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Vapor lock's law

Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China vacuum and high-speed water conveyance Institute
of Technology Wengyou Bin
The the Fengze Dayu vacuum conveyance Technology Co., Ltd.
Ruantian En
E-mail:wyb7788@hotmail.com
Summary
Aerodynamic principles, the static air there is no resistance, so the hydraulic
resistance of the static gas pipeline negligible. For gravity flow of water
distribution in the practical application of the phenomenon, the authors designed
a group of up to 17 meters of the pipeline experimental apparatus, and entrusted
Tsinghua University, the hydraulic experiments, its purpose is to reveal a
little-known potential phenomenon. Fossa in the aqueduct of the "gravity flow"
stored gas and the pipe into the outlet at the incorporation of air, resulting in
the gas entering the pipeline is separated in the low pressure at, and accumulate
in the pipeline at the high projection. When the gas the measure reaches or exceeds
a fixed threshold, the normal flow of water is the gas barrier, an interrupter. Using
conventional hydraulics principle can not explain this phenomenon, the authors
therefore concluded that, when the accumulation inside the tube the amount of air
reaches a certain volume (Doped gas), which produce the force hinder the normal
operation flow. According to this idea, the authors derive the law of a pipeline
liquid flow of air resistance. The law was born, will profoundly affect the
description of the hydraulics on the "head loss" with the local head loss energy
loss is the root cause of the viscosity of the liquid, the liquid particles between
friction and collision resistance and definitions. In addition, for test tube flow
air resistance size of an artificial quantitative control experiments doped gas
technology to be introduced in this article.

Keyword: Pipe flow, gas block, static air frictional resistance tube, aeration
critical doped gas head loss.

Introduction
Realistic "gravity flow" long-distance water conveyance, water distribution,
the great part of the outlet (or lose water) deviation of the actual pressure of
the water conveyance often zero pressure
[1]
, People often think it is the head loss
is greater than the total head sake. In order to more accurately reveal the mechanism
of resistance in the pipeline, the authors designed and commissioned a usual
phenomenon in a set of analog gravity flow water distribution networks the hydraulic
experiment (see Figure 1), this set of experimental apparatus Although the structure
is simple, diameter smaller, a distance of only 17 meters, but concentrated the main
features of the general long distance water distribution networks, the principle
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and the actual project is consistent.
Experiment found that when the outlet valve is open (valveB,OrC), And doped gas
reaches a critical valueVcrWhen the water flow is completely blocked, dried up, this
time can be seen from Figure 1, there is a water head difference h1 = 1.18m,
h2 = 1.90m., The water in the pipes is in a stationary state. After drying up, the
water head difference hRely on to whom the balance? The author believes that the
cross-section of a pipelineE-EDepartment, there is an unknown forcePE,
(AndE-ESurface to the outlet valveBOrC, Filled with a mixture of water and
bubbles,E-EThe position of the surface is not fixed, depending on the water and air
bubble mixing ratio may be, but the critical net bubble volumeVcrIs almost constant).
This is the unknown forcePE, Preventing the flow of water in the pipes.

[1]The Experimental Introduction - gas block appears

The experimental apparatus is shown in (1), its purpose was originally in order
to test the pipeline system in different influent head loss, but the beginning of
the experiment appeared unexpected results in a net head hUp to1.90Meters, water
distance total length17Meters, the outlet valveBTurned out not water!
The experimental operation as outlined below:
[1-1] Start-up phase:
First tank filled with water, open the outlet valveB(OrC), Where the pipeline
fromAToBAt only the air, and then open the valveA, ValvesBPreceding, the water is
no flow, completely by the gas barrier in the tube. Until the high water level (
h> 10 m) water tower outlet pipe connected directly with the experimental pipes,
the air in the pipe shall be out of the role of the high head, valvesBBefore the
stream.

[1-2] Flow, artificial aerated led to drying up:
Artificial quantitative pipe water flow to the aeration tube (method described below), the
doped gas reaches a critical value, for example, on the export ofB, the critical value of 6750 ml,
and the pipe interrupter. As mentioned in the introduction, the shut-off surface in a cross-section.


