessary transfer trip
channels are not available, so that fault clearing by the second zones of remote distance
relays is partly necessary.
The time delay setting of the breaker failure protection is in many cases too long (> 200
ms) so that the BF tripping overlaps with the tripping of the second zones of the distance
relays which again results in the non selective tripping of remote relays (see appendix:
Breaker Failure.xls).

Auto-reclosure is in operation only in few regions. These results in definite tripping and
not necessary loss of lines in the case of transient faults and also in the case of relay
over-function (overreach of first distance zone).

Transformer and reactor protection correspond in general to modern standards as
concerns the provided protection functions (87T, 87N, gas pressure, 50/51/51N and
21/21N in several cases). Older relays may however not be safe against CT saturation
and inrush effects.

In some substations there is no busbar protection (see survey in the Section Report PTD
SE PTI/sk0632/SER10 "Section Report on Evaluation of Existing Protection System")
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which could lead to system splitting in case of a busbar faults due to the need for remote
back-up fault clearance by second and third distance zones.

The relay settings are in many cases not appropriate and not well coordinated. A great
variety of settings exist for comparable application cases and it seems that the settings
are not always updated in cases of network extensions and changes. In many cases the
settings are not plausible or totally wrong. It is not clear if the wrong settings are real or
only entry errors in the collected data sheets. This should be finally cleared by IGMC.

References for correct settings
Here the following has to be considered:
There are basic rules for relay setting which are contained in various textbooks about
protection. These rules refer in general to simple application cases (ring network, radial
networks, etc.).
More detailed textbooks, application guides and papers then describe the various
influences (parallel line coupling, intermediate infeeds, load flow, fault resistance, and so
on) and give general hints for the compensation of these effects.
Please refer to the book G. Ziegler: Numerical Distance protection and the bibliography
in this book.

The protection engineer must consider the basic rules and the influences which may
apply in the individual application case and work out an appropriate practical solution.
The solution normally requires compromises to balance the impact of existing influences
and necessities.
Protection is art and science (see the famous text book on Protective Relaying by R.
Mason, GE) and needs the practical experience of engineers.

For the protection study, it was necessary to fix the setting and coordination rules as
basis for the setting macros.
In section 5 of this report, the applied setting rules are completely presented and
described. Also references are included.
The description is adapted to protection engineers with a basis knowledge and practical
experience.
The report cannot be a basic textbook about protection but requires the basic protection
knowledge
At least some of the IGMC trainees have this knowledge.

There is a high percentage of old mechanical relay which are no more graded for
transmission grid protection. The quality of the collected data leads to the conclusion that
the operation principles of these relays is also no more correctly understood and that
even documentation is no more available.
We have several times sent letters and asked IGMC for the missing relay descriptions
with limited success.
Please refer to the PPT survey of relay characteristics which contains the hints about
mission information about older relay types.
As an example for the not understood operation principles of these old relays, please
refer to the EXCEL list of relays with voltage-current dependent fault detectors which is
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included as appendix in this report. More or less 80% of the settings had to be corrected
or estimated.

Necessary redundancy of protection systems and signalling channels does not exist in
many cases.

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3 Problems in the protection of the Iranian High Voltage System
One part of the problems is based on the complexity of transmission systems in general
and special phenomena of the Iranian grid in particular.

The other part is related to the deficiencies of the existing protection system which is
mainly based on the remote back-up protection concept.

Both subjects are considered in more detail in the following two sections.

3.1 Protection issues of the complex Iranian transmission grid

Wide area transmission networks such as the Iranian High Voltage System are as a rule
critical in stability and need fast clearance of faults in 100 to latest 150ms. There is
however a number of phenomena which provide difficulties for the protection engineer
and require consideration.

3.1.1 Mixture of long and short transmission lines
There are short lines in heavily populated industrialized regions and long lines between
these regions and power generating plants. This partly extreme difference of line lengths
causes problems for the selective grading of distance zones and time delayed
overcurrent protection.

For this reason, selectivity can in many cases even not be achieved for the second zones
of distance relays. This is shown in the following Figure 3.1.

The second zone of the lines must be graded over the next substation by a security
margin of about 20 % to cover line end faults und to provide back-up protection for the
following busbar.

Figure 3.1: Overlapping of distance zones
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If a long line is followed by a short line, the second zone of the relay on the long line may
reach into the second zone of the short line. Faults in the overlap range would cause
overfunction of the relay on the long line and unselective fault clearance.

Only when additional strong infeeds exist at the following station, the overlapping is
avoided as the end of zone Z
RB-1
appears farther away at the relay in A:
F B
A
C B
F B L RA
Z
I
I I
Z Z Z

+
+ + =
1

(3.1)

Comment:

The meaning of the variable names in this and the following formulas are
each shown in the accompanying drawings.
The variable names of formula (3.1) refer to Figure 3.1 on the previous
page 9.

In extreme cases (line of 300 km followed by lines of only some kilometers) the second
zone of the long line may even overreach more than one short line.

If overlapping of second zones occurs, the short line must be equipped with
teleprotection for 100% fast fault clearance (line differential or distance teleprotection).
Short lines in the 400 kV level should consequently have redundant 100% teleprotection.

The concerned relays and ranges of overlapping will be shown in the survey tables of the
final report.

A time delay of the second zone (150 to 200 ms) may be considered in the individual
case but cannot be recommended as general solution as it may have an impact on the
zone grading of other nearby relays.

150 to 200 ms time delay of second zones
The increase of the second zone time would allow a longer zone reach due to the time
grading against the following second zone. This is shown in Figure 3.2:.

Figure 3.2: Grading of intermediate zone times for selectivity with zone overlapping

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This solution is however only applicable in 230 kV where the zone grading is presently
400 ms for zone 2 and 800 ms for zone 3. The increase of the second zone time
(increase of the line end fault clearing time) must be admissible. The solution is further
only applicable with modern relays with short reset time (<50 ms). For mechanical relays
a time grading of 200 ms is too short due to their longer reset times > 100 ms.
Depending on what type of relays and circuit breakers are involved, the second zone
time of Relay R3 could additionally be reduced to let say 300 ms to increase the grading
margin to zone 2 of relay R2 from 200 to 300 ms.
Further the zone 3 time of relay R1 could be increased to 900 ms to increase the grading
margin to zone 2 of relay 2 to 300 ms.
As already mentioned, such solutions should only be applied in few individual cases:
1. Special solutions should be avoided as they require individual studies and further
adaptation in case of network changes.
2. The increase of the line end fault clearing time must be admissible from the point
of system stability
The very narrow time grading requires detailed knowledge about the circuit breaker times
and the relay operating and reset (overtravel) times.
3.1.2 High degree of network meshing
The same infeed effect which assists zone selectivity has however the disadvantage of
reducing the zone reach for remote back-up protection. At big substations with strong
infeed of several lines, the distance zones will reach only a small percentage into the
following lines. Remote back-up protection is therefore impossible and must instead be
replaced by local back-up /breaker fail protection.

The critical case is given when the fault occurs at the end of a longer line and the local
breaker fails (Figure 3.3).

Even a far reaching third zone or fault detection zone may not see the fault. In some
cases cascaded tripping will occur:
The relay on the strongest infeeding line may see the fault and trip in second or third
zone time.

Figure 3.3: Critical case for remote back-up protection

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The other lines will then follow when the strong infeed is tripped.

The described phenomenon occurs in all larger substations of the Iranian transmission
grid.

In the following we give a typical example:
Substation Galpayegan (9AMGIS01)
Three-phase fault on line DP929, 20% remote from Galpayegan
Simulation with the SINCAL program:
Breaker failure simulated by putting the relays in Galpayegan out of service.

Results of SINCAL calculations:
Loop1:
The relays 9AJMJP19 and P28 at the remote end of DP929 trip in zone 2 (0.3 s)
Other relays do not start (detect the fault).
Loop 2:
The relays in the KWPA infeed 9BAZGP12 and P13 trip the line AP911 in zone 3 (0.6 s)
Further relay do not start (see the fault).
Loop 3:
The relays 9AMUIP19 and P21 in Montazeri 2 now also detect the fault and trip in
cascade the line FP934.by zone 3 (further 0.6 s)
Additionally the relays 9ALXIP11 and P13 in Tiran trip line PT900 also by zone 3.

Herewith the fault is completely cleared.

We would further draw the attention of IGMC to the fact, that faults farther away than 30
% are not fully cleared in Galpayegan in case of a breaker failure.
In case of a fault at a distance of 50% and more the fault is only cleared at the remote
end and
is further fed through the failed breaker in Galpayegan (I
SC
= 4542 A).
The fault would not be cleared at all and stay until switched off manually or the line
conductors are burned through as happened in the past in Germany.

The situation in case of phaseto-earth faults would be a bit less critical as the sensitive
earth fault relays would clear the fault in the end however with the risk of non-selective
trippings and network splitting.
It must further be kept in mind that the setting of traditional circle characteristics (MHO or
Offset-MHO) must be limited to avoid overfunction in case of load encroachment.

Reach of third zone
The reach of the 3
rd
zone is limited by two criteria:
1. The 3
rd
zone should not reach through transformers into lower level networks
(132, 63 kV)
2. The 3
rd
zone must not respond to load encroachment (NERC criteria).

In case of quadrilateral characteristics or characteristics with load encroachment sector,
the first criterion normally limits the reach of the 3
rd
zone.
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In the case of circle characteristics, the second criterion may be the decisive one.
We recommend reading reference /2/ of the section report on protection coordination.

Circle characteristics:
We recommend reading references /1/ to /7/ of the section report on protection
coordination.

Remote back-up protection
The aim must be to change as fast as possible to teleprotection and the local back-up
protection concept as outlined in the section report.
In the transition time, remote back-up protection must be accepted.
We have taken this into account in or study.
The most critical problem is presently that the second zones cannot be graded selectively
where short lines follow longer lines.
We therefore recommend to focus the activities on the critical short lines where 2
nd
zone
overlapping occurs.
Teleprotection must be installed with high priority on these lines.
The critical lines, where second zone overlapping occurs are indicated in the survey lists
of the simulation results (final report).

Local back-up protection
The considerations of the previous and this section lead to the established conclusion
that remote back-up protection cannot be relied on in transmission networks.
In 400 kV, redundant teleprotection and local back-up protection is now state of the art.
In 230 kV, one main teleprotection scheme and local back-up protection is standard.
The second protection may be a distance protection without telecommunication with
remote back-up distance zones.
This means that the remote back-up zones only become active when the main protection
(or signaling channel) fails.

The crucial problem in the Iranian network is that more than 90 % of the 230 kV lines
have no active signaling equipment and therefore line end faults are always tripped in
second zone with the risk of false trippings on adjacent lines (2
nd
zone overlapping) as
discussed above.

Redundant main protection and local back-up protection is state of the art
Please refer to reference /2/ of the section report and the various national grid codes
(Summaries of the grid codes of Brazil and Spain have been submitted to the trainees
during the courses in Erlangen).
Also in international tender invitations for transmission line protection, the protection
specifications are all designed in this way since more than 25 years. (This is the
experience of Mr. Ziegler from his protection application activities in Siemens over more
than 35 years.)

The aim of the second zone is mainly to provide backup protection for line end faults and
faults on the following busbars because the latter have in general no redundant
differential protection. The third zone and a possible fault detection zone are needed
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where the reach of the second zone may not be sufficient (for example due to zero-
sequence coupling effects, fault resistances or remote infeeds). /2/

In practically all countries, the protection practice of transmission grids has therefore
changed already long time ago from remote back-up protection to redundant
teleprotection and breaker failure protection.
3.1.3 Zero-sequence mutual line coupling
In the Iranian High Voltage System, many lines are double circuit lines with a high degree
of zero-sequence coupling. There are true parallel lines which start and end at the same
substations. But there are also many lines which are coupled to two and more lines which
run only partly parallel and start and/or end at separate substations.

The coupling impedance of about 1.0 Ohm/ km is relatively high and induces strong zero-
sequence voltage in the parallel zero-sequence line circuit.

On a true parallel line the coupling effect can be easily calculated and the effects are well
known and documented in the relaying literature /3, 12/.

Figure 3.4 shows the simplest case of a parallel line fed from one end only. We can
calculate the measured relay impedance from the voltage and currents appearing at the
relay:

|
|
\
|
+ = |
\
|
+
+ =
Ep
L
M
E
L
L L
L L Ep
M
E
L L
L Ll L
I
Z
Z
I
Z
Z Z
I Z
l
x
I
Z
I
Z Z
I Z
l
x
U
1
0
1
1
1 0
1 1
0
1
1 0
1 1
3 3 3 3

(3.2)
In the formula means:
Residual compensation factor adapted to the line:
1
1 0
0
3
L
L L
L
Z
Z Z
k
=
Earth current coupling factor:
1
0
0
3
L
M
M
Z
Z
k
=

Figure 3.4: Fault on a parallel line with single infeed

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Measured relay impedance:

( )
1
1 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 1
1
1 L
E R L
Ep M E L L
E R L
L
R
Z
I k I
I k I k I
l
x
I k I
U
Z
+
+ +
=
+
=

(3.3)

In this formula, k
0R
is the residual compensation factor set at the relay. When the set k
0R

value corresponds to the line value k
0L
which normally is the case we get the following
formula:

1
1 0 1
0
1 1 L
E R L
Ep M
L R
Z
I k I
I k
l
x
Z
l
x
Z
+
+ = (3.4)
The first term represents the true fault impedance while the latter term corresponds to the
measuring error.

We can see that the error is positive, that means the relay measures a higher impedance
(zone underreach) when the earth current on the parallel line flows in the same direction
as on the protected line. In case of opposite directions, too small impedance is measured
(zone overreach). Both cases can be observed in practice and also in the Iranian grid.

If the fault occurs at the remote end of the one line of the parallel circuit line or at the
remote busbar, we get x/l = 1 and the currents I
L1
, I
E1
and I
Ep
are equal. The formula for
the measured impedance then is simplified as follows:

1
0
0 0
1
1
1
L
R
M R
line parallel fault end R
Z
k
k k
Z
+
+ +
=

(3.5)

Example:

Parallel line ZE919/EZ918 in Region Tehran (25 km):
z
1L
= 0.019 + j0.2816 Ohm/km
z
0L
= 0.266 + j0.9535 Ohm/km
z
0M
= 0.179 + j0.5426 Ohm/km
With the above formula we can calculate:
k
0L
=0.811 + j0.238= 0.845 (16.3
O
)
k
0M
=0.654 j0.168 = 0.675 (14.4
O
)

For k
0R
= k
0L
(residual compensation factor adapted to line) we get:

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1 ) 9 . 1 367 . 1 (
238 . 0 811 . 0 1
168 . 0 654 . 0 238 . 0 811 . 0 1
1 1
ZL Z
j
j j
Z
O
L line parallel fault end R
=
+
+ +
=

(3.6)

The mutual coupling causes an error of +36.7%.

To cover the line end, the setting of zone 2 would have to be enlarged by at least about
40%. The better choice is 50 % which provides sufficient security margin. (the latter value
is generally recommended and is also used for relay coordination /2, 3/

It should be mentioned that older relays do not allow setting of complex k
0
-factors (|I
0
| and
Phi
0
) but only an absolute value |k
0
|. In this case we get slightly different measured
impedance:

1 1 1
) 3 . 9 354 . 1 (
845 . 0 1
168 . 0 654 . 0 238 . 0 811 . 0 1
L
O
L line parallel fault end R
Z Z
j j
Z =
+
+ +
=

(3.7)

The influence of the angle of k
0
can be in most cases neglected.

There are however more complex cases where the phase- and earth-currents currents
are different in amplitude and phase and the neglect of the angle could cause higher
errors.
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Figure 3.5: Impedance measuring errors due mutual coupling, influence of circuit
configuration

Figure 3.5 shows the influence of the circuit configuration and earthing conditions on the
mutual coupling effect. It can be clearly seen, that the measured impedance is higher
with same current directions and smaller with opposite direction.

In the Iranian grid very often multiple coupling between different lines occurs. The impact
on distance measurement causes selectivity problems.
In the following, the analysis of the distance measurement with multiple coupled lines is
shown.

Figure 3.6: Impedance measurement at mutually coupled lines

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We refer to Figure 3.6 and get the following equation for the voltage at the relay location:

3 3 3 3
4 0
4
3 0
3
2 0
2
1 01
1 1 1 1
M L
E
M L
E
M L
E
L L
E L L L
Z
I
Z
I
Z
I
Z Z
I Z I U + + +
+ =

(3.8)

With
1
1 01
0
3
L
L L
Z
Z Z
k
= and
1
0
0
3
L
n M L
n M
Z
Z
k
, we can calculate the measured impedance:

1
1 0 1
4 4 0 3 3 0 2 2 0 1 0 1
1 0 1
1
1
) (
L
E L
E M E M E M E L
E L
L
E L
Z
I k I
I k I k I k I k I
I k I
U
relay Z
+
+ + + +
=
+
=

(3.9)

Example: Circuit configuration according to Figure 3.7.

0.01 -
28 . 65 3
6 . 1
k0M5 0.165
28 . 65 3
29 . 32
k0M4 0.346
28 . 65 3
79 . 67
k0M3 0.103
28 . 65 3
18 . 20
k0M2 =
= =
= =
= =
=

28 . 65
364 482 . 0 1053
1927 165 . 0 4 346 . 0 186 103 . 0 364 482 . 0 1053
) (
1

+
+ +
=
relay Z
E L

1 % 124 1 . 81 ZL Zrelay = =

The relay shows in this case an underreach of 24%.

Dependent on the routing of the lines, the mutual coupling can also lead to overreach
and false tripping even instantaneously in the underreaching first zone. Several examples
have been found during the protection simulation studies.

Figure 3.8 shows one example of the region Esfahan. The line routing makes it possible
that in certain fault cases the earth currents flow in opposite direction causing cross-
coupling of negative zero-sequence voltages. For a fault near Shusthar on line HU934

Figure 3.7: Distance measurement at mutually coupled line, Example

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the relays in Khoramabad 2 on line DM924 and the relay in Masjed Solemann on line
DU927 trip undelayed in the first zone (setting 80% line length). The measured
impedance is about 63.6% in the first case and 67% line impedance in the second case.
Therefore the false operation cannot simply be avoided by reduced setting of the first
zone.

Only a directional comparison distance protection scheme (POTT, Blocking or
Unblocking) or line differential protection would be appropriate in this case.

Another case was found in the region Bakhtar (Figure 3.9).

The relay in Mofateh on line FD801 tripped instantaneously in Zone 1 for a remote fault
on line FR800 10% off Fahran. The measured impedance is 10.2 + j19.1 Ohm which is
50.1% of the line impedance. Again here, only a directional comparison distance
protection scheme (POTT, Blocking or Unblocking) or line differential protection would be
appropriate.

Figure 3.8: False operation of first distance zone due to mutual coupling, Example 1
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Figure 3.9: False operation of first distance zone due to mutual coupling, Example 2

3.1.4 Impact of large coupler transformers
The positive-sequence equivalent impedances of three-winding transformers (separate
winding type or autotransformer) can be calculated according to the delta-star
transformation shown in Figure 3.10.

Figure 3.10: Equivalent impedances of three-winding transformers
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The zero-sequence equivalent circuit depends on the kind of winding neutral earthing
(Figure 3.11).

Figure 3.11: Equivalent zero-sequence circuits of 3-winding transformers

The corresponding zero-sequence circuit impedances are as follows:
( )
st tp ps p
Z Z Z Z

+ =
0 0 0 0
2
1
,
( )
tp st ps s
Z Z Z Z

+ =
0 0 0 0
2
1
,
( )
2
1
0 0 0 0 ps st tp t
Z Z Z Z

+ =

Figure 3.12: Ph-E fault behind an auto-transformer, symmetrical component circuit

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Figure 3.13 shows the equivalent symmetrical component circuit for a single-phase earth
fault behind an auto-transformer.

In the following, an example is calculated: (Transformer data according to Figure 3.13.)

=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
\
|
= 98 . 42
100
2
400
500
43 . 13
% 100
2
N
U
ps
S
ps
u
ps
Z

= = |
\
|
=
38.68 0.9 42.98

1
0
0
ps
ps ps
Z
Z
Z Z

=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
\
|
= 320
100
2
400
75
0 . 15
% 100
2
N
U
st
S
st
u
st
Z

= = |
\
|
=
304 0.95 320

1
0
0
st
st st
Z
Z
Z Z

=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
\
|
= 52 . 139
100
2
400
75
54 . 6
% 100
2
N
U
tp
S
tp
u
tp
Z

= = |
\
|
=
132.54 0.95 139.52

1
0
0
tp
tp tp
Z
Z
Z Z

( ) ( ) = + = + =

66.39 - 304 - 132.54 38.68
2
1
2
1
0 0 0 0 st tp ps p
Z Z Z Z

( ) ( ) 105.07 132.54 - 38.68 304
2
1

2
1
0 0 0 0
= + = + =
tp ps st s
Z Z Z Z

( ) ( ) = + = + =

105.07 38.68 - 304 132.54
2
1

2
1
0 0 0 0 ps st tp t
Z Z Z Z

This result is typical for auto-transformers. Either the primary or secondary impedance of
the equivalent star circuit can become negative dependent on the transformer design. In
the Iranian grid, this is normally the primary impedance.

The negative zero-sequence impedance has an impact on the protection performance
during earth faults:

Distance measurement:
The short-circuit impedance for through-faults is reduced and distance relays measure
smaller impedances in case of phase-to-earth faults dependent on the zero-sequence
source impedances at both sides of the auto-transformer. That means that distance
relays tend to overreach in this case when set in relation to the positive sequence short
circuit impedance ( e.g. 70%), as usual.
Impedances as low as 20% can occur (see below). This would require very short setting
of the first distance zone. It may therefore be better to use distance protection only as
back-up protection with time delayed overreaching third zone, similar to the practiced line
distance protection. (See proposed relay coordination below).

