BE

En

Abstract
multipath fad
problems in pr
channel and th
the receiver. T
due to differe
channel and
algorithms for
of Additive W
are explored
particular, Le
equalizers are
compensate fo
of equalizers in
we have combi
Combing Dive
combining tec
interference an
approaches h
performance.

Key Words


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multipath fad
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interference fr
diversity algor
can be param
characterized
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large number
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channels in m
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ommunication
istics and ther
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ng is most impo
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nts. In this
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noise and Mult
performance is
rror equalizer
vide the optim
l error. As the
multipath fading
in combining a
es, and find th
able to fight
l interference p
in big impro
alizer, Diversity
ODUCTION
obile radio sy
which are cau
signal. To rem
al, much kind
used. The wire
a combination
and complex
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ays are almos
frequency divi
ble approach is
delay [1].it is
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in the receive
e effect of tim
ion is to form
caused by th
information.
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lation.
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ince channel
ystems. As a
mises higher d
um into a numb
nd sub chann
Copyright 20
nce Imp
ing Com
Te
a Singh Parih
is impaired by
refore creates
e knowledge of
ortant in design
come very vast f
resent in wirel
thesis, estima
ems in the prese
tipath environm
s investigated.
and Zero for
mum solution
BER performa
g channel there
and Maximal R
hat Maximal R
with Co-Chan
problem. The ab
ovement in B
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ystems are usu
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less radio chan
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x amplitude.
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t constant ove
ision multiplex
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annel and all
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data rates. OFD
ber of overlapp
nels, and he
Internationa
012 IJECCE, A
roveme
mbined
echniqu
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the
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In
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Ratio
Ratio
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mbol
mbol
and
nnel
each
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nd it
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OFD
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bandw
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OFDM
subject

OFD
Modul
in the c
Multip
other in
FDM.
indepen
multipl
Fig. 2.
PN s

al Journal of Elec
All right reserv
ent in M
Equaliz
ues
Prof. Ra
rts a frequency
ve channel [2].
(ORTHOGON
M
DM is a mult
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riers. OFDM i
unications syst
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In OFDM
ndent channel
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ctronics Commun
V
ved
Multipat
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avi Mohan
y selective chan
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II. OFDM
NAL FREQUE
MULTIPLEXI
ticarrier system
urier Transfor
is becoming w
tems due to it
bandwidth effi
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ed into very m
hz for digit
s transmitted in
popular for ne
transmission.
Fig. 1.

nation of modu
mapping of th
frequency or am
a method of s
ata channels. O
the signal it
ls, modulated
the OFDM ca
m of an OFDM
a guard bit inse
nication and Com
olume 3, Issue 2,
th Fadin
d Divers
nnel into a non
M
ENCY DIVIS
ING)
m uses Discre
rm and s
widely applied
ts high rate tr
iciency and its
and delay [4].
many narrow
tal TV and
n parallel on th
ew broadband s
ulation and mu
e information
mplitude or co
sharing a band
OFDM is a spec
tself is first
d by data and
arrier.
M system using
ertion FFT is w
161
mputer Engineerin
, ISSN 2249 071
ng
sity
n frequency
SION
ete Fourier
spectra for
in wireless
ransmission
robustness
. Available
bands for
48 hz for
hese bands.
systems are
ultiplexing.
on changes
ombination.
dwidth with
cial case of
split into
d then re-

FFT, pilot
written as
ng
1X

162

International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN 2249 071X
Copyright 2012 IJECCE, All right reserved
X(k) = x(n)c
-]2nknN N-1
n=0
, u k N -1
. (1)
W
N
be the complex-valued phase factor
w
N
= c
-]2nN

Thus, X (k) becomes
X(k) = x(n)w
N
nk N-1
n=0
, u k N -1
. (2)
Similarly IFFT is written as,
x(n) =
1
N
X(k)w
N
-nk N-1
k=0
, u n N -1
. (3)
III. QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
(QAM)
QAM is more efficient in terms of bandwidth than either
FSK or QPSK, but it is also more susceptible to noise. The
disadvantage of DSB signals which is occupy twice the
bandwidth required for the baseband can be overcome by
transmitting two DSB signals using carriers of the same
frequency but in phase quadrature [5].

