STOW - Vol. 1 - Teacher's Guide

Teacher
Story Of The World

Vol. 1 Ancient Times
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Chapter Summaries Notes
The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Introduction How Do We Know What Happened?
Vocabulary
History Historians Archeology The study of past events, cultures, civilization, etc. Learning about things before. People who study pictures & documents to find out about the past. The study of human history through the excavation of historical sites. Basically people who study history by digging things out of the ground. People who dig objects out of the ground to learn about the past.
Archaeologists
Review Questions
What do we call someone who studies letters, journals, documents and monuments to find out about the past? A historian. What we we call the story that historians write about the past? History. What do archaeologists do? Dig objects out of the ground and learn about them. What kinds of things do people leave behind? Dishes, tools, toys, pictures, etc.
Other Information
Archaeology Comes from the Greek word that means ancient. Developed during the middle part of the 19 th Century. Goal of most archaeologists is to understand human evolution, cultural evolution, and cultural history. Archaeologists help historians write an accurate account of human history. To be a successful archaeologist, a person needs to understand a wide variety of subject matters including: History Art History Geography Geology Classics Linguistics Physics Chemistry Etc.
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Some famous archaeology discoveries are: King Tut's Tomb Discovered in Egypt by Howard Carter in 1922 The Rosetta Stone Discovered by Napoleon's Army in Egypt and translated by Jean-Franois Champollion in 1822. The Tomb Of The First Emperor (Terracotta Army) Discovered by farmers in China in 1974. Dead Sea Scrolls Initially discovered by a Bedouin shepherd in a cave in Qumran (Israel) in 1946 and the rest of the scrolls were discovered in the same area between 1947 and 1956 by various individuals and groups.
Several movies have been made about archaeologists including Indiana Jones, The Mummy, Tomb Raider, etc. History Comes from the Greek word that means inquiry. The 5th Century BC Greek historian, Herodotus, is considered to be the Father of History. Historians usually record events from the past either by writing them down or by passing them on orally. They try to answer historical questions by looking at written documents, historical accounts, monuments, pictures, etc. The thing we must realize about all historians is that they are basically writing about history from within the context of their own time period and may not always reflect an accurate portrayal of past events. For example, some history books in America phrase certain aspects of the Civil War in a way that won't make white Southerners and black people look bad. Or history books in Japan often skip over aspects that reflect poorly on their country Nanking Massacre, World War II, etc. As historians study history, they often ask several questions to help them better organize their thoughts: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When was the source (material) written/produced? Where was it produced? By whom was it produced? From what pre existing source (material) did it come from? In what original form was it produced?
Map Work
None
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Chapter One The Earliest People
Vocabulary
Nomads Fertile Crescent Early people who wandered or roamed around. No permanent home. An area of land near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that was very good for farming. Modern day Iran, Iraq, Egypt, etc. One of the first farm machines that helped farmers get water out of the canals and onto their crops.
Shaduf
Review Questions
What sort of food did nomads eat? Plants (grass, leaves, grain, roots, berries), large animals (deer, bison, etc.), and other foods such as eggs, honey, lizards, snakes, and fish. Where did nomads sleep? In the winter time they slept in caves and in the summer time they slept in tents made from wood and animal skin. Why did nomads move from place to place? Because they hunted all the game and ate all the plants in a certain area and had to move to find food. Why was the Fertile Crescent a good place to live? Because there was water, good soil, and plenty of grass and plants. Why was it called fertile? Because lots of plants grew there. What did the first farmers grow? Wheat and barley. Did farmers move from place to place like nomads? Why? No, because they had to stay in on place long enough to tend their crops, harvest, etc. How did early farmers water their crops? The dug canals from the river and built shadufs. What did farmers build their houses out of? Mud bricks and reeds. How did they protect their villages? The built stone walls around them.
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Other Information
Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent is also known as The Cradle of Civilization. This definition was first used in 1906 to describe this part of the world that had good farm land. (At least historically) The exact definition of The Fertile Crescent is debated amongst scholars, but it usually includes the following areas: Mesopotamia (Modern Iraq) Kuwait Syria Lebanon Jordan Israel Turkey (Small Amount) Iran (Small Amount) Egypt (Nile Delta Region) (Debated) Jericho
The name Jericho means fragrant. One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Dates back to around 10,000 BC. Archaeologists have uncovered more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho dating back to this time period. It also had the strongest walls of any city in ancient history. The walls were between 5 and 10 feet thick and 15 to 20 feet high. Jericho has been part of several empires throughout history including the Roman Empire, Islamic Empire, ruled by Crusaders, the Ottoman Empire, controlled by the British, captured by Jordan, recaptured by Israel, given to the Palestinians, etc. Currently it is a city located in the West Bank of the Palestinian Territories, about 10 miles north of the Dead Sea. It's current population is around 20,000 people and are predominately Arabs. One interesting thing about Jericho is that it is the lowest inhabited site in the world approximately 260 meters below sea level. There is a famous story about Jericho in the book of Joshua (Joshua 6:1-27) in the Bible. This story talks about the Battle of Jericho that took place in 1470 BC where the Israelites (led by Joshua) successfully conquered the city of Jericho (controlled by the Canaanites). (Read the story from the Bible)
Nomads
Early nomads moved from campsite to campsite following animals and wild fruits/vegetables. This is the oldest form of sustainable life in the world. Nomads roamed through the Fertile Crescent sometime around 10,000 BC to 7,000BC and they ultimately decided to settle down into agricultural settlements. There are still some (30 million) nomadic people (not true hunter-gatherers) in the world today. Some places where these nomadic people live include the Central Asian countries of Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, etc. Also, there are nomadic groups such as the Gypsies in Europe and the Bedouins in Africa.
Map Work
1. Find and circle the town of Jericho. 2. Trace the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in blue. Lightly shade the seas blue. 3. Use a green colored pencil to color in the area known as the Fertile Crescent.
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Chapter Two Egyptians Lived on the Nile River
Vocabulary
Delta The fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. Also, anything triangular. Also, a landform formed at the mouth of a river by sediment. Dirt from the bottom of a river that is rich in minerals and vitamins. The people who lived along the Nile River. The king of Egypt. He carried a shepherd's staff to remind people that he was supposed to lead and take care of all Egyptian people. Eventually became a god to the Egyptian people.
Silt Egyptians Pharaoh
Review Questions
Where is the Nile River? What countries does it run through? In Africa. It mostly runs through Egypt, but also runs through Sudan and Ethiopia. What did the Nile do every year? Why was it important? It flooded. This was important because it watered the land and created fertile land. What were the two tribes who lived in Egypt called? Upper Egyptians (lived along the straight part of the Nile) and Lower Egyptians (lived in the North near Nile Delta). Who ruled each group of Egyptians? The Upper Egyptians were ruled by a king who wore a White Crown. The Lower Egyptians were ruled by a king with a Red Crown. Were the two groups of Egyptians friends? No, they hated each other and constantly fought. Who won the battle between the White Crown and Red Crown Kings? The White Crown King King Narmer. What kind of crown did the new king wear? The Double Crown of Egypt. It had a white spike at the center and a red band around the outside. This double crown showed he was the ruler of the whole country. Did the Egyptians worship one god or many gods? Many gods. (Polytheistic) Can you name any of the Egyptian gods? Ra (Sun God), Horus (Sky God), Isis (Osiris' Wife), Osiris (Judgement God).
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Do you remember the name of Osiris' evil brother? Set. How did Set get Osiris to lie down in the coffin? He said that he would give it to the person who fit inside it the best. Did Osiris stay dead? No, he came back to life again.