Figure 3.13: Technical data of a coupler auto-transformers

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Directional discrimination:
Under certain conditions (parallel connection of auto-transformers), the zero-sequence
through-fault impedance may even become negative (capacitive). This can cause the
inversion of the zero-sequence currents and consequently false directional decision of
directional earth-fault relays in the vicinity of auto-transformers. As the earth currents are
very high under these circumstances, the earth fault inverse time relays also tend to
overfunction because of shortened operating times.
Also distance relays may see the earth-fault in the wrong direction as was observed
during the SINCAL protection simulations. This happens when the earth current is
inverted and is much higher than the phase short-circuit current. An example will be
shown below.

Grading of earth-fault relays:
The neutral current of auto-transformers is not directly proportional to the through-flowing
short-circuit current but depends on the zero-sequence source impedance relations. The
grading of the relays in the auto-transformer neutral with the other residually (at current
transformer neutrals) connected earth fault relays is therefore difficult.
In case of an earth fault on the high voltage side, the current in the auto-transformer
neutral-to-ground connection may be small and can become even zero dependent on the
zero-sequence impedance conditions of the transformer and the infeed at the low voltage
side:
The zero-source Impedance criterion for zero neutral current is:

) (
0 0 0 0 t T s T
Ns
Np
t T S
Z Z
U
U
Z Z

+ =

(3.10)
The corresponding infeed short circuit power on the low voltage (secondary) side is:

S
S
S
Ns
s
Z
Z
Z
U
SCC
1
0
0
2
=

(3.11)

Distance measurement through auto-transformers:
The PSSSINCAL protection simulation has shown that in particular distance relays on
the 230 kV side overreach for faults beyond the large coupling transformers. This can be
approved by the following calculation:

With reference to Figure 3.14, we can derive the following equations:

F s p T A A
U Z I U
1 1 1
+ =

F s p T A A
U Z I U
2 2 2
+ =

F p T FA s T A A
U Z I Z I U
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ + =

(3.12)

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A
t T
t T s T A S
FA
I
Z
Z Z Z
I
0
0 0 0
0
0

+ +
=

(3.13)

( )
F A
t T
t T s T A S p T
s T A A
U I
Z
Z Z Z Z
Z I U
0 0
0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
) ( +
+ +
+ =

(3.14)

A - E 0A A - L1 0A 2A 1A
I I 3 - and I I I I = = + +

With the following definition (transformer zero-sequence)

( )
t T
t T s T A S p T
s T T
Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z

+ +
+ =
0
0 0 0 0
0 0

(3.15)
we get:

0 0 2 1 1
) (

+ + =
T A s p T A A A L
Z I Z I I U
) ( ) (
0 0 0 2 1 1 s p T T A s p T A A A A L
Z Z I Z I I I U

+ + + =

(
(
=

s p T
s p T T
A E A L s p T
s p T T
A E s p T A L A L
Z
Z Z
I I Z
Z Z
I Z I U
3
) (
3
) (
0
1
0
1 1

[ ]
T A E A L s p T A L
k I I Z U

=
0 1 1

where
s p T
s p T T
T
Z
Z Z
k

=
3
0
0
is the resulting residual compensation factor to be set.

Herewith, the measured impedance can finally be calculated:

A E T A L
A L
s p T
I k I
U
Z

=
0 1
1

(3.16)

Example:
Given: Circuit and data according to Figure 3.14.
Question: A phase to earth fault occurs at the 400 kV side of the auto-transformer.
Which impedance measures the distance relay R at the 230 kV side?
Solution:
=
+ +
+ =
58 . 10
77 . 65
) 77 . 65 74 . 34 27 . 35 ( 95 . 21
74 . 34
0 T
Z

582 . 0
21 . 14 3
21 . 14 58 . 10
0
=

=
T
k

kA I - I I
A E-A A L
473 . 4 3 and kA 431 . 3 491 . 1 970 . 0 2
0 1
= = = + =

kV 78 . 11 59 . 52 21 . 34 58 . 98
1
= =
A L
U

=

=

21 . 14
) 473 . 4 ( 0582 431 . 3
78 . 11
kA kA
kV
Z
s p T

The result corresponds to the positive sequence primary-secondary short-
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circuit impedance as measured in the three-phase fault case.

Comment: With this theoretical k
0-T
-factor, the relay measures the true positive
sequence short-circuit impedance of the transformer.
k
0-T
however is not a constant value but depends on the source impedances
and can therefore not be adopted as practicable approach. In addition it has
to be considered that negative k
0
-values cannot be set at most older relays.
According to general practice, k
0
= 0 has to be set.
In this case the relay would measure in the above example:
=

=
43 . 3
) 473 . 4 ( 0 431 . 3
78 . 11
1
kA kA
kV
Z
L R

corresponding to 3.43/14.21100= 24% of the positive sequence auto-
transformer impedance.

A survey of the measured impedances, dependent on the short-circuit power and the
Z
0
/Z
1
ratios at both sides of the auto-transformer is shown in
Table 3.1. It proves that low impedances (19.1 %Z
T
) can appear at the relay on the 230
kV side.

Figure 3.14: Distance measurement through auto-transformers, example

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Table 3.1 Measured impedances through auto-transformers for Ph-E faults
Fault on 400 kV side
Measured relay impedances (k
0
=0):
(for comparison: Z
ps
= 14.209)

SCC(400 kV) = 20000 MVA, Z0/Z1= 1
Fault on 230 kV side
Measured relay impedances (k
0
=0):
(for comparison: Z
ps
= 42.976 Ohm)

SCC(230 kV) = 20000 MVA, Z0/Z1= 1
SCC(230 kV infeed)
MVA
Z (Ohm) SCC(400 kV infeed) MVA Z (Ohm)
1500 2.719 1500 48.222
3800 5.288 3800 36.600
10000 6.046 10000 29.540
20000 6.171 20000 26.687
SCC(400 kV)= 1500 MVA, Z0/Z1= 1 SCC(230 kV)= 1500 MVA, Z0/Z1= 1
SCC(230 kV infeed)
MVA
Z (Ohm) SCC(400 kV infeed)
MVA
Z (Ohm)
1500 6.701 1500 48.222
3800 8.802 3800 36.418
10000 9.653 10000 27.657
20000 9.914 20000 22.653

Min. measured impedance: 19.1%

Min. measured impedance: 52.7%

Directional discrimination near autotransformers
The SINCAL protection simulations have shown that the zero-sequence of pa group of
parallel connected auto-transformers can be in total capacitive. Near auto-transformer
groups, the zero-sequence current can turn negative (capacitive). Critical in this respect
are transformers with high short-circuit voltage between secondary and tertiary winding
(see data in Figure 3.14).

One example is the auto-transformer group 9ALWIQ01 to Q04 in Nadjaf Abad. Two
transformers 200 MVA, u
K
= 9,9/15/5,3% and two transformers 200 MVA, u
K
=
10,0/4,1/5,4% are connected parallel. Seen from the 400 kV side the transformer group
with the series connected zero-sequence source impedance of the 230 kV grid presents
a negative total zero-sequence reactance of -14.5 Ohm.

Even more critical is the situation when transformer Q01 (u
K
= 10,0/4,1/5,4%) is switched
off. In this case the total zero-sequence reactance seen from the 400 kV side amounts to
- 21.6 Ohm.

Figure 3.15 shows a fault near this transformer group with false operation of distance
relays in Tiran. The reason for the false directional decision of the relays on the lines
TE917 and TE918 is the large capacitive earth current flowing in direction of the
transformer group.

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Figure 3.15: False operation of distance relays due to capacitive earth currents

Comment: Due to the compensation of inductive line and source impedances by the
negative impedance of the auto-transformer group, a series resonance L-C-
circuit occurs in the zero-sequence system.
In this situation, the short-circuit conditions (amplitudes and angles of
currents, voltages) react very sensitive on even small changes of the system
configuration. The critical fault locations with zero-sequence current
inversion are for this reason limited to certain narrow sections of lines
(mostly near line ends).
The SINCAL protection simulation also revealed that large earth currents
can circulate in the auto-transformer group between the transformers with
different short-circuit voltage (u
SC-s-t
= 15 respectively 4 %). This occurs with
external system earth faults in the vicinity of the transformer group.
Residually connected earth fault O/C relays at the terminals could
overfunction and are therefore not recommended at these parallel
connected 400/230 coupler transformers. The current in the auto-
transformer neutrals is much lower and 51G relays connected there (Iran
practice) are not expected to overfunction under the described
circumstances.

Current distribution in the auto-transformers for external earth faults
For the example of Figure 3.15, we get the short-circuit current distribution shown in
Figure 3.16.

For the calculation of the phase and earth current from the symmetrical component
currents, it has to be considered that all currents in Figure 3.16 are related to 230 kV.
Thus, the real currents at the 400 kV side are obtained by transferring them to 400 kV
level (multiplication by 230/400).
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A A A s L
I I I I

+ + =
0 2 1 1

( ) ) ( 400 230
0 2 1 1 FA F F p L
I I I I

+ + =

A A A s L
I I a I a I

+ + =
0 2 1
2
2

( ) ) ( 400 230
0 2 1
2
2 FA F F p L
I I a I a I

+ + =

A A A s L
I I a I a I

+ + =
0 2
2
1 3

( ) ) ( 400 230
0 2
2
1 3 FA F F p L
I I a I a I

+ + =

A Es
I I

=
0
3

( )
FA Ep
I I

=
0
3 400 230

( )
t t
I I

=
0
63 230

As already explained the current in the neutral of the auto-transformer varies with the
infeed conditions and can become even zero under certain infeed relations (see above).
Due to the negative primary zero-sequence impedance, the through flowing short-circuit
currents can become very high.
3.1.5 Impact of line loading on distance zone setting

In the normal fault-free state and rated voltage, the distance relay measures the load
impedance:

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] MVA S
kV U
kA I
kV U
Z
Load
N
Load
N
Load
2 2
3 /
= =
(3.17)

For a 400 kV line which carries 2 kA load current (corresponding to 1386 MVA), the
measured impedance is 115.5 Ohm.

To avoid false tripping, the distance zone characteristics must keep a security distance
from the maximum expected load. During disturbances the line voltage drops and the
current increases. This means that lower impedances are measured in the overload case
during disturbances.

Figure 3.16: Short-circuit current distribution at an auto-transformer (Ph-E fault)
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This effect of load encroachment can lead to overfunction of distance zones and false
tripping. The afterwards higher loading of the remaining lines leads to the well known
cascaded tripping and has caused many blackouts in the last years. /4, 6, 7/

After the last large blackout in USA and Canada in 2003, the NERC (North American
reliability council) has published recommendations which are worldwide accepted as
guideline. /5/

These NERC conditions are applied in this study for the coordination of distance back-up
zones.

It is required that the distance relays must allow the lines to carry 150% of the thermal
limit current (I
max
= 1.5I
therm
) of the line for 20 minutes at a reduced voltage of 85% U
N

(U= 0.85 U
N
). The allowed load angle range shall be = 30
O
.

The following minimum load impedance applies for the NERC condition:

therm
N
Load
I
U
Z Z
= =

5 . 1
3 / 85 . 0
min
(3.18)
Herewith, we get the following setting limits for the different distance zone characteristics:

MHO circle

From Figure 3.17 we can infer the following maximum reach setting for the MHO circle:

R

X
R
MHO circle
Z
Load
Z

Z
f

R

X
R
MHO circle
Z
Load
Z

Z
f

Figure 3.17: Loadability of a MHO circle

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( )

R
f
Z
Z
cos
(3.19)
We can now estimate the maximum reach setting in practice:
For a 400 kV line with a line angle L= 85
O
we get:

[ ]
[ ] Ohm
kA Itherm I
Zf
O O
therm
MHO
228
) 30 85 cos( 5 . 1
3 / 400 85 . 0
. max
=

(3.20)
Assuming a typical line impedance of 0.3 Ohm/km, the following reach in km results:

[ ]
[ ] km
kA Itherm
l
MHO
.
760
. max
=

(3.21)
On a line with a thermal limit current of 2 kA, the MHO circle could be set up to 380 km.

Offset MHO

We can now make the same consideration for the Offset-MHO characteristic by using the
geometrical relationships in Figure 3.18:

From the sin law results:

( )
( )
( )
( )
R R R R R R
f
Z
Z

sin tan cos

sin tan cos
sin sin cos cos
sin sin cos cos
cos
cos
90 sin
90 sin
+
+
=
+
+
=

=
+
+
=
Z
f
kZ
f
Z
Load
X
R
Z
90
R
+

R

Z
f
kZ
f
Z
Load
X
R
Z
90
R
+

Offset MHO

Figure 3.18: Loadability of an Offset-MHO circle

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+

=
sin sin
cos cos
tan
Z Z
Z Z
R f
R f

(3.22)
( )
( )
R R R R R
f
Z
Z k

cos tan sin

sin cos tan
sin cos cos sin
sin cos cos sin
sin
sin

=

=

+

=
cos cos
sin sin
tan
Z Z k
Z Z k
R f
R f

(3.23)
Combining (3.22) and (3.23) results in the following quadratic equation:
0 ) cos( ) 1 (
2 2
= +

Z R k Zf Z Z k
f

with the solution:

( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
Z
k
k k k
Z
R R
f
2
4 cos 1 cos ) 1 (
2 2

(3.24)

Making the same calculation as above for the MHO circle, we can see that the allowed
reach setting is about 14% less for an offset of 10% (k=0.1) under the same loading
conditions.

R

Z
f
kZ
f
Z
Load
X
R
Z

R
+

Offset Lens

R

Z
f
kZ
f
Z
Load
X
R
Z

R
+

Offset Lens

Figure 3.19: Loadability of a lens
characteristic
a
b
X
R
a
b
X
R

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Offset-Lens

For the lens characteristic we get the following formula (Figure 3.19):

[ ] [ ] { } { }

+ + +
= Z
k
k k
Z
R R
f

sin 2
sin 4 ( sin ( sin
2 2

(3.25)
Where
|
\
|
=
b
a
arctan 2

Example:
Example: k= 0.3,
R
= 80
O
, a/b = 2 (= 126.9
O
) and = 30
O
: Z
f
= 2,39 Z

Compared with the MHO and Offset-MHO characteristics, the permissible reach under
NERC condition is now much higher:

[ ]
[ ] Ohm
kA Itherm I
Zf
therm
MHO
313
39 . 2
5 . 1
3 / 400 85 . 0
. max
=

Assuming again a typical line impedance of 0.3 Ohm/km, the following reach in km
results:
[ ]
[ ] km
kA Itherm
l
MHO
.
1043
. max
=

On a line with a thermal limit current of 2 kA, the Offset lens (k=-0.3 and aspect ratio
a/b= 2) could be set up to about 500 km, with higher aspect ratio and lower offset even
further.

Quadrilateral

Here we get for the allowed maximum reach in R-direction (Figure 3.20):

\
|
Z
A
R
tan
sin
cos (3.26)

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Load encroachment sector

In this case, the allowed maximum reach in R-direction is (Figure 3.21):

Z R
A
cos
(3.27)

X
R
Z
L
Z

R
A
Quadrilateral
X
A

Z
Load
X
R
Z
L
Z

R
A
Quadrilateral
X
A

Z
Load

Figure 3.20: Loadability of a quadrilateral

X
R
Z
L
Load area
Z
Load
R
A

Z

X
R
Z
L
Load area
Z
Load
R
A

Z

Figure 3.21: Loadability of the load encroachment
sector
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3.2 Deficiencies of the existing protection system in the Iranian
High Voltage System

The existing protection system of the Iranian High Voltage System is no more suitable for
the protection of the complex Iranian Network. The issues described in the previous
section 3.1 can only be solved with a modern protection concept according to
international standard.

The better coordination of the existing protection relays and schemes can only partly cure
the problems and can only be a preliminary solution. A consequent transfer to redundant
unit protection and local backup protection (breaker failure protection) is necessary. This
requires the extensive use of communication links for teleprotection.

In the following, the main protection deficiencies are discussed.

3.2.1 Missing teleprotection channels

The current percentage use for PUTT and DCEF (67N) schemes and breaker-failure
transfer tripping is shown in Table 3.2. The survey is based on the data collected by the
IGMC trainees about the use of signaling channels for protection in the Iranian High
Voltage System (see attached Survey of Teleprotection).

The percentage values vary from region to region which shows that no uniform policy
was followed in the past. The low percentage of teleprotection is a crucial problem
because it causes slow and non- selective fault clearance in many cases.

Unlike the current state in most other countries, modern optical fiber communication is
practically not used for protection in the Iranian 400/230 kV grid (only two short lines with
differential protection are known).

Line differential protection should be considered at least at short and medium long lines
150 km lines. At cable and lines 25 km, differential protection should become
mandatory.

Modern numerical relays offer also a two-in-one solution where differential and distance
protection are united in one relay. With modern data communication between line ends,
the use of two of such relays per line end would provide redundant differential and
distance back-up protection.

This would considerably improve the protection performance (speed, selectivity and
protection against high resistance faults).

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E D SE PTI IGMC

Table 3.2 Survey of existing teleprotection in the Iranian transmission grid
Region Lines
total
% of lines
with
Distance
teleprotection
(PUTT)

% of lines
with
DCEF(67N)
teleprotection
% of lines with
BF
Transfer trip

% of lines where
teleprotection is
complete
Azarbayjan 40 37 6 22 10
Bakhtar 42 92 0 88 0
Esfahan 41 24 5 46 0
Fars 53 8 0 3 0
Gharb 25 32 0 36 0
Gilan 19 91 53 72 53
Hormozga
n
38 5 0 0 0
Kerman 26 46 0 42 0
Khorasan 29 74 0 89 0
Khuzestan 92 31 0 10 0
Mazandara
n
39 93 0 87 0
Semnan 18 61 0 100 0
Sistan&Bal
.
9 65 0 83 0
Tehran 98 36 a) 3 a) 25 a) 0 a)
Yazd 14 82 54 91 41
Zanjan 13 100 44 100 61
a) Survey not complete (only data of 67 lines collected)

Missing channels for distance protection
In section 3.1.1 it was shown that the overlapping of second distance zones on short
lines is inevitable where short and long lines occur in series. In case of faults near the
end of short lines, overfunction of distance relays on the adjacent longer lines results in
many cases.

This utmost important problem can only be solved when teleprotection is in place on
short lines. This would be the minimum upgrade necessary to achieve selective fault
clearance of line faults at least in the second zone.

Further, all stability critical lines which are normally long lines must be identified by IGMC
and equipped with teleprotection schemes, preferably in redundant design. As final state,
however, all lines should be equipped with teleprotection (redundant on 400 kV and
important 230 kV lines) to guarantee un-delayed fault clearance for 100% of all
transmission lines.

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Missing channels for high impedance fault protection
The results of the SINCAL protection simulation of 67N and 51N time delayed earth fault
relays in case of high impedance fault shows that many relays on healthy lines false- trip
in a not predictable way.

These overfunctions are partly bases on unsuitable, often not plausible relay settings and
the problem of different time curves (mixture of normal, very inverse and definite time
relays).

Better coordination can improve the situation. But the simulations also shows that a
completely selective grading of time delayed 67N and 51N relays is not possible, even
when all relays have the same characteristic.

The directional comparison earth fault protection is so far only used on part of the lines.
This is shown on the attached survey tables. The application must be extended in
particular to lines where the time delayed fault clearance results in false operations of
neighboring lines or transformers.

Missing channels for breaker failure protection
In part of the breaker failure cases, the remote line breaker(s) must be tripped. This is
shown in Figure 3.22 and Figure 3.23 for the one-and-a-half busbar arrangement.

Without transfer tripping, relays at the remote line end would have to trip in second zone.
In the case of the middle breaker failure, the tipping may occur only in third zone or even
only in the fault detection zone, when the fault location is near the far line end. In the
worst case the remote fault would not be seen by the distance relay back-up zones and
the fault would hang on until uncontrolled tipping would occur, for example by an earth
fault relay or negative sequence protection of generators.

Figure 3.22: Fault on feeder with failure of middle breaker. Trip of busbar breaker and
transfer tripping of remote line end breaker
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Figure 3.23: Fault on busbar with failure of bus breaker: Trip of middle breaker and
transfer tripping of the remote line breaker

3.2.2 Non-suitable relay application
In many cases relays or protection schemes are not suitably applied.

MHO-relays at short lines
There are application cases where lines shorter than 5 km are protected by MHO relays
with extremely short settings even below 1 Ohm (for example relay 8BGTKP06 in
Busher2 on line BH827: Zf1 = 0.55 Ohm). In these cases, there is practically no arc
compensation and a small fault resistance would already cause a failure of the relay to
operate (under-function).

In addition, PUTT is selected, which is also not suitable as teleprotection mode for such
short lines.

The better choice would have been relays with quadrilateral characteristics and in any
case an overreaching transfer trip scheme (POTT) or blocking scheme. Both
teleprotection schemes would allow larger zone setting independent of the line length.

Relays with circle characteristic on long lines
At many long transmission lines of the Iranian High Voltage System, there are still relays
with plain MHO characteristic. In this case it is difficult to find the appropriate setting
because the necessary long reach of backup zones, with a security margin beyond the
line end, causes a relatively large zone extension in R-direction.
It has further to be considered that the zone 3 setting should also allow the 20 to 30 %
higher setting of the power swing blocking zone without reaching into the load
impedance.

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A critical example of existing zone setting in the region Sistan&Baluchestan is shown in
Figure 3.24.

The long set MHO circle makes the distance zones susceptible to load-encroachment
and false operation in case of high loading of lines in the emergency case during grid
disturbances. Cascaded tripping of lines can be the consequence. Since the many
blackouts, which occurred worldwide in the last years, this effect is known as the Zone 3
problem. /4, 6, 7/

After the last blackout in North-East USA and Canada in 2003, all transmission lines had
to be checked for stability according to the recommendations of the North American
Reliability Council (NERC): /5/

NERC Actions to prevent cascading blackouts (February 10, 2004):
Recommendation 8a:
Evaluate zone 3 settings for the purpose of verifying that zone 3 relay is not set
to trip on load under extreme emergency conditions. *)
*) Zone 3 relay should not operate at or below 150% of the emergency ampere
rating of a line, assuming 0.85 per unit voltage and a line phase angle of 30
degrees
Set zone 3 relay to allow 20 min overloading (System operators need 20 min to
shed load once a problem has been recognized.
Distance relays should not be used to provide overload protection
Relay should be set to ride through all recoverable swings

Figure 3.24: Load encroachment problem of MHO relays on
long lines

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As a consequence of the checks, the settings of 1520 relays had to be changed in the
North American transmission grids and in 65 cases the third zone had to be put out of
service. At 287 lines the protection had to be completely renewed.

