3.2.

CLASS-B PROTECTION SCHEMES

This scheme gives the protection against the fault occurring in the prime mover or auxiliaries where safe shutdown of the unit is possible. 3.2.1. PROTECTION AGAINST OIL TEMPERATURE The rating of a transformer depends on the temperature raise above an assumed maximum ambient temperature. Sustained overhead is not allowed if ambient temperature is ambient temperature. At lower ambient temperature, some overhead is permissible. The overloading will depend on the ambient temperature prevailing at the time of operation. The maximum allowed temperature is about 95 degree centigrade. Thus the protection against overload depends on the winding temperature, which is usually measured by thermal image technique. A.C.T. is employed on L.V. side to supply current to a small heater. Both the temperature sensing device and the heater are placed in a small pocket. The heater produces a local temperature rise similar to that of the winding under all conditions. In typical modern systems the heat sensitive element is a silicon resistor. It is incorporated with the heating element is a silicon resistor. It is incorporated with the heating element and kept in a thermal moulded material. 3.2.2. PROTECTION AGAINST VOLTAGE REGULATOR They are subjected to component failures. A definite time D.C over current relay is provided which operates when there is over current in the rotor circuit for a period longer than a prescribed limit. In such a situation, the excitation is switched to a predetermined value for manual control. The supply for the regulator reference voltage is given from a separate voltage transformer. Protection is also required against the failure of the regulation reference voltage. An under voltage relay is used for this purpose. A better approach is to use a voltage balance relay which compares the voltage derived from the instrument transformer with the voltage derived from the voltage regulator transformer. If there is maloperation of the voltage regulator due to the failure of the reference voltage, the relay operates and switches the excitation to a predetermined value for manual control.

3.3. CLASS-C PROTECTION SCHMES

3.3.1. GENRATION NEGATIV PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION The negative sequence current segregating network is used, the output of which is proportional to the generator negative phase sequence current and is fed into a relay with an inverse square law characteristic, i.e. I2t=k or t=k/I2. The pickup and time delay adjustments are provided such that the relay characteristic can be chosen to match closely any machine characteristics. The relay is connected to trip the generator main breaker.

Sometimes an auxiliary alarm relay is provided which gives warning when the maximum continuous permissible negative phase sequence current is exceeded 3.3.2. GENERATOR OVERLOAD PROTECTION The overload operation of alternator results in overheating of the stator winding. Normally an over current relay with time delay adjustment should serve the purpose. But because the temperature of the winding not only depends upon the overloading but also on the state of the cooling system fails, the temperature of the stator winding may reach dangerous values even through the alternator is not fully loaded. Also if an over current relay is used, it has got to be discriminated with respect to other over current relays on the system. Since we are using this relay at the source, it will be the slowest in operation and hence poses a serious problem to the stator winding and depending upon the temperature gives an operation signal. 3.3.3. GENERATOR POLE SLIPPING In case of system disturbances after the operation of circuit breaker or when heavy load is thrown or switched on the generator rotor may oscillate. Consequently vibrations in current, voltage and power factor may take place. Such oscillations may disappear in a few seconds. Therefore in such a situation, tripping is not desired. In some cases, angular displacement of the rotor exceeds the stability limit and the rotor slips a pole pitch. If the disturbance is over, the generator may regain synchronism. If does not, it should be tripped. An alternative approach is to trip the field switch and allow the machine to run as an asynchronous machine, thereby removing the oscillations from the machine. Then the load is reduced to a low value at which the machine can re-synchronize itself. If the machine does not re-synchronize, the field switch is reclosed at the minimum excitation setting. This will cause the machine re-synchronize smoothly.

Diagram

3.3.4. OUT OF STEP PROTECTION When a fault occurs on bus bars the frequency of the machine falls, thus loses its synchronism. Due to the reduced frequency the fluxes increases (since fluxes=KeE/f), thereby increasing the iron loss and magnetizing current. 3.3.5 OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION The combined over-current and earth-fault relay SPAJ 140C is intended to be used for the selective short circuits, earth fault & circuit breaker failure protection. The three phase over-current unit and earth fault unit continuously measures the phase currents and the neutral current of the protected object. On the detection of a fault, the relay starts, trips the C.B., initiates auto reclosing, provides alarm, records fault data etc..., in accordance with the application and the configured relay functions.