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Measure shape: Measure liquid:

PMR SCIENCE
CREATED BY CIKGU IRWAN@2011

area of irregular Graph paper volume of Measuring Burette cylinder Pipette

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CHAPTER 2 Structure of cell and its Nucleus function

Cell control centre Cell membrane the entry and exit Controls materials from the cell of Chloroplas t Produces chlorophyll

FORM 1 CHAPTER 1 Mass Mass is the quantity of matter in an SI unit object. : Kilogram Lever (kg) balance Weight eight is the pull of gravity on an SIobject Newton (N) unit : Spring balance Basic physical quantities & S.I. Physical SI Unit quantities Length Metre (m) Mass Kilogram (kg) Time Second (s) Temperature Kelvin (K) Electric Ampere (A) current Measuring tools Length : Measuring tape Metre rule Calipers

Vacuole Contains water and solute Cell wall Maintains the shape of

Cytoplas m Stores dissolved materials the cell

Unicellular Plant : organism Chlamydomonas Yeast Euglena Animal : Amoeba Paramecium Plasmodium Multicellular Plant : organisms: Spirogyra Sea weed Grass Animal : Eagle Squirrel Ant

Cell organisation Organ System Organism Cell Tissue System and Skeleton function system: Protects internal organs and gives support to the Blood circulation body Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste system: Nervous system: materials Conveys nerve impulses and reacts to Reproductive stimuli Produces reproductive system: Respiratory cells Enables the exchange of gases with the system: Excretory system: surroundings Removes wastes materials from the Digestive system: body Breaks up food into simples form to be absorbed and used by body the Muscular system: Moves the parts of the body CHAPTER 3 What is matter? Matter is everything that has mass and occupies Matter space is made up of tiny Matter exist in particles Solid: Liquid : Gas : either:

3 Unit : g/cm Density formula: Density = ____mass of substance (g)___

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Volume of substance (cm )

CHAPTER 4 Basic resources of ater earth : Air Soil Living Minerals things Fossil fuels Classification of Matter matter:is classified into: Metal 1.WElement
2.WCompound only

Non - Metal

Substance which is made up of one type of particle

Particles vibrate in their position

Particles Particles move move fast glidin and among eachrandomly g other

Density: Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

Substance that is made up of two or more types of Chemically elements. Separation combined method : 3.WMixture electrolysis Substance that consist of two or more Joined substance Separation method : physically o Distillatio n o Filtration CHAPTER 5 Contents of air: Nitrogen W : 78% Oxygen : 21% Carbon : 0.03% Inert gases : 0.9% dioxide Microorganisms ater vapour Dust

Properties of Colourless, odourless and tasteless oxygen: slightly on gas no effect on litmus water supports combustion and paper Confirmation test for respiration Glowing Oxygen:wooden Presence of oxygen causes the glowing wooden splinter splinter: ignites. to Properties of carbon Colourless, odourless and tasteless dioxide: Slightly soluble in gas Very soluble in sodium water Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue to hydroxide Confirmation test for carbon red Limewater test: dioxide: Carbon dioxide turns the limewater Respiration cloudy
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Energy Glucos e
Glucose + oxygen

water

water + carbon dioxide + energy

Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air: Inhaled Exhaled Nitrogen 78% Nitrogen 78% Inert gases 0.9%Inert gases 0.9% Oxygen 21% Oxygen 16% Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide 0.03% 0.03% Combustion:
Carbon + oxygen Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water

www.cikguirwan.webs.co CHAPTER 6 m FORMSof energy: Potential Kinetic energy Heat energy energy Light Chemical energy Sound energyenergy Electrical Nuclear energy energy Potential Energy stored in an object due to its position or energy: Kinetic condition Energy stored in any moving energy: Heat energy: object Is a type of energy that rises the temperature of an Light object. Energy that enables us to energy: Chemical see Energy stored in chemical energy: Eq: Food, battery, substances Sound energy: fuel Energy that is produced in vibrating Electrical object Is produced by an electric charge or energy: Nuclear current Energy stored in the nucleus of an energy: atom SOURCE of Energy: S Fossil fuels Biomass fuels ind ater Sun Radioactive Geothermal substances energy

Renewable & Non-renewable energy Renewable energy sources Solar sources: ater ind Biomass Geothermal ave/tidal Non-renewable: fossil fuels radioactive substances CHAPTER 7 Gas heat is a form of heat can energy be produced by the following ways: o rubbing two objects burning o together objects o electricity that runs through a coiled heat causes solids, liquids and gases to expand and wire differences between heat and contract Heat Temperature temperature A form of energy The Wdegree Wof hotness or coldness of a substance Unit = Joule Unit = Kelvins (K) (J) Heat flows in three different 1.WConduction ways: is the flow of heat through 2.WConvection solid is the flow of heat through fluids such as in gases and in 3.WRadiation liquids is the transfer of heat through (Heat flows from hotter area to colder vacuum area) Land breeze:
At night Sea is warmer than land Cool air from land flows to the sea as land breeze