The check of the collected protection data of the Iranian Network shows, that also here
similar actions are necessary. In many cases the relays in the Iranian Grid have
quadrilateral characteristic, but very wide settings of zones in R-direction were found in
the collected setting data (up to about 100 Ohm). This would of course also not allow a
high transient loading in the emergency case. The check against the NERC conditions is
also necessary here. Much reduced R-settings can therefore be found in the coordinated
relay settings.

After enhancement of the protection system, all long lines (at least all lines > about 250
km) should have relays with shaped characteristics, such as lenses or quadrilaterals
which allow independent setting X-direction according to the necessary back-up reach)
and in R-direction according to the minimum load impedance (maximum MW on the
line).

The best solution would of course be to use numerical relays with a separately settable
load encroachment sector (see explanations in the chapter protection coordination).
3.2.3 Overcurrent time relays as back-up protection on transmission lines
Already at several occasions, Siemens has pointed out that overcurrent relays do not
fulfill the requirements of transmission system graded protection. According to
international standard, directional overcurrent relays lines are only accepted in
subtransmission networks as backup protection.

A selective grading of O/C relays is generally not possible in the meshed EHV grid
except in the special case of radial lines to load stations. The overcurrent relays would
have to be set above the NERC requirements (> 1.5 time thermal limit current of the
lines). Lower set O/C relays, sometimes used as overload protection of lines are not
acceptable.

In the collected data the current protection is set in most cases only slightly above the
thermal limit current of the line. From this we infer that the overcurrent relays in the
Iranian grid have also the task of protecting the line against overload (as was the past
practice also of other utilities).

According to NERC, the short-circuit protection must not be used for overload protection,
but instead real thermal I
2
t overload protection with time settings in the range of some
minutes should be used (modern numerical relays include overload protection as add-on
function).

It must further be considered that overcurrent relays, other than distance relays, have no
power swing blocking facilities and therefore would may tripped when the current
increases during the swing, making PSB of distance relays useless.
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All time delayed overcurrent relays (with function 51) on 230 and 400 kV lines should
therefore be removed and replaced by distance relays or differential relays where optical
fiber links are available in the future.

High set overcurrent relays (function 50) may be used to trip on high current close up
internal faults.
3.2.4 Different characteristics of inverse time O/C relays
In the Iranian grid, there is a mixture of overcurrent relays with widely different current
time characteristics.
There are older mechanical relays with relay (manufacturer) specific inverse time
curves.
The majority of relays are static type IDMT with (inverse definite minimum time)
characteristics according to IEC (more seldom to ANSI/IEEE). The current
(multiple of current setting) where the inverse time curve reaches its minimum
operating time however is different from manufacturer to manufacturer. At the
relays of most manufacturers (for example ABB, Siemens, Toshiba) the inverse
time curve ends at 20 times current setting. At the AREVA (GEC) relays, this
point corresponds to 30 times current setting (Figure 3.25).

Figure 3.25: Definition of the definite minimum point for different relay

The crucial problem however is the mixture of different characteristics (normal,
very inverse and some other).
The different curves cannot be selectively graded over a wider current range. The
curves will cross at some point or deviate extremely in the operating time
dependent on current and time setting. (Figure 3.26)
Strictly selective fault clearance cannot be expected when the time delayed earth
current protection has to trip (in the case of high resistance faults).
Due to the current distribution, the faulted line will normally carry the by far
highest earth current at substations with several lines and/or transformers, and
selective fault clearance will therefore occur in most cases. However, near small
substations (worst case: node with only with two feeders) the current on the
faulted line may be in the same order as on the healthy lines and overfunction of
the relays at adjacent line end(s) may occur.
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The transmission line should therefore be equipped with directional comparison
earth fault protection so that the high resistance faults are cleared in short time (<
1 s) and the tripping by long time delayed back-up earth fault relays remains the
seldom exception.

3.2.5 Breaker failure protection not time coordinated
In the Iranian High Voltage System, the breaker failure protection is not uniformly
coordinated. The setting of the current check relays vary from 0.02 to 3 kA.

The high current setting would limit the operation to heavy current faults. A setting of
about 10 to 20% rated current is usual and would also allow breaker failure protection in
case of low current faults (e.g. high resistance faults). Critical in this respect is the reset
time of the current monitoring relay. Sensitive setting has to consider the reset behavior
under the condition of transient relaxation currents of current transformers (secondary
demagnetizing current which appears in the instant of primary fault current interruption
and decays in form of an e-function). The magnitude of this relaxation current depends
on the CT design and is in particular critical in case of CTs with air gaps. Modern relays
are designed to suppress this decaying dc current by corresponding filters and other
special methods. Corresponding data should contain the relay manuals or must be
procured from the manufacturers. Reset times 20 ms independent of the decaying dc
component are state of the art.

Presently there is also no coordination with the second zone back-up protection in the
Iranian grid.

Figure 3.26: Inverse time characteristics according to IEC

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The trip delay time of the BF protection is in many cases set longer than 200 ms (often
300, up to 400 ms and more (see attached survey of breaker failure protection) so that
there is an overlap between the BF protection fault clearing time and the distance
protection second zone time.

This results in the tripping of remote line ends and can lead to a splitting-up of the grid. A
typical example is given in Figure 3.27. With a set breaker failure time delay of 150 to
200 ms (BF fault clearing time 250 to 300 ms) and a distance second zone time of 450 to
500 ms, only the breaker CB6 would be tripped by BF protection with the shown line
fault and failure of circuit breaker 3.

With the currently applied distance second zone time settings (250 to 300 ms in 400 kV
and 400 ms in 230 kV) and BF time delay settings of 200 to 400 ms, there is no or not
sufficient time margin for selective tripping and the circuit breakers in the stations A, B
and D would be additionally tripped by second distance zones, causing a not necessary
splitting of the grid. In case of failure of a busbar breaker in a large substation this could
have catastrophic consequences for system stability as many lines would be tripped.

According to international practice, (see for example the Spanish protection grid code),
protection should be coordinated in the following hierarchy:

Differential, distance teleprotection (redundant in 400 kV) clear line faults in the
normal case within 100 to 150ms.
Breaker failure protection including transfer trip (redundant in 400 kV) clears faults
with breaker failure within 250 to 300 ms
The second distance zone (500 ms) is only necessary to trip busbar faults in case
of a missing, defect or failing busbar protection, and to provide backup protection
in case of channel failures or failure of the BF protection.

Figure 3.27: Consequences of not time coordinated distance and BF
protection

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Third distance zones (800 ms) would only be needed when line end-to-end
communication fails totally or in the case of a catastrophic event in the remote
substation, such as lightning flash with battery failure, explosion, etc.
3.2.6 Auto-reclosing on most lines not existing or not active
The following survey (Table 3.3) shows that auto-reclosing is active only on about 19% of
lines and in several regions auto-reclosing is not in service at all. This is a considerable
drawback for system stability as lines are definitely tripped in case of transient Ph-E
faults (> 80% of all faults) and possibly urgently needed power transfer capability is
wasted.

There are also further considerations of interest. In section 3.1.3 and 3.1.4 is was shown
that overfunction and false tripping of distance relays in first zone can occur due to zero-
sequence mutual coupling of lines and the impact of the large coupling auto-
transformers. Also a false power line carrier signal may cause protection overfunction as
the practice proves. In all these cases, auto-reclosure would cure the problem and the
seldom false tripping could be accepted.

In case of a definite tripping, the relay overfunction has severe consequences and costly
actions may be necessary to avoid the only seldom event. Auto-reclosure should
therefore be activated or newly installed wherever possible. (Feasibility check is not part
of this study and must be performed by IGMC).

Table 3.3 Active Auto-reclosure (AR) in the Iranian 400/230 kV grid
Region
Active AR
Data collection
Line ends
Grid 2008
% of lines
with auto-
reclosure
Azarbayjan 57 80 71
Bakhtar 15 84 18
Esfahan 0 82 0
Fars 9 106 9
Gharb 0 50 0
Gilan 21 38 55
Hormozgan 0 76 0
Kerman 0 52 0
Khorasan 0 58 0
Khuzestan 2 184 1
Mazandaran 61 78 78
Semnan 13 36 36
Sistan&Baluchestan 0 18 0
Tehran 13 196 7
Yazd 27 28 96
Zanjan 12 26 46
Total grid 230 1192 19

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4 Upgrade to International Standard of High Voltage System
protection
Wide area transmission networks, such as the Iranian High Voltage System are in
general critical in stability due to the long transmission lines between generation and load
centres and seasonal changing load flow.

The higher system loading has aggravated the situation in the last years. Delayed or/and
non-selective fault clearance often lead to larger disturbances and outages due to the
resulting overload and stability problems.

The well known effect of cascaded tripping is however not necessarily associated with
stressing the grid up to its limits. Once a disturbance is started, the grid configuration
changes dynamically and the consequent power flow disturbance usually leads to
unexpected conditions for many components (transmission lines and transformers
mainly). Load sensitive protection (21 distance backup zones, 51 O/C protection) may
cause unnecessary tripping in this case of temporary high power flow conditions.

Worldwide, the protection policy has been reviewed and grid codes have been developed
also for protection in many countries. /1, 2/ The following general recommendations are
now generally accepted for the protection policy of transmission grids: Grid codes Brasil
and Spain (English summaries were submitted during training on the job seminars) and
publications /1, 2/

Main Protection
Unit protection has to be provided for all grid components (Figure 4.1). In international
practice, the fault clearing times are as follows:
New installations: 100 ms (2 cycle protection, 2 cycle breakers).
Existing installations: 150 ms (3 to 4 cycles protection, 2 or 3 cycles breaker)

Figure 4.1: Main protection of Transmission Grid , Unit protection policy

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Back-up Protection
Here, the protection policy of the UK national utility CEGB (now National Grid, NG)
developed some 20 years can be used as a guideline. /2/

With the reorganisation of the CEGB from a geographically based regional, to a
functional organisation the five Regional polices were replaced by a National one. On this
occasion, the settings and application of back-up protection on the UK Nation System
was reviewed to meet the requirements of the system operators for unrestricted use of
primary plant loading capability.

At the international IEE conference Developments in Power system Protection 1989, in
Edinburgh, CEGB presented the applied rationalised backup protection policy as follows:
/2/

Selective grading of remote back-up protection on a heavily interconnected system is
very difficult to achieve, and also inevitably requires settings which are less sensitive
and/or slower than if grading is ignored. An un-cleared fault on the system would be likely
to give rise to major losses of generation and therefore widespread system disruption,
whereas the effects of less than ideal discrimination on a back-up clearance would
probably be confined to the loss of a few additional circuits in the immediate area of the
problem.

It was therefore agreed (that) emphasis would be on fault detection and that no attempt
would be made to grade Network back-up protection except with main protection and
circuit-breaker fail.

Grading with distribution system protection is a different matter. As such systems
normally have only one fast protection and the probability of slow fault clearances is
much greater and High Voltage feeder back-up protection must be graded with that on
the High Voltage System transformers feeding the distribution systems, and these in turn
are graded with the distribution system circuit protection.

Local backup protection must be provided, which demands the use of completely
redundant protection systems (including relays, teleprotection equipment, batteries and
rectifiers, CTs and VTs and circuit breakers with two trip coils) and telecommunication
channels for remote CB tripping.

4.1 Line protection

Main protection
Teleprotection schemes are used to ensure fast fault clearance for 100% of the line
length.

Distance protection schemes are still the predominant kind of protection. With the
introduction of optical fibre communication differential protection has been more and
more introduced as one main protection besides distance protection. Some countries (for
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example Japan) use line differential relays for both main 1 and main 2 protection , and
distance protection only as time delayed back-up protection.
In the Anglo-Saxon counties blocking mode is preferred (with ON/OFF carrier) for
distance protection schemes while the European practice uses PUTT and POTT
schemes (with frequency shift modulated voice channels over carrier).

400 kV: Main 1 and Main 2, independent Teleprotection schemes (221 or 21 +87L,
preferably via optical fibre cables)
230 kV: Main 1 and Main 2, 1 Teleprotection scheme 21 or 87L + 21 backup

Each teleprotection scheme supplemented by directional comparison earth fault
protection (DCEF) for fast tripping of high resistance faults (ca. 100 Ohm)

68 Power swing blocking function (Good experience in Brazil with outer characteristic
about 20 to 30% margin to zone 2 and 35 to 45 ms discrimination time)
68OST to be considered at interconnections between major regional subsystems
(Precondition: Circuit breakers must be able to interrupt current at phase opposition
conditions)

Backup protection
21 Distance relay zones 2 and 3 are used as system back-up protection.
Because of load encroachment problems with MHO relays, some utilities do not use third
zones but use consequently redundant main 1 and main 2 teleprotection with redundant
local back-up protection.
In each case the distance back-up zones are supplemented by:
67N directional earth fault relays (inverse time delayed) against high resistance faults

4.2 Transformer Protection
Here, the protection policy is world-wide the same since many years.
Progress has however been made in particular with numerical technology in the stability
against current transformer saturation, inrush and overfluxing.
Also thermal overload protection is now integrated as add-on function in numerical
relays.

Main protection
Redundant unit protection is generally used:
87T Transformer differential protection
87N Restricted earth fault protection
Gas pressure (Buchholz) protection

Back-up protection
50 High set instantaneous phase fault O/C protection
51 Phase fault O/C protection (IT)
51 Earth fault O/C protection (Very inverse)
21 Distance protection only with large transformers (about 100 MVA and above)
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49 overload protection in numerical relays in addition to the transformer thermal
supervision.

4.3 Shunt Reactor Protection
Also here the generally established protection is differential and overcurrent.

Main protection
87R Differential protection (HI) when windings are brought out at neutral side
87N Restricted earth-fault protection (HI) when windings are not brought out at neutral
side
Gas pressure (Buchholz) protection

High impedance protection is normally preferred because it is inherently stable against
CT saturation which generally occurs with the long lasting dc component when the
reactor is switched (energized).

Back-up protection
50 High set instantaneous phase fault O/C protection
21 distance protection (only with large reactors, seldom)

Distance protection is not generally used. Each application needs special studies and
customized design. The relays must be specially stabilised against the transient
oscillations which are initiated with tripping of the reactor (due to resonance of the shunt
reactor reactance and line charging capacitance).

4.4 Busbar Protection
Busbar protection is normally not redundant due to the involved cost in particular in case
of double and multiple busbar single breaker arrangements where complex isolator
replicas are needed.

Main Protection
87B Busbar-differential protection
- High impedance type for one-and-a-half breaker schemes
- Low impedance type with isolator replica for double-busbar single breaker
configurations (selective tripping of faulted bus sections). Here, numerical
protection with firmware controlled isolator replica is state of the art.

Back-up Protection
A second main protection does normally not exist, as duplication of busbar differential
protection is too expensive in particular for multiple busbar single breaker arrangements.
Back-up by remote end 21 distance relay second distance zones is therefore compulsory
and sufficient security margin for zone overreach must be provided.
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In case of busbar faults and failing busbar protection, transformer infeeds would normally
be tripped by the transformer overcurrent time protection, which however may take more
than on second.

Additional distance relays with short second zone reach over the busbar graded to the
shortest connected line are recommended at transformer infeeds. (Figure 4.2)

This concept can be applied at the 132 and 63 kV side of large step-down transformers
to trip busbar faults and close-up subdistribution line faults at least in second zone time
(0.5 s) to prevent in this way the false tripping of overreaching third zones of the 400/230
kV System distance relays.

This is absolutely necessary at busbars where no busbar protection exists. (This is even
the case in some in 230 kV substations. (See first section report on existing protection).

At 400/230 kV grid couplers, a forward-backward zone grading could be applied as
shown in Figure 4.2.

As was already explained, the transformer through-fault impedance of auto-transformers
can be very small (even lower 20% of the positive primary-secondary short-circuit
impedance) and the reach of third zones through transformers cannot be completely
prevented as a minimum reach for secure backup for line protection (150%) is required.
The second zone tripping of busbar faults as back-up for the busbar protection would
provide absolute selective tripping before unselective tripping of the relays of third zones
of remote relays.

In direction of the transformer, a third zone overreaching the transformer should be used
at grid couples. The grading of a fast underreaching zone would have to very short (<

Figure 4.2: Back-up protection for busbars at infeed transformers
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20%) and is therefore not recommended and also not necessary when the coupler is
protected by redundant differential and Buchholz protection.

At other transformers this first zone may be graded into the transformer about 50 to 70%
of the transformer short-circuit impedance. This is the usual practice at the main step-up
transformers of power plants where the low voltage side winding is delta connected and
not earthed and overreach to the low voltage side in case of earth faults is not relevant.

4.5 Bus Coupler Protection
There is normally no need for a separate protection at this location.
Fast high set overcurrent relays are sometimes used for fast splitting of the busbars in
order to reduce the short circuit power at circuit breakers and/or to separate and save the
network part which is not affected by the fault.

Protection:
Sometimes, dependant on local conditions:
21 Distance protection second and third zones graded in forward and reverse direction
50 High set O/C for bus decoupling
21 Stand by distance protection for substitution of a line distance protection, only active
during transfer service

There is no general standard and the kind of protection has to be selected according to
the individual local conditions.

4.6 Local Backup Protection

Breaker fail protection for all circuit breakers must be in place (with isolator replica at
double busbar substations) to ensure selective tripping of the concerned bus section and
with transfer tripping of remote line breakers, where necessary (bus side faults and faults
with middle breaker failure in case of breaker-and-a-half substations) (see section 3.2.1).

4.7 Upgrade procedure

The enhancement of the protection of the Iranian 400/230 kV grid and upgrade to
international standard is only possible in a step-wise procedure.

Relay setting and coordination:
At first the setting and grading of the existing protection relays must be checked and
better coordinated where necessary:
- Obviously wrong and inappropriate settings must be corrected
- The regionally different protection policies must be replaced by a National
standard (to be written down by IGMC in a protection grid code) to enable a
nation-wide protection coordination
-
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Replacement of not appropriate relays:
- In many cases, only changing of settings is not sufficient to cure the problem.
More flexible characteristics and wider setting ranges are often necessary. In
particular on long lines shaped characteristics are necessary to allow at the
same time higher load transmission and adequate zone reach for back-up
protection.
- Old electro-mechanical relays are partly too slow and not secure against CT
saturation and switching transients (for example inrush currents). They further
constitute a reliability risk due to the progressed aging and lack of necessary
preventive maintenance.
- Overcurrent relays are not transmission grid graded line protection and must
be replaced by distance relays

Upgrade to modern international standards
- All lines must be equipped with teleprotection, with highest priority at those
lines where second zone tripping bears the risk that distance relays on healthy
lines overreach and false trip (see 3.1.1)
- Directional comparison earth fault protection as separate teleprotection
scheme or integrated in the distance teleprotection schemes must be added to
all lines to ensure selective line tripping in case of high resistance faults and to
avoid uncontrolled false tripping of neighbouring lines or transformers.
- The protection policy (mainly line protection) must generally be changed from
remote back-up protection to redundant main protection and local back-up
protection
- Intensive use of line end-to-end signalling and communication is necessary to
upgrade protection on all lines to unit protection. Modern optical fibre
communication must be introduced for this purpose. Line differential protection
should be used as second main protection. On short lines (25km) duplicated
differential protection with distance back-up protection is recommended.
BF remote tripping must be generally in place.
- All busbars must be equipped with fast differential protection, zone selective
and safe against CT saturation. Backup protection by distance relays at
transformer infeeds should be added.

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5 Coordination of Iranian 400/230 kV protection
According to the approach for the protection task of the Project Extensive Studies and
Enhancement of Iranian HV power system, as described in chapter 1 and the
Methodologies and Procedures adopted for the study, the performance of the existing
protection system was studied in detail and a concept for coordination of the protection of
the Iranian 400/230 kV System was developed.

The study procedure and the coordination concept are described in this section.

5.1 General
Basis for the protection coordination is the protection data collection in the agreed status
and the basic system model as described in E D SE PTI/sk0632/SER02 "Section Report
on Basic System Model" under summer loading condition.

The study considers the existing line protection and settings. For the changed and new
lines, one set of protection relays (21, 67N) has been added each. The Siemens type
7SA522 was used as a typical representative of modern numerical multi-function relays.
The relays of other main manufacturer have a similar range of functions and therefore the
results of the study are generally valid.

The coordination process started from the set of collected data. The protection relay and
setting data were at first checked for completeness, correct application and compliance
with the international relaying standards.

EXCEL survey tables of the existing protection of lines, transformers and shunt reactors
were then produced from the collected data. The tables showed the great variety of not
coordinated settings. A lot of obviously coarse errors and not plausible settings had to
been corrected.

Missing data, needed for protection simulation were supplemented using the information
of relay manuals or other publications. In a smaller number of cases relay
documentation could not be procured. In this case, the data were estimated based on
comparable relay types or generally valid protection rules.

In the next step, relay coordination rules corresponding to the current international
practice were written down and programmed as EXCEL macros for relay coordination.
The coordination macros were then applied to the corrected data collection set and a
new set of coordinated data was produced.

In this way, three data sets are available for simulation with the SINCAL protection
program. These three data sets are entered in three corresponding columns in an
extended version of data collection sheets. A fourth column is reserved the final
adaptation of setting data after verification by extensive simulation tests.