Other Information
Nile River The longest river in the world located in Northern Africa that flows from the South to the North. (4,130 miles) It has two main tributaries and runs through 10 countries Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Egypt. The Nile River empties into the Mediterranean Sea via the Nile Delta in Northern Egypt. Uniting Egypt The Upper and Lower Kingdoms were united around 3000BC. There is some debate about who really united Egypt, with some claiming King Narmer did it and others claiming King Menes did it. There are also some people who believe that King Narmer and King Menes are the same person. However, most experts agree that it was most likely King Narmer. The Myth of Osiris and Isis The original form of the myth states that Osiris was killed by a wooden coffin secretly being made to his measurements by Set, who was jealous of Osiris's position as king, and so plotted to kill him and take his place. A party had been held where the coffin was offered to whoever could fit inside. A few people tried to fit in, but to no avail. Osiris was encouraged to try, but as soon as he lay back, the lid slammed on him and was locked. It was then sealed with lead and thrown into the Nile. Upon hearing that Osiris was gone, Isis set out to look for him. She was afraid without proper ceremonies and burial Osiris would not be able to go to the place of the dead. She later learned that the coffin had floated down the Nile river up to the coast of Byblos (now in modern day Lebanon) and got embedded in the trunk of a cedar tree. She also learned that the cedar tree had been taken and used as a pillar to support a palace for the king of Byblos. When traveling back, along the Nile River, she left the coffin in an area of marshland. Set, while hunting, finds Osiris' coffin and dismembered him into 14 parts, scattering them across the land of Egypt. Each part represented one of the 14 full moons (each year has 12 to 14 full moons). Once again Isis set out to look for the pieces and she was able to find 13 of the 14 parts, with the help of Nephthys, Set's sister-wife, but was unable to find the 14th, as it had been eaten by a fish. Instead, she fashioned a phallus out of gold and sang a song around Osiris until he came back to life. Osiris was resurrected. He could have proper ceremonies and burial. Due to this experience, Osiris became Lord of the Dead, and the Afterlife.
Map Work
1. Trace the Nile River with a blue colored pencil. 2. Draw a blue triangle around the Nile Delta. 3. Draw a red crown in the area of Lower Egypt. Then draw a white crown in the area of Upper Egypt. Remember, the Lower Egyptians lived in the area of the Nile Delta and the Upper Egyptians lived along the straight part of the river. 4. Shade all of Egypt lightly in red. (This shows the unified Egypt after King Narmer)
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Chapter Three The First Writing
Vocabulary
Hieroglyphs Mesopotamia Pictures carved into stone tablets. Used by Egyptians. Each picture was a word or an idea. Means the place between two rivers. (Meso = Between Potamia = Rivers) The land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Known as Sumer, Babylon, Assyria, etc. Sumerian picture writing. Pictures written on clay tablets. Special paper made from plants by the early Egyptians. Made from the reeds found along the Nile River.
Cuneiform Papyrus
Review Questions
What two countries wrote in cuneiform and hieroglyphics? Egypt and Sumer. What three things did the Egyptians and Sumerians write on? What were the good and bad of each? Paper Easy to carry, but didn't last a long time. Stone Heavy, difficult to use, difficult to store, but lasted a long time. Clay Easier than stone, but still heavy. Lasted fairly long. What does hippopotamus mean? River horse.
Other Information
Writing Naturally, as nomads slowly began to settle down, farm, and trade, writing became necessary. It was necessary to keep records, make agreements, etc. The Sumerians developed cuneiform around 3400 BC and the Egyptians began using hieroglyphics around 3200BC. We know a lot more about ancient Egyptian history because much of that history was written on stone and survived the years. However, we don't know as much about Egyptian history after they started writing on paper.
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Below are some examples of the early forms of writing:
Egyptian Hieroglyphics
Cuneiform
Map Work
1. Using a red colored pencil, lightly shade Egypt. Then trace the Nile River in blue. 2. Fine Sumer and shade it lightly in green.
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Chapter Four The Old Kingdom of Egypt
Vocabulary
BC AD Embalming Canopic Jars Before Christ. The years before Jesus' birth. Count down to the year 1BC. Anno Domini = Latin for The Year of Our Lord. The years after Jesus' birth. Process of preserving a body. Special jars used by Egyptians to store the internal organs. Each jar had the head of a god on top of it. A big stone coffin. Usually a wooden coffin was placed inside of this. Stone tombs built out of huge stone rocks with a shaft in the middle. The mummy and all of the other possessions were lowered through the shaft. These tombs were used before Pyramids became popular. Biggest tombs of all that were used to bury the pharaohs. Imaginary animal with a man's head and a lion's body. Many people believe that the Sphinx was built to protect the Pyramids.
Sarcophagus Mastaba Tombs
Pyramids Sphinx
Review Questions
What does embalming do? It preserves a body. What did priests do to make a mummy? Took out the insides, preserved the body with salt and spices, wrapped it in linen, and put it in a coffin. This process could take up to 2 months. Why did the Egyptians think it was important to preserve dead bodies? So that dead people could go on to the next world. What did the Egyptians bury with their mummies? Everything a dead person would need: food, clothes, toys, games, furniture, pets, etc. What was this time in Egyptian History called? The Old Kingdom.
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What kinds of tombs did pharaohs have? Pyramids. What was Cheop's pyramid called? The Great Pyramid. What were the pyramids made out of, how did they build them, and how long did it take? They were made out of stone. They were built by thousands of workers (slaves). Usually took 20 years. What does the Sphinx look like? It is half lion and half man. Did the Great Pyramid keep robbers out? No, Cheops's mummy and treasures were still stolen.
Other Information
The Old Kingdom Of Egypt This time period is often referred to as The Age Of The Pyramids due to the large number of pyramids built during this time. Egypt became very powerful. This period lasted for about 1000 years and ended around 2100 BC. During the Old Kingdom, the King of Egypt became a living god who had absolute power in the kingdom. He could demand services and wealth from his subjects. The Pyramids Of Giza (Giza Necropolis) This is a complex of ancient monuments located about 25km southwest of Cairo, Egypt. Included in this complex are the three pyramids known as the Great Pyramids, the Great Sphinx, and several other historical areas. The Great Pyramid was built around 2550 BC and it was the tallest building in the world for over 4000 years. It was built with over 2 million blocks of stone and each block weighed 3 tons. On average, it took 10,000 workers around 30 years to build a pyramid. The latest research suggests that most of the workers were not slaves as previously thought, but they were paid laborers usually from poorer families. Note: The pharaoh Cheops is also known as Khufu.
Map Work
1. Draw a golden pyramid where Cheop's Great Pyramid was located. (West of the Nile River)
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Chapter Five The First Sumerian Dictator
Vocabulary
City-States Military Dictatorship A type of nation where each city acts like a separate country. A type of government in which the army is in charge and the people have to obey the leaders without asking questions.
Review Questions
What does Mesopotamia mean? Between the rivers. What two rivers is Mesopotamia between? Tigris and Euphrates. Were the cities in Sumer friends with each other? No, they fought each other. What did Sargon do? He conquered all of the city-states and made them into one country. What was his country called? Akkadia or the Akkadian Empire. How did he keep control of it? He used harsh laws and put his soldiers in the conquered cities to make the people obey. What do we call it when a ruler uses an army to make sure people obey without questions? Military dictatorship.
Other Information
Mesopotamia As we learned earlier, Mesopotamia means land between rivers. This is taken from the ancient Greek word . This is the land that is chiefly between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern day Iraq as well as parts of Iran, Syria, and Turkey. Some of the ancient empires founded in Mesopotamia were Sumer and the Akkadian Empire as well as the Babylonian and Assyrian Empires.
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Sargon There are many stories about Sargon and nobody knows for sure who he really was, how he became king, etc. One story says that Sargon didn't have any parents. He just floated down the Euphrates River in a basket when he was a baby. He was found and raised in a palace near the city of Kish. Sargon convinced the army to kill the king and make him the new ruler of early Sumer around 2334 BC. Then he spent the next 50 years uniting the city-states of Mesopotamia.
Akkadian Empire Founded by Sargon The Great after conquering the various city-states of Sumer. This empire is sometimes referred to as the first centrally controlled empire in world history. Lasted from approximately 2334 BC to 2154 BC.
Map Work
1. Find Sumer on the map and underline it. The trace the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in blue. 2. Find Kish on the map and underline it. 3. Draw a line through Mesopotamia and write Akkadia to show Sargon's new empire.
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Chapter Six The Jewish People
Vocabulary
Ziggurat Special, flat-top, pyramids built with steps up the sides. Priests used the steps to go to the top and sacrifice to the gods.
