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Pennsylvania 1859
S.K.Pant
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Outline
Introduction Reservoir Properties
Basic PVT data Reservoir fluid type Drive Mechanism Numerical simulation
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50 Hyperbolic Creaming Curve-North sea 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Actual Hyperbolic Model 5 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Cum Wildcat wells
Cum Discovery, Gb
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The Hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest of the organic compounds. As the name suggests, hydrocarbons are made from hydrogen and carbon. The basic building block is one carbon with two hydrogens attached, except at the ends where three hydrogens are attached.
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The Hydrocarbons
When the chain is between 5 and 9 carbons, the hydrocarbon is gasoline. About a dozen carbons and it is diesel. Around 20 carbons is motor oil. A chain of hundreds to thousands of carbon and hydrogens make plastic. This particular plastic is polyethylene.
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Definition-Reservoir Engineering
Application of scientific principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs The art of developing and producing oil and gas fluids in such a manner as to obtain a high economic recovery.
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Broad Functions
Reservoir Simulation
Therefore the Ultimate goal is.. Hydrocarbon in place Recoverable hydrocarbons reserves Rate of exploitation
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Data Type
Data that pertains to the reservoir rock and its extent
Geologic & seismic data Well Log data Well test data Core data
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The Traps
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Porosity
Porosity of rock is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume and is usually expressed as percentage
Vp is pore volume Vb is bulbk volume Vg is grain volume
Interconnected pores Isolated pores
Total or Absolute Porosity: It is the ratio of the volume of all the pores to the bulk volume of the material, Effective porosity
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A Pore
Elements of Pore Throat
Size & freq distribution-uncorrelated, correlated Connectivity of pores and throat-No of pore throat connecting to pores Spatial arrangement-Arrangement of pores of different sizes w.r.t each other
The texture of a rock consists of it's grain or mineral crystal size, the arrangement of the grains or crystals, and the degree of uniformity of the grains or crystals.
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Soi=(1-Swi) low
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Saturation
Saturation of a phase is the fraction of the pore volume occupied by the phase
So+Sg+Sw=1
Connate water saturation (Swc) Critical Oil Saturation (Soc) Critical gas Saturation (Sgc)
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Permeability
Permeability is a measure of ease of flow or the capacity of formation to transmit fluids. Its unit is Darcy named after a French scientist Henry Darcy in 1856.
Absolute Permeability: When only one fluid is present in the rock. It is a property of the rock and is independent of the fluid used in the measurement. This assumes that the fluid does not interact with the rock.(K) Effective Permeability: Effective permeability occurs when more than one fluid is present & is a function of the fluid saturation & the wetting characteristics of the rock. (Ko,Kw,Kg)
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Permeability
The permeability is measured by flowing a fluid of known viscosity through a core plug of measured dimensions (A and L) and then measuring flow rate and pressure drop. Darcy equation becomes
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Permeability
Establishing a perfect -K transform still remains a major challenge specially in ref to carbonates
The carbonates
The clastics
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y = 8081.6x 2.5518
1.000
HU 7 HU 6 HU 5 HU 4
RQI, micron
HU 3 HU 2
0.100
HU 1
1.00
HU3,
0.010
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Core Porosity
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Capillary pressure
Combined effect of surface and
IFT of the rock and fluid, pore size and geometry & wettability of the system.
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Capillary pressure
Drainage Process:
Non Wetting phase
Determination of Connate water Establish Saturation height relation Mar-2010 Rock Typing
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Wettability
The tendency of a fluid to spread or adhere to a solid surface in
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Relative Permeability
When two or more phases flow simultaneously the ratio of
Swc NwP WP
Soc
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Relative Permeability-wettability
Type
No Nw Krw
2-3
4-6
0.1-0.4
3-5
2-4
0.5-0.9
6-8
1.5-3
0.8-1.0
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Reservoir Pressure
Reservoir Pressure The fluids confined in the pores of the reservoir rock occur
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Well testing
The response of the reservoir to change in production/
response & is usually dependent on K, Skin, Well bore storage, boundaries, fractures, dual porosity et.c
Evaluation: Deliverability, Properties, Size Management: Refining forecast, Front movement Description: Faults, barriers
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Log
t Vs Log t)/
P
Horner Plot
Log [(tp+
t] Vs Pwf
Pskin=
0.87mS q q P*-Pwf. .