In this figure, the boxes labeled /2 are phase shifters,
which delay the phase of an input sinusoid by /2 rad. If
the two baseband signals to be transmitted are m
1
(t) and m
2

(t), the corresponding QAM signal
QAM
(t), the sum of the
two DSB-modulated signals is

AM
(t) = m
1
(t)cos
c
t + m
2
(t)sin
c
(t) .. (4)

Both modulated signals occupy the same band. Yet two
baseband signals can be separated at the receiver by
synchronous detection using two local carriers in phase
quadrature.

x
1
(t) = 2
AM
(t)cos
c
(t)

x
1
(t) = 2|m
1
(t)cos
c
t + m
2
(t)sin
c
(t)]cos
c
(t)
... (5)

x
1
(t) = m
1
(t) - m
1
(t)cos2
c
t + m
2
(t)sin2
c
(t)
... (6)

The last two terms are suppressed by the low-pass filter,

yielding the desired output m
1
(t). Similarly, the output of the
lower receiver branch can be shown to be m
2
(t). This scheme is
known as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Thus, two
baseband signals, each of bandwidth B Hz, can be transmitted
simultaneously over a bandwidth 2B by using DSB transmission
and Quadrature multiplexing.

IV. EQUALIZER

Theoretically, an equalizer [6] should have a frequency
characteristic that is the inverse of that of the transmission
medium. This will restore higher frequency components and
eliminate pulse dispersion. Unfortunately, this also increases the
received channel noise by boosting its high-frequency
components. For digital signals, however, complete equalization
is really not necessary, because a detector has to make relatively
simple decisions- such as whether the pulse is positive or
negative.
4.1 Zero Forcing equalizer (ZF)
It is really not necessary to eliminate or minimize ISI with
neighboring pulses for all t. all that is needed is to eliminate or
minimize interference with neighboring pulses at their respective
sampling instants only, because the decision is based only on
sample values. This can be accomplished by the transversal-
filter equalizer encountered earlier, which forces the equalizer
output pulse to have zero values at the sampling instants. In
other words, the equalizer output pulses should satisfy the
Nyquists criterion or the controlled ISI criterion.

C(z)F(z) = 1
C(z) =
1
P(z)
(7)

4.2 Least Mean Squared Error Equalizer (LMSE)
Another approach to equalization, the least mean squared
error method, does not try to force the pulse samples to zero
at 2N points. Instead the mean of the squared errors over a
set of output samples is minimized [7].
The prediction error is given by
c
k
= J
k
- J
^
k
= x
k
-J
^
k
. (8)
c
k
= x
k
-y
k
1
w
k
. (9)
W
k
is a weight vector
To compute the mean square error |c
k
|
2
at time instant k.

|c
k
|
2
= x
k
2
+ w
k
1
y
k
y
k
1
w
k
- 2x
k
y
k
1
w
k
. (10)
Taking the expected value of |c
k
|
2
over k yields

E|c
k
|
2
= E|x
k
2
] + w
k
1
E|y
k
y
k
1
]w
k
- 2E|x
k
y
k
1
]w
k

. (11)

163

International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN 2249 071X
Copyright 2012 IJECCE, All right reserved
W
k,
filter weights are not included in the time average since,
for convenience, it is assumed that they have converged to
the optimum value and are not varying with time.

V. DIVERSITY

Diversity techniques [8] are based on the notion that
errors occur in reception when the channel attenuation is
large, i.e. when the channel is in a deep fade. If we can
supply to the receiver several replicas of the same
information signal transmitted over independently fading
channels, the probability that all the signal components will
fade simultaneously is reduced considerably.
5.1 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
In telecommunications, maximal-ratio combining [9] is a
method of diversity combining in which: (a) the signals
from each channel are added together,(b) the gain of each
channel is made proportional to the rms signal level and
inversely proportional to the mean square noise level in that
channel.(c) different proportionality constants are used for
each channel. It is also known as ratio-squared
combining and predetection combining. Maximal-ratio-
combining is the optimum combiner for
independent AWGN channels. In this method, the diversity
branches are weighted for maximum SNR as can be seen in
Figure 5 [9].

The Combiner output is given by

y(t) = w

M-1
=0
(t) .....(12)
The SNR of the combined signal is
I =
A
i
2
L
b
M-1
i=0
N
0
. (13)

5.2 Equal-Gain Combining Diversity (EGC)
Various techniques are known to combine the signals
from multiple diversity branches. In Equal Gain
Combining,[10] each signal branch weighted with the same
factor, irrespective of the signal amplitude. However, co-
phasing of all signals is needed to avoid signal cancellation.
In figure 5 each branch signal is rotated by c
-]0
i
, all branch
signals are then added.
The Combiner output is given by
y(t) = c
-]0
i
r

(t)
M-1
=0
. (14)
The SNR of the combined signal is
=
( A
i
M-1
i=0
)
2
L
b
MN
0
..... (15)
VI. RESULTS
If we set the simulation environment for the OFDM based
wireless modulation, then we get the variable performance
for equalizers as well as for diversity techniques.