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The table New setting columns in protection data sheet, shown in figure 6.2 of
paragraph 6.1.1, contains the following four data set variants:
Column 1: IGMC (collected original data )
Column 2: SINCAL (corrected data, with adaptations to SINCAL protection
simulation program ( Correction of obvious errors in collected data,
simplification of complex or outdated relay characteristics)
Column 3: COORDINATION (Coordinated setting data)
Column 4: VERIFICATION (final data set with last changes after verification tests)

The coordination study focused on the relays which need to be co-ordinated. These are

- 21 Distance protection
- 50/51 overcurrent protection
- 51N earth current protection
-
Other protection relays such as differential protection are unit protections which are self-
contained and need no coordination with other protection functions.

For the further extensive studies, the PSSSINCAL protection program in latest update
status was used. For this purpose, special data transfer macros were developed. They fit
the data to the PSSSINCAL input format and transfer the data into the PSSSINCAL
access data base.

For the protection simulation, any of the above data sets (SINCAL, COORDINATED) and
later verified data can be used.

This has already been practiced with the IGMC trainees in the Training on the job
seminar held in September 2008 in Erlangen.

About the results of extensive testing of the coordinated relays will be reported in the
Final Report on Protection Study.

5.2 Relay coordination policy
5.2.1 Instrument transformers and assignment
Existing lines:
As entered in data sheets

New lines:
Current transformers: 2000/1 A
Voltage transformers: 400/0.1 kV or 230/0,1 kV

5.2.2 General Setting Data
Existing lines:
As entered in data sheets
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC


New lines:
Typical operating time: 25ms
Minimum operating times: 15 ms
Release of ph-ph distance zones= 200 A
Release of ph-E distance zones= 200 A

5.2.3 Distance zones

Existing relays:
The PhiR and k0/Phi0 values must be adapted to the grid data if they deviate more than
10%.
No mutual compensation is applied as this is not the general practice.
The limited setting possibilities of old relays were considered where relevant for the
SINCAL protection simulation (see survey about relay applied in the Iranian High Voltage
System).
Zone times as entered in data sheets

New relays:
Two distance relays with shaped zone characteristics are foreseen at each line end
(Figure 5.1).
For lines 100 km, quadrilateral characteristics with load encroachment sector assumed
(corresponding to Siemens relay 7SA522). The quadrilateral zone shape allows better
arc compensation due to the possibility of independent setting in X- and R-direction.

Three zones forward, fourth zone reverse, and fifth zone non directional as FD zone are
proposed.

Load Load
X
R
Z3
Z2
Z1
OZ
Z4
X
R
Load Load

Z1
Z2
Z3
Z5
OZ
Z4
X
R
Load Load

Z1
Z2
Z3
Z5
OZ
Z4

Figure 5.1: Proposed characteristics for numerical distance relays at new
lines
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

For lines > 100 km MHO characteristics with load encroachment sector (similar to
7SA522) are proposed.
The MHO characteristic is more secure against overreach of the first zone in case of
resistive faults on long highly loaded lines. /3/
Three zones forward, fourth zone reverse, no fifth zone is proposed for MHO relays
(Classical Anglo-Saxon relay setting).
The modern relays with cross polarized and voltage memory based directional
determination need no offset for the third zone. Instead a separate fourth zone can be set
in reverse direction for busbar backup protection. This setting policy reduces the
extension of the third zone in R-direction for the same reach setting in X-direction and
makes the third zone less sensitive to load encroachment.

The PhiR and k0/Phi0 setting are adapted to the line data as this is possible with modern
relays.
Use of the compensation of mutual zero-sequence coupling at parallel lines may be
considered for the fault location function but is not recommended for distance protection.
/3 /

Zone times
To be set as follows:

Table 5.1: Grading times of distance zones
230 kV 400kV
T1 0,0 s 0,0 s
T2 0,4 s (0.5 s) 0.3 s (0.5 s)
T3 0,8 s (0.8 s) 0.6 s (0.8 s)
T4 0.8 s (0.8 s) 0.6 s (0.8 s)
T5 1,6 s (1.6 s) 1,6 s (1.6 s)

The time settings correspond to the current practice in the Iranian grid with frequent
second zone fault tripping in case of line end faults.
The values in brackets should be considered for a future coordination stage when the line
protection is fully upgraded to teleprotection on each line and breaker failure protection
with 250 ms to 300 ms fault clearing time as discussed in section 3.2.5.

5.2.3.1 First distance Zone

MHO, Lens or Impedance circle
Z1= 80% ZL1 (impedance of protected line)

Quadrilateral:
X1 = 80% XL1

R1 = 5 X1 for X1 5
= 25 Ohm for 5 X1 75
=1/3 X1 for X1 >75 Ohm
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Special case: Junction points (..JUN..)
The zone is graded through the junction points to the next substation (...S01)
The sum of the line sections has to be taken as line impedance.

Special case: Tee-Offs (..TOF..)
The substations connected to the tee-off points are transformer stations without distance
protection.
Tee-offs are not considered as in the case of junction points. The line to be protected
corresponds to the sum of line sections up to the next station (...S01) with distance
protection.

Comment: This setting policy corresponds to the current practice in the Iranian grid.
If communication links would exist between the TOFs and the line ends, a
blocking system could be installed. A distance relay at the TOF point would
in this case send a blocking signal to the line end relays when it detects a
fault in direction of the TOF transformer. The line end protection would have
to be slightly belayed (say 50 ms) by a coordination time to wait for a
possible receipt of a blocking signal.

Special case: Three-terminal line
Distance protection at all three line ends
In this case, the first distance zone has to be graded to the next closest substation.

For example, relay 21a has to be graded to substation C as (Za+Zc) < (Za+Zb):

Z1= 80% (Za+Zc)

If junction points or/and tee-offs exist, they are treated in the same way as on plain two-
terminal lines.
The other conditions of normal two-terminal lines are also valid here.

5.2.3.2 Second distance zone

The second zone must cover the protected line with a security margin (20% in case of
single lines and 150% in case of mutually coupled parallel lines):

Figure 5.2: Three terminal line configuration

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

The overreach shall guarantee the backup protection for line end faults and faults
on the following busbar. The overreaching zone is also needed for teleprotection
with second zone acceleration (PUTT) which is common practice in the Iranian
grid.
The security margin of 20%, respectively 50% is necessary to compensate a
possible zone underreach caused by influencing factors, such as partial coupling
with other lines or the shift of the fault resistance in case of heavily loaded lines.
/1/

The second zone should however be selective and not reach into the second zones of
relays on following lines. The second zone should also not reach through transformers to
other voltage levels. The contradicting requirements cannot be fulfilled at the same time
when the line lengths are very different and the intermediate infeed at the following
station is weak.
In any case the 120% (or 150%) overreach has priority and the overlapping of second
zones must be accepted (see section 3.1.1). A teleprotection scheme must in this case
be installed on the concerned following, as a rule short line to ensure non-delayed
selective fault clearance.

Comment: At modern numerical distance relays, the residual compensation factor k
0

can be set separately for the under- and over-reaching zones, or separately
for each zone.
In case of parallel lines with mutual zero-sequence coupling, k01 of the first
(under-reaching) zone could be set to the single line value k0L and k02 for
the overreaching zones could be set to the parallel line value k0L+k0M (see
section 3.1.3). The overreach setting for parallel lines could then be chosen
to120% as for single lines. The negative effect of second zone overlapping
could then be reduced correspondingly.
It has however to be considered that the backup zones would reach in the
latter case very far when one circuit of the parallel line is switched off. This is
in particular critical, when the switched off line is earthed at both ends, e.g.
for maintenance. /3/
Separate parameter groups may however be assigned to these cases and
activated by local or remote setting.
In the study these possibilities were not used as the majority of existing
traditional relays do not offer this possibility.

Figure 5.3: Second zone grading

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC


Protected
line:
Second zone setting
Single line R1-Z2 = 0.8(ZL1+R2-Z1) shortest following single line
= 0.8(ZL1+1/2ZL) shortest following double line
ZL1 + 0.8 ZT
min
(all transformers to same LV level parallel)
Z
Limit-Load
(see section 3.1.5, consider offset if applicable)
However 120%ZL1

Parallel line
with sequence
coupling:
R1-Z2 = 0.8(ZL1+R2-Z1) shortest following single line
= 0.8(ZL1+1/2ZL) shortest following double line
ZL1 + 0.8 ZT
min
(all transformers to same LV level parallel)
Z
Limit-Load
However R1-Z2 150%ZL1
Z
T-min
= Minimum transformer short-circuit impedance in the following substation (all
transformers to same voltage level parallel connected each)

[ ] [ ] [ ]
.........
100 / % 100 / % 100 / %
) (
2
2
1
1
max
+ + = =

T
T
T
T
T
Tn
LV same T
u
S
u
S
u
S
S

(5.1)

max
2
min
) (
LV same T
ph ph n
T
S
U
Z
=

(5.2)
The meaning of the parameters is as follows:
n Index number of the parallel connected transformer
S
T-same LV
Sum of short-circuit power of all transformers connected in parallel to the
same low voltage level (132 or 63 kV)
S
Tn
Transformer rated power of the n-th transformer
u
Tn
Short-circuit voltage of the n-th transformer
Z
T-min
Equivalent short-circuit impedance of the parallel connected transformers
U
n-ph-ph
Rated voltage of the transformer primary (400 or 230 kV)

Parallel line means that the lines are parallel connected at both ends and mutually
coupled in the zero-sequence system (Reason for underreach in case of earth faults).

Double line means that two parallel connected lines follow in the next substation (Only
the parallel connected line impedance is of interest in this case, not the mutual coupling.)
If three parallel connected lines follow, the corresponding impedance of the resulting
impedance of the parallel connection would be of interest (Reason for overreach with all
kinds of fault).

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Quadrilateral:
X2 corresponding to Z2

Without load encroachment sector With load encroachment sector
R1-
R2=
5X2 for X25 Ohm
25 Ohm for (5 Ohm < X2 75
Ohm)
1/3X2 for X2 > 75 Ohm
However R
limit-load

5X2 for X25 Ohm
25 + 0.5X2 for X2>5 Ohm
maximum 100 Ohm
R
limit-load
corresponds to the maximal line loading, as defined in the NERC conditions (see
section 3.1.5)

Special case: Three-terminal line:
The second zone must in this case be graded beyond the next, farthest away substation
according to the following formula:

Z2 =1.2 [ZL to the TOF point + 2 (ZL from the TOF point to the farthest away
substation)]
For the shown line configuration, we get: Ra-Z2= 1.2 (Za+2 Zb)

This setting ensures that the fault is seen in the first or second zone at least at two line
ends. The relay at a weak infeed terminal may not initially see the fault, but after tripping
at the strong infeeds the fault will appear closer and the second zone at the weak infeed
will trip in sequence.
If an overreaching teleprotection scheme is used (normally POTT), the overreaching
zones must all reach beyond the farthest line end even with infeed each from the third
end. A separate overreaching zone or the third zone may in this case be used for
teleprotection.

Comment: In most case the second zone setting according to the above outlined rules
will deliver acceptable results.
There are however two cases where special treatment is necessary:
1. Zone overlapping
Second zone overlapping can occur, normally on short lines, when longer
lines are connected in series.

Figure 5.4: Three-terminal line configuration

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

If teleprotection is in place at the short line, the overlapping can be accepted
as all faults are tripped without time delay and selectivity is guaranteed.
In the individual case, the overreaching zone could be time delayed (let say
150 to 200 ms). This can however only be considered as provisional
solution in the exceptional case.
In general these non-systematic individual settings should be avoided as
they become invalid with changing system conditions and the danger always
exists that by the time a conglomeration of individual non-coordinated
settings is produced. Instead, teleprotection should be systematically
provided according to international practice (redundant on 400 kV).

2. Load encroachment
In the general case, the setting of the second zone is not limited by the
NERC line loading condition.
For the lines longer than about 250 km this may however occur in the case
of plain MHO characteristics.
These cases are also indicated in the survey tables of the of the SINCAL
simulation results (see description of macros).
IGMC must decide if for the time being a smaller line loading limit is
acceptable or if the corresponding relay has to be replaced by a modern
type with shaped characteristic.
The Siemens recommendation however is to replace all relays with MHO
characteristic on lines 250 km by modern relays with settable load
encroachment sector.

5.2.3.3 Third Distance Zone

The third zone is set to provide back-up protection beyond the second zone as far as
possible.
The third zone must however not restrict the short time loading capability of the line
(NERC condition).
The actual reach in the network is limited by the intermediate infeeds at the following
substations and the theoretical aim of covering the longest following line can in practice
by far not achieved.
Local backup protection is additionally needed.

R1-Z3f= 1.5 (ZL1 + ZL
longest
following)
But Z
Limit-Load
ZL1 + 0.8 Z
T-min
(as second zone but only transformers to lower voltage < 200
kV considered)
400 Ohm
Minimum reach in any case 150% ZL1!

In case of offset zones:
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

R1-Z3r= 0.1 R1-Z3f

Quadrilateral:
R1-X3f= 1.5 (XL1 + XL of longest

following line)
But X
Limit-Load
(see appendix, consider offset if applicable)
XL1 + 0.8 X
T-min
(as second zone but only transformers to LV< 200 kV
considered)
400 Ohm
Minimum reach in any case 150%XL1!

X
T-min
= Short-circuit impedance of largest parallel connected transformer group in the
following substation

R3 = 5 x X3 for X3 5
= 25 Ohm for 5 X3 75
= 1/3 x X3 for X3 >75
However R
Limit-Load
(see section
3.1.5)
R3 = 5 x X3 for X3 up to 5
= 25 + 0.5X3 for X3 > 5 , max
100

In case of MHO offset zones:
X3r= 0.1 X3f

In case of Lens offset zones:
Z3r= 0.2 Z3f

Special case of Three-terminal lines:
The third zone must in this case be graded beyond the next, farthest away substation
similar to the second zone however with an overreach of 50% (see Figure 5.4):

Z3 =1.5 [ZL to the TOF point + 2 (ZL from the TOF point to the farthest away
substation)]

For the shown line configuration, we get: Z3= 1.5 (Za+2 Zb)
Comment: The theme of sensitivity of MHO characteristics to overload has already

Figure 5.5: Setting of third distance zones

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

been discussed in the comment on zone 2 setting.
The problem is aggravated here as the zone reach is longer (minimum 1.5
ZL).
400 kV lines longer than 250 km are concerned if the thermal load limit
current is higher than 2.0 kA. In 230 kV, the limit is about 200 km for I
thermal

1.5 kA
The violation of the NERC criterion is each indicated in the EXCEL survey
table of new (coordinated) settings and the surveys tables of the protection
simulation.

5.2.3.4 Fourth Distance Zone

In the study this always means the zone in reverse direction.
This zone provides back-up for the busbar and close-up reverse faults.

Comment: In the current state of the Iranian grid protection, there is no uniform use of
the third and fourth distance zone. They are both alternatively used as
forward or reverse zones depending on the individual application case.
For the setting macros and the protection simulation in SINCAL, a uniform
setting rule was necessary. The use of zones has therefore been
standardized so that zone 3 always means the forward looking back-up zone
and zone 4 the reverse looking zone.
Such standardization is also recommended for the IGMC practice.

MHO, modified (directional) Impedance circle

Z4=0.1 x Z3f, minimum 6

Quadrilateral

X4r= 0.1 X3f, minimum 6

R4r = 5 X4r for X4r 5
= 25 for 5 X4r 75
= 1/3 X4r for X4r >75
However R
Limit-Load
(see section
3.1.5)
R4r = 5 X4r for X4r up to 5
= 25+0.5X4r for X4r > 5 ,
maximum 100

5.2.3.5 Fifth Distance Zone (Fault detection Zone)

The fault detection zone is used only by part of the relay types.
Classical Anglo-Saxon relays (YTG33, MICROMHO, etc.) do not have a fault detection
zone, but normally only 3 independent distance zones (Zone-packaged design). /3/
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Many central European relay types (REL511, ReL316, 7SL32, 7SA6 or 7SA522,) offer a
FD zone which can be used as final back-up zone and for security against as load
encroachment.

A number of older relays need fault detection or starting zone for phase selection in
particular when they have only one measuring system (switched type relays LZ32, LZ92,
L8a, RAZOG, RAZOA, 7SA511, etc).

More information is contained in the attached survey of relay characteristics used in the
Iranian transmission grid.
The starting zones of the relays LZ32, LZ92, L8a are entered in the data collection
sheets with offset-MHO characteristic. Actually the characteristics are voltage controlled
and the reach depends on the source impedance.

However, the practical approximation in form of an offset MHO circle is considered
accurate enough for the PSSSINCAL calculations as only the starting of the relay is
concerned an no coordination with other relays is necessary.

It is further assumed that these obsolete electro-mechanical relays will be phased out in
the near future.

Z5f= 1.5 (ZL1 + 2 x ZL
longest
following)
However
Z
Limit-Load

ZL1 +0.8 Z
T-min

400
In any case 150% ZL1!
Minimum setting 60 Ohm!

Z
T-min
= Short-circuit impedance of largest group of parallel connected transformers in the
following substation

In case of MHO offset zones:
Z5r= 0.1 x Z5f

In case of Lens offset zones:
Z5r= 0.2 x Z5f

Quadrilateral:

X5f= 1.5 (XL1 + 2 XL of longest

following line)
Minimum setting 60 Ohm!

In any case 150% ZL1!
However 400 Ohm
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

R5 = 5 x X5f for X5f 5
= 25 Ohm for 5 X5f 75
= 1/3 x X5f for X5f >75
However R
Limit-Load
(see section 3.1.5)
R5 = 5 x X5f for X5f up to 5
= 25 + 0.5X5f for X5f > 5 ,
maximum 100

In case of offset zones:
X5r= 0.3 X5f

Comment: The starting zone is sensitive to load encroachment similar to zone 3.
The minimum setting of 1.5 line impedance may, in case of longer lines
lead to the violation of the NERC criterion.

5.2.4 Overcurrent and U/I/ fault detectors
These kinds of fault detectors are used at older switched type distance relays. (Some
modern relays offer U/I/ fault detectors as alternative to impedance fault detectors for

Figure 5.6: R-setting of quadrilateral distance zones depending on line impedance (line
length)

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

compatible use with existing relays.) The concerned relay types are old electro-
mechanical and static ABB relays RAZOA, RAZOG, GEC relay PYTS, AEG relays
SD114 and 314, the Toshiba relays MDT-A318, MDT-45 and the Siemens relays R3Z24,
R3Z27, 7SL24 and 7SL40 (see also survey of distance relay characteristics used in the
Iranian 400/230 kV grid).

The collected setting data contained many errors. For the PSSSINCAL protection
simulation, the non plausible settings were manually corrected to the usual standard
settings given in the relay manuals (see attached survey of U/I/ fault detector settings of
the relays in the Iranian 400/230 kV grid).

These relays are no more state of the art for transmission grids (obsolete switched type
design, source dependent reach of starter zone, no reliable PSB function) and are
expected to be phased out in due time.

5.2.5 Load blocking zone
This kind of characteristic has been introduced with the numerical relay technology.
Nearly all modern relays offer this possibility (see section 3.1.5 and Figure 3.21)
High back-up zone reach can be achieved in this way and security against load
encroachment at the same time.

This characteristic is used on new lines for the PSSSINCAL protection simulation and is
recommended for all new installations.

Generally a load angle range of 30
O
is assumed (also in the NERC conditions).
Considering a reasonable safety margin, the following settings are used:
Angles 1 = 1 = 42
O

R
Load Blocking
= R
Limit-Load
(see section 3.1.5)

5.2.6 Power swing blocking
Existing relays:
The power swing blocking scheme consist of concentric characteristics and a timer to
measure the time which the impedance vector needs to cross the characteristics (Figure
5.7).

The inner characteristic may be the largest set distance zone (zone 3 or fault detector
zone). If the inner characteristic is a separately settable PSB zone, it should set about
10% larger than the largest distance zone.

The outer zone should be set 20 to 30% wider than the inner zone to allow detection of
higher swing frequencies. The time should be set as low as possible (30 to 40 ms). The
outer zone should not reach into the minimum load impedance to prevent that the PSB
function becomes ineffective.

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

In the proposed distance settings according to NERC conditions, 1.5 times thermal limit
load current is assumed. Setting the outer PSB zone to 1.2 times the largest distance
zone characteristic would remain therefore in safe distance to the load impedance in the
steady state overload condition.

Figure 5.7: Power swing blocking characteristics

It would of course be safer to limit the reach of the outer PSB characteristic according to
NERC conditions, similar the distance back-up zones. This however would mean a
further 20 to 30% reach reduction of the back-up zones and extremely low arc
compensation.

The following settings are proposed:

MHO, Lens, Impedance circle:
ZfAP Z3f (or Z2f, Z4f, Z5f if existing and larger)
ZfPP 1.2 ZfAP (at least 10 Ohm)
ZrAP Z3r (or Z2fr Z4r, Z5r if existing and larger)
ZrPP ZrAP + (ZfPP - ZfAP)

Quadrilateral:
ZfAP Z3f (or Z2f, Z4f, Z5f if existing and larger)
ZfPP ZfAP+ (RPP - RAP)
ZrAP Z3r (or Z4r, Z5r if existing and larger)
ZrPP ZrAP + (RPP - RAP)
RAP R3 (or R2, R4, R5 if existing and larger)
RPP 1.2 RAP (Z at least 10 Ohm)

New relays:
There are a number of new numerical relays which have setting free PSB functions.

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

For the new lines, we have assumed the modern setting-free Siemens relays 7SA522 as
representative example of the modern relay generation. In this case the outer
characteristic is automatically set:
Z= 5 Ohm secondary for a 1A relay and 51 Ohm secondary for a 5A relay
For a 400/0.1 kV VT ration and 2000/1 CT ratio this means Z= 5(400/0.1):(2000/1)=
10 Ohm.
5.2.7 Teleprotection
The problem of the shortage of signaling channels was highlighted in section 3.2.1.
An upgrade to international standard is urgently needed to ensure fast and selective fault
clearance on all transmission lines.

Existing relays:
Only PUTT with second zone acceleration is used in the Iranian Network, even on very
short lines. Therefore small zone settings are partly in use with extremely small arc
compensation.