Sea breeze:

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Physical process that involved in the change of states of matter.

solid

Liqui d

Absorption of Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better than shiny heat: Gives out heat: objects A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better than white surface. shiny FORM 2 CHAPTER 1 Sensory organs: Skin: sense of touch Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, Nose: touch sense of smell Stimuli : Chemical substance in the Tongue: air Sense of taste Stimuli:Chemical substance in the Ear: food sense of hearing Stimuli: sound Eye: sense of sight Stimuli: light

Properties of light can be reflected and light: Defects of refracted 1.Wlong vision: Can see far objects sighted Image clearly formed behind Causes: retina - eyeball too lens too thin - small/short correction Use convex 2.Wshort sighted lens can see near objects image clearly formed infront of causes: retina - eye ball too Lens too - big/long thick correction use concave Properties of lens is a sound: form of energy produced by vibrating travels objects in the form of can be waves reflected can be (echo) absorbed can only travel through cannot travel through medium vacuum Stimuli and responses in Phototropism: plants: Stimuli Response to obtain Light Geotropism: sunlight Stimuli Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to obtain mineral gravity and water salts Hydrotropism: stimuli water Response to obtain water and mineral Thigmotropism: salts Stimuli touch Response to obtain support and light

CHAPTER 2 Classes of food: Carbohydrate: supply Protein: energy needed for growth produce new fats: cells insulator of heat for the supply body water: energy helps transport excretory products from cells to excretory helps the digestion of organs vitamins: food maintain good Minerals: health maintain good Fibre: health helps in prevents peristalsis constipation FOOD TESTS Starch: a few drops iodine of is added to food Dark +ve result = It turns Blue solution sample Glucose: Benedicts is added to the food sample and +ve result = formed Solution Brick red heated Protein: precipitate Millons is added to the food sample and +ve result = heated reagent Brick red formed Fats: precipitate filter A little food sample is placed on a piece paper translucent +ve is detected. of result = A spot DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Mouth Rectum Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Small intestine

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Large intestine

Anus

END PRODUCT OF Starch DIGESTION glucose Protein amino acids Fat Fatty acid + glycerol CHAPTER 3 Animal kingdom:
Vertebrates: Have backbones Mammals Body covered with hair/fur Breath through lungs Give birth to young alive Birds Body covered with feathers Breath through lungs Lay eggs Have wings Reptiles Body covered with dry scales Lay eggs Amphibians Live on both land and water Breath through lungs & moist skin Have moist skin Lay eggs Fish Live in water Breath through gills Body covered with slimy scales Have fins Warm Blooded Breath Through lungs Inverertebrates: No backbones

Plant Kingdom
Flowering plant

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Non-Flowering plant Ferns Mosses Fungi Algae

Monocotyledons (Plants with only one cotyledon) Leaves with parallel veins Have fibrous roots Eq: Paddy,oil palm, maize Dicotyledons (Plants with two cotyledon) Have net veined leaves Have tap roots Eq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees

Conifer

CHAPTER 4 Species: A group of the same kind of organisms with characteristic common Population : s a group of organisms of the same species living reproducing in a defined and Community : area is made up of different populations of organisms together in a living Ecosystem : habitat consists of plants, animals and the non-living interacting with each other for environment Habitat : living a place where an organism lives Interaction between living 1.WPrey-predator organism: Predator : animal that hunts other animals for food Prey : The animal being (hubungan pemangsahunted 2.WSymbiosis mangsa) a)Commensalism

satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak yang satu lagi ada kesan ve atau tidak b)Mutualism +ve Kedua-dua pihak mendapat c)Parasitism faedah Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah dan satu pihak 3.WCompetition rugi interaksi antara organisma untuk keperluan yang sama Biological control a control of pests by the introduction of their is enemy natural Food web Producer (Selalunya Primary tumbuhan) consumer (Yang memakan tumbuhanProducer) Secondary (Yang memakan Primary consumer consumer) Tertiary (Yang memakan Secondary consumer (pengurai bahan atau organisma yang Decomposers consumer) mati) sudah Photosynthesis merupakan process membuat makanan oleh tumbuhan hijau
Carbon dioxide + Water sunlight chlorophyll glucose + Oxygen

