Chapter 5 Beams on Elastic Foundation

no load applied Winkler foundation F x z, w elastic foundation F

Winkler Foundation

reaction pressure
pW = k0 w k0 [ N/m3 ] foundation modulus

floating on liquid (buoyancy)

k0 = liquid = g liquid

reaction force intensity (reaction force over unit length)

qW = k0 b w = k w b width of the beam
k [ N/m 2 ] foundation constant

Basic Equations q(x) M(x) M(x+dx) x V(x) k w(x) z,w dx V(x+dx)

dV = ( qW + q) = k w q dx dM =V dx
d 2M dx 2 = kw q d 2w dx 2 d 3w dx 3

M = E I

V = E I d 4w dx 4

EI

+ kw = q

homogeneous equation
EI d 4w dx 4 + kw = 0

d 4w dx
4

+ 4 4 w = 0

4 =

k 4E I

general solution of the homogeneous differential equation

w = e x w '''' 4 w = 0

w '''' + 4 4 w = 0

4 = 4 4 , 2 = 2 i 2 , = 2 i = (1 i ) w = e xe i x

w = ex (C1 sin x + C2 cos x ) + e x (C3 sin x + C4 cos x ) example

w = ex sin x w ' = ex (sin x + cos x ) w '' = 2 2 ex cos x w ''' = 2 3 ex (cos x sin x ) w '''' = 4 4 ex sin x or w '''' + 4 4 w = 0

short-hand notation
Ax = e x (cos x + sin x ) , Cx = e x (cos x sin x ) , Bx = e x sin x Dx = e x cos x

differentials
2 3 1 dDx 1 d Cx 1 d Bx Ax = = = dx 22 dx 2 23 dx 3

2 3 1 dAx 1 d Dx 1 d Cx = = 3 Bx = 2 dx 22 dx 2 4 dx 3 2 3 1 dBx 1 d Ax 1 d Dx = 2 = Cx = dx 2 dx 2 23 dx 3 2 3 1 dCx 1 d Bx 1 d Ax = 2 = 2 dx 2 dx 2 43 dx 3

Dx =

distributions
Bx = e x sin x Dx = e x cos x

40
B(x), D(x) B(x), D(x)

1 D(x)

20 0 -20 -40 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x B(x) D(x)

B(x) 0

-1 0 1 2 x 3 4 5

Semi-Infinite Beams with Concentrated Loads

P o Mo x z,w wo z,w x o

general solution of the homogeneous differential equation

w = ex (C1 sin x + C2 cos x ) + e x (C3 sin x + C4 cos x )

boundedness
w = e x (C3 sin x + C4 cos x ) = C3 Bx + C4 Dx

boundary conditions
M o = M ( x = 0) = E I d 2w dx 2 x = 0 d 3w dx 3 x = 0

Po = V ( x = 0) = E I

w '' = 2 2C3 Dx + 2 2C4 Bx w ''' = 2 3 C3 Ax + 2 3 C4 Cx Bx ( x = 0) = 0 and Ax ( x = 0) = Cx ( x = 0) = Dx ( x = 0) = 1

M o = 2 E I 2C3 or C3 =

= 2 E I 2

Mo

2 2 M o k

Po = 2 3 E I (C3 + C4 ) or C4 =

2 Po 2 2 M o k k

full solution

w =

2 2 M o 2 Po 2 2 M o Bx + ( ) Dx k k k Cx = Dx Bx w = 2 Po 2 2 M o Dx Cx k k

2 2 Po 4 3 M o = w' = Ax + Dx k k M = E I w '' = Po Bx + M o Ax

V = E I w ''' = Po Cx 2 M o Bx

end force load P o

Mo

end moment load

x z
z

2 x

4 w 3 4

w 4

x M
M

Infinite Beams with Concentrated Loads

P o

x z,w
symmetric deflection

w( x ) = w( x ) w '( x ) = w '( x ) w '(0) = 0 P /2 o Mo Mo P /2 o

w '(0) =

2 2 ( Po / 2) 4 3 M o 2 Po 4 3 M o Ax (0) + Dx (0) = + = 0 k k k k

Mo =

Po 4

w =

2 ( Po / 2) 2 2 ( Po / 4 ) Po Dx Cx = (2 Dx Cx ) k k 2k

w =

Po Ax 2k

= w' =

2 2 ( Po / 2) 4 3 ( Po / 4 ) 2 Po Ax + Dx = ( Ax Dx ) k k k = 2 Po Bx k

M = E I w '' =

( Po / 2) Bx

P + ( Po / 4 ) Ax = o (2 Bx Ax ) 4 Po Cx 4

M =

P V = E I w ''' = ( Po / 2) Cx 2 ( Po / 4) Bx = o ( Cx + Bx ) 2 P V = o Dx 2
P o

x z 3 4 x w x

x 4 M P o 2 x

Mo x z,w
symmetric deflection

w( x ) = w( x ) w(0) = 0 w '( x ) = w '( x )

