Hochschule Wismar

University of Applied Science

Departement of Electrical Eng. and Computer Science

Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Referent: Prof. Dr.-Eng. habilitas Steffen Lochmann
S.Lochmann@gmx.net www.Prof-Lochmannde
Slide 1

Table of Contents
1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion 3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping 4. Optical Communication Systems 5. Outlook

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Why Optical Fibres ...

Low Signal Attenuation

High Bandwidth
Proof against Short-circuiting, Earthing and Fire No EMI Components with low Weight and Volume Data Security
Multi-utilization results in high efficiency !
Folie 3 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Pinciple
Hochschule Wismar

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48 r n ncore = 1.5

125m

Step Index (SI) Fiber

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48 ncore = 1.5

Step Index (SI) Fiber

high dispersion
attenuation

> 100 ns/km

ca. 1...15 dB/km

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48 r n ncore = 1.5

Gradient Index (GI) Fiber

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48 ncore = 1.5 V2=c/1.48 V1=c/1.5

Gradient Index (GI) Fiber

low dispersion
attenuation

> 2 ns/km
ca. 1...3 dB/km

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber Structure and Light Guiding Mechanism

ncladding = 1.48 ncore = 1.5 10m

Single Mode (SM) Fiber

almost no dispersion
attenuation

> 18ps/nm km
ca. 0.2 dB/km

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Fiber attenuation and optical windows

1 dB/km

SC L

1.1

1.3

1.5 m 1.7

50 000GHz WDM
1.25 [m] 1.65

DWDM
1.475 [m] 1.625

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Table of Contents
1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion 3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping 4. Optical Communication Systems 5. Outlook

Folie 10

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Dispersion:
due to:
path differences modal dispersion (intermodal dispersion) polarisation mode dispersion (PMD) spectrum of light source chromatic dispersion (intramodal dispersion)

material dispersion

waveguide dispersion

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Modal Dispersion:

Cm odal, SI

NA2 4 3 n1 c

Cm odal, GI

NA4 80 3 n13 c

with NA

n12

n22

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Material Dispersion:

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Waveguide Dispersion:
can be neglected in multimode fibers

caused by the different extension of LP01 into the cladding b( ) leading to a wavelength dependent effective refractive index:

50 ps nm km 1.0 -50 1.4 DWG

DMat DChrom 1.6

[mm]
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Hochschule Wismar

Fiber dispersion of DSF

Chromatic dispersion :

50

DMat DChrom
1.0 1.4 1.6

ps nm km

-50

DWG
m

Dispersion of a Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF)

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Fibers for dispersion compensation

Chromatic dispersion :

50

negative slope!

ps nm km
1.0 -50 1.4

DChrom
1.6

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Table of Contents
1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion 3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping 4. Optical Communication Systems 5. Outlook

Folie 17

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

Popt= ca.17dBm
10 - 50m Erbium doped fiber

30db

isolator

coupler

pump laser

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Optical pulse reshaping

ca.120km

ca.120km SMF

ca. 10km fiber with negative dispersion slope

SMF

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Table of Contents
1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion 3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping 4. Optical Communication Systems 5. Outlook

Folie 20

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

How does it work ?

Point-to-point:

OC1 OC3 STS1 OC1 OC3 STS1

M U X D M U X

E/O

O/E

D M U X

OC1 OC3 STS1 OC1 OC3 STS1

E/O

O/E

M U X

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

How does it work ?

Point-to-point:

ATM/Ethernet/SDH line board

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

How does it work ?

MUX, but still point-to-point:

OC1 OC3 STS1 OC1 OC3 STS1

M U E/O X

OC12/1 OC12/2 OC12/3 OC12/4

OC12/1 OC12/2 D OC12/3 M E/O OC12/4 U X

(active) DWDM MUX

3 Tbps via 50km (2/1999) 10.9 Tbps via 117km (9/2001)

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

How does it work ?

MUX, but still point-to-point:

Wave Line EL2: 32channels, 200GHz spacing

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Table of Contents
1. Basics of Optical Fibers

2. Dispersion 3. Optical Amplifiers / Pulse Reshaping 4. Optical Communication Systems 5. Outlook

Folie 25

Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

MUX-Generations
frequency

OTDM

OFDM => DWDM

FDM
space

TDM

SDM OSDM

OFDM => CWDM

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Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar

Hochschule Wismar
University of Technology, Business and Design

Departement of Electrical Eng. and Computer Science

Thank you for listening to

Fundamentals of Optical Communications
Referent: Prof. Dr. Steffen Lochmann
S.Lochmann@gmx.net www.Prof-Lochmann.de
Folie 27 Thema: Fundamentals of Optical Communications

Hochschule Wismar