Review Questions
Who was Terah and why did he want to leave Ur? He was Abram's father and he left because he was afraid a war would start. Why did Abram decided to go to Canaan? God told him to go. What did God promise Abraham? That Abraham would have a son. What does the name Abraham mean? Father of a multitude or father or many children. Who was Abraham's wife and what did her name mean? Sarah or Sari. Her name meant princess. How old was Sarah when she had her baby, Isaac? At least 90 years old and most likely 100. What did Jacob give Joseph to show that he loved him? A coat of many colors. (Note: Jacob had 12 sons which became the 12 Tribes of Israel.) What did Joseph's brothers think about this and what did they do? They were jealous and they sold Joseph into slavery. Joseph was the son of Jacob, and Jacob was the son of Isaac. Who was Isaac's father? Abraham. What did the Pharaoh dream about when Joseph was in Egypt? What did this dream mean? Seven fat cows and seven skinny cows. The seven fat cows meant 7 years of good harvests and the seven skinny cows meant 7 years of famine. Thus, Joseph told the pharaoh to save some food during the 7 years of good harvests. After Joseph interpreted the dream for the pharaoh, what did the pharaoh do? Pharaoh made Joseph second-in-command in Egypt. At the end of the story, where did the Israelites live? Egypt. (As long as Joseph was alive in Egypt, the Israelites were treated well. However, after this time
period the Israelites became slaves in Egypt.)
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Other Information
Abraham Abraham is an important figure in all three Abrahamic Religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism and Christianity he is considered to be the Father Of The Israelites through his son Isaac (mother Sarah). In Islam, Abraham is considered to be a prophet and an ancestor of Muhammad though his son Ishmael (mother Hagar). There is some debate, but most historical scholars agree that Abraham lived sometime between 1950BC and 1600BC. (The Jewish dates are 1812 BC to 1637 BC.) All agree that he lived to be 175 years old. Judaism Is the religion, philosophy, and way of life for the Jewish people. It is the oldest monotheistic religion in the world today and has been in existence for at least 3000 years. It originates from the Hebrew Bible and is explored later in the Torah. Jewish people believe that Judaism is the expression of the covenant between God and the Children of Israel. The spiritual leaders of the Jewish people are called rabbis and Jews worship in synagogues. The Jewish holy day (The Sabbath) begins at nightfall on Friday and lasts until nightfall on Saturday. The Sabbath is a very holy day in Judaism because it is a reminder of the covenant between God and the Jewish people. The Hebrew word for Sabbath is Shabbat Shabbat means rest in Hebrew. The holiest city for the Jewish people is Jerusalem. Currently there are approximately 13 million Jewish people in the world with about 40% living in Israel, 40% living in America, and the remainder mostly living in Europe. There are several different groups (denominations) within Judaism. These include, but are not limited to, Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. The more conservative Orthodox Jews believe that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in nature and should be strictly followed. The less conservative Jews believe that Jewish law should be used as a set of guidelines rather than a set of restrictions. Below are some of the common symbols usually associated with Judaism:
Menorah
Star Of David
Chai Living
Kippot
Map Work
1. Circle Babylon in red. 2. Draw a line in blue from Ur up to Haran. (Terah decided to move form Ur to Haran) 3. Continue this blue line from Haran over to Canaan. (God told Abram to move to Canaan) 4. Continue this blue line from Canaan down to Egypt. (The path of the Israelites)
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Chapter Seven Hammurabi and the Babylonians
Vocabulary
Laws Code of Hammurabi Special rules used in a community or a country. Help maintain order. The first set of written laws in history. The were unique because everybody had to follow these laws.
Review Questions
Why did Hammurabi want to be king? So that people would be treated fairly. What city did Hammurabi rule? Babylon. (Southern Mesopotamia) What were the laws that Hammurabi wrote down called? The Code of Hammurabi. Who had to obey these laws? Everyone in Babylonia. Can you give me five examples of these laws. If someone cuts down a tree on your land, they will pay for it. If someone causes you to lose an eye, they will lose an eye. If a doctor operates on a patient and the patient dies, the doctor's hand will be cut off. If a builder builds a house and it later collapses and kills the owner, the builder will be put to death. If someone steals something from a house, they will have to pay 10 times the value if caught. If they have no money, they will be put to death. If someone steals something from a temple or a court, they will be put to death. The person who receives the stolen goods will also be put to death. If a son hits his father, the son's hand will be cut off.
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Other Information
Hammurabi and The Code Of Hammurabi Hammurabi inherited the crown of Babylon from his father around the year 1792BC. At first he just ruled a small piece of land around his town, but soon convinced the other kings in southern Mesopotamia to join him. He called this new kingdom Babylonia. Thus, he was the first king of the Babylonian Empire. He is best known for writing a set of laws known as Hammurabi's Code, possibly the first set of written laws in world history. These laws were written on stone tablets that were over 2.4 meters high and were placed in public places for all to see. The Code of Hammurabi was discovered in Iran in 1901 and is now on display in The Louvre in Paris.
Achievements Of The Babylonians The Babylonian Empire was ahead of its time in many aspects of life. They built complex irrigation systems that helped them grow a variety of crops. They traded the surplus crops they grew for gold, copper, wood, and other materials. They also thought they could learn about the gods by watching the movement of the planets and stars. They knew the differences between stars and planets and they also knew where all of the constellations were. The Babylonians were the first people to figure out that it took one year for the Earth to go all the way around the sun and the first people to divide one year into twelve months. In addition, they were the first people to divide one day into 24 hours and one hour into 60 minutes.
Map Work
1. Circle the city of Babylon with a red colored pencil. 2. Lightly shade Babylonia in red. (Represents the land Hammurabi conquered)
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Chapter Eight The Assyrians
Vocabulary
Dictator A ruler with total power in a country.
Review Questions
What was the name of the Assyrian king? Shamshi-Adad What city did he live in? Assur (Northern Mesopotamia) What was the name of his empire? The Assyrian Empire How did he build his empire? Conquered other cities, through cruelty, though fear. How was he different than the Babylonian king, Hammurabi? Which king was better? Shamshi-Adad was a dictator who ruled by fear. Hammurabi ruled by a code of laws. Was Gilgamesh a good king or a bad king? Bad king, but very strong. When the people asked Anu, the sky-god for help, what did he send? The monster Enkidu. Enkidu was half-man and half what? Animal What did the trapper's son do when he met Enkidu? Took him home, taught him how to talk, eat, wear clothes, etc. Why did Enkidu and Gilgamesh fight? Who was the winner? Because Gilgamesh tried to steal a bride from a wedding. Gilgamesh was the winner, but he was too tired to continue fighting, so Enkidu and Gilgamesh became friends. What happened to Enkidu after he killed the bull of the gods? The gods were angry, so then sent illnesses to torment him. He suffered for 12 days and then died. Why did Gilgamesh decide to go see Utnapishtim? He wanted to beat death.
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What did Utnapishtim tell Gilgamesh? 1St Stay awake for 6 days and 7 nights. 2nd Dive to the bottom of the ocean and pick a magic plant. Who ate the magic plant after Gilgamesh picked it? A snake
Other Information
The Epic of Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest fairy tales in the world and one of the oldest surviving works of literature. It was composed sometime between 3000BC and 1200BC. One of the original versions discovered has the story/poem being told on twelve stone tablets. Fragments of approximately 2/3 of these twelve stone tablets have been recovered to date. The story centers on a friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods as Gilgamesh's equal to distract him from oppressing the people of Uruk. Together, they journey to the Cedar Mountain to defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven, which the goddess Ishtar sends to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. As a punishment for these actions, the gods sentence Enkidu to death. The later half of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's distress at Enkidu's death, and his quest for immortality. In order to learn the secret of eternal life, Gilgamesh undertakes a long and perilous journey to find the immortal flood hero, Utnapishtim. He learns that "The life that you are seeking you will never find. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping." His fame however lived on after his death, because of his great building projects, and his account of what Utnapishtim told him happened during the flood.
Shamsi-Adad Shamshi-Adad is best known for unifying Upper Mesopotamia. He ruled from approximately 1815BC 1782BC. His name means my sun is the god Adad.
Map Work
1. Find Assur and circle it in red. (Shamshi-Adad's city) 2. Shade the area that Shamshi-Adad conquered in red. 3. Find the city of Babylon and circle it in green. (Assyria never tried to conquer)
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Chapter Nine The First Cities of India
Vocabulary
Citadels Trade Huge circular mounds with a fort on top. This was a place people could go if attacked. The exchange of goods.