P o

Mo /2

/2 P Mo o
w(0) = 2 Po 2 2 ( M o / 2) 2 Po 2 M o Dx (0) Cx (0) = = 0 k k k k

Po =

Mo 2

w =

2 ( M o / 2) 2 2 ( M o / 2) 2 M o Dx Cx = ( Dx Cx ) k k k w = 2 M o Bx k

= w' =

2 2 ( M o / 2) 4 3 ( M o / 2) 3M o Ax + Dx = ( Ax 2 Dx ) k k k 3 M o = Cx k

M = E I w '' =

( M o / 2) Bx

+ ( M o / 2) Ax =

Mo ( Bx Ax ) 2

M =

Mo Dx 2
Mo (Cx + 2 Bx ) 2

V = E I w ''' = ( M o / 2) Cx 2 ( M o / 2) Bx = V = Mo
Mo Ax 2

x z

w x
4

Mo

3 4

x V

Continuous running load on an infinite beam

q( x) a b x z,w

q( x)

q(x+dx) x

z,w
dP = q(x ) dx x z,w

dw =

dP Ax , 2k

d =

2 dP Bx , k

dM =

dP Cx , 4

dV =

dP Dx 2

for running load between x = a and b:

b Ax q ( x) dx 2k a

w =

etc.

Constant running load intensity on an infinite beam

q0 b Ax dx 2k a

w =

Uniformly distributed load on a semi-infinite beam

q0 x z EI d 4w dx 4
+ k w = q0

x z

w =

q0 k q0 x

R z q0 k x w

w =

q 2 R Dx + 0 k k

so that
q0 2

w(0) =

2 R q0 + = 0 k k

R = q0 (1 Dx ) , k
q0 Ax , k

w =

M =

q0

Bx ,

q V = 0 Cx 2

q0 x Mw z R q0 k x w
w = 2 2 M w q 2 R Dx + Cx + 0 k k k 2 2 R 4 3 M w Ax Dx k k

w(0) =

2 2 M w q0 2 R + + = 0 k k k
2 q0 = 0 2 2 2 2 R , 4 3 M w

and

(0) =

2 2 R 4 3 M w = 0 k k

R =

q0 ,

Mw =

q0

2 2

w =

q0 (1 2 Dx + Cx ) k

2 q0 ( Ax Dx ) k
q0

M =

2 2

(2 Bx Ax )

V = q0 (1 Ax ) , k

q0 (Cx + Bx ) M = q0 Cx , V = q0 Dx

w =

2 q0 Bx , k

Uniformly distributed load on an infinite beam

q0 x Q a z
q0 d d q0 x Q z

dwQ =

q0 d Ax () if 0 2k
wQ =
b

and dwQ =

q0 d Ax () if > 0 2k

= a

dwQ =

b q0 0 Ax () d + Ax () d 2 k a 0 a b 1 1 Dx + Dx 0 0

q0 wQ = 2k

b a q0 Ax () d + Ax () d = 2k 0 0

wQ =
wQ x

q0 2 Da Db 2k
q0 2k
Da a Db b a x b x

Q =

a = 1, x

b = 1 x

Q =

q0 Aa Ab , 2k

MQ =

Ba + Bb , 4 2

q0

VQ =

q0 Ca Cb 4

maximum bending moment

VQ =

q0 Ca Cb = 0 4

short loading span, only one zero at a = b = / 2

M max = q0 B / 2

2 2

long loading span, > 2 dominant zero close to left end b > 2
VQ q0 Ca = 0 4

Ca = e a (cos a sin a ) = 0

or
q
2

a =

M max

q0

B / 4 0.0806

Beams of finite length

P o x a z
general deflection solution

w ( x ) = ex (C1 sin x + C2 cos x ) + e x (C3 sin x + C4 cos x ) if a x 0 wr ( x ) = ex (C1r sin x + C2 r cos x ) + e x (C3r sin x + C4 r cos x ) if 0 x b
boundary conditions

w ''( a ) = 0 , w (0) = wr (0) ,

w '''( a ) = 0 ,

wr ''(b) = 0 ,

wr '''(b) = 0 w '''(0) = wr '''(0) Po EI

w '(0) = wr '(0) ,

w ''(0) = wr ''(0) ,

symmetric loading
P o x /2 z /2

w( x ) = w( x )
w( x ) = ex (C1 sin x + C2 cos x ) + e x (C3 sin x + C4 cos x ) if 0 x / 2 w( x ) = D1 cosh x sin x + D2 cosh x cos x + D3 sinh x sin x + D4 sinh x cos x

boundary conditions

w ''( / 2) = 0 ,

w '''( / 2) = 0 ,

w '(0) = 0 ,

w '''(0) =

Po 2E I

w0 = w(0) =

Po 2 + cosh + cos 2k sinh + sin

M 0 = M (0) =
Po 2k =

Po cosh cos 4 sinh + sin

and lim M 0 =

lim w0 =

Po 4

lim w0 =

Po 4 2 k 2

Po k

and

lim M 0 = 0