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The above phenomenon: the air pipe out value to reach under the experimental
conditions can produce h = 1.90M water column resistance to stop the water flow.
Aerodynamic principles, the static air there is no resistance, then h
O H

2
Come
from? The authors suggest that: inE-EAt a certain presence of an unknown forcePE
And
h
2
A P
O H E
=
To balance the net head h
O H

2
AndAmong
O H

2
The proportion of water,

[2] The gas barrier's law deduced

First, water in the pipes, the gas mixture with the equivalent volume of
airVInstead, wherein the length of the air column
2
4
V
D
l
t
= And
DIs the inner diameter of the pipe,D = 50mm. Now consider the micro segment air force
status (as shown in Figure 2), it is well known, in the case of ideal fluid around
it by force PAndP+dp (Among dx
x
p
dp
c
c
= ). In the present experimental
conditions,Should be considered that the intermolecular forces between the air
molecules and their interactions, the authors assume viscous force due to the role
molecular force, so that the edge of the air column air layer is adsorbed on the
tube wall, resulting in the viscous force
t d
, Acting on the contact surface between
the air and the wall, opposite to the trend in the direction of its direction of
air movement.
t d
The size of a certaindpRole within the pressure incrementdpIs
proportional to, so
dp d o t =
max

Or p o
t
=
max
(1)
o Is a viscosity coefficient, and it is related to the temperature of the air as
well as the wall material, under certain experimental conditions, it is a constant
determined by experiment, under the experimental conditions of this article,o
Approximately0.0006Left and right (see [4] Chapter).
Taking into accountXAxis direction mechanical balance
3
9800
2
m
N
O H
=
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0 Ddx dp
4
D
max
2
= t t
t
(2)

In equation (2) into equation (1) we have:
Pdx dp
D
o =
4
(3)
Separation of variables was
dx
D p
dp o 4
= (4)
Integral equation (4) on both sides

} }
= dx
o
l
D p
dp
Pa
P
E
o 4
(5)
Available

o
l
x
D p
p
p
a
E
o 4
) ln( = (6)
Or
D
l
a E
e P P
o 4
= (7)
Among them,e = 2.71828 ......,PaAs the atmospheric pressure,lIs equivalent to
the length of the air column, tube
When
2
cr
4
D
V
l l
cr
t
= = When
That
max E E
p p =

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D
l
a
cr
e P
o 4
Emax
P =
(8)
And when PELeft PEmax , The water flow by the gas blockage, the formation of the
so-called gas block. On the surface, it seems "the water to the lowest point of
stream". AmongPELeftRefers toE-EAt the cross-section, close to the water pressure in
the left side of the tank. Of the equation (8) is called the law of the air resistance
of the pipe liquid flow.

[3] Manual control of the pipe flow, doped gas
[3-1]When starting, full pipe running operation program:
As the first[1]ChapterThe first[1-1]Subparagraph described starting with
increasing the tank head height, the the nest leaving air out, forming a flow of
the full bobbin. Can also use the following method, the flow of water to open the
valve full pipe flow: a constant water level in tank B(OrC) Open the valveA
Removed sequentially Piezometric 1,2 and 3, making it the exhaust pipe
communicating with the atmosphere, until the water outflow valveB(OrC), And then
close the exhaust pipes 1, 2 and 3.

[3-2Running, manual control of gas-doped:
In the first[1]ChapterThe first[1-2]Pieces, has addressed the artificial
control of gas-doped, the procedure is as follows: in the normal operation of the
water, close the outlet valveBAndC Close the valveA Open vent Open the vent
hole 3, the water from flowing out of the vent hole 3, while the dosage cup to take
over the outflow of water, so that it reaches the desired volume The vent hole
3 is closed, the vent hole 1 will inevitably enter the air equal to the volume of
water flowing out of the vent hole 3 Finally, close the vent, complete manual
control of the gas-doped. At this point, if you open the valveA Then open the
valveB(OrC)AndImplementation aerated run. When doped manual control capacity in
excess ofVcrWhen, still drying up.