Review Questions
Why did ancient people use the river as a road? It was easier than traveling on sand or rocks. It was faster than walking. Why did people in Ancient Mesopotamia and India build cities near rivers? The was plenty of water for drinking and for crops. It was easier to send food and other things down the water. The rivers were good roads for trade. The rivers were good for fishing. What is a citadel? A stronghold in the center of a city. Tell me some of the things that the people of the Indus Valley built. Citadels, drains, houses from mud bricks, toilets, public baths. What happened to the citadel cities? No one knows for sure. Tell me about the story of the hunter and the quail. The quail wanted to escape from a hunter and his net. They decided to stay together in one bunch. When the hunter threw his net on them, they all flew up together and got away. But then they started to fight with each other and the hunter caught them one at a time. What is Mohenjo-Daro? It was a city in the Indus Valley that archaeologists discovered. At one point it had about 40,000 people living in it. Nobody knows what happened to the city. However, archaeologists found bodies laying in the streets like they died right there.
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Other Information
Mohenjo-Daro Mohenjo-Daro was located in the region of Sindh, Pakistan which is in the middle of the Indus River Valley. This city was built sometime around 2600 BC and was one of the largest settlements of the Indus River Civilization also known as the Harappan Civilization. It was discovered in 1922 by a historian from India. Mohenjo-Daro was also one of the world's earliest major urban settlements and was one of the most advanced settlements of its time due to sophisticated engineering and urban planning. During excavation, researchers have determined that Mohenjo-Daro was divided into two parts and was based on a street grid layout. There were public baths inside the city, a central water well, and covered drains to channel waste water. Some of the larger houses were two stories high, had separate indoor bathroom areas, and one house even had a bathing area that used water heated by an underground furnace.
Map Work
1. Find the Indus River and trace it in blue. 2. Circle the town of Mohenjo-Daro in red. 3. Lightly shade the Indus River Valley using a green colored pencil. (Either side of the Indus River
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Chapter Ten The Far East: Ancient China
Vocabulary
Silk Dynasty Pictograms Halberd A soft fiber obtained from the silkworm One family keeping control of a country for many years. Words that look like pictures. Literally means picture writing. Used by the early Chinese. A weapon that has an axe on one side and a dagger on the other.
Review Questions
Why is China called the Far East? Because it is all the way to the east on the map, if you live in the Fertile Crescent. The Chinese people lived between two rivers. What were their names? The Yellow River and the Yangtze River. What was their valley called? The Yellow River Valley What was the name of the emperor who united the small villages of China into one empire? Huang Di. What did Huang Di's wife, Lei Zu, discover? She discovered the silkworm and learned how to make silk. What Chinese dynasty was talked about in this chapter? The Shang Dynasty. What does the word dynasty mean? A family that rules one country for years and years. How long did the Shang Dynasty rule? Around 500 years. During the Shang Dynasty, what was the name of the special writing the Chinese people used? Pictograms. They were words that looked like pictures. What valley did Chin live in? The Yellow River Valley. The valley formed by the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.
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What crop did the ancient farmers of China grow? Rice. Why did Chin get up so early in the morning? He was going to help his father in the fields for the first time. What kind of ground did the rice grow in? Wet ground. What was Chin supposed to do for his father, first thing in the morning? Find out whether his father was well, and whether he needed food or water. What story did Chin's grandfather tell? About a time when the Yellow River flooded.
Other Information
Huang Di The Yellow Emperor Huang Di ruled around 2690BC. He is often considered to be the person who started Chinese civilization. In addition, he is also credited with numerous inventions and innovations. His wife was Lei Zu. Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty ruled from 1766BC to 1122BC. It is most notable for its bronze technology and the introduction of written Chinese characters.
The Story of Silk Lei Zu was sitting in the garden one day. She was having lunch and drinking tea. When she was about to drink some tea, a silkworm cocoon dropped into her cup. She lifted the cocoon out of the cup and noticed that it was made of a thin, bright thread that was wrapped a hundred thousand times around the silkworm within. Lei Zu unraveled the threads of several silkworms and twisted them together until the thread was big enough to weave into cloth. Lei Zu and her husband Huang Di promised to never let the secret of the silkworm leave their kingdom. Note: Lei Zu is also known as Xiling Ji.
Map Work
1. Trace the Yellow River and Yangtze River using a blue colored pencil. 2. Lightly shade the South China Sea in blue. 3. Color the Yellow River Valley in green. (Area between the two rivers)
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Chapter Eleven Ancient Africa
Vocabulary
Artifacts Oases Dates Treasures and everyday objects left behind by people in history. Little patches of land with water and trees. Usually located in a desert. A type of fruit that grows on palm trees. A staple food in Northern Africa, Middle East, etc.
Review Questions
Ancient Peoples Of West Africa What is a continent? A large piece of land with many countries on it. Where is the Nile River located (continent)? Africa. What is the name of the large desert in West Africa? The Sahara Desert. Was the Sahara Desert always hot and sandy? No, once it had water and grass and animals in it. What did archaeologists find when they dug down into the hard, dry dirt of the Sahara? Pollen, seeds, bones of animals, turtle shells. Why did the people of ancient Africa go south? Because the Sahara began to dry up. Anansi and Turtle What are yams like? Sweet potatoes. Why didn't Anansi want to share with Turtle? He was too hungry! What did Anansi tell Turtle to do before he ate? Wash his hands. Where did Turtle set his supper table when Anansi came to visit him? Under the water.
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How did Anansi get down to the bottom of the water? He put rocks in the pockets of his coat. What did Turtle tell him to do? Take his jacket off before he ate. What happened when Anansi took his coat off? He popped back up to the surface of the water! What is the moral of this story? If you try to be too smart, you might find someone else who outsmarts you. Anansi and The Make Believe Food Do you remember the three kinds of food that Anansi found in the villages? Cassava, plantains, and rice. What do cassava look like? Potatoes. What do plantains look like? Bananas. Why did Anansi keep on leaving the villages to go to the next one? Because he thought he would find something better. Did he get a wonderful meal at the end of the story? No, he didn't get anything! What was the moral of this tale? Don't be greedy eat what you are given.
Other Information
Anansi Stories A collection of folktales that are believed to have originated with the Ashanti people of Ghana. They later spread to other parts of Africa and the Caribbean (as a result of the slave trade). These tales are based on oral tradition. The central character is a spider who tries to trick people to get what he wants. However, his plans often backfire and he learns some kind of important lesson. There is a pretty good book for children about Anansi.
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A Map Of The Sahara Desert
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The Sahara Desert The word Sahara is Arabic for The Great Desert. It is almost as large as America and covers parts of the following countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia, and West Sahara. The Sahara is the world's hottest desert. Most of the Sahara is very dry with only a few oases which contain vegetation. The driest areas receive about 20mm of rain per year. Due to the dryness of the desert, only a few animals can be found in the Sahara including camels, scorpions, snakes, and the desert fox. Historically this desert has been occupied by the Berber people who were semi-nomadic farmers/grazers. Thousands of years ago the Sahara region was quite fertile and many animals/plants thrived here. However, it started to dry out around 3500BC. Note: Very little is known about the cultures of southern Africa during this time period.
Map Work
1. Write the letter B in the area of Babylonia. (Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) 2. Color the Indus River Valley green. (First cities of India) 3. Color the area of Mesopotamia green. (Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) 4. Label the Mediterranean Sea. 5. Draw a small pyramid next to the name Egypt on the map.
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Chapter Twelve The Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Vocabulary
Nubians People from the ancient kingdom of Nubia (NE Africa). Had much darker skin than Egyptians.
Review Questions
What happened to the Old Kingdom of Egypt? It became weak and powerless. When Amenemhet became pharaoh, what country did he decide to conquer? Nubia. Why was Nubia valuable to the Egyptians? It had gold. What new name did the Egyptians give to Nubia? Kush. What do we call this time in Egyptian history? The Middle Kingdom of Egypt. What happened to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt? It became weak because of the bad leadership from the pharaohs. Who invaded Egypt and took over the Egyptian throne? Wandering nomads. These people were called Hyksos. Where were they from? Canaan. Did the Egyptians like having the Hyksos for kings? No! They thought the Hyksos were unclean shepherds. How did the Egyptians get rid of the Hyksos? Egyptian princes got together and used the Hyksos' own weapons to drive them out.