The teleprotection should be changed to an overreaching scheme (POTT or blocking) on
short lines 25 km. Third zones may be applied for zone acceleration when the second
zone is short.

The second main protection should be differential protection. Also for some long lines
with mutual zero-sequence coupling differential protection would be helpful.

As discussed in section 3.1.3, overreach of the first zone (set to 80%) and false tripping
on healthy lines can occur in certain cases of Ph-E faults. Here a directional comparison
scheme would help as the relay on the other in end sees the fault in reverse direction and
would not release the POTT scheme. The additional underreaching zone would have to
be set partly below 50% ZL.

The false trippings by zone1 overreach are marked in the survey tables of the
PSSSINCAL protection simulation, so that the critical lines can be determined and
remedy measures taken.

In any case, the change to POTT with additional separate underreaching zone should be
planned with the introduction of modern numerical relays and optical fiber
communication. This would combine the advantages of PUTT and POTT.

The modern relays would also allow the setting of a separate teleprotection zone
independent of the second zone which would allow more flexible zone grading.

New relays:
We have assumed POTT with additional independent underreaching zone and separate
teleprotection overreaching zone (ZOR).

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

ZOR = 150% ZL1
Note: For the special case of a three-terminal line Formula 2 has to be applied (see
second zone setting).

Quadrilateral:
XOR = 150% XL1
Note: For the special case of three-terminal line Formula 2 has to be applied (see second
zone setting).

ROR = 5 XOR for XOR 5
= 25 Ohm for 5 XOR 75
=1/3 XOR for X2 >75
However R
Limit-Load
(see section
3.1.5)
ROR = 5 XOR for XOR up to 5
= XOR for XOR> 5 ,
maximum 100

5.2.8 Directional comparison earth fault protection
This type of protection is required on all lines for fast clearance of high resistance faults.
The shortage in signaling and data transmission channels also applies here.
On all lines, the directional comparison earth fault (DCEF) protection must be integrated
in the distance teleprotection schemes.
With modern numerical distance relays this is easily possible as the DCEF scheme is
integrated as add-on function.
It is alternatively possible to use DCEF and distance POTT via the same signaling
channel.
The optical fiber communication offers enough data channels to set up separate
distance protection and DCEF protection schemes. This has the advantage that each
system can be independently optimized and redundancy is given in the case is earth
faults.

Scheme data:
Teleprotection mode: Directional comparison
Intentional time delay: 100 ms to give preference to the phase selective tripping of
distance protection.
Pick-up low set 10% I
Thermal-Line

Pickup high set: 15% I
Thermal-Line

Note: It must be observed, that an earth current flows during the auto-reclosure dead
time (one phase open condition) dependant on the prefault load. This current may cause
the DCEF protection scheme to false trip because an internal fault may be detected
dependent on the earthing conditions at the line ends.
The DCEF protection scheme should therefore be automatically blocked for this time
interval.

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Modern numerical distance relays offer the DCEF protection with phase selector
necessary for single pole auto-reclosure. This function should be used where possible to
enable single pole tripping and reclosure also in the case of high resistance faults, where
distance protection has not detected the fault.
Preference should however be given to the safer distance protection in case of normal
low resistive faults.
This can be arranged by a transient blocking of the DCEF scheme when the distance
protection detects the fault.
In case of numerical relays all these coordination functions are implemented in the relay
firmware.
5.2.9 Distance protection at transformers
There is no general rule for using distance protection at transformers. The practice is
different from utility to utility. In most cases only overcurrent protection is applied. Some
utilities however use distance protection at large transformers (generally 100 MVA) as
back-up protection. This is for example the case in Germany where restricted earth fault
protection 87N is not applied as second main protection.

The use of distance relays at transformers for busbar back-up protection is discussed in
section 4.4.

The first zone can be graded into the transformer to protect the high voltage part of the
transformer. The usual setting is about 70% of the transformer positive-sequence short-
circuit impedance.

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
100
%
7 . 0 7 . 0
. .
2 2
. . 1
c s T
T n
n
c s T R
u
MVA S
kV U
Z Z

= (5.3)
The larger grading margin of 30% is necessary as a low voltage side ph-ph fault appears
at the primary side as unsymmetrical three phase fault with double the current in one
phase. One of the ph-ph measuring elements tends to overreach in this case /1/.

The zero-sequence impedance of transformers YN/D is about the same as the positive
sequence impedance (Z0/Z1= 0.95 in case of the transformers in the Iranian
transmission grid).

The residual compensation factor k0= (Z0-Z1)/(3Z1) must therefore be set to k0= 0 to
avoid an overreach to the low voltage side in case of earth faults.

Large three-winding transformers with vector group YN/YN/D and auto-transformers with
delta winding must be carefully considered as they may have very low zero-sequence
through-fault impedance. This is discussed in detail in section 3.1.4.

In case of a Ph-E fault at the low voltage side, the measured impedance at the primary
side may only be 50% of the positive sequence impedance Z
T-s.c.
. The first distance zone
must therefore be reduced below 50% Z
T-s.c.
.
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC


The relay at the low voltage side may even measure only 20% Z
T-s.c.
for a fault on the
high voltage side.

The use of an undelayed underreaching zone is therefore not recommended at big grid
coupling transformers.
This is also not necessary as these large transformers are generally protected by
redundant main protection: differential protection 87T, restricted earth-fault protection
87T at the low and high voltage star winding and Buchholz protection (gas pressure
relays).

It is therefore recommended to use the distance relays only as back-up protection similar
to the third zones of line protection.

The 400/230 kV grid couplers would get a directional zone with or without offset covering
the transformer with an overreaching setting of 150% Z
T-s.c.
and a time delay setting of
1.2 seconds. This time setting one grading step above the 230 kV line third zone time
setting of 0.8 s shall assure that the grid couplers are kept in service as long as possible
during disturbances.

In many cases special relays exist (KZS-1, PMZK110, RAKZA, RAKZB, RXZK4,
BMZ100) where no documentation is available. The setting is partly confusing as for the
same relay type different setting versions are applied in the data sheets. For example,
the relay KZS-1 is sometimes used with Ph-E zone and k
0
setting, sometimes only with
Ph-Ph zone setting.

The variation of settings covers all possibilities of non-delayed underreaching to
directional and non-directional time delayed backup zones.

No macro could be used to coordinate this conglomeration of distance zone settings, but
the settings of the existing distance relays at transformers were manually checked and
adapted according to the described policy.

No grading with other relays is necessary. In the future, a uniform policy should be
adopted for distance protection of transformers and consequently specified for new
installations.

5.2.10 Distance protection of shunt reactors
In the normal case, the protection of shunt reactors comprises the following functions /8,
9/:

Differential protection 87R per phase (normally high impedance type) when the
winding ends are bought out per phase at the neutral side
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Earth differential protection 87N (restricted earth fault protection) if no current
transformers are available at the neutral side of the phase windings but only at
the neutral-ground connection
Overcurrent protection 50 and 51
Ground fault protection 51G

Distance relays are used to a limited extend to detect turn-to-turn faults.
Each application however is a customized application which needs detailed knowledge of
the reactor design.

There are reactors with air core which do not saturate. But there are also reactors with
closed iron core specially designed to saturate, let say at 120% rated voltage, to limit line
overvoltages.

The latter reactor types cause a rush-current similar to transformers when the line is
energized. On the other hand, transient voltage oscillations occur when the line is
switched off due to resonance between the reactor inductance and line shunt
capacitance. The distance relay must have appropriate input filter to prevent
overfunction. In other applications, the distance protection is blocked as soon as the
reactor is tripped.

It was also reported that distance relays were put out of service because of false
operations. /8/

The existing relay settings at the shunt reactors in the Iranian grid are confusing. In Jalal
(9AAMAS01), 1660 Ohm is set which corresponds to 50% of the reactor impedance and
2327.3 Ohm in Shadmehr (9AXEOS01) corresponding to 73%. These settings appear
plausible.

In other cases 166.6 Ohm (Tabriz2, 9AQFFS01, Hasan Kif, 9AGEBS01), 50 Ohm
(Shahid Salimi, 9AGGBS01 and Ali Abad, 9AGDBS01), 606 Ohm (Shahid Rajayi,
9ABSAS01) are given in the data sheets.

It seems that the extreme short settings are only errors in the data sheets (e. g. shifted
decimal point or secondary instead of primary setting impedances).

As setting of 50 % reactor impedance seems reasonable and is assumed for the
PSSSINCAL simulations.

As no detailed information is available about the reactors, no reliable recommendation for
the practical setting can be made.

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

5.2.11 Setting of backup overcurrent time protection
5.2.11.1 General back-up protection policy

The international standard requires that all transmission grid protection faults must be
tripped within 100 to latest 150ms.

On 400 kV level all line and transformers shall be protected by redundant unit protection.
Fast fault clearance is therefore ensured also in case of protection or signal channel
failure. Faults with breaker failure are cleared by the breaker failure protection within 250
to 300ms.
Only the busbar protection failure requires back-up second zone tripping (proposed time
delay: 500 ms).

Figure 5.8: Proposed phase fault back-up protection coordination for the Iranian
transmission grid

On 230 kV level, only one line teleprotection scheme is the general standard with plain
distance protection as second main protection. Both distance protection relays can
however be connected to the common signaling channel so that only the failure of the
channel would lead to tripping of line end faults by second zone back-up protection.
(Important 230 kV lines however should be treated as 400 kV lines).

Third distance zones would only be needed in the exceptional case (for example not
sufficient reach of the second zone with zero-sequence coupling effects or fault
resistances) or catastrophic effects.

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

The aim is to have a reach of the third zones as far as possible without the necessity of
strict selectivity. The main aim is to detect remote faults but not to reach through
transformers, to avoid the response to faults into the distribution level (132 and 63 kV).

It is generally accepted that faster tripping has priority over slower selective tripping
because a not fully selective fault clearance may lead to tripping few neighboring lines
but a too slow tripping would most probably cause a larger system outage or even
blackout ./2/
Phase overcurrent relays are not needed for lines. Real thermal I
2
t overload protection
with preload memory provided as add-on function in numerical line relays should be used
instead for this purpose. /7/

High set instantaneous and inverse time delayed phase overcurrent protection is
currently the practice at transformers. But also here true overload protection may be
considered in future. This would allow better exploration of the short time transient load
capability better than today. /10/

Figure 5.8 gives a survey about the proposed coordination of the phase fault backup
protection for the Iranian transmission grid.

Sensitive earth fault relays are needed as back-up protection against high resistance
faults. According to established practice, the transmission lines in the Iranian Network are
equipped with directional earth current relays with inverse time characteristic. The
existing mixture of different characteristics should however be step by step replaced by
uniform very inverse curves. A certain degree of selectivity will be achieve by the
distribution of the earth short-circuit current. The highest current flows on the faulted line
and leads in most cases to the shortest operating time. But also here strict selectivity
cannot be expected.

The inverse time 67N relays are set so that the operating time with maximum through-
flowing current is not shorter than the third distance zones (800 ms).

The earth fault relays at transformers neutrals are set higher (1.2 s and 1.5 s) so that
they shall not false trip in case of line faults and faults in the distribution area.

Precondition is however that faults in the distribution range (132 and 63 kV) are cleared
within 0.6 seconds. Figure 5.9 shows the proposed coordination of the earth fault back-
up protection for the Iranian transmission grid.
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC


Figure 5.9: Proposed earth fault back-up protection coordination for the Iranian
transmission grid

Lines

Phase Overcurrent Time Protection 50/51/67

Use of high set overcurrent protection 50 is recommend for lines 100 km for
instantaneous tripping to about middle of the line.

Time delayed back-up overcurrent relays are not recommended because they are not
selective. They are also not stable in case of power swings as they have no power swing
blocking function.

The existing relays are set high to 1.5 times thermal limit current of the line. The inverse
time overcurrent relays should be removed completely and replaced by real thermal
overload relays with time delay in the minutes range rather seconds range. /7, 11/

Maximum through-fault current:
A source according to a short-circuit current I
K
= 50 kA (substation design) is assumed.
This corresponds to 32 GVA at 400 kV and 20 GVA at 230 kV.

400 kV:

L L S
through
Z Z Z
I
+
=
+
5
3 / 400 1 , 1 3 / 400 1 , 1
. max
(5.4)

230 kV:
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC


L L S
through
Z Z Z
I
+
=
+
3
3 / 230 1 , 1 3 / 230 1 , 1
. max
(5.5)

High set instantaneous protection 50
I>> = 1.3 I (Through-fault-3ph)
T(I>>) = 0

Time delayed O/C protection 51 and 67
Definite Time Inverse Time

I> = 1,5 I
thermal

T(I>) = 2,5 s

Ip= 1,5 I
thermal

NI:
(
(
|
|
\
|
=

1
5 , 1 14 , 0
8 , 0
02 . 0
max
therm
through
I
I
Tp

VI:
(
(
|
|
\
|
=

1
5 , 1 5 , 13
8 , 0
0 , 1
max
therm
through
I
I
Tp

Reach of definite minimum time at 30 Ip

Earth Overcurrent Time Protection 50N/51N/67N

General philosophy:
The current pick-up value must be set above the maximum earth current caused by line
unsymmetry up to the thermal limit line loading. Non-transposed lines and 10%
unsymmetry are assumed, including a 30% safety margin. /2/

Inverse time characteristics are the usual standard. The existing different time curves of
existing relays (NI, VI, and some EI) however cause coordination problems.

The very inverse curve is in general preferred and should be used grid wide. In any case
the very inverse curve is used for all new lines.

The shortest operating time for maximum through-fault earth current shall not be lower
than the distance protection third zone time (0.8 s).

Uniform settings are used throughout the grid. Selectivity is based on the earth current
distribution effect. Security against false operation during the auto-reclosing single-pole
dead time and circuit-breaker pole discrepancy shows the following consideration:

Impact of the autoreclosure single-pole open state on line earth fault relays
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

The single-pole circuit breaker open state during the auto-reclosing cycle causes flow of
earth currents which could lead to pick-up and overfunction of the line earth fault relays.
The time settings of the inverse-time characteristics must be high enough to prevent this.
The magnitude of the earth currents depend on the pre-fault line loading and the circuit
conditions.
If parallel lines or network circuits exist, the pre-fault load current of the open phase is
partly shifted to the phase of these parallel circuit paths resulting in smaller earth
currents. The critical case is therefore the single line because in this case the highest
earth current appears.
Figure 5.10 shows the equivalent symmetrical component circuit of a line Z
L
with
interruption in phase L1 and parallel line connections represented by Z
p
.

Z
SA
and Z
SB
are the equivalent source impedances of the grid infeeds. The angles of the
infeeding EMF voltages correspond to the pre-fault load state ( + = pre-fault load
transmission angle).
To consider the worst case condition, the thermal limiting current of the line was
assumed as pre-fault load. For this purpose, typical currents of 2000 A for 400 kV lines
and 1200 A for 230 kV lines were assumed.
The short circuit capacity of the infeeds was assumed as 20,000 MVA for 400 kV and
10,000 MVA for 230 kV with Z
0S
/Z
1S
= 1 each.
The applied line data were:
400 kV line: x
L
= 0.3 Ohm/km and r
L
= 0.03 Ohm/km
230 kV line: x
L
= 0.4 Ohm/km and r
L
= 0.08 Ohm/km

Figure 5.10: Equivalent symmetrical component circuit of a line with
interruption in phase L1 and parallel line connection

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

400 kV network
Figure 5.11 shows the appearing earth currents in the 1-pole open state in relation to the
pre-fault load current for the cases of a single 400 kV line and a 400 kV line with parallel
circuit (parallel line).

We can conclude the following:
In case of a single line, the ratio I
E
/I
pre
-
load
is increasing with shorter line lengths
and may reach nearly the value 1 in the case of extreme short lines.
With parallel connected lines (Z
p
= Z
L
) the ratio I
E
/I
pre
-
load
is about 0.5 nearly
independent of the line length.
The currents on the health lines (represented by I
Ep
) are much lower.
Herewith, we can analyze the impact on the line earth fault relays.

At first we consider the relays with normal inverse characteristic.
The following settings apply in this case:
I
EP
= 300 A as proposed as minimum setting for 400 kV lines.
T
EP
= 0.4 s = (0.8/0.14)(30
0.02
-1 ) so that the operating time never decreases 800 ms.
With these settings we get the relay operating times shown in Figure 5.12.

The typical dead times of single-pole auto-reclosure are in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 s.
In the case of lines with parallel connections, we have therefore at least one second
security margin against overfunction of line earth fault relays during the AR dead time.
In case of single lines, the security margin is reduced to 1.5 0.8 = 0.7 s but is still
sufficient because we can assume that the shorter dead time setting is valid for the
shorter lines.

Figure 5.11: Earth currents in the 1-pole open state

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC


As concerns the longer lines, T
EP
-times lower than 0.4 may be set (as the maximum
through-fault current is low), but settings below 0.3 s should not be applied. (The
coordinated/verified settings should be checked in this respect when 1-pole AR is
activated).
The relays with very inverse characteristic are always on the safe side, as the operating
time is much higher with the relatively low earth currents. This shows Figure 5.13.

Figure 5.12: NI-Relay operating times for earth currents in the
1-pole open state (400 kV)

Figure 5.13: VI-Relay operating times for earth currents in
the 1-pole open state (400 kV)
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

In this case, the settings were assumed as:
T
EP
= 1.72s = (0.8/13.5)(30
1.0
-1 ) so that the operating time does never decrease 800
ms.
I
EP
= 300 A as in the case of normal inverse type relays.

230 kV network
Here we get similar results.
For comparison, the calculated operating times of normal inverse characteristics are
shown in Figure 5.14.

Summary comments on the impact of single-pole opening times on the setting of 67N,
51N relays

In the general, there will be no overfunction of relays with the coordinated/verified
settings, in particular when parallel line connections exist.
For the present low line loadings, there is any way no risk of overfunction.
For security, we however recommend to check the relay response in the
individual application case with line loading to the thermal limit by using the
SINCAL program.

Comment: Directional comparison earth fault protection (DCEF-Protection) must be
blocked during the single-pole auto- reclose dead time to prevent false
operation.
This concerns the faulted line where single pole tripping and reclosing takes
place.

Figure 5.14: NI-Relay operating times for earth currents
in the 1-pole open state (230 kV)

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

The DCEF-Protection schemes on other lines recognize the single-pole
interruption correctly as external fault and must not be blocked.

Impact of the autoreclosure single-pole open state on pole discrepancy protection
The setting of the delay time for pole discrepancy tripping must be longer than the single-
pole auto-reclosing dead time including a security margin of at least 0. 5 seconds. A
setting of about 2 seconds would be appropriate.
From the figures Figure 5.12 and Figure 5.14 we can infer that in the case of short single
lines, the earth-fault relays may be faster than the pole-discrepancy protection. This low
probability can however be accepted as the tripping of the CB with pole discrepancy by
the earth-fault relays would be correct (The result would be the same as tripping by the
pole discrepancy protection).

Maximum through-fault earth current:
The same source as for phase-phase fault is assumed:
Shot-circuit capacity: I
K
= 50 kA (substation design)
32 GVA at 400 kV and 20 GVA at 230 kV

400 kV:

( ) ( )
L L S
Through
Z Z k Z
IE
6 , 0 1 5
3 / 400 1 , 1
0 1
3 / 400 1 , 1
. max
+ +
=
+ +

(5.6)
230 kV:

( ) ( )
L L S
Through
Z Z k Z
IE
6 , 0 1 3
3 / 230 1 , 1
0 1
3 / 230 1 , 1
. max
+ +
=
+ +

(5.7)

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Time delayed 51N and 67N protection

400 kV:
IE>= 0,3 kA if kA I
therm
3 , 0 5 , 1
100
% 10

Else:
therm
I 5 , 1
100
% 10

230kV:
IE>= 0,2 kA if kA I
therm
2 , 0 5 , 1
100
% 10

Else:
therm
I 5 , 1
100
% 10

T(IE>) = 2,5 s

400 kV:
IEp= 0,3 kA if kA I
therm
3 , 0 5 , 1
100
% 10

Else:
Therm
I 5 , 1
100
% 10

230kV:
IEp= 0,2 kA if kA I
therm
2 , 0 5 , 1
100
% 10

Else:
therm
I 5 , 1
100
% 10

NI:
(
(
|
|
\
|
=

1
14 , 0
8 , 0
02 . 0
max
IEp
IE
TEp
through

VI:
(
(
|
|
\
|
=

1
5 , 13
8 , 0
0 , 1
max
IEp
IE
TEp
through

Reach of definite minimum time at 30 IEp

Transformers

Tasks of transformer 51G/51N relays:
Earth faults in the transformer should be instantaneously tripped by restricted earth fault
protection (about 10% sensitivity). Back-up in case of internal faults and protection
against external earth faults are provided by 51G relays in the neutral-ground connection.
The pick-up values in the order of 20% transformer rated current are normally chosen.

Distribution Transformers:
In this case, the 51G relays provide back-up for non-cleared earth faults in the
distribution network.
The time delay must be graded correspondingly (1.2 s delay). For earth faults, gain a
maximum clearing time of 0.8 s is assumed and must be assured. On the other hand,
false tripping in case of transmission line earth faults should not occur (co-ordination with
67N line relays). According to the current distribution effect this will be assured in the
normal case.

400/230 kV Auto-transformers:
These couplers are part of the Iranian Network and are treated similar to transmission
lines.
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

50G operating times must be coordinated with 67N line relays. Line earth faults should
not lead to tripping of coupling transformers.
The neutral current of autotransformers depends on the transformer parameters and the
zero-sequence impedances of the connected networks on HV and LV sides. It can
therefore vary with system conditions. Higher time setting (1.5 s) compared to
transmission line 67N relay is chosen to prevent coupler tripping in case of transmission
line faults and grid splitting.

400/230 kV Coupling transformers

Phase Overcurrent Time Protection 50/51

Through-Fault current

N
n T
through
U
S
uT
I
3
%
100
2 1
. max

(5.8)
High set instantaneous 50
I>> = 1,3 I
through-max.