[3-3]The aerated runtime doped gas flow relationship:
In order to explore the relationship of the doped gas and water flow, we have
adopted the method of artificial control doped gas successive measured the various
doped gas under the corresponding flow. Experimental results are shown in the formula
(3).
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On the valve can be seen from the diagram (3):BOpen, that the doped gas is less
than, equal to 6750ml , The flow started to decline after about 10 minutes interrupter;
on the valveCOpen, doped gas is less than, equal to 4500ml, The flow rate changed
little when the the doped gas content is greater than 4500ml, The flow is sharply
decreased after 5 minutes interrupter. Seen from the experimental results, the
outlet valve, there are different interrupter doped gas, which we call the critical
doped gas.

[4] Calculated using equation (8)PEmax , With the experimentally
measuredPEmaxtComparison

From the diagram (3) Is not difficult to see, on the outletCAndVcr1 = 4500
ml , From Figure (1) and Fig (4)
Read out
Ah1 = 3.20-2.02 = 1.18m.
Ah2 = 3.20-1.30 = 1.90m.
OutletB
Vcr2 = 6750ml.
Now from the outletCOpen the case, FoundPEmax1In calculatedo ,
ThenoSubstituting equation (8),
RequestPEmax2AndThen withPEmaxtContrast.
Because

cm
D
V
l
cr
229
5
4
4500
4
2 2
1
cr1
=

= =
t t
(9)
Seen from (4)

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1 O H a max1 E
h P P
2
A + = (10)
And H P
O H a
2
=
AmongHFor standard atmospheric column height.
Available m 30 . 10 76 . 0 H
O H
Hg
2
= =

By the equation (8) can be obtained
( )
D
l
P l
cr
a
1
max1 E
4
/ P n

= o (11)
Equation (9) and (10) into equation (11), we obtain:
00059 . 0
5
229
4
3 . 10
18 . 1
1 n
=

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
l
o (12)
Now, calculate the outletBOpen
cm l 8 . 343
5
6750 4
2
cr2
=

=
t
(13)
Substituting equation (12) and (13) into equation (8), to give
176 . 1 e
P
P
5
8 . 343
00059 . 0 4
a
2 max E
= =
|
.
|

\
|

(14)
While the experimentally measured
184 . 1
3 . 10
90 . 1
1
H
h
1
P
P
2
a
t max E
= + = + =
A
(15)
The two sets of data are very close. Described equation (8) is feasible.

[5] Discuss
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Through this experiment can clearly see not only the impact of air resistance
can not be ignored, pipe flow and deduced "vapor lock law will also affect the fluid
theory of the definition of" head loss "and" local head loss and elaboration. Is
worth mentioning that before unpublished experimental results, inviting a number
of experts to pre-calculate the flow size, concluded just the opposite with the
experimental results, the including gas block experiment beginning, had to make
on-site expert by surprise, could not understand. The authors would like to tell
people this article: Aeration is a very noteworthy, as much as possible to reduce
air entrainment, especially at the aerated water pipes imported large extent solve
part of the branch pipe conveyance system gas block improve water delivery efficiency,
and thus considerable economic benefits.
Of the law of the air resistance in this article, a pipeline drying up
surfaceE-EThe existence of an unknown forcePE, Which serves to prevent the water
running.
It must be pointed out that for more precise mechanical mechanism, the
experimental gas block, has yet to be further research, especiallyo , Whether it
be the state of the pipeline, which specific factors related to the curvature, the
roughness of the inner surface and the temperature must make deeper exploration.
This research was supported by Professor Zhang Zhuang, Tsinghua University and
the Chinese Ministry of Construction, Zhang Meizhen senior engineer's help, thank.

References

(1) caring people about some of the long-distance water transfer technology design
experience
Beijing "to a drainage technology dynamic" 1996 (4) 40-42