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Other Information
The Middle Kingdom Of Egypt The Middle Kingdom lasted from 2100 to 1800 BC. It was considered the Golden Age of Egypt due to the fact that trade flourished, arts & literature were prevalent, etc. During this time period there was a shift from using pyramids to using hidden tombs underground to bury the dead. The Hyksos A group of people who first appeared in Egypt around 1800BC. They may be responsible for introducing the horsedrawn chariot into Egypt life. The word Hyksos means foreign rulers or shepherd kings. They were an Asiatic people who slowly gained influence in Egypt. The Hyksos were defeated in 1567BC. Nubia The region along the Nile River in Northern Sudan/Southern Egypt. There were several small Nubian Empires prior to the collapse of the last one in 1504. This final collapse led to the formation of the Kingdom of Kush. The people of Nubia were often characterized as having dark skin. They were known for their excellent archery skills. One interesting fact is that Nubians were hired by Hannibal to fight against the Romans during the Punic Wars.
Map Work
1. Circle Egypt in red. 2. Label Nubia at the bottom of the map to the left of the Nile River. 3. Write the letter H (for Hyksos) in the area of Canaan. Then draw a line from Canaan down to Egypt.
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Chapter Thirteen The New Kingdom of Egypt
Vocabulary
Polytheism Monotheism The belief in many gods. The belief in only one god.
Review Questions
What is this time in Egypt's history called? The New Kingdom. We read about two pharaohs today. Do you remember their names? Thutmose and Hatshepsut. What did Thutmose do? He made Egypt bigger. What did Hatshepsut do? She became pharaoh even though she was a woman. She built more monuments than any other Egyptian queen. What did Hatshepsut wear? Men's clothes and a false beard. Did the Egyptians worship just one god, or many gods? They were polytheists. Did Amenhotep worship just one god, or many gods? Just one god. Did the Egyptians like this? No! They wanted all their gods back. Where was King Tut buried? Who discovered his tomb? He was buried in the Valley of the Kings. It was discovered by a man named Howard Carter. Did robber's steal Tut's treasure? Why not? No, because they couldn't find his tomb. Why did people think there was a curse on the tomb? Because some people who opened it died, and Howard Carter's canary was swallowed by a cobra. There were 26 people present when King Tut's tomb was opened. Within ten years, 6 of those people had died.
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Other Information
The Valley Of The Kings The principal burial place for royal figures of the New Kingdom of Egypt and was used mostly from 1539 1075 BC. Located on the western bank of the Nile River opposite from Thebes (modern day Luxor). The Valley of the Kings has over 60 tombs in it. Has been a site for tourism for the last few hundred years. Many Romans as well as Napoleon visited this site. It became an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Tutankhamen Tutankhamen was born around 1343BC and died around 1325BC at age 19. His father was Amenhotep IV (proven by DNA evidence in 2010. His mother was his father's sister. Howard Carter found his tomb in 1922AD. King Tut's burial mask is one of the most popular symbols of Ancient Egypt.
Howard Carter He was an English archaeologist best known for his discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922. He spent several years searching in The Valley of the Kings with his work being funded by Lord Carnarvon. Carter died of cancer at the age of 64. The New Kingdom Of Egypt The New Kingdom lasted from approx. 1550 to 1100 BC. It was a very successful time for Egypt and it marked the peak of Egyptian power. Many of Egypt's most famous pharaohs ruled during this time period including Hatshepsut, Thutmose, Tutankhamen, etc. It was also during this time period that Amenhotep IV tried to change Egypt to a monotheistic culture from a polytheistic one.
Map Work
1. Circle the area known as the Valley of the Kings in red. 2. Review the locations of Canaan, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Red Sea.
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Chapter Fourteen The Israelites Leave Egypt
Vocabulary
Plague Exodus Any widespread affliction, calamity, or evil. A mass departure of people from a country.
Review Questions
Who were the Israelites descended from? Abraham. Were the Israelites polytheists or monotheists? Monotheists. Why did they go to Egypt? Because of a famine in Canaan during the time of Joseph. What happened to them in Egypt? They became slaves. Who led them back out of Egypt? Moses. What terrible command did the pharaoh give? To kill all the baby boys of the Israelites. What did Moses's mother do to save his life? Put him in the Nile River in a basket. Who took him out? The princess of Egypt. How many plagues did God send on Egypt? Ten. Did the pharaoh finally let the Israelites go? Yes. What happened when they got to the Red Sea? The water parted OR God parted the water OR Moses parted the water.
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What was this great escape from Egypt called? The Exodus. Where did the Israelites go next? Back to Canaan.
Other Information
The Ten Plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-12 & Quran 7:133-135) 1. Water of the Nile River turned to blood. 2. Frogs 3. Lice or gnats 4. Gnats or flies 5. Livestock disease 6. Boils 7. Hail and thunder 8. Locusts 9. Darkness 10. Death of first born humans and livestock who do not have marked doorposts. Note: These plagues preceded the Exodus. The Exodus (Exodus 13) Story of the enslavement of the Israelites in Egypt following the death of Joseph and their departure under the leadership of Moses. It is one of the central foundations of Judaism. Also the theme for Passover. Most historical scholars do not agree on a date for the Exodus from Egypt. Most Jews believe it occurred in 1312BC. Other scholars believe it took place sometime between 1250BC to 1200BC. Passover (Pesach) Called the feast of the unleavened bread. A festival that commemorates the story of the Exodus. Begins the 15 th day of the month of Nisan in the Jewish calendar. It is celebrated for 7-8 days. The commandment to keep Passover is found in Leviticus 23:5. Usually the first night of Passover is celebrated by a special dinner called a seder. During this meal the story of the Exodus is told using a special text called a Haggadah. The Haggadah divides the dinner into 15 parts.
Map Work
1. Draw a line from Egypt up to Canaan. (Israelites fled from Egypt to Canaan) 2. Shade the Red Sea in blue. (Moses led the Israelites through the Red Sea)
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Chapter Fifteen The Phoenicians
Vocabulary
Glass Blowing Bellows Murex Colony The art of making glassware by blowing air through a tube of molten glass. Special pumps used to fan a fire. Used in blacksmithing and glassblowing. A special type of snail used to make a purple dye in ancient times. A settlement of people or a country controlled by another country. Typically far away.
Review Questions
Where did the Phoenicians live? In Canaan. What were they good at? Sailing their boats and making glassware. What two things did the Phoenicians make glass from? Sand and lye. What special way of shaping glass did the Phoenicians invent? Glassblowing. What did they make their purple dye from? Snails. Why was purple called the color of the kings? Because it was expensive. What was the name of the little Phoenician colony that grew into a big city? Carthage. What queen helped to start Carthage? Why did she leave home? Dido. She left home because she was afraid of her brother. Why did Dido want to start the city of Carthage near the water? So that ships would visit her city and trade with her.
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Other Information
Phoenician Civilization A maritime trading culture made up of a collection of city-states located on the western part of the Fertile Crescent. Contained parts of the following modern day countries: Lebanon, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, and Syria. The Phoenician Civilization was at its peak between 1200 539BC. They had a trading monopoly on the purple dye of the murex snail. They usually traded with the Greeks. The Phoenicians are also known for their spread of the alphabet which all modern phonetic alphabets are based on. The City Of Carthage A city that has existed for 3000+ years. Currently a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia. It is hard to study the history of Carthage because many of its historical documents were destroyed during the Punic Wars. Most likely Carthage was founded around 1215BC by Queen Dido (Queen Elissa) who had fled Tyre (modern Lebanon) after her husband was killed by her brother. Carthage became a powerful city in the Western Mediterranean.
Map Work
1. Circle the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Carthage in red. 2. Color the area known as Phoenicia using a green pencil. (Also shade the other Phoenician areas using green) 3. Color the Mediterranean Sea in blue.
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Chapter Sixteen The Return of Assyria
Vocabulary
Siege Tower A wooden tower on wheels. Used to invade walled cities.
Review Questions
Can you tell me the two countries that Assyria conquered? Egypt and Canaan (Also could be Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Asia Minor) What did Ashurbanipal like to do for fun? Hunt lions with bows and arrows. What kinds of shields did the Assyrians use? Basket shields tied together with leather. How did the Assyrian soldiers break through city walls? They built ramps out of dirt and pushed wooden towers on wheels up the ramps. Did the people in the Assyrian empire like their king? No, they hated him for his cruelty. What city did Ashurbanipal live in? Nineveh. Can you tell me two things that Ashurbanipal did to make Nineveh beautiful? He built a beautiful palace, decorated the city gates, planted gardens, and made sculptures. Why did Ashurbanipal decide to collect a library? So that people would remember him. Were the library books made out of paper? No, they were made out of clay. What types of writings were kept in Ashurbanipal's library? The history of Assyria, stories, prayers, facts about the sun, moon, and sky, medicine, law, and science. Can we still read Ashurbanipal's library today? Yes, some of the clay tablets can still be read today.