TI>>= 0,05 s

Time delayed 51

I>= 2,0 I
Tn
T(I>) = 2,0 s

Ip= 2 I
Tn

NI:
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
= 1
02 . 0
0 , 2
max
14 , 0
s 5 . 1
Tn
I
through
I
Tp

VI:
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
= 1
0 , 1
0 , 2
max
5 , 13
s 5 . 1
Tn
I
through
I
Tp


Earth Overcurrent Time Protection 51N
Time delayed 51
IE>= 0,2 I
Tn
T(IE>) = 2,0 s
IEp= 0,2 I
Tn

NI:
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
= 1
02 . 0
2 , 0
max
14 , 0
s 5 . 1
Tn
I
through
I
TEp

VI:
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
= 1
0 , 1
2 , 0
max
5 , 13
s 5 . 1
Tn
I
through
I
TEp


SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Distribution & Generator Transformers to 132 kV, 63 kV, 20 kV



N
n T
through
U
S
uT
I
3
%
100
2 1
. max

(5.9)

I>> = 1,3 I
through-max.

TI>>= 0,05 s

Time delayed 51

I>>= 1,5 I
Tn
T(I>) = 2,0 s

Ip= 1,5 I
Tn

NI:
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
= 1
02 . 0
5 , 1
max
14 , 0
s 2 , 1
Tn
I
through
I
Tp

VI:
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
= 1
0 , 1
5 , 1
max
5 , 13
s 2 , 1
Tn
I
through
I
Tp


Time delayed 51
IE>= 0,2 I
Tn
T(IE>) = 2,0 s
IEp= 0,2 I
Tn

NI:
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
= 1
02 . 0
2 , 0
max
14 , 0
s 2 , 1
Tn
I
through
I
TEp

VI:
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
= 1
0 , 1
2 , 0
max
5 , 13
s 2 , 1
Tn
I
through
I
TEp


SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Compensation Reactors



N
n T
reactor n through
U
S
I I
= =

3
. max

(5.10)

I>> = 8,0 I
n-reactor

TI>>= 0,05 s

Time delayed 51

I> = 1,5 I
Rn
T(I>) = 1,5 s

Ip= 1,5 I
Rn

NI: Tp= 0,1 s



High set instantaneous 50N
I>> = 8,0 I
n-reactor

TI>>= 0,05 s
Time delayed 51N
IE>= 0,2 I
Rn
T(IE>) = 3,0 s
IEp= 0,2 I
Rn

NI:
(
(
|
|
\
|
=

1
2 , 0 14 , 0
s 5 , 1
02 . 0
max
Rn
through
I
I
TEp

VI:
(
(
|
|
\
|
=

1
2 , 0 5 , 13
s 5 , 1
0 , 1
max
Rn
through
I
I
TEp


SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

5.2.12 Setting of breaker failure protection
Breaker failure protection must trip the concerned circuit breakers before the second
zone at the remote line ends trip and grid splitting occurs.

A total fault clearing time of 250 ms in EHV is international state of the art. For new
installations the following time setting would then apply (Figure 5.15 and Figure 5.16):
T
BF1
: 80 ms and T
BF2
: 175 ms (50BF reset 20 ms assumed)
At existing installations 300 ms total fault clearing time should not be exceeded.
When breaker failure is grid wide installed, the second zone times in 230 and also 400 kV
could be set higher to 500 ms to ensure safe grading margin between BF tripping second
zone tripping.

Tripping circuits must be phase segregated when single-pole auto-reclosure is to be
applied!

Figure 5.15 Local back-up protection flow chart (Single step BF protection)

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC


Figure 5.16 Local back-up protection flow chart (Double step BF protection

SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

6 Description of the individual protection coordination steps
The following chapter describes the individual steps of protection coordination. The
chapter is divided into two sections: Adaptation of existing collected data and Data
Transfer and Protection Simulation in PSSSINCAL using VB macros.

In the first section it is explained how the existing collected data (PTD SE
PTI/sk0632/SER01 "Section report on system data ('data book')" and PTD SE
PTI/sk0632/SER08 "Section Report on protection data collection": called Data Collection
2006 in the following) were adapted to the recent model of Iranian Network in
PSSSINCAL as described in E D SE PTI/sk0632/SER02 "Section Report on Basic
System Model".

It will be shown how the old protection data sheets were changed to be able to save and
use different setting variants during the simulation. Furthermore, the results of plausibility
checks will be illustrated. During this procedure the settings of protection devices has
been checked taking into account e.g. the setting requirements of the individual relays.

In the section Data Transfer and Protection Simulation in PSSSINCAL using VB-
macros the two most important Visual Basic (VB) macros will be described (Macro for
data transfer and macro for automatic protection simulation of many faults variants in
PSSINCAL). It will be explained how to work with SINCAL DB and how to create the
connection between protection data sheets (Excel) and PSSSINCAL Data base (DB)
(Access). Furthermore, the structure and relation between different tables in SINCAL DB
will be illustrated. It will be shown how to set a protection device in PSSSINCAL using
only the corresponding tables of the data base.

In the next part the main VB control commands for automatic protection simulation in
SINCAL will be explained. With the use of these commands the 3-pole and 1-pole faults
at different locations on the lines have been simulated automatically.

At the end of this chapter it will be clarified how to interpret the results of protection
coordination and what the main reasons for faulty tripping of the protection devices can
be.

6.1 Adaptation of existing collected data
As it shown in Figure 6.1, a long protection data preparation phase had to be carried out
before the data transfer procedure could start.

The first step which has been made was the comparison the data from Data Collection
2006 with the newest state of Iranian Network designed in PSSSINCAL. In the result
many feeders have been found (lines, transformers, shunt reactors or shunt capacitors)
which either did not exist in the newest version of the network, or the names of lines were
changed (like in the case of lines with TOF- or JUN-points). Furthermore it was found that
there are about 90 new lines which were additionally present in the PSSSINCAL DB
due to changes in and expansion of the network.
SIEMENS
E D SE PTI IGMC

Adaptation of existing collected data was a time-consuming but necessary process. All
single steps of this procedure are described in details in the next chapters.

Figure 6.1: Adaptation of existing collected data to the actual network state

6.1.1 New setting columns in protection data sheet
For protection simulation of many settings variants it was necessary to add three new
setting columns in the protection data sheets: Sincal, Coordination and Verification.
The first column with old settings data has been marked as IGMC.

An example of the extended protection data sheet is shown in Figure 6.2. Each
protection file has now a new dropdown menu where the setting variant can be chosen.
The setting variants were created in all protection files for 21/21N, 50/51/67 and
50N/51N/67N - functions. More details about practical benefits of the implementation of
the new protection data form are described in Data Transfer - chapter.
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Figure 6.2: New setting columns in the extended protection data sheet

6.1.2 Plausibility checks
During the creation of the new columns in protection data sheets many problems
concerned with protection sheet structure have been seen. There were protection files
with different number of dropdown lists, with additional calculation tables, with active
zone but without settings and many others structure discrepancies.

After that we have proposed that the structure of protection file should be write-protected.
Only the setting area is allowed to be changed. The actual password is: loopa. This
password can be changed while the New settings- macro is running (more about this
macro in the next chapter).

One of the biggest difficulties we have seen in the protection data sheets were the files
with active 21/21N-function but without any current and voltage transformer data.
According to your letter TOJ 4 REPORT sent 2008/05/18 we have created a macro
which checks the CVT-data in protection data sheets and compares them with the CVT-
file attached to each station in data collection (see appendix).

The next part of the plausibility checks was to create a macro which could deliver an
overview about protection data sheets which do not fulfill the following plausibility criteria:
1 first, second or fourth zone non-directional
2 MHO, Circle or Lens with R - settings
3 Quadrilateral without R - settings
4 Zf <> ZfE or Zr <> ZrE or R <> RE
5 different characteristic in all Ph-Ph or Ph-E zones (without fifth zone)
6 fifth zone is directional
7 third zone is reverse
8 fourth is not reverse
9 PhiR and PhiRE is not equal at all zones
10 relays with k0M setting
11 less than 3 zones active at lines
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12 time of Ph-Ph and Ph-E different or time of second and higher zones < 200
13 third zone non-directional and fifth zone is active
14 Ph-Ph active and Ph-E not active (and vice versa) or feeder is connector (sixth ch.
is "K")
15 characteristic type does not correspond with settings
16 settings do not correspond with relay's type requirements

The criterion 15 contains following check:

- Lens characteristic without b/a, or b/a = 1
- Zf <> 0 and Zr <> 0 and zone is directional
- Quad, MHO, Circle - characteristic with b/a <> 0 or b/a <> 1
- Zone is non-directional and (Zf = 0 or Zr = 0) and characteristic type is not Quad
and Circle
- Zone is directional and Zf= 0 or Zr = 0
-
The criterion 16 contains the setting possibilities regarding to relay type. All of these
setting requirements have been already sent to IGMC and will be additionally attached to
the section report.

The results of the plausibility check are attached in appendix 20 (one overview diagram
as average about all regions and separate diagrams for each region).

6.1.3 Protection data sheets for new lines
To be able to start protection simulation we had to be sure that for each line in the whole
network at least one distance protection device and one earth fault overcurrent protection
exists at each end of the line. In the attached NewProtDev&LinesCheck.xls - file two
VB-moduls (LinesCheck and NewProtDev) have been developed to check all lines in
network and check if each line has the required protection.
6.1.3.1 LinesCheck - module
This macro works with PSSSINCAL DB of the whole network and creates a connection
with it. The module LinesCheck contains the following eight underfunctions:

- Initialisation
- ConnectionAndRecords
- LinesCheck (check lines from data collection)
- AdditionalLinesCheck (check additional lines from SINCAL DB)
- FindTappedLines (find lines with TOF and JUN-points)
- CheckIfLineIsDouble
- FindSmallestXt (find smallest transformer impedance for the zone setting
limitation)
- FindFollowingLine

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In the function Initialisation all necessary paths such as: path of data collection, path for
PSSSINCAL DB are saved. In the next function ConnectionAndRecords the
connection with the data base is created and some tables of the data base will be
opened to get the needed information about lines to be found.

With the use of next the most important function in this module LinesCheck, all lines
from data collection will be listed in LinesCheck-table.

During the last TOJ in Erlangen we have discussed the problem caused by opening of
too many Excel-files. The macro needs to read out the setting information from 21/21N,
50/51/67 and 50N/51N/67N - table. It means that in each protection file three tables will
be checked using the function GetValue. Unfortunately it causes an internal Excel error
concerned with limitation of random access memory (more detailed in Data Transfer
chapter). Thats why we have agreed that in the first run of the macro only lines from 10
regions will be checked. It can be simply realized by change of i-variable in the
LinesCheck - function. Other functions such as: AdditionalLinesCheck or
FindTappedLines are to be deactivated during the first run of the macro. After the
macro has listed all found lines for 10 regions, the following changes have to be made for
check lines of rest 6 regions:
- Deactivate the corresponding table clear command in Initialisation - function
- Activate other functions which had been deactivated during the last run
- Set for i = 11 to 17
- Check what is the cell number of the last found line in LinesCheck - table and
activate the following part from LinesCheck - function:

's = 365
' For m = 1 To 365
' feeder(m) = Workbooks(1).Worksheets("LinesCheck").Cells(m + 3, 3)
' Next m
'
' f = 365

- Set s = row number of last found line - 3
- Set f = s
- Set For To - loop from m = 1 to s
- Do not forget to comment out this part of the macro after the running is finished

6.1.3.1.1 FindTappedLines - function:
All main features of this function are listed below:

- Find lines which contain TOF- or JUN-points and mark these lines by yellow color
- Put information about tapped line(s) connected to protected line in the Comment
- column; only these part lines will be listed where the distance protection can be
installed on; in the Figure 6.3 if the protected line is L1 then in Comments -
column only the lines L3 and L4 can be considered; in the Figure 6.4 if the
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protected line is L1 then L2 and L3 will be reported in Comments - column but
only L2 will be considered as a part of the protected line
- There are some exceptions resulting from the discussions with IGMC Protection
Team during the last TOJ in Erlangen. We have assumed that no distance
protection is required at the following lines:
SW826G, NK816C, CV809D, AM804D - these lines are feeding a station
without outgoing lines (only transformers)
- Line length of the protected line will be added to the longest tapped line listed in
Comments - column; it is of particular importance to check first zone settings of
tapped lines contain more than two lines
- During the last TOJ Erlangen we have agreed that lines connected to TOF -
points, which feed only transformers, can be neglected by the macro; after this
simplification the number of TOF-points to be checked manually has been
reduced to following cases: 8TOFKN03, 8TOFKN01, 8TOFNN01, 8TOFLN01; at
protection devices connected to the rest of the tapped lines only the transformer
impedance should be considered as a limitation of zone settings
- Two complicated cases with TOF-points have been found and discussed during
the last TOJ in Erlangen:
8TOFJN05 - lines PW834A and PW834B are considered as one main line
to be protected
8TOFJN08 - the configuration of the station has been changed by IGMC;
TOF - point does not exist anymore; the settings of the corresponding
protection devices with the new configuration of the station should be
created by IGMC using the developed macros

B A
L2
JUN
L1
R1
TOF L3
R2
C
L4
R3

Figure 6.3: Find tapped lines in LinesCheck - module (a)

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B A
TOF
L1
R1
L2
R2
L3
T1
N20
C

Figure 6.4: Find tapped lines in LinesCheck - module (b)

- Protected line being the part of the tapped line will get new parameters for R1,
R0, X1 and X0 as shown in below equation:

2 2
2 2 1 1
l R
l R l R
R
new
+
=
(6.1)

6.1.3.1.2 CheckIfLineIsDouble - function
For the eventually necessary increasing of the zone reach was of great importance for
checking if the protected line is a double line, single line or a parallel line. In the
LinesCheck table a real parallel lines will be marked at two positions: in IsParallel and
in IsDouble - column. It means that these two lines are coupled and their station codes
are the same. If two lines are coupled but coming from different stations then the remark
appear only in IsDouble - column. In the table below an explanation example is shown:

Table 6.1: Explanation of CheckIfLineIsDouble - function
Protected Line Is Single Is Parallel IsDouble
BH823 Yes
FH822 Yes Yes(FH827)
FH827 Yes Yes(FH822)
ZH824 Yes
GH832 Yes(GH906)

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The line BH823 is single line. The lines FH822 and FH827 are coupled with each other
and their start and end stations are the same. Line GH832 is coupled with line GH906 but
their start and end stations are different.

6.1.3.1.3 FindSmallestXt - function:
As it shown in attached NewProtDev&LinesCheck.xls in table LinesCheck for each
node of found lines (start and end station of the line) the corresponding coupling and
distribution transformers are searched. As mentioned in setting methodology, the
smallest impedances of the transformers in the station where the protected line is coming
in, were needed for limitation of zone settings. Main features of this function are listed
below:

- Distribution transformers are connected parallel if their nodes at lower voltage
level are connected to the same node
- Coupling transformers are connected parallel if their 400kV nodes and 230kV
nodes are coming from the same station; generally if there are two coupling
transformers in one station then they are always considered as connected parallel
- If a distribution transformer has been found in station and no coupling transformer
then the impedance of distribution transformer will be considered in Smallest Xt
of Coupl.Transf - column anyway

6.1.3.1.4 FindFollowingLine - function:
The FindFollowingLine - function uses information about node names of lines and on
this basis looks for following lines in relation to the actual protected line. As it shown in
table LinesCheck the shortest and longest following line related to the corresponding
node has been found. However not the line length played the decisive role but the
impedance of the following line. For this purpose information about line type (Single,
Double or Parallel) has been also considered.

6.1.3.2 NewProtDevLines - module
As mentioned above the module for creation of new protection files requires information
about the already installed protection at lines. In the LinesCheck - table for each line
node some protection devices have been found. The macro will check if at each line end
at least one distance protection and earth fault overcurrent protection is given. At the end
of the list with lines there are many lines without any protection device and for these lines
one distance protection and one earth fault overcurrent protection will be defined. Main
features of the NewProtDevLines - module are listed below:

- It saves the paths to be given (destination folder, data collection , sample file)
- If a line without required protection is found a new protection file will be created
using the sample of protection file
- The macro is looking for already existing protection files in the data collection and
saves last two character (index) of the last one in the corresponding station; new
file will get the name regarding the found index (NewName = P(index+1))
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- If the code of the line node could not be found in the data collection a new
protection file will be saved directly in the directory of destination folder (e.g.
8XNPXS01, 8XNUXS01, 8XNVXS01, 8XOBXS01)
- New protection files are saved in corresponding stations (same as in data
collection) in the destination folder which is helpful for transfer of new files to the
old data collection folder
- For these lines no protection devices will be created: MB812C, NK816C,
SW826G, CV809D
- Generally for each line with length < 1 and for lines with name containing six
characters no distance protection have been created; here are the exceptions:
MZ830B, MW823A, SW826F, MW823C, DS831C
6.1.4 Protection data sheets for new transformers and shunt reactors
In the attached file NewProtDev&TransfShuntCheck.xls the protection of all
transformers and shunt reactors will be checked. Similar as in case of lines, the existing
protection devices of the data collection will be listed in the module TransfShuntCheck.
Another function macro will check additional transformers and shunt reactors in the
SINCAL DB of the whole network. Following aspects should be considered during the
creation of the TransfShuntCheck - table and new protection devices:

- As in the case of lines there is a limitation of the GetValue - function; The
following procedure is necessary:
Change For To - loop in TransfShuntCheck - function: for i = 1 to 10
(check first ten regions)
Comment out AdditionalTransfShuntCheck - function
After the macro is finished for the first 10 regions, check the row number of
the last found feeder
set s = number of last found feeder - 4
set For To - loop to: for i = 11 to 17 (check next 6 regions)
deactivate command for clearing the TransfShuntCheck - table
activate the AdditionalTransfShuntCheck - function
- For the check of transformers and shunt reactors in the data collection, use
always the old data collection without new protection devices
- Create new protection devices for transformers and shunt reactors
(NewProtDevTransfShunt) only when new protection files with line protection
are copied to the data collection; it is important to avoid a problem with protection
file names

6.1.5 Coordination of settings for lines
After the new protection devices for lines have been created and copied to the data
collection, the next macro for checking of line protection devices in the new data
collection (with new prot-files) and for creating of new settings for line protection devices
can be run. In the attached NewSettingsLines.xls two further moduls: DevCheckLines
and NewSettingsLines are developed and described below in more detail.
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6.1.5.1 DevCheckLines - module
As already mentioned and shown in Figure 6.1, the new settings will only be created for
the first zone. For the settings of the second zone, information about the distance
protection devices installed at following shortest line is required. For this purpose the new
module DevCheckLines has been written. This module will list all distance protection
devices and overcurrent protection devices assigned to lines. In case of distance
protection devices in the corresponding column in table LinesCheck the name of device
will be saved. Using this name the NewSettingsLines - module can now read the
settings of distance protection installed at the shortest following line. Here are the main
features of DevCheckLines - module:

- Be sure that the newly created protection devices have been copied from the
destination folder to the old data collection
- Excel-limitation of GetValue - function; The following aspects are remarkable:
Activate a clear command for protection devices and Comments - table in
the Initialisation function
Deactivate the DevFromAnotherStation - function; this function check
devices from unknown stations such as 8XNPXS01 which have been saved
directly in the data collection folder
Set for i = 1 to 10 in DevCheck - function
Deactivate the CheckLinesWithoutProt - function; this function checks at the
end (after 17 regions have been checked) if all lines have the required
protection functions
Run the macro for the first 10 regions
When the function is finished for the first ten regions, change the For To -
loop as follows: for i = 11 to 17
Deactivate the clear command in Initialisation - function
Activate DevFromAnotherStation and CheckLinesWithoutProt functions
Run the macro for the next regions
- Check the Comments - table to see if there are lines without the required
protection
6.1.5.2 NewSettingsLines - module
The new settings for the line protection devices will be implemented in the Coordination
and Verification columns in the protection data sheet. All protection devices with line as
feeder will be set according to the setting methodology for lines. The main features of this
module and the procedure steps are listed below:

- Set firstZoneSet as False in Initialisation - function to set only the first zone of
the distance protection devices for all regions (For i = 1 to 17 in sub
NewSettins_Main; here the limitation of GetValue - function needs not to be
considered because only one table (21/21N) from protection data sheet is
opening
- When the settings of the first zone have been created then the variable
firstZoneSet can be set as True. It means that now all zones of distance
protection will be set and also overcurrent protection devices; thats why the
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limitation of GetValue - function has to be considered now; similar as in other
cases the macro has to be run in two stages:
set for i = 1 to 10 and run the macro
set for i = 11 to 17 and run the macro
- After the accomplishment of the NewSettingsLines - procedure it is of particular
importance to check the Comments - table where all problems regarding general
aspects, regarding DI or OC - protection devices will be listed in corresponding
columns; in column critical cases the most critical problems are shown e.g.
X2>Zload (second zone is larger than calculated load impedance)

After the new settings for lines were implemented a new macro for graphical illustration of
actual zone settings was created. The settings of the first zone and second zone with old
(IGMC) and new (Coordination) settings are compared. The results are shown in the
below diagrams:

Figure 6.5: IGMC settings of the first zone related to line impedance

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Figure 6.6: Coordination settings of the first zone related to line impedance

In Table 6.2 the setting deviation of the first zone from the normal 80% setting are shown.
In some cases, the ratio of the setting values of the first zone in relation to the line
impedance (Zf/Zl) is smaller than 78%. In the Figure 6.6 also other small deviations can
be seen but these only appear because X-values are set at Quadrilateral characteristics
and the line impedance is given as Z - value containing the X- and R- component.

