Infants (birth to 1 year)

Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory Psychosexual Development Oral Stage Child explores the world by using mouth, especially the tongue Infants are interested in oral stimulation Baby finds pleasure in the mouth

Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development Trust vs. Mistrust Psychosocial Virtue: Hope Fear: strangers, anxiety, loud noises, falls, sudden movements in the environment Play: Solitary Reflect Learning confidence or learning to love

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage Neonatal Reflex (1 mo.) Stimuli are assimilated into beginning mental images. Behavior entirely reflexive Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 mos.) Hand-mouth & ear-eye coordination develops. Infant spends time looking at objects Toy: rattle or tape of parents voice Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 mos.) Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and repeat pleasurable experiences Infant anticipates familiar events Toy: peel-a-boo Coordination of Secondary Reactions (8-12 mos.) Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals. Discovers a sense of identity, that his activities are separate from the activities of others. Toy: nesting toys; colored boxes Inventions of new means through mental combinations (1-2 y/o) Transitional phase Uses memory and imitation to act Can solve basic problems, foresee maneuvers that will succeed or fail Toy: Blocks, colored plastic rings Preoperational Thought (2-7 y/o) Thought becomes more symbolic Can arrive at answers mentally Thinking is basically concrete and critical Child is egocentric Displays static thinking .Concept of time is now, and concept of distance is only as far as he/she can see No awareness of reversibility (for every action there is an opposite action) Concrete Operational Thought (7-12 y/o) Systematic reasoning Uses memory to learn broad concepts Classifications involve sorting objects accdg to attributes Child is aware of reversibility Understands conservation, sees constancy despite of transformation Formal Operational Thought (12 yr) Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific reasoning Understands causality Can deal with the past, present & future Adult or mature thought

Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

Toddler (1-3 y/o)

Anal Stage Child learns to control urination and defecation Toilet training It is a part of the toddlers selfdiscovery, a way of exerting independence

Autonmy vs. Shame Psychosocial Theme: hold on or let go Child learns to be independent and make decisions for self Favorite word: I, no Initiative vs. Guilt Ability to try new things Intensive activity and consuming fantasies Interjects parents social consciousness Child learns how to do things and that doing things is desirable Knows right or wrong Bogus playmates/imaginary Fears: dark, being left alone, large animals, ghosts, body mutilation, pain & objects Industry vs. Inferiority Makes things w/ others Strives to achieve success Child learns how to do things well

Preconventional (Level I) Stage 1: (2-3y/o) Punishment / obedience orientation Heteronomous morality Child does right because a parent tells him or her to and to avoid punishment Stage 2: (4-7 y/o) Individualism Instrumental purpose and exchange Carries out actions to satisfy own needs rather than societys Will do something for that person if that person does something for the child Conventional (Level II) Stage 3: (7-10 y/o) Orientation to interpersonal relations of mutuality Child follows rules because of a need to be a good person in own eyes and eyes of others Stage 4: (10-12 y/o) Child finds following rules and authority Child finds following rules satisfying Follows rules of authority figures and parents in an effort to keep the system working

Preschooler (3-6y/o)

Phallic Stage The genitals are the pleasure of the child Oedipus and Electra Complex Child learns identity through awareness of genital area Masturbation is common during this phase Children may also show exhibitionism

School-Age (6-12 y/o)

Latent Stage / Latency Period All the sexual desires arch Childs personality development appears to be nonactive or dormant

Adolescent (13-20 y/o)

Genital Stage Conflict: Setting Rules Genitals become awakened Adolescent develops sexual maturity and learns to establish satisfactory relationships w/ the opposite sex

Identity vs. Role Confusion Determines own sense of self Development of who, what & where they are going Become focus (self-concept) Period of rebellion and uncertainty Adjusting to a new body and seeking emancipation from parents, choosing a vocation & determining a value system Intimacy vs. Isolation Person makes commitments to one another Isolation and self absorption if unsuccessful Independent from parents, possible marriage / partnership Major goals to accomplish in career and family Marrying age Fulfillment of career Generativity vs. Stagnation

Operational Thought Capable of abstract thinking

Postconventional (Level III) Stage 5: (Older than 12) Social contract, utilitarian lawmaking persectives Follows standards of society for the good of all people Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation Follows internalized standards of conduct.