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Other Information
Assyrian Empire An empire located in the northern part of Mesopotamia. Assyria's expansion took place between 1300BC and 1200BC. It reached its peak around 745BC. At its peak it included parts of the following modern countries: Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Sudan, Libya, Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan.
Ashurbanipal An Assyrian king who ruled from 668BC to 627BC. He was famous for assembling a large collection of cuneiform documents in a library known as The Library Of Ashurbanipal. This library was located in the city of Nineveh. The ruins of the city of Nineveh are located across the river from the modern city of Mosul in Iraq. (An interesting fact about Nineveh. It was the largest city in the world for 50 or so years during the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.) Remnants of The Library Of Ashurbanipal can now be seen in the British Museum. They currently have around 31,000 tablets. Historical documents say that Alexander the Great saw Ashurbanipal's library and decided he wanted to build a library too. His library eventually became the Library Of Alexandria.
Map Work
1. Circle the city of Nineveh in red. (Ashurbanipal's city) 2. Underline the city of Assyria using a green colored pencil. (Ashurbanipal ruled this area) 3. Shade all of the seas in blue.
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Chapter Seventeen Babylon Takes Over Again!
Vocabulary
The Seven Wonders of the World Things that ancient people made or built that are still incredible today.
Review Questions
What did the Assyrians do to Babylon when they conquered it? They flooded it (destroyed it). What did the Babylonians do to Nineveh when they conquered Assyria? They destroyed it and smashed some of Ashurbanipal's clay tablets. Was the Babylonian Empire as big as the Assyrian Empire? No. What was the name of Babylon's most famous king? Nebuchadnezzar. What happened to Nebuchadnezzar after he thought he was a god? He went crazy and thought he was an animal, but he later recovered. Why was Nebuchadnezzar afraid of Persia? He though Persia would attack him. Why was Persia afraid of Nebuchadnezzar? The Persians thought Nebuchadnezzar would attack them. Why was Amytis homesick? Because she missed the mountains and gardens of her homeland. What did Nebuchadnezzar build to make Amytis happy? The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. We've studied two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. What were they? The Great Pyramid and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
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Other Information
King Nebuchadnezzar King Nebuchadnezzar was a king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire who ruled from 605BC to 561BC. He conquered Judah and Jerusalem and exiled the Jews. He is also famous for building the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and for destroying the First Temple in Jerusalem (Solomon's Temple in 586BC). King Nebuchadnezzar is featured in the book of Daniel in the Bible. The Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World Great Pyramid of Giza (The only one that remains intact today) Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Destroyed by earthquakes) Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (Destroyed by fire/theft) Statue of Zeus at Olympia (Destroyed by flooding) Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (Destroyed by flooding) Colossus of Rhodes (Destroyed by earthquakes) Lighthouse of Alexandria Pharos (Destroyed by earthquakes)
Map Work
1. Circle the city of Babylon in red. (Nebuchadnezzar's city) 2. Put a red X through Nineveh. (This shows that Nebuchadnezzar destroyed it) 3. Put a red X through Jerusalem. (This shows that Nebuchadnezzar destroyed it)
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Chapter Eighteen Life In Early Crete
Vocabulary
Navy An army that fights on the water.
Review Questions
Bull-Jumpers and Sailors Why did the Minoans hold bull-jumping festivals? To honor the gods of Crete. Were the bull-jumpers treated well? Yes, they were given food, beautiful clothes, jewelry, and gold. Was bull-jumping dangerous? Yes, bull-jumpers were often killed. Few bull-jumpers lived past the age of 20. What did pirates do in the Mediterranean Sea? They attacked and robbed people who tried to sail on the sea. What did the Minoans build to get rid of the pirates? Ships King Minos and The Minotaur What kind of monster was the Minotaur? Half man and half bull. Why did King Minos tell Athens to send him seven girls and boys every year? To feed them to the Minotaur. Where did the Minotaur live? Under the palace, in a maze. How did Theseus get out of the maze? With a ball of wool that Ariadne gave him. What color sail was Theseus supposed to put on his ship? A white sail. What happened when he forgot to put on the white sail? His father jumped off a cliff.
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The father of Theseus was called King Aegeus. What sea was named after him? The Aegean Sea. The Mysterious End of The Minoans Why did the Minoans leave Crete? Because a volcano erupted nearby. What island did the volcano erupt on? Thera. What happened to Thera? It sank beneath the sea. What did the volcano do to the air and land of Crete? A tidal wave hit Crete; ash, dust, and rock covered the fields and towns, so that people couldn't breath and crops couldn't grow.
Other Information
Minoan Civilization The Minoan Civilization flourished between 2200 1500BC. They were important because they were the predecessors to the Greeks and they also developed a trading network. Minotaur A creature from Greek mythology with the head of a bull and the body of a man. Was killed by Theseus.
Map Work
1. Lightly shade the Aegean Sea in blue. 2. Color the island of Crete yellow. 3. Circle the city of Athens in green. Then draw a line from Athens to Crete. (Theseus' path) 4. Circle the island of Thera in red. (Volcano exploded here)
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Chapter Nineteen The Early Greeks
Vocabulary
Colony A country or area that is under the full control of another country. Typically, far away.
Review Questions
What were the people who came from Greece to conquer Crete called? The Mycenaeans. What were the Mycenaeans good at? Fighting. Where did the Mycenaeans build colonies? Around the Aegean Sea. Can you tell me a little bit about how the Mycenaean Greeks lived? They lived in houses, had jobs, and went to school. How did the barbarians live? They wandered around, couldn't read or write, and spent their time fighting other people. What did the Mycenaean Greeks have that made them such strong fighters? Bronze weapons and chariots. What kind of weapons did the barbarians have? Iron weapons that were stronger than bronze weapons. When the Greeks and the barbarians fought, who won? The barbarians. Do you remember why we call this time the Dark Ages? Because the barbarians didn't leave us any written history or records about the time that they lived in Greece.
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Other Information
The Mycenaeans The Mycenaeans were the first Greeks to use horses in battle. The Mycenaeans were the first great Greek civilization. Lasted from 1900 1200 BC or so. They advanced through conquest. The Greek Dark Ages The Greek Dark Ages lasted from about 1200BC to 700BC. Obviously there is little historical evidence about what life was like during this time period.
Map Work
1. Color Greece green. 2. Draw an arrow from the Mediterranean Sea up into Greece. (Sea people invaded Greece) 3. Draw an arrow from the land NW of Thebes down into Greece. (Dorians invaded Greece)
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Chapter Twenty Greece Gets Civilized Again
Vocabulary
Iliad Odyssey A long poem by Homer that tells the story of the Trojan War. A story by Homer about Odysseus, a Greek warrior who fought in the Trojan War and then ran into many problems on the way home. Ancient Greek festival that celebrated courage, bravery, and strength. A competition where athletes have to do five events.
Olympics Pentathlon
Review Questions
Greece Gets An Alphabet What happened to the barbarians who lived in Greece? They became civilized built houses, learned how to read, etc. Did they kill their neighbors for fun? What did they do instead? No. They wrestled, raced, and danced. Did the women go out and find food? No, they stayed indoors. The barbarians were now called Greeks. They learned to read and write. What were some of the Greek letters? (See Other Information Section) The Stories Of Homer What hero is the Odyssey named after? Odysseus. Why did Poseidon get angry at Odysseus and his men? Because they forgot to thank him for their victory over Troy. What was the one-eyed monster called? Cyclops. How did the Greeks know the stories of Odysseus and Troy, in the days when they couldn't read or write? They told them to their grandchildren. Who first wrote down these stories? The poet Homer.