Table 6.2: Deviations of coordinated settings of the first zone from 80% (Zf/Zl < 0.78)
filename feeder
length
[km]
R'
[Ohm/km]
X'
[Ohm/km]
Zl
[Ohm]
Zf
[Ohm]
ratio
8BBLGP02 MR809 4 0,0710 0,2129 0,898 0,68 0,757
8BBLGP30 MR810 4 0,0709 0,2129 0,898 0,68 0,758
8BBXGPD7 FD801 180 0,0673 0,2118 40,002 30,5 0,762
8BBPGP01 DE804 160 0,0709 0,2119 35,751 27,12 0,759
8BBPGP02 DE804 160 0,0709 0,2119 35,751 27,12 0,759
8BBPGP15 DE805 160 0,0709 0,2119 35,751 27,12 0,759
8BBPGP17 DE805 160 0,0709 0,2119 35,751 27,12 0,759
8AFFCP02 PS819 99,39 0,1042 0,4348 44,438 34,57 0,778
8AEYCP49 NP834B 84 0,0975 0,4288 36,938 28,81 0,780
8AEOCP41 PS819 99,39 0,1042 0,4348 44,438 34,57 0,778
8AYNOP01 AT800 125 0,1080 0,4220 54,450 42,2 0,775
8AYNOP02 AT800 125 0,1080 0,4220 54,450 42,2 0,775
8AFYBP19 PS813 29 0,0849 0,3083 9,274 7,15 0,771
8AFYBP26 PS812 29 0,0849 0,3083 9,274 7,15 0,771
8AABAP01 FY824 19 0,0968 0,4285 8,347 6,51 0,780
8ABUAP58 GD812 6,917 0,0444 0,1861 1,323 1,03 0,778
8ABVAP74 GD812 6,917 0,0444 0,1861 1,323 1,03 0,778
8ABMAPD1 FY824 19 0,0968 0,4285 8,347 6,51 0,780
8AAXAP01 BL830 23 0,0912 0,4013 9,465 7,38 0,780
8ADQEP04 LB812A 97 0,0698 0,2157 21,987 16,74 0,761

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In the next two figures (Figure 6.7 and Figure 6.8) the old and new settings for the
second zone related to the line impedance are shown.

Figure 6.7: IGMC settings of the second zone related to line impedance

Figure 6.8: Coordination settings of the second zone related to line impedance

In Table 6.3 similar as for the first zone some deviations in the coordinated settings of the
second zone are shown. In some cases the ratio of setting value to line impedance (Zf/Zl)
is smaller than 117%. Other smaller deviations (between 118 and 120%) which appear in
the Figure 6.8 are caused by the relation of X -value setting at Quadrilateral
characteristics to the line impedance which contains R and X - values.

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Table 6.3: Deviations in coordinated settings of second zone (Zf/Zl < 1.17)
filename feeder
length
[km]
R'
[Ohm/km]
X'
[Ohm/km]
Zl
[Ohm]
Zf
[Ohm]
ratio
9AMUIP04 AF930 300,7 0,0170 0,2850 85,852 79,22 0,9228
9AMUIP06 AF930 300,7 0,0170 0,2850 85,852 79,22 0,9228
8AFFCP02 PS819 99,39 0,1042 0,4348 44,438 51,86 1,1670
9ATSMP21 NS929 170 0,0152 0,3120 53,103 60,81 1,1451
9ATSMP22 NS929 170 0,0152 0,3120 53,103 60,81 1,1451
8AYNOP01 AT800 125 0,1080 0,4220 54,450 63,3 1,1625
8AYNOP02 AT800 125 0,1080 0,4220 54,450 63,3 1,1625
8BIUPP11 RP812 250 0,0709 0,4047 102,716 117,66 1,1455
8BIUPP12 RP812 250 0,0709 0,4047 102,716 117,66 1,1455
9AUPLP17 AF930 300,7 0,0170 0,2850 85,852 79,22 0,9228
8ADQEP04 LB812A 97 0,0698 0,2157 21,987 25,1 1,1416

Comment on Table 6.3:
The ratios smaller than 1,0 are caused by the MHO relays without load blocking zone on
very long lines. The zone reach is in this case limited by the load (NERC criterion). (see
section 3.1.5)
The most critical case is the line AF930 where the second zone is calculated shorter than
the line length (ratio 0.9228). This line is very long (300.7 km, Z
L
= 85.8 Ohm) und has a
very high thermal limit current (2.88 kA).

Relays: in Montazeri:
9AMUIP04 (SHNB102) and 9AMUIP06 (LFZP111)
The maximum settable reach for a MHO relay according to NERC conditions is:
Ohm
R
Z
Zf 22 . 79
) 30 85 cos( 88 . 2 5 . 1
3 / 400 85 . 0
) cos(
=

This value was set for the second zone each.
In the coordinated relay data we have assumed that, according to the relay manual, the
second zone of the relays has a MHO characteristic (only zone three is settable as lens).
In the collected data the second zone was entered as lens.
This discrepancy should be checked and clarified by IGMC.

These MHO relays should be replaced by modern digital relays with load encroachment
zone. This would allow a setting similar to that which has been calculated for the relay at
the opposite line end in Yazd2: 9AUPLP20 (REL100 with quadrilateral).

The high short time load current according to NERC conditions (1.5 times 2.88 kA)
causes a very high voltage drop on the line (
Figure 6.9:
kV ohm kA XL IL U 2 . 370 7 . 85 88 . 2 5 . 1 = = = .
This results in a very high line transmission angle of
O L
L
Un
U
106
3 / 400
2 / 2 . 370
arctan
3 /
2 /
arctan 2 =
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
= .
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For these cases NERC has stated an exception (see NERC: Relay Loadability
Exceptions).
It states that in cases where a line transmission angle of 90
O
is exceeded by the 1.5
times thermal load current,
L
= 90
O
may be the decisive criteria for the line loadability.

For the existing relays we recommend the following:
The maximum short time load current may be reduced from 1.5 times thermal limit
current to 1.15 thermal limit current. This would result in a transmission angle of 75.8
O

and would allow to set 120% line impedance (Z2= 103 Ohm) for the MHO characteristic.
If we apply the same reduced maximum load current (1.15 times thermal limit) criterion to
a lens characteristic with k= 0.2 offset, we get a maximum reach of Z3f= 125 ohm
(Z3r=25 ohm) compared to the SINCAL calculated value of Z3f= 95.6 ohm (Z3r= 19.12
ohm). (The calculation formulas are given on page 29 of the report)
The settings Z2= 103 ohm and Z3= 125 are a reasonable compromise and are therefore
proposed.

As stated above, the MHO relays on this extremely long and highly loadable line should
be replaced by modern relays with load encroachment zone!

Relays in Yazd 2:
The relay 9AUPLP20 (REL100) has quadrilateral characteristic. The calculated reach
settings are X2= 102.84 and X3= 195.96 which is quite reasonable.

The second relay in Yazd2: 9AUPLP17 (REZ1) has MHO characteristic for phase-
phase faults and quadrilateral characteristic for Ph-E faults.
The settings for the Ph-E quadrilateral correspond to those of relay P20 and are OK.
The settings of the Ph-Ph fault MHO characteristic are however too short (Z2 = Z3 =
79.22 ohm. The reason is again that SINCAL limited the reach according to the NERC
criterion as for the MHO relays in Montazeri2.

Figure 6.9: Voltage diagram of a highly loaded transmission line

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Here however a special case is given: The REZ1 relay is a 4-system distance protection.
The MHO characteristic is in this case only valid for unsymmetrical two- phase faults and
therefore the characteristic is insensitive to symmetrical load (3-phase faults are covered
by the ph-E measuring systems with quadrilateral characteristic). The NERC criterion
must therefore not be applied in this case and a longer setting similar to the Quadrilateral
(Z2= 102.84 and Z3= 195.96) may be chosen.

Before the final setting or change of existing settings, IGMC should double check the
settings for other very long lines in the same way.

6.1.6 Coordination of settings for transformers and shunt reactors
The procedure in case of transformers and shunt reactors and capacitors is similar to the
setting of line protection devices. After the new protection for transformers and shunt
reactors/capacitors have been created and copied to the data collection the next macro
for checking of protection devices in new data collection (with new Prot-files) and for
creating of new settings can be run. In the attached NewSettingsTransfShunt.xls two
moduls: DevCheckTransfShunt and NewSettingsTransfShunt are developed and
described in more detail.

6.1.6.1 DevCheckTransfShunt - module
In the right part of Figure 6.1 it is shown that after creation of new protection files for
transformers and shunt reactors/capacitors without the required protection, the
NewSettings - procedure can start. For this purpose similar as for lines all protection
devices with feeder as transformer or shunt reactor/capacitor already installed and
existing in new data collection are to be listed in TransfShuntCheck - table. This task is
realized by DevCheckTransfShunt - module. The main features and remarks for this
module are same like for lines.

6.1.6.2 NewSettingsTransfShunt - module
The new settings for transformers and shunt reactors/capacitors will be implemented to
the Coordination and Verification - column in the protection data sheet similar as in the
case of lines. All these protection devices will be set according to the setting
methodology. The main features of this module and the procedure steps are listed below:

- Overcurrent protection devices for transformers and shunt reactors/capacitors are
set by the macro; distance protection devices for these network elements were
set manually in the new data collection
- As mentioned only overcurrent protection devices are set automatically; it means
that only two tables (50/51/67 and 50N/51N/67N) are opened by the GetValue -
function and for this reason the number of opening cycles will not be overrun; The
For To - loop in the NewSettings_Main - function can be set as follows For i =
1 to 17
- Variable h can decide which devices shall be set (h = 1 - DI, h = 2 - OC, h = 3 -
OCN)
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6.2 Data Transfer and Protection Coordination in PSSSINCAL
using VB-macros

For transfer and coordination of protection data two VB-moduls (DataTransfer and
Coordination_Visualisation) have been developed. In table Home of the attached
DataTransferCoordination.xls - file there are several parameters which have to be
defined for the correct accomplishment of data transfer or coordination procedure (see
Figure 6.10).

Besides the possibility for choosing paths of collected data or subnetworks, the user can
define other attributes such as region where the data will be transferred to or the fault
resistance for simulation of one-phase to ground faults. One of the main purposes of the
protection studies was to propose new settings for existing protection devices and to
compare the simulation results with varied protection settings. For this reason it was
necessary to have a possibility of choosing different settings from protection tables. The
user can choose between four different columns of the protection file (IGMC, Sincal,
Coordination and Verification) but it is also possible to transfer and simulate protection
devices with settings related to a setting variant chosen in the protection sheet. In this
case some devices can be transferred to SINCAL DB with IGMC - settings, some of
them with Coordination - settings and some of them with Verification- settings. In the
new collected data (DataCollection 2008) there are new protection devices which have
been created automatically and their settings are located only in the Coordination and
Verification columns. By transfer or coordination of protection devices with IGMC or
Sincal - settings the macro will automatically take the Coordination - settings in case
of new relays.

During the data transfer many different checks will be executed to inform or warn the
user about problems or peculiarities which have been detected. In table Comments the
user can see all of them saved in the corresponding table dependent on type of problem.
It can be a general comment e.g. station or feeder of collected data which could not be
found in the SINCAL DB. There are also comments concerned with protection devices
(Distance protection or Overcurrent protection) where problems appeared e.g.
Quadrilateral-characteristic without R-setting. The table Comments will be cleared
without any alert if the user has chosen only one of the regions. But when the data of All
regions are to be transferred then the macro will ask if the comments should be cleared
or saved under the old comments.

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Figure 6.10: Definition of input parameters for data transfer and coordination

6.2.1 Data transfer
In the below shown diagrams
Figure 6.11 and Figure 6.12) the functionality of the data transfer macro is illustrated. In
the flow chart, the general structure of data transfer is shown. In Figure 6.12 the
Initialisation - function which is used always at the beginning of the data transfer
procedure has been illustrated graphically. In the next part all of the mentioned points
from these diagrams will be described in more detail.

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Figure 6.11: Data transfer - flow chart

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Figure 6.12: Graphical representation of Initialisation - function

The data transfer macro starts with the choices window where the type of protection
device can be chosen (see Figure 6.13). There is the possibility to choose either distance
protection devices (21/21N) or earth fault overcurrent protection devices (50N, 51N, 67N)
or all of them inclusive phase-phase fault overcurrent protection devices (50, 51, 67).

Figure 6.13: Choices window for data transfer

If the data transfer of all protection devices for all regions is chosen then the macro will
generate a warning (see Figure 6.14) and decrease the number of regions where the
protection data are to be transferred from 16 to 10. The macro uses an internal VB-
function for getting the values from closed excel-sheets (GetValue). The number of
opening cycles is limited and increases drastically with the number of excel-tables to be
opened in one excel-file. When All protection devices is chosen, the number of opening
cycles is three times higher than in the case of distance protection 21/21N or
overcurrent protection 50N/51N/67N alone.

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Figure 6.14: Limitation of VB-function

As shown in the warning window (Figure 6.14), the variable reg_min will be changed
automatically from 16 to 10 as soon as the data transfer begins. It means that the macro
will transfer the protection data only for the first 10 regions (up to Khuzestan). In the next
step the user must change the value of reg_min from 1 to 11 and start the data transfer
macro again. The variable reg_min can be found in the module DataTransfer in the
RegionChoose - function.

6.2.1.1 Initialisation
6.2.1.1.1 Connection with PSSSINCAL DB:
After the device type to be transferred has been chosen begin the initialisation procedure
(see Figure 6.12). At the beginning of data transfer the connection between Excel and
the Access DB of PSSSINCAL is created. This connection uses OLE DB (Object
Linking and Embedding Data Base) based on an application programming interface (API)
implemented in Excel for accessing different types of data (see below).

Function ConnectionWithDB(Connection, Database)

' open connection with data base of Sincal project
Set Connection = New ADODB.Connection
With Connection
On Error Resume Next
.provider = "Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0"
.Open Database ' to improve!!!!!!!
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
MsgBox "Database of your Sincal - Project doesnt exist" & vbLf _
& "Please make a sure that the database exist and start transfer again", vbOKOnly +
vbExclamation, "Advice"
On Error GoTo 0
MsgBox Database
End
End If
End With
On Error GoTo 0
End Function

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6.2.1.1.2 Clear data tables from DB:
In the next step of the Initialisation - function, the already existing protection devices, all
current and voltage transformers and all faults will be erased from PSSSINCAL DB of
the current subnetwork. The existing protection devices are deleted twice, first from the
table ProtLocation - where the position of the protection device and relation to his
setting-table are saved and another from the table GraphicAddTerminal where the
graphical attributes are allocated. In the same way, the existing faults are deleted
(respectively from table ProtOCFault and GraphicAddTerminal). When elements are
deleted from the table GraphicAddTerminal, it has to be considered that these elements
are either protection graphical elements or fault observation elements. In PSSSINCAL
DB a distance protection device is marked by 8, an overcurrent device by 4.

Function ClearTable_SP() clear tables from Sincal project - DB
Dim i As Byte
Dim TableSource As Variant
Dim TableToClear As ADODB.recordset
Dim Engine As Object
DAO.DBEngine.SetOption dbMaxLocksPerFile, 999999999
TableSource = Array("CurrentTransformer", "VoltageTransformer", "ProtLocation", _
"ProtOCFault", "GraphicAddTerminal") ' tables to be deleted
For i = LBound(TableSource) To UBound(TableSource)
Set TableToClear = New ADODB.recordset
TableToClear.Open Source:=TableSource(i), ActiveConnection:=CONN, _
CursorType:=adOpenDynamic, LockType:=adLockOptimistic
With TableToClear
If Not TableToClear.EOF Or Not TableToClear.BOF Then
TableToClear.MoveFirst
Do Until TableToClear.EOF
If TableSource(i) = "GraphicAddTerminal" Then
If TableToClear!flag = 4 Or TableToClear!flag = 8 Then
.Delete
.Move (1)
Else
.Move (1)
End If
Else
.Delete
.Move (1)
End If
Loop
.Close
End If
End With
Next i
End Function

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6.2.1.1.3 Compression of PSSSINCAL Data Base:
After creation of new elements in PSSSINCAL, the new ID-number will be assigned to
this element in the DB-table. If this element is deleted and new one is inserted, the ID-
counter will start with the next number although the deleted element does no more exist
and the ID-counter could take theoretically the old ID-number. It would lead to
uncontrollable increasing of the ID-number which can be avoided by the compression of
the DB. If a table in the Access DB is empty, the ID-counter will reset after compression
and start with 1 by addition of new elements to this table.

Function DataBaseCompression(FilePath, FileDir)

Set fso = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
On Error Resume Next
fso.DeleteFile (FileDir & "DB_temp.mdb")
RepeatCompress:
Err.Clear
Set Engine = CreateObject("JRO.JetEngine")
Engine.CompactDatabase _
"Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source= " & FilePath, _
"Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & FileDir & "DB_temp.mdb"

If Err.Number <> 0 Then
MsgBox "Please check if database of the project is closed and try again", 48 + 262144,
"Advice"
GoTo RepeatCompress
End If

fso.DeleteFile (FilePath)
FileCopy FileDir & "DB_temp.mdb", FilePath
fso.DeleteFile (FileDir & "DB_temp.mdb")

Engine.Close
TableToClear.Close
Set Engine = Nothing
Set TableToClear = Nothing
On Error GoTo 0

End Function

6.2.1.1.4 Creation of user-defined OC-characteristic:
Because of different characteristics and settings ranges of overcurrent protection devices
three user-defined characteristic had to be defined in the PSSSINCAL local protection
data base (ProtectionDB). For this purpose similar as in the case of the PSSSINCAL
project DB (data base of subnetwork) a new connection with the local DB was created, all
of existing standard protection devices from this DB deleted and the DB itself
compressed. After the compression, a new user-defined OC-device with the name
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IGMC was created. Then on base of standard OC-characteristics taken from Siemens
protection devices 7SJ600, three user-defined characteristics IGMC.NOR (normal
inverse), IGMC.VER (very inverse) and IGMC.EXT (extremely inverse) were created.
There are some differences between standard and user-defined devices listed below:
- settings range up to 30xIn
- settings given in amps (not related to In)
- possibility to set three different functions (50/50N, 51/51N, 67/67N) at the same
time
- extended time setting range (0.01 to 60s)
- extended current setting range (1 to 20000A)
Detailed information about the structure of VB-function for creation of user-defined OC-
characteristics can be found in the attachment (function name:
CreateIGMC_OCCharacteristic).

6.2.1.1.5 Connection with PSSSINCAL application:
Before data transfer will start the connection between VB-application and PSSSINCAL
application has to be checked. For this purpose the macro will try to get the
PSSSINCAL document (.sin) without opening it. In the example below, the macro
checks if the chosen SINCAL document where the protection data are to be sent to exist
and if it is already opened. There are many others possibilities to control the
PSSSINCAL application via VB-commands. Some of the automation examples can be
found under \[SINCAL path]\Project\Batch.

Function CloseSincalManual(SincalFile)
Dim SincalApp
Set SincalApp = CreateObject("SIASincal.Application")

If SincalApp Is Nothing Then
MsgBox "Sincal application is not available"
End
End If

If Not SincalApp.GetDocument(CStr(SincalFile)) Is Nothing Then
If MsgBox("Please close your Sincal-project", vbOKCancel + 262144, "Advice", 0, 0) =
vbCancel Then
MsgBox "The data transfer has been interrupted", vbInformation
End
Else
CloseSincalManual SincalFile
End If
End If

Set SincalApp = Nothing
End Function

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6.2.1.1.6 Open recordsets:
After the connection with the PSSSINCAL DB has been established the data from
allocated tables can be read out. There are many tables used for collecting different
information about the network configuration, settings of protection devices, simulation
results, location of elements etc. For the protection coordination studies, it was necessary
to open and work with about 26 tables from the PSSSINCAL DB. With the use of a
simple procedure (see below) it is possible to open a data transfer channel between the
VB and Access DB. As already mentioned, the macro uses two DBs and correspondingly
two connections which have to be assigned to the right tables.

Function OpenRecordSet_Main(RecordName, TableName, Connection)

Set RecordName = New ADODB.recordset
RecordName.Open Source:=TableName, ActiveConnection:=Connection, _
CursorType:=adOpenDynamic, LockType:=adLockOptimistic

End Function

Function OpenRecordset_LD(CONN_LD) ' open tables from local data base

' tables from local database "ProtectionDB"
OpenRecordSet_Main rsDIDev, "ProtDIDevice", CONN_LD
OpenRecordSet_Main rsOCDev, "ProtOCDevice", CONN_LD
OpenRecordSet_Main rsOCChar, "ProtOCCharacteristic", CONN_LD
OpenRecordSet_Main rsOCCurve, "ProtOCCurve", CONN_LD
OpenRecordSet_Main rsOCCurveVal, "ProtOCCurveValue", CONN_LD
OpenRecordSet_Main rsOCSetVal, "ProtOCSettingValue", CONN_LD

End Function

6.2.1.1.7 Find Feeder and Check Network Configuration
The function "FindFeeder" considers the most important conditions for data transfer. All
of them are listed below:
- Check all of protection devices from chosen region in collected data
- Check which protection functions are to be transferred
- Choose corresponding setting variants from protection file
- Check Boolean-variable "Different_Node" (True = protection device comes from
another region; False = protection device comes from the chosen region) - more
details about this variable in the step "CheckFeederNode"
- Jump to the "CheckNetConfiguration"-function, where the feeder found in the
collected data has to be found also in the PSSSINCAL DB
For the search of elements in the PSSSINCAL DB the function
"CheckNetConfiguration" has been implemented. In this function, it is divided between
feeders containing five or six characters (lines) and feeder containing eight characters
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(transformers, shunt reactors etc.). Two underfunctions "findstr" and "findnum" are used
to find respectively strings-variables (e.g. feeder names) and numbers (ID-numbers).
Below, the example shows how these functions work in practice:

1. Feeder "AB800" has been found in the protection file
2. To find this feeder (string) in the PSSSINCAL DB in the table "Element", the
function "findstr" will be used
3. The feeder was found in the DB and gets now his own ID-number (Element_ID)
4. A protection device can be located only at one of the line terminals. In table
"Terminal" the "Element_ID" must be found.
5. In case of normal lines (without TOF or JUN - points) two Terminal_IDs are found.
Each of them contains another node and automatically a different Node_ID-
number
6. In table "Node" these two Node_IDs are to be found and their names compared
with protection file name. If the first five characters of the node name and
protection file name are same, the "Terminal_ID" concerned with found node will
be saved and the protection device will get its location parameters (Element_ID +
Node_ID = Terminal_ID).
7. Dependent on the protection functions, which was assigned to the feeder,
corresponding data will be transferred

Function findnum(recordset, field, key) As Boolean
Dim flag As Boolean
Dim svval As Long
flag = False
If Not recordset.EOF Or Not recordset.BOF Then
recordset.MoveFirst
Do Until recordset.EOF
svval = field.Value
If svval = key Then
flag = True
Exit Do
End If
recordset.Move (1)
Loop
End If
If flag = False Then
'MsgBox "ID-number doesn't exist in Sincal database"
findnum = False
Else
findnum = True
End If
End Function

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Function findstr(recordset, field, key) As Boolean

Dim flag As Boolean
Dim svval As String

flag = False
If Not recordset.EOF Or Not recordset.BOF Then
recordset.MoveFirst
Do Until recordset.EOF
svval = wospace(field.Value)
If svval = key Then
flag = True
Exit Do
End If
recordset.Move (1)
Loop
End If

If flag = False Then
'MsgBox "The feeder " & key & " doesn't exist in Sincal database"
findstr = False
Else
findstr = True
End If

End Function

6.2.1.1.8 Location of protection device and its settings in PSSSINCAL DB
After the Terminal_ID - number is known a new protection device can be allocated in
table "ProtLocation". Before the location of protection device can be finished, the ID-
numbers of corresponding voltage and current transformers have to be given. For this
purpose new voltage transformer in table "VoltageTransformer" and new current
transformer in table "CurrentTransformer" are to be defined. They have to have the same
location-ID as the protection device. A new current transformer needs the same
"Terminal_ID" and a new voltage transformer needs the same "Node_ID" as the
protection device. As soon as the "VoltTran_ID" and "CurrentTran_ID" are known, the
location of protection device can be saved by the command "recordset.Update". In the
next step the new created "ProtLocation_ID" will be used as the reference point for the
settings of our protection device.