Conservation means proper management on the use of natural resources maintain future to Preservation accessibility Measures taken to maintain living organisms and the environment in their natural balance natural state CHAPTER 5 Physical characteristics of water water can exist in 3 states : Solid, liquid, gas Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room o temperature of pure water : Freezing point 0C Boiling point of pure water :o 100 C Density of pure water : 1 3 g/cm

www.cikguirwan.webs.co Test for presence of water: m Cobalt chloride blue changes from to Composition of paper pink water ater is a compound, made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and atom of oxygen 1 2 HO Evaporation is a process by which liquid changes into water vapour at temperature any Factors affecting evaporation: area o Surface o Humidity o Movement of air o Temperature of Solution & surroundings a)Solution Solubility a mixture of solute and b)Solvent solvent Liquid that dissolves a c)Solute substance A substance that is 1.WDilute dissolved) solution a solution that contains very little 2.WConcentrated solute solution Solution that contain a lot of 3.WSaturated solute solution Solution that contains the maximum amount of solute cannot dissolve any more and solute Factors affecting solubility Nature of the solute Nature of the solvent Temperature of the ACID solvent Taste sour Corrosive pH less than 7 Change wet blue litmus paper to red

ALKALIS Taste bitter and Corrosive soapy pH more than 7 Change wet blue litmus paper to PURIFICATIO red 1.WFiltration N strength Remove large insoluble Cant solids remove dissolve substance & 2.WBoiling microorganism Strengh kills Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolve microorganisms 3. substance Strengh WDistillationremoves insoluble and dissolve substance/ microorganisms removes Tasteless 4.WChlorination Strengh kills Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolved microorganism substance CHAPTER 6 Kinetic theory of gasgas particles move freely in all Gas particles collide with the wall of the container and direction back bounce A force is exerted by the particles onto the This wall force produces a pressure on the walls of the Factors affecting Air pressure container (AP) Volume Temperature Volume = AP Temperature = AP Volume = AP Temperature = AP CHAPTER 7 FO RCE Is an act of push and pull Cannot be seen EFFECT can be seen or Has felt magnitude and direction

www.cikguirwan.webs.co TYPE OF FORCE m Frictional force o Occurs when two surface in contact o Always opposes the motion of the Acts in o object the opposite direction to Can slow down or stop moving o movement Gravitational object force o Force that pull objects to the Causes o earth all objects to have Electrostatic weight force o Force of attraction or repulsion between charged substance o Enables charge substance to attract neutral substance as small pieces of such Same o paper charges repel each Different charges attract each o other Magnetic force other Enables a magnet to attract magnetic substances like o nickel iron, and ORK cobalt force ork is said to be done when moves an over a in distance the of the force object a Equation for calculating work direction done: = Force (Newton) x distance Work (joule)
(metre)

PO ER Power is the rate of doing work, which means the amount work done per unit of Power time. can be calculated using the equation:
Power (watts) = Work done (joules) Time taken (seconds)

CHAPTER 8 Vertebrates have 1. Endoskeleton also known as internal Made up skeleton of bones and Invertebrates cartilage 1. Exoskeleton have Made of cuticle or calcium Examples carbonate animals: centipede, ant, crab

www.cikguirwan.webs.co 2. Hydrostatic m Consist FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF AN skeleton of a muscular wall which encloses a body cavity filled 1.WThe that is fluid OBJECT position of the centre of This the lower the centre of gravity, the more stable the with body fluid pressure gives support and shape to the gravity. Examples animals: earthworm, leech, 2.WThe base area animal object SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS The wider the base area, the more stable the jellyfish Buttress Root object CHAPTER 10 thick and wide roots that grow from the stem above the e.q: Angsana tree, durian LEVER ground Prop roots is a simple tree Roots which grow from the stem or makes work easier machine E.q.: pandan plant, maize have 3 parts : branches Prickles plant o F = Fulcrum An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be easily removed o E = Effort the stem. from o L = Load E.q: Rose CLASSES OF LEVER Tendrils Notice the middle part of the Curly string-like structures modified from stems and L F = 1st class lever E Curl and twine round parts of other plants or objects to help leaves plant F L E = 2nd class the to E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, climb Stilt roots F E L = 3rd class pumpkin Roots that develop from the main stem and grow into the for support. THE MOMENT OF FORCE ground E.q: Mangrove tree The SI unit for moment of Clasping =Newton-metre (Nm) (Bakau) force Roots that grip onto other plants or structure to get Formula for moment of roots E.q: betel (sirih, orchid support force: Perpendicular distance from the Moment of force Force X pivot to the Thorns (duri vine ) = (N) (Nm) force (m) Sharp modified branches that cannot be easily ) Act as hooks to hold on to removed E.q: (Bunga LEVER IN supports. when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of the Bouganvillea Kertas) EQUILIBRIUM CHAPTER 9 moments is equal to the sum of the clockwise anticlockwise The point of The principle of moments can be represented by the moments. equilibrium is the point where the whole weight of an object appears to formula: following on. act It is also the point which an object can be balanced on and Loa X Distance of load = Effor X Distance of effort from the fulcrum from the fulcrum t (E d(L) present in all it is ) It is also of the object objects. known as centre of gravity the 9