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How did Odysseus get revenge on the Cyclops? He blinded him/put his eye out. How did the men get out of the cave? They help on to the Cyclops' sheep when he let them out in the morning. Why did Odysseus tell the Cyclops that his name was Noman? So that anyone who came to rescue the Cyclops would think that no man was hurting him. After Odysseus made fun of the Cyclops, what did the Cyclops do? Asked Poseidon to keep him from reaching home. Why do you think Odysseus decided to make fun of the Cyclops? Why didn't he just sail quietly away? Pride, foolishness, he wanted to boast. It would have been better if he just left. The First Olympic Games What god was honored by the first Olympic games? Zeus, the king of the Gods. What mountain was the Olympics named after? Mount Olympus, where the gods were supposed to live. What is a virtue? Something good about a person. What virtues did the Olympic Games reward? Strength and courage. Who was allowed to compete in the Olympic games? Men from Greece.
Other Information
Homer Homer was a blind Greek writer who lived around 800BC. He is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Iliad An epic poem set during the Trojan War. Odyssey An epic poem that focuses on Odysseus and his journey home after the fall of Troy.
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The Greek Alphabet Alpha Kappa Tau Beta Psi Theta The Greek letter A. The Greek letter K. The Greek letter T. The Greek letter B. A Greek letter that doesn't have an equivalent in English. It looks like a trident, a three-pronged weapon carried by the god Poseidon. This letter was named after him. A Greek letter that has a similar sound to th.
The Greek alphabet was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet. It contains 24 letters and is the precursor to many of the European languages including Cyrillic and Latin.
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Mount Olympus The highest mountain in Greece at 2,917 meters. Located about 100km south of Thessaloniki. In Greek mythology it is regarded as the home of the 12 Olympian Gods. It is also the setting for many Greek myths.
Ancient Olympics A series of athletic competitions among the various Greek city-states that took place between 776 394 BC. They were held in honor of Zeus. These games were held every four years and only Freeborn Greeks could participate. (Hence the term olympiad = 4 year time period.) Initially they only lasted one day and had only one event a running race. Eventually expanded to span five days with several different events. Should be noted that the Ancient Olympics were as much a religious festival as an athletic competition.
Map Work
1. Color the country of Greece green. 2. Circle Mount Olympus in red. 3. Circle Troy in blue.
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Chapter Twenty-One The Medes and the Persians
Vocabulary
Asia Minor The western peninsula of Asia that now constitutes most of Turkey. Also known as Anatolia.
Review Questions
What was the name of the shepherd tribe at the edge of Media? Persia, or the Persians. What country did the Persians obey? The Medes, or Media. Why did the Persian king, Astyges, want to get rid of his grandson? He dreamed that the baby would grow up and take his throne away. What was the baby's name? Cyrus. After Cyrus because king of the Persians, what did he do? He conquered Media too. Was Cyrus a good king? Yes, he was very fair. Can you tell me one of the fair things Cyrus did? He let the Medes have some power in his empire. OR He let the Jews go back to Palestine. What was King Croesus know for? His gold he was richer than anyone else. Why did the Babylonians let Cyrus into their city? Because they did not like their own king.
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Other Information
The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550 330 BC) Founded by Cyrus The Great through his conquest of the Median Empire, The Lydian Empire, and the Babylonian Empire. At the height of its power, it encompassed approx. 8 million km2 and spanned parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. At this time about 50 million people lived in this empire. (Almost 50% of the world's population.) One of the first empires that tried to govern a multi-ethnic population. Tried to do this by fair treatment of all people and by not interfering in local customs/religions. Also developed a postal system, road system, and civil service. An interesting note. Persians drank large quantities of wine and often deliberated important governmental decisions while drunk. The earliest Persians lived around 700BC.
Cyrus The Great (Cyrus II of Persia) Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Ruled from 558 530 BC. He was known as a good fighter, but also as a fair ruler. He respected the local customs and religions of the people he conquered. He ended the Jewish Exile from the Babylonian Empire in 538 BC. He allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem and build the Second Temple. Cyrus is often called the anointed of the Lord by Jewish people (Isaiah 45:1-6, 13). We can find Cyrus' edict in II Chronicles 36:23 and also Ezra 6:3-5.
Map Work
1. Using red, trace the dotted line that goes around the Persian Empire. 2. Color the Persian Gulf blue. 3. Trace each of the rivers in the Persian Empire blue. (What are the names of these rivers?) 4. Circle the countries of Egypt and Canaan in red. (Both are inside the Persian Empire) 5. Color Greece green. (Soon Persia and Greece fight)
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Chapter Twenty-Two Sparta and Athens
Vocabulary
Democracy Vote Forum Domestic A type of government where people can vote. Known as government by the people. Process by which people choose for or against something. A special meeting place where ideas are exchanged. Relating to the running of a home, raising a garden, taking care of children, etc.
Review Questions
Did the Greek cities all obey the same king? No, each city had its own king. What did all Spartan boys grow up to be? Soldiers. What did they learn in school? How to fight, how to be tough, and how to be strong. If you were a Spartan boy and you hurt yourself, what would you do? Be brave and silent! You wouldn't cry, just pretend you were fine. What were Spartan girls supposed to do? Have many children who would be good fighters. What is a democracy? A country where people vote on the laws and on who becomes the leaders. What kinds of things did Athenian boys learn in school? Mathematics, reading, writing, poetry, and music. What did Athenian girls learn how to do? Keep house. What happens to ignorant people who don't know the laws? Other people can make them do things and take advantage of them. Why is it important to be educated? So that you what the laws are, so that you know how to choose leaders, and so that people do not take advantage of you.
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Other Information
Greek City States The Greek city-states (polis) began to arise in the mid 800'sBC.
Athens Basic Info. Educated society. Artistic. Luxurious. Men Women

Educated at schools. They learned reading, writing, math, ethics, etc. Educated in domestic matters. Taking care of the house, family, etc. No participation in sports or politics. Almost no rights.
Sparta
Military society. Very simple life. Basic. Forced to join the Army. Taught to show no fear and to not be weak. Educated to raise children to be good soldiers. Learned basic reading/writing. Participated in sports and could own/control their own property.
Note: A Spartan boy who didn't pass the test to join the military was not allowed to vote and was not allowed to be a full citizen. Note: The Athenian and Spartan lifestyles in this book date from around 600BC.
Map Work
1. Circle the city of Athens in red. 2. Circle the city of Sparta in yellow. 3. Draw a blue line to show the sea route between Sparta and Athens. 4. Draw a green line to show the land route between Sparta and Athens.
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Chapter Twenty-Three The Greek Gods
Vocabulary
Polytheism Monotheism The belief in many gods. The belief in only one god.
Review Questions
Were the Greeks polytheists or monotheists? They were polytheists. They believed in many gods. Why did Zeus start a war on earth? Because there were too many people on earth. Can you name any of the other gods from the story? Hera, Aphrodite, Athena, Eris, Poseidon.
Other Information
Greek Gods The Twelve Olympians were the principal gods of the Greeks. They believed the gods lived atop Mt. Olympus.
Name Zeus Hera Poseidon Demeter Dionysus Apollo Artemis Hermes Athena Ares Aphrodite Hephaestus
Description
King of the gods. Ruler of Mt. Olympus. Queen of the gods. Goddess of marriage and family. God of the seas, earthquakes, and horses. Goddess of agriculture, the seasons, and fertility. God of wine, celebrations, and ecstasy. God of light, knowledge, music, poetry, and archery. Goddess of virginity, childbirth, the moon, archery, and animals. Messenger of the gods. God of commerce and thieves. Virgin goddess of wisdom, defense, and warfare. God of war, violence, and bloodshed. Goddess of love, beauty, and desire. Master blacksmith and craftsman of the golds. God of fire.
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Some of the other important or more well-known Greek gods include:
Name Hades Hestia Asclepius Eros Heracles
Description
King of the underworld. God of the dead. Virgin goddess of the hearth, home, and cooking. God of medicine and healing. God of sexual love and beauty. Divine hero. Masculine and strength.
In addition to all of these gods mentioned, there are many other Greeks gods.
Map Work
1. Label the following items on the map: Greece Crete Aegean Sea Athens Sparta Troy Mount Olympus
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Chapter Twenty-Four The Wars of the Greeks
Vocabulary
Marathon Architecture A special race that is about 26 miles (42 kilometers) long. The way buildings are designed or built
Review Questions
Why did Athens and Sparta decide to be friends and allies? Because they were afraid of the Persians. What did the Athenians and Spartans do to the messenger sent by the Persian king? They threw him down a well. What did Persia do then? Attacked! What two armies fought the battle of Marathon? Persia and Athens. Who won? Athens. Why didn't the Spartans come help the Athenians? They were having a religious festival. What happened to the runner who took the good news to Athens? He died of exhaustion. Was the Battle of Marathon the end of Greece's war with Persia? No. The last battle in the war with Persia was the Battle of Salamis. Who won the Greeks or the Persians? The Greeks, and the Greek cities stayed independent! What kind of building was the Parthenon? A temple. Inside the Parthenon, what was carved into one of the wall friezes, something the soldiers were fighting? Centaurs half man, half horse.