Settings of distance protection devices in PSSSINCAL DB
There are two possibilities to set a distance protection device in PSSSINCAL. One of
them is the creation of a standard pre-defined device and another is the creation of a
user-defined device. For the protection studies of Iranian Network we have decided to
use these two possibilities because of high amount of setting variants in the protection
file. At the pre-defined device three protection zones can be defined. As long as these
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three zones have the same characteristic it is possible to complete the settings within the
pre-defined distance protection device. But if the relay has more than three zones or the
zone characteristics are not the same (e.g. the first two zones have MHO-characteristic
and the third zone is a lens) then the second possibility is needed. Creation of a user-
defined characteristic is more extensive but makes it possible to set an unlimited number
of protection zones with different protection shapes. For this project many VB-functions
were created. They can detect different setting combinations and choose the adequate
device type, characteristic type and pickup or tripping settings in SINCAL. There are four
functions which are responsible for correct setting of the distance protection device:

1. TransferDI - location of current transformers, voltage transformers and protection
devices. Additionally a new pickup and tripping function for documentation will be
defined at the protection device
2. TransferDI_PCD - function for transfer of tripping settings as pre-defined common
device (PCD) for distance protection devices
3. TransferDI_UCD - function for transfer of tripping settings as user-defined
common device (UCD) for distance protection devices
4. PickupSettings_PCD - function for transfer of pickup settings as pre-defined
common device (PCD) for distance protection devices
5. PickupSettings_UCD - function for transfer of pickup settings as user-defined
common device (UCD) for distance protection devices
6. PickupSettings_PCD_LBZ - function for transfer of pickup settings as pre-defined
common device with active load blocking zone (PCD_LBZ) for distance protection
devices
7. PickupSettings_UCD_LBZ - function for transfer of pickup settings as user-
defined common device with active load blocking zone (UCD_LBZ) for distance
protection devices

At the moment the Quadrilateral characteristic can be set in PSSSINCAL as fault
detection zone or load blocking zone. Other characteristics have to be defined as user
defined common device areas with or without load blocking zone.

Figure 6.15: Creation of distance protection device in PSSSINCAL DB

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Settings of overcurrent protection devices in PSSSINCAL DB
Overcurrent protection devices in SINCAL can be created in two ways. Either one of the
standard overcurrent devices is selected from the Global Protection Database or the
already existing standard device will be modified in the Local Protection Database and
used as user-defined overcurrent protection device. As mentioned above a new user-
defined device had to be implemented to avoid a problem with varied setting ranges and
settings combinations. At the moment only three characteristics exist in collected data in
column "Sincal", "Coordination" and "Verification", these are: normal, very and extremely
inverse. If the macro will detect another type of characteristic it will be noticed in table
"Comments" and this characteristic will be replaced by the normal inverse version. All of
the time settings lower than 0.01s will be changed to 0.01s and current settings lower
than 1A changed to 1A. If the combination of definite time + inverse time characteristic
will appear, the macro will continue the data transfer but the corresponding information
"not typical configuration" will be placed in the "Comments" - table. The function
"TransferOC" is responsible for the transfer of overcurrent protection settings to the
PSSSINCAL DB.

Figure 6.16: Creation of overcurrent protection device in SINCAL DB

6.2.1.1.9 Check Feeder Node
Each region in collected data has a specific alphabet character, e.g. "D" - for Semnan. By
the simulation of a subnetwork other letters should be considered too. During the transfer
of protection devices for lines going from one region to another must be considered that
these lines have different node names. The macro is looking for lines, transformers or
shunt reactors coming each from another region and tries to find the corresponding
station in the collected data. If sixth character of one of the feeder nodes is different from
the region code then the Boolean-variable "Different_Node" (mentioned above) is true
and the macro jumps back to the function "FindFeeder". The data transfer of the
protection device from another region can start.
After the nodes with different region code have been found the macro will check
additionally whether the chosen region was Khuzestan. If this condition will be fulfilled
then the protection data from region KWPA have to be transferred too.

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6.2.1.1.10 Positioning of protection device symbols in PSSSINCAL
With the use of DB-tables containing graphical information about existing elements it was
possible to change position of transferred protection devices. Without this function all of
the protection device symbols would overlap. With the use of this function the size and
colour of protection device symbols will be changed (DI - blue, OC/OCN - orange). All of
these graphical changes have been implemented in the function
"ProtColors_SymbolSize_FontSize" (see below).

Sub ProtColors_SymbolSize_FontSize()

rspos.MoveFirst
Do Until rspos.EOF
If rspos!flag = 4 Then ' OC
rspos!FrgndColor = RGB(255, 180, 0)
rspos!SymSize = 50
ElseIf rspos!flag = 8 Then ' DI
rspos!FrgndColor = RGB(0, 0, 255)
rspos!SymSize = 50
End If
rspos.Move (1)
Loop

rspos.MoveFirst
rspos.Update

End Sub

6.2.2 Protection Simulation
Due to the automatic control of PSSSINCAL application by VB-commands it is possible
to simulate different faults scenarios without making any time-consuming manual
changes in PSSSINCAL DB. In the first three simulations (DI, OCN, All - see

Figure 6.19) the behaviour of protection devices on the line by variation of the fault
location is tested. In the first step, the fault is located at 1% of the line length. SINCAL will
calculate the reaction of all protection devices on each fault existing in the network. The
results will be saved in table ProtOCResult. The macro will make a connection with the
PSSSINCAL DB and check the results. In case of DI- and All- simulation the tripping
zone is controlled and reported in the result sheet. In the case of OCN-simulation, the
tripping times appear in the result sheet. As it shown in Figure 6.17 the fault is moving
during 10 simulation stages from 1% of the line length to 99% in steps of 11%.

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L1
A B

Figure 6.17: Fault simulation in SINCAL

Before the protection simulation and coordination macro starts a few parameters should
be defined, similar as in case of data transfer:
- region
- setting variant
- fault resistance
If these parameters are given the protection simulation procedure can start with the
Initialisation-function as shown in

Figure 6.18. The Initialisation- function and all other functions of

Figure 6.18 are described in the next part.

(1%,11%...99%)*length
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Figure 6.18: Protection simulation and visualisation of results - flow chart
F_pos = F_pos + 1
(1%, 11%,
22%,,99%)
F_type = F_type + 1
(Ik1, Ik3)
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Figure 6.19: Simulation variants implemented in module Coordination_Visualisation
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At the beginning of the protection simulation, a choice window appears. The user can choose
between simulation of distance protection, earth fault overcurrent protection and all of them
together with phase-phase overcurrent protection. But it is also possible to simulate
additionally one phase interruption and the behaviour of protection devices in case of low
voltage faults (see Figure 6.20).

Figure 6.20: Choice window - Choose coordination variants

6.2.2.1 Initialisation
At all of these kinds of simulation the macro protection simulation procedure starts with the
"Initialisation" - function. The main assignments of this function are listed below:

- Save all of given paths
- Save chosen setting variant and fault resistance
- Set number of fault locations to be simulated at the line (10 is predefined)
- Create a new result Excel-file with corresponding name, dependent on chosen setting
variant, region, fault's resistance, protection device to be simulated (e.g.
"ProtCoord_All(C)_100Ohm_Semnan.xls" - all protection devices from region
Semnan with settings from (C)oordination column, with fault's resistance 100;
"ProtCoord_DI(S)_Semnan.xls" - distance protection devices from region Semnan
with settings from (S)incal column with fault's resistance 0
- Create two result sheets in the result file for two fault types: 1-pole and 3-pole
- Connection with DB
- Clear all fault location from DB
- Compression of DB
- Open recordsets (tables from DB)

6.2.2.2 Check node and create fault observation (CheckNode, FaultLocation)
With use of this function faults are created at one of the terminals of protected line. The fault
observations are all located in table "ProtOCFault" in PSSSINCAL DB. To avoid the
problem with fault simulation at connectors in PSSSINCAL (faults on connectors are not
allowed), the names of the faults located at lines being connectors will get a special name
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e.g. F_DS831C(Conn). The macro will know that all of the faults with a name containing the
ending "Conn" cannot change its position. The fault distance for faults at the connectors will
stay equal 0% during the whole protection coordination procedure.
Generally this function is eligible for all of the simulation variants but there are also some
exceptions:
- With simulation of low voltage faults the macro chooses another function
("CheckNode_LVF") to locate the faults only at the lower voltage level
- LVF - fault simulation is not a simulation of faults at branch element but at node
("FlagType" - variable in table "ProtOCFault")
- With simulation of single phase interruption the faults with "Conn" in the name are
ignored because this fault simulation is not possible and it makes no sense to
simulate single phase interruption at connectors
- For simulation of single phase interruption a new so called "fault event" has to be
defined in table "FaultSummary" to enable Multiple Faults - simulation in SINCAL
- With simulation of single phase interruption, the type of fault has to be changed to
"One-phase interruption" and the field Faulty Phases changed to "Phase L1"
6.2.2.3 Protection Simulation. Visualisation of results
As shown in the diagram of

Figure 6.19, the macro for protection simulation and visualisation has been divided into five
functions:

1. Simulation_Visualisation_All - simulation and visualisation of all protection devices
with fault resistance 0
2. Simulation_Visualisation_DI - simulation and visualisation of distance protection
devices
3. Simulation_Visualisation_OCN - simulation and visualisation of overcurrent protection
devices and all protection devices when the fault resistance is given
4. Simulation_Visualisation_LVF - simulation and visualisation of low voltage faults
5. Simulation_Visualisation_MultF - simulation and visualisation of single-phase
interruption

Each of above listed functions starts with the function for automatic run of the simulation in
PSSSINCAL. For this purpose the "StartSincalSimulation" - function is used (see below).

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Function StartSincalSimulation()

Dim iSimState As Integer
Dim SincalApp
Dim SincalDoc
Application.DisplayAlerts = False

Set SincalApp = CreateObject("SIASincal.Application")
If SincalApp Is Nothing Then
MsgBox "Sincal application is not available"
End If

Set SincalDoc = SincalApp.OpenDocument(CStr(SincalFile))

If SincalDoc Is Nothing Then
MsgBox "Sincal cannot find the file or the already used DB was opened!" & vbLf & _
"Please close all database used in your project and make a sure that the files exist"
MsgBox SincalFile
End
Else
If ChooseCoordinationVariant.MultF.Value Then
SincalDoc.StartCalculation CStr("MF")
Else
If FaultType = 1 Then
SincalDoc.StartCalculation CStr("PROT SC3")
ElseIf FaultType = 2 Then
SincalDoc.StartCalculation CStr("PROT SC1")
End If
End If
End If

' Stop processing if simulation reports an error
iSimState = SincalDoc.GetCalculationState()
If iSimState <> 0 Then
MsgBox "Simulation finished with an error!"
End
End If

Application.DisplayAlerts = True

End Function

All of these functions use the result tables of the PSSSINCAL DB (e.g. "ProtOCResult",
"MultFaultResult"). In these tables, the macro will check the tripping state of protection device
and report it in the result sheet. Dependent on tripping state of concerned and not concerned
protection devices different colors appear in the result sheet:

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Figure 6.21: Color meaning in the result sheet

The crucial cases for the network stability are the red and orange marked fields in the result
sheets. In the next section report Verification the individual false trippings will be interpreted
and verified for each region with regard to the local conditions in the network.
When all lines and all fault locations within one region are considered, the following graphic
will appear (Figure 6.22):

Figure 6.22 Result sheet, example

- all concerned devices tripped correctly in the right zone;
no relay did overfunction

- all concerned devices tripped correctly but at least one of them in
wrong zone; no relay did overfunction

- all concerned devices tripped correctly but at least one of them tripped in
third or higher zone; other devices remained stable

- at least one protection device not supposed to trip, falsely
tripped (overfunctioned)

- at least one protection device supposed to trip, didn't
trip (underfunctioned)
- Siemens corrections
- IGMC corrections (TOJ 08-26.09.2008)
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On the above diagram we can see at first five colors which have different meaning according
to Figure 6.21. But in the result sheet two additional colors can appear: pink and blue. It
means that in case of faulty tripped devices some solution has been found and after manual
correction e.g. the orange field can be changed to blue or pink. There are many cases where
the distance protection for a fault at 1% of the line length tripped in first zone at both line
ends. But after manual simulation of the fault, it could be established that the distance
protection were tripping in fact in the first zone but in different time loops. The result could be
marked as blue or pink. Another case where the faulty results can be changed to correct
results occurs when the concerned protected line is disconnected at one of its ends. Also in
this situation the color of the result field(s) can be changed to pink or blue. All results
delivered after simulation of different setting scenarios have been checked manually.
Regarding to the found problems and types of faults the following tables were created:

Table 6.4: List of problems found in the result sheets
failure
identification
string
description
SL Short and long line effect
RC Line reconnected
TOF_JUN TOF- or JUN-point
Z1 Relays tripped in first zone within first loop
DC
Relays have different characteristics; MHO, Quadrilateral for
distance protection) or very and normal inverse for overcurrent
protection
MC Line coupling has an effect on the fault impedance
LC Earth fault current does not reach the necessary level to trip

During the check of result sheets, only the abbreviations of problems will be used as a
comment.

As already mentioned the results of the protection simulation with coordinated settings
(Coordination column) and with original settings (PSSSINCAL - column) should be
compared. For comparison of two result sheets we use a simple macro which calculates the
number of light green, yellow, orange and red fields. The number of green, blue and pink
fields is not calculated as these fields are considered as correct. As it shown in Table 6.5,
four color groups have been assigned to different false tripping variants.

Table 6.5: Color groups for corresponding faulty tripping
group
number
description
1 (light green) all concerned devices tripped correctly but at least one of them in
wrong zone; no relay did overfunction
2 (yellow) all concerned devices tripped correctly but at least one of them
tripped in third or higher zone; other devices remained stable
3 (orange) at least one protection device not supposed to trip, falsely tripped
(overfunctioned)
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E D SE PTI IGMC

4 (red) at least one protection device supposed to trip, didn't trip
(underfunctioned)

For the first group it is assumed that for the faults at 1%, 11%, 88% and 99% of the line
length the concerned protection device at the opposite side of the line (related to actual fault
location) has to trip in second zone. For the fault at 22% and 77% of line length the
concerned devices can trip in first or second zone and in any other case can trip only in first
zone. After the macro has checked the tripping state of the concerned devices, the tripping of
other not concerned devices will be taken into consideration too (group 3). Using the
abbreviated form of colors group the simple diagram was created to demonstrate a
difference between the simulation results with original and coordination settings. The Figure
6.23 shows one of the result diagrams. Blue and red columns are representing the number of
fields with protection false operation related to the total number of fields (incl. green, blue and
pink fields). The digits 1, 2, 3, 4 correspond to the color groups mentioned above.

Figure 6.23: Visualization of protection simulation results for a sample region

The following simulations have been carried out and will be delivered within the scope of the
Verification report:
- distance protection devices with IGMC settings (1-pole, 3-pole short circuit)
- earth fault overcurrent protection devices with IGMC settings (1-pole short circuit)
- earth fault overcurrent protection devices with IGMC settings (1-pole short circuit) and
fault resistance 100
- all protection devices with IGMC settings (1-pole, 3-pole short circuit)
- all protection devices with IGMC settings (1-pole, 3-pole short circuit) and fault
resistance 20
resistance 50
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resistance 100
- distance protection devices with Siemens settings (1-pole, 3-pole short circuit)
- earth fault overcurrent protection devices with Siemens settings (1-pole short circuit)
- earth fault overcurrent protection devices with Siemens settings (1-pole short circuit)
and fault resistance 100
- all protection devices with Siemens settings (1-pole, 3-pole short circuit)
- all protection devices with Siemens settings (1-pole, 3-pole short circuit) and fault
resistance 20
resistance 50
resistance 100
- all protection devices with Siemens settings (1-pole, 3-pole short circuit) and faults at
lower voltage level
- all protection devices with Siemens settings (single phase interruption)

SIEMENS
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7 References

/1/ Ordacgi, M.; Solero, R.B.: Minimizing Risks of Cascade Tripping, A Systematic
Analysis of Component Protection, Cigre Conference, Paris, 2006, Report B5-202
/2/ Iglesfield, R. : Rationalized policy for application and setting of back-up protection ;
4th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection,
Edinburgh 1989, IEE Conference Publication No. 302, pp 301 - 305
/3/ Ziegler, G.: Numerical Distance protection ; Principles and application, Publicis
Corporate Publishing, Erlangen, 3
rd
edition, 2008
/4/ U.S.-Canada System Outage Task Force: Interim Report Causes of the August 14th
Blackout in the United States and Canada, Nov. 2003, http://www.nerc.com
/5/ NERC, August 14, 2003 Blackout: NERC actions to prevent and mitigate the impacts
of future cascading blackouts, North American Electric Reliability Council, Princeton,
NJ, February 10, 2004
/6/ Horowitz S.H.; Phadke, A.G.: Blackouts and Relaying Considerations; IEEE
power&energy magazine, Oct. 2006, S. 61 - 67
/7/ Apostolov, A.P.; Tholomier, D.; Richards, S.H.: Distance Protection and Dynamic
Loading of Transmission Lines; 2004 IEEE Power Engineering Society General
Meeting, IEEE Report 0-7803-8465-2/04, S. 100 -105
/8/ Summary of the Guide for the protection of shunt reactors ANSI C37.109 ;
IEE Transactions on power delivery, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1991
/9/ Engelhardt, K.H. : EHV line-connected shunt reactor protection, Application and
experience ; CIGRE Conference paper 34-09, Paris, 1985
/10/ Hunt, R. and Giordano, M.L.: Thermal overload protection of power transformers-
Operating theory and practical experiences; 59
th
Annual protective relaying
conference , Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia, April 27
th
to 29
th
, 2005
/11/ Stephen, R.: Real Time Monitoring , ELECTRA, No. 197, August 2001, (Report of
CIGRE Study Committee 22), S. 35 - 47
/12/ Wheeler, S.A.: Influence of mutual coupling between parallel circuits on the settings of
distance protection, PROC. IEE, Vol. 117 No. 2, February 1970

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E D SE PTI IGMC

8 Appendices
1. Publications listed in section References
2. Collected data with corrections and additional relays for new lines (DataCollection 2008)
3. Results of plausibility checks (PlausibilityCheck_ResultDiagrams.pdf),
(PlausibilityCheck_IGMC.xls) and (PlausibilityCheck_Sincal.xls )
4. Macro for data transfer and protection simulation (DataTransferCoordination.xls)
5. Macros for settings and creation of new protection data sheets:
NewProtDev&LinesCheck.xls
NewProtDev&TransfShuntCheck.xls
NewSettingsLines.xls
NewSettingsTranfShunt.xls
6. PSSSINCAL - files with 16 subnetworks
7. Survey of relays applied in the Iranian High Voltage System (21 Relay Survey_18-10-
2008.xls)
8. Survey of relay characteristics (21Characteristics_18-10-2008.ppt)
9. Survey about existing teleprotection (Teleprotection&Evaluation_Total.xls)
10. Iranian Network with graphical survey of used Teleprotection (Network_simplified_TP)
11. Macro for visualisation of used Teleprotection in SINCAL
(TeleProtectionVisualisation.xls)
12. Survey about breaker failure protection (Breaker Failure_27.08.08.xls)
13. Survey about existing relay types with corrections
(Relay_Types_correction_overview.xls)
14. Survey about FD-zone settings with error corrections (IGMC_21_21N_FDs checked.xls)
15. Survey about changes in voltage and current transformer ratios in protection data sheets
(CVTs_ratio_changes.xls)
16. Survey about distance protection at transformers and shunt reactors
(21_21N_TransfShunt.xls)
17. Survey about phase and earth overcurrent protection at transformers
(50(N)_51(N)_67(N)_Transformer.xls)
18. Survey about phase and earth overcurrent protection on lines
(50(N)_51(N)_67(N)_Lines.xls)
19. Iranian 400/230 Transmission Grid - simplified (Network_simplified)

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, we can calculate the measured impedance:

38.68 0.9 42.98

304 0.95 320

132.54 0.95 139.52

sin tan cos

cos tan sin

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