The following results have been obtained with the
considered combinations.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.


Fig. 3.




0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.15
10
-0.13
10
-0.11
10
-0.09
10
-0.07
10
-0.05
10
-0.03
SNR in dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

o
f

E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 512 Subchannels, 32 QAM and 1000 iterations


LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.13
10
-0.11
10
-0.09
10
-0.07
10
-0.05
10
-0.03
SNR in dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

o
f

E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 256 Subchannels, 32 QAM and 1000 Iterations


LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.16
10
-0.14
10
-0.12
10
-0.1
10
-0.08
10
-0.06
10
-0.04
10
-0.02
SNR in dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

o
f

E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 1024 subchannels, 32 QAM and 3000 iterations


LS
MRC
ZF
EGC

164

International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN 2249 071X
Copyright 2012 IJECCE, All right reserved

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper we have considered the maximum number
equals 3000. We have also considered varying number of
subchannels. The wireless communication without the
channel estimation results in high errors. Therefore
channel estimation is important to know the parameters of
the channel and also to get the knowledge of affecting
parameters. Without the channel estimation we can not
find the proper knowledge of the channel and
impairments.
If we look at the simulation result with 1024
subchannels and 1000 iterations, we find that the BER
curve is becoming linear and therefore with high number
of subcarriers and with 1000 iterations we get more better
results compared to 256 and 512 subchannel conditions.
Figure no.7, shows the effect of the
different equalizers and diversity techniques with the
2000 iterations and 1024 subchannels. Here we find the
results in the range of 0.1 to 0.001. But not a good
difference is seen here.
One thing is clear here that with lower order QAM
modulation techniques results are not much comparative,
but results in bunching like the optimum performers.
Only the change between performances can be seen with
lower number of subcarriers and with 1000 iterations.
Therefore we conclude with this assumption that with
more number of iterations and with the higher number of
subchannels results can be improved but at the cast of high
simulation time. Finally with 1000 iterations we have
better performance of used algorithms and MRC is very
much able to show expected results and with less
complexity in achieving the better BER performance.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude
to my advisor Prof. Ravi Mohan for the continuous
support of my M.Tech study and research, for his patience,
motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His
guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing
of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better
advisor and mentor for my M.Tech study.
Besides my advisor, I would like to thank Prof. L. D.
Malviya for their encouragement, insightful comments,
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.04
10
-0.03
10
-0.02
SNR in dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

o
f

E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 64 subchannels, 32QAM and 1000 iterations


LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 30
10
-0.38
10
-0.36
10
-0.34
10
-0.32
10
-0.3
10
-0.28
10
-0.26
10
-0.24
SNR in dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

o
f

E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 64 Subchannels, 4 QAM, and 3000 iterations


LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-0.38
10
-0.36
10
-0.34
10
-0.32
10
-0.3
10
-0.28
10
-0.26
10
-0.24
SNR in dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

o
f

E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 64 subchannels, 4 QAM and 1000 iterations


LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR in dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

o
f

E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 1024 Subchannels, 4 QAM and 2000 iterations


LS
MRC
ZF
EGC
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR in dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e

o
f

E
G
C
BER with 'LS', 'MRC', 'ZF', 'EGC' with 256 Subchannels, 4 QAM and 3000 iterations


LS
MRC
ZF
EGC

and hard q
thank my
spiritually

[1] B. Y
for O
param
Vol.
[2] Y.LI
wirel
chann
sept.
[3] Yush
syste
[4] www
[5] B. P
syste
[6] Theo
and p
[7] John
5th e
[8] Hafe
wirel
techn
[9] A. S
maxi
comb
interf
1463
[10] Y. So
for E
Rayl
pp. 8

AUTHOR


questions. Last
y family & m
throughout my
RE
Yang.K.B. Letaief,
OFDM transmissio
metric channel m
49, no. 3, pp 467-
, J.H. Wintess, an
less communicat
nel estimation,IE
2002, pp. 14711
hi Shen and Ed M
ems January 200
w.google.co.in
P. Lathi, Mode
ems.
odore S. Rappapo
practice, 2nd Edit
G. Proakis and M
edition
th Hourani, An
less communicat
nology.
Shah and A.M.
imal ratio comb
bining for mobile
ference, IEEE T
3, Jul 2000.
ong, S. D. Blostein
Equal Gain Combin
eigh Fading, IEE
865-870, Sept. 200
RS PROFILE


Deepma
DOB - 3
rd
O
I have com
communica
of technol
Master of
Technology
C
t but not the le
my friends f
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165
mputer Engineerin
, ISSN 2249 071
ng
1X