Young Adult

Middle Adult

Middle Adulthood: Physical Changes: graying hair, wrinkling skin, pain & muscle aches, menopausal period Psychosocial Virtue: Care Mature adult is concerned w/ establishing & guiding the new generation or else feels personal impoverishment Relates to older & younger generations Become Pillars of the Community Integrity vs. Despair Achieves sense of acceptance of own life Adapts to triumphs & disappointment w/ a certain ego integrity Accepts the inevitability of death or else falls into despair Appraisal of life & changing social roles Self-concerned & withdrawn Settling down Find jobs Start a family

Late Adulthood Satisfaction w/ career

Older Adult

Accomplishment of goals

Havighursts Age Periods and Developmental Task Infants (birth to 1 year) Infancy and Early Childhood Learning to walk Learning to take solid food Learning to talk Learning to control the elimination of body wastes Learning sexual differences & sexual modesty Achieving psychologic stability forming simple concepts of social and physical reality Learning to relate emotionally to parents, siblings & other people learning to distinguish right from wrong & developing a conscience

Sullivans Theory of Interpersonal Relationships

Infancy Maternal anxiety

Weight: 7 to 8 lbs Length: 19 to 21 in Vital Signs:

PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Mo. Gross Fine Motor Development Yr. Motor Development Largely reflex The eyes is fixated on the person 0-1 Keeps hands fisted Able to follow object to midline Holds head up when prone 2 Development of social smile Responds to familiar voices The baby knows how to cry Laughs aloud Babbles and coos Follows object past midline Can raise head and chest Teething Reach out to object

Play SOLITARY PLAY

Childhood As the child grows he learns to interact Use one specific language at a time (language shock) T 37.5 C P 120 140 bpm R 30 60 /min BP 80/40 mmHg

Holds head & chest up when prone 3

Juvenile The child slowly accepts authority from his subordinates More concept of self, status, & role 5 4

Grasp Stepping Tonic neck Reflexes are fading

Middle Childhood Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism Learning to get along w/ age mates Learning an appropriate masculine and feminine social role Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing & calculating Developing concept necessary for everyday living Developing conscience, morality & scale of values 8 7 6

Turns front to back Has head lag when pulled upright Bears partial weight on feet when pulled upright Turns both ways Moro reflex fading

Roll over Hold blocks at each hand

Doubles birth weight Eruption of 1st tooth Sits w/ minimal support Uses palmar grasp

Reaches out in anticipation of being picked up Sits unsteadily

dada, mama Sleeps on prone position Uses fingers to hold objects Transfers objects hand to hand Sits alone steadily for an indefinite period Recognizes strangers Peek-a-boo (to test memory)

Sits securely w/o support

Achieving personal independence Developing attitudes toward social groups & institutions 9

Creeps or crawls

Can hold own bottle Starts to crawl Understands simple gestures From crawling to standing Responds when called by his/her name Walks with assistance

Pulls self to standing 10

11

From crawling to standing Stands alone Some infants take 1st step Walks alone well Can seat self in chair Can creep upstairs

12

Triples birth weight Can say 2 syllable words Can walk w/ help Puts small pellets into small bottles Scribbles voluntarily w/ a pencil / crayon Holds a spoon No longer rotates a spoon to bring it to mouth PARALLEL PLAY

Toddler (1-3 y/o)

A child gains about 5 to 6 lb and 5 in a year during the toddler stage Head circumference increases only about 2cm Prominent abdomen pouchy belly Respirations slow slightly HR: 90 110 bpm BP: 99/64 mmHg The brain develops to about 90% of its adult size Control of the urinary and anal sphincters becomes possible 8 new teeth (canines and molars) erupt Ectomorphic (slim body built) or endomorphic (large body built) becomes apparent PR: 85 bpm BP: 100/60 mmHg Voiding is frequent (about 9 to 10 times a day) The average child gains only about 4.5 lb a year. Height gain is also minimal: 2 to 3.5 inches Generally have all 20 deciduous teeth by age 3

15

18

Can run and jump in place Can walk up and down stairs w/ assistance Walks up stairs alone Can jump down from chairs

24

Can open doors by turning doorknobs Unscrew lids Makes simple lines or strokes or crosses w/ a pencil

30

Preschooler (3-6 y/o)

3 y/o

Alternates feet Runs Rides tricycle Stands on one foot

Undresses self Stacks tower of blocks Draws a cross

4 y/o

Constantly in motion Jumps Skips

Can do simple buttons

A S S O C I A T I V E & Imaginative PLAY

Throws overhand 5 y/o

Draws a 6-part man Can lace shoes

School-Age (6-12 y/o)