Pskin
Jactual = Jideal =
P*- Pwf
t/
uCt)1/2
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Field Example
XYZ 2222-2250.5m (B2) 3 distinct slopes K:588md, kh:17105 mdft Nearest distance to heterogeneity: 130ft
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Field Example
XYZ 2222-2250.5m (B2) 3 distinct slopes K:588md, kh:17105 mdft Nearest distance to heterogeneity: 130ft
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920
1983-84
940 960
tvds s (m )
1993-94 1997-98
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
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I5
I4
P2
I2 I5
2150
2260
2160
2270
31%
2170
2280
well P3-2/06 well I5-9/06 well I2-10/06 well I1-06/08 Well I6-07/08 D1-14-10/07 Well P5-9/08 well p6 11/08
2180
2290
2190
2300
2200
2310
2210
2320
2220
2330
2230
2340
2240
2350
2250
2920 2940 2960 2980 3000 3020 3040 3060 3080 3100 3120 3140 3160 3180 3200 3220 3240 3260 3280 3300 3320 3340 3360 3380 3400 3420 3440
2360
3160 3180 3200 3220 3240 3260 3280 3300 3320 3340 3360 3380 3400 3420 3440 3460 3480 3500 3520 3540 3560
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Tc<Tr<Tct
Retrograde
Tr>Tct
Wet gas Dry gas
condensate
Near Critical Cond
gas
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After Mccain,W.D
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GOR
API
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GOR
API
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GOR
API
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1100018000 60 Light
GOR
API
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Drive mechanism
Depletion drive:
No free gas cap and no active water drive Rapid pressure decline Water free production Rapidly increasing GOR Low ultimate oil recovery (5-20%)
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Drive mechanism
Gas Cap drive: Expansion of Gas cap gas
Gas cap and no or small
active water drive Less rapid pressure decline Water free production Rapidly increasing GOR in structurally high wells Moderate ultimate oil recovery (25-40%)
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Drive mechanism
Water Drive: Production of oil by water displacing process is & usually most efficient process
Very gradual pressure decline Little change in producing GOR Early water production from structurally lower wells High ultimate recovery
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Drive mechanism
Gravity Drainage: As a result of difference in reservoir fluid densities
Low GOR in structurally low wells Formation of Secondary GCG High GOR in structurally high wells Little or no water production High ultimate recovery Variable rate of pressure decline
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MEGA Well logging Well test 3D seismic GIGA Seismic Basin studies
RSIN3
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Reservoir simulation
The dictionary meaning of the word simulate is to give an appearance of
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Reservoir simulation
Mimics the behavior of a real system through a model (physical, analog, electrical or numerical) based on realistic assumptions Simulation can be close to reality but it is never the reality ( should approach reality with time)
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Geological Model
Surface Facilities
W ells
Vertical Horizontal Multilateral
Economics
RSIN1
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Numerical Model
Mathematical models System of equations describing the physical behavior
These are complicated nonlinear partial differential equations relating pressure and saturation changes with time Analytical solutions-generally impossible Numerical solutions generally the only way
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Numerical Models
Basic equations for fluid flow
Conservation of mass Conservation of momentum Conservation of energy Rate Equation EOS
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Numerical Models
Numerical solution produces answer at discrete points within the system Use of finite difference for transforming the continuous differential equation to discrete form-both space and time are discretized (grid, timesteps) Common solution procedures
IMPES, Newton-Raphson
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Stochastic Modeling
Measures statistical variation in data
points-maps similar statistical properties Better describes the heterogeneity of the reservoir- (variograms-trends, direction) Integrates independent measurements Uncertainty in measured values-assessed Algorithm-Kriging, Conditional simulation,co-kriging
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RSIN3
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Layer-9(c)
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Parallel Simulation
10 million cell
1 billion cell
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