Average weight gain is 3 to lb Increase in height is 1 to 2 inches By age 10 brain growth is complete Posture becomes more erect PR: 70 80 bpm BP: 112/60 mmHg Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics Sexual Maturation: Girls (12 18 y/o); boys (14 - 20 y/o) Deciduous teeth are lost and permanent teeth erupt Developing intellectual skills and concepts necessary for civic competence Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior Acquiring a set of values & an ethical system as a guide to behavior Achieving emotional independence from parents & other adults achieving assurance of economic independence Selecting and preparing for an occupation Preparing for marriage and family life Achieving a new and more mature relations w/ age mates of both sexes Achieving masculine or feminine social role Accepting ones physique & using the body effectively Onset of puberty Cessation of body growth Most girls are 1 to 2 inches taller than boys Boys grow about 4 to 12 inches in ht and gain 15 to 65 lb Girls grow 2 to 8 inches and gain 15 to 55 lb PR: 70 bpm RR: 20 breaths/min BP: 120/70 mmHg Gain 2nd molars by age 13 and 3rd molars b/w 18 and 21 y/o

6 y/o 7 y/o 8 y/o 9 y/o 10 y/o 11 y/o 12 y/o

A year of constant motion Skipping is a new skill First molars erupt Central incisors erupt Difference b/w sexes become apparent in play Spends time in quiet play Coordination definitely improved Playing with gang becomes important Eyes become fully developed All activities done w/ gang Coordination improves Active, but awkward and ungainly Coordination improves SEXUAL MATURATION BOYS GIRLS Growth spurt Pubic hair thick & curly, continuing triangular in distribution Pubic hair Breasts, areola & papilla abundant & curly form secondary mound Testes, penis, & Menstruation is ovulatory, scrotum enlarging making pregnancy further possible Axillary hair present Facial hair fine & downy Voice changes happening w/ annoying freq. Genitalia adult Pubic hair curly & Pubic hair abundant (adult); may abundant & curly extend onto medial aspect Scrotum dark & of thighs heavily rugated Breast tissue adult & Facial and body nipples protrude hair present Areolas no longer project Sperm production as separate ridges from mature breasts May have some degree of facial acne Pubic hair curly & abundant (adult); END OF SKELETAL may extend along GROWTH medial aspect of thighs Testes, scrotum & penis adult in size May have some degree of facial acne Gynecomastia A S S O C I A T I V E PLAY

Adolescent (13-20 y/o)

Yr 13 to 15 15 to 16

16 to 17

17 to 18 Older Adult / Late Adulthood Selecting a mate Learning to live w/ a partner Starting a family Rearing children Managing a home Getting started in an occupation Taking on civic responsibility Finding a congenital social group Achieving adult civic and social responsibility Establishing and maintaining economic standard of living Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adult Developing adult-leisure time activities Relating oneself to ones spouse as a person Adjusting to decreasing physical strength & health Adjusting to retirement & reduced income Adjusting to death of a spouse Establishing an explicit affiliation w/ one age group

END OF SKELETAL GROWTH

Young Adult / Early Adulthood

Middle Adult

Terms: INFANCY Extrusion Reflex food placed on an infants tongue is thrust forward and out of the mouth. Natal Teeth teeth in newborns Neonatal Teeth teeth erupted in the first 4 weeks of life Deciduous Teeth temporary baby teeth Gross Motor Devt ability to accomplish large body movements Fine Motor Devt measured by observing or testing the prehensile ability (ability to coordinate hand movements) Ventral Suspension refers to an infants appearance when held in midair on a horizontal plane, supported by a hand under the abdomen Landau Reflex develops at 3 mos. When held in ventral suspension, an infants head, legs, and spine extend. When the head is depressed, the hips, knees and elbows flex Parachute Reaction when infants are suddenly lowered toward an examining table from ventral suspension, the arms extend as if to protect themselves from falling. Neck-righting reflex this reflex causes the baby to lose balance and roll sideways when lifting the head up Thumb opposition ability to bring the thumb and fingers together (4 mos) Pincer Grasp ability to bring the thumb and 1st finger together. This enables the baby to pick up small objects (10 mos) Binocular vision ability to fuse two images into one Hand Regard hold hands in front of face and study their fingers for long periods of time Eight-Month Anxiety the height of fear of strangers