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Did the Greeks continue to make beautiful art? No, they fought with each other. What two cities fought the Peloponnesian War? Sparta and Athens. When Sparta was attacking Athens, what happened inside the city of Athens that made it weaker? The plague. Alcibiades led the Athenians out of the city to attack the Spartans. But what did he do when the Athenians lost? He joined the Spartans. He led the Spartans into Athens. Which Greek city won the fight? Sparta finally conquered Athens.
Other Information
The Greco-Persian Wars A series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and the Greek city-states. Started around 500 BC and lasted until 450 BC or so. Note: The 2nd Invasion of Greece occurred in 480 BC. This was the war where Athens/Sparta combined forces. The Peloponnesian War (431 404 BC) The war between Athens and Sparta. Completely reshaped the Ancient Greek world. Athens, formerly the strongest city-state before the war was reduced in power. Sparta became the leading Greek power. This war marked the end of the Golden Age of Greece. Acropolis An ancient citadel located on a high rocky hill above the city of Athens. Contains the ruins of several historic buildings including the Parthenon. Most likely built sometime around 500 BC. Parthenon A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. Located in the Athens Acropolis. Built in 438 BC. Considered the most important Classical Greek building. Marathon A marathon is a long distance running race with a distance of 42.195 km. One of the original modern Olympic Events at the first Olympics in 1896. Was created to commemorate the Greek soldier Pheidippides who ran from the battle of Marathon back to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated. There is a good poem about this event written by Robert Browning called Pheidippides.
Map Work
1. Draw a red line connecting Sparta and Athens. (They often fought each other) 2. Color the Persian Empire yellow. 3. Draw a yellow arrow from the Persian Empire, across the Aegean Sea, toward Marathon. 4. Draw a blue line showing the route the messenger took from Marathon to Athens.
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Chapter Twenty-Five Alexander The Great
Vocabulary
Alexander Gordian Knot A name meaning ruler of men. An extremely difficult or involved problem. Based on the legend that if a man can loosen this difficult knot, he will rule all of Asia. Alexander the Great cut the knot in half. A lighthouse near Alexandria that was 330 feet tall. During the time of Alexander the Great, it was the tallest in the world. The third Wonder of the World.
Pharos
Review Questions
Who attacked the Greek cities? Philip. What country did he rule? Macedonia. What was the name of Philip's son? Alexander the Great. What was the name of Alexander's horse and how did he tame it? Bucephalus. He turned the horse so that it couldn't see its shadow. How did Alexander solve the problem of the Gordian Knot? He cut it in half. What three Wonders of the Ancient World have we learned about? The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, The Great Pyramid, and the Pharos. What was the Pharos? A giant lighthouse. What was the name of the city Alexander built in Egypt? Alexandria. Why did Alexander stop before he conquered all of India? His soldiers refused to go any further. How did Alexander the Great die? No one knows why he died. He got weak.
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How many pieces did Alexander's empire get divided into? Three. What did Ptolemy do in Egypt? Finished the city of Alexandria and built a library. What is another name for the Seleucids? The Syrians. Did the three generals who ruled Alexander's kingdom make friends with each other? No, they fought.
Other Information
Alexander The Great
King of Macedon who ruled from around 336 323BC. Born into a royal family and was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of 30 he had created one of the largest empires in the history of the world. He died at the age of 32 for unknown reasons. Some people say he was poisoned, others say he had malaria, and others say he had lived a hard life of drinking/fighting. He founded more than 20 cities that bear his name. Most notably Alexandria, Egypt.
The Gordian Knot

A legend associated with Alexander The Great. Used as a metaphor for a difficult problem solved easily by cheating or thinking outside the box. In this case, cutting the knot in half. By cutting the knot, Alexander fulfilled a prophecy that he would become king of Asia.
The Division Of Alexander's Empire

Alexander's death was so sudden that nobody really knew what to do. Alexander had no real heir, so his empire was eventually divided into three parts. The Ptolemaic Kingdom Of Egypt Established by Ptolemy I in 305 BC. The Seleucid Empire Established by Seleucus I in 312 BC. The Macedon Empire (Greek Part) Original part of Alexander's empire. Later subdivided.
Map Work
1. Circle the city that Alexander named after himself in red. (What country is it in?) 2. Trace the Nile River in blue. 3. Trace the borders of Alexander's empire in red. Lightly shade the area within the borders red. 4. Trace the Tigris, Euphrates, and Indus rivers blue.
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Chapter Twenty-Six The People of the Americas
Vocabulary
Central America Mesoamerica The strip of land between North America and South America. Means between the Americas. (Another name for Central America)
Review Questions
The Nazca Drawings What is a continent? A big mass of land. Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. There are three different Americas. What are their names? North America, Central America, and South America. South America has flat land in the middle. What does it have all down one edge? Mountains. Do you remember the name of the South American tribe that made drawings on the ground? The Nazca. How big were the drawings? Hundreds of miles across. Do you remember what some of the drawings were? Spiders, pelicans, hummingbirds, flowers, spirals, squares patterns. What methods might the Nazca have used to draw these big lines? They may have used math or the position of the stars. The Heads Of Olmecs What was the name of the tribe that lived in Central America? The Olmecs. Where did the rich Olmec people live? In the city, up on a hill. Where did the poor people live? Down on the plain below.
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What kind of pyramid did the Olmecs build in the middle of their city? A dirt pyramid. What kind of sculptures did they make? Giant heads of their rulers. Rabbit Shoots The Sun What two countries are now in North America? America and Canada. Way up in the northern part of North America, where it is too cold to grow crops, what did ancient people eat? Seals, polar bears, birds, caribou, mosses, lichens, whales, etc. How about people in the middle part of North America? Corn, wheat, buffalo, and fish. Did the people of North America live in cities? No, they were nomads. In the story of Rabbit Shoots the Sun, why did Rabbit decide to shoot the sun? Because it was hot and dry. What happened when Rabbit's arrow hit the sun? Fire came out and started to burn up the world. What color did the bush turn when the fire scorched it? Yellow. Was Rabbit still brave and bold at the end of the story? No, he was timid and shy. Did the sun still jump over the edge of the world in a hurry? No, it crept up a little at a time.
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Other Information
Nazca Civilization Ancient culture located in Southern Peru that flourished between 100 BC and 700 AD. It was largely an agricultural economy, but it was a bit advanced for the time period. It had even developed a basic irrigation system. This civilization was noted for beautiful pottery painted with up to 15 distinct colors. Of course, the Nazca are most known for the Nazca Lines. The Nazca Lines are a series of giant pictures drawn in the Nazca Desert in Southern Peru. Some of these drawings are more than 200 meters long. The Nazca Lines were designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. They were most likely created between 400 650 AD. Nobody is certain how these lines were made. Some people believe the Nazca people used basic mathematics, some believe they used a basic form of surveying, and others believed they used the stars/constellations. In addition, nobody is certain why these lines were made. Some people believe they were created to help communicate with the gods or to help with some sort of religious practice.
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Olmec Civilization The first major civilization in Mexico that lasted roughly from 1500 400 BC. (About the same time of the Assyrian expansion, the Greek Dark Ages, and the New Kingdom of Egypt). It was the first American civilization to construct monuments and live in towns/cities. However, the Olmecs are most known for their colossal heads sculpted out of stone. The Olmec Heads were most likely created before 900 BC. All of the heads are of men with flat noses and slightly crossed eyes. Currently 17 heads have been discovered. These heads vary in height from 1.47 meters to 3.4 meters and weigh between 6 and 50 tons. Nobody is 100% certain why they were made, but the theory is that they each represent a powerful Olmec ruler.
Map Work
1. Color South America your favorite color. 2. Color Central America a different color. 3. Color North America a different color.
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Chapter Twenty-Seven The Rise of Rome
Vocabulary
Peninsula Togas A piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides. Special robes bordered with purple worn by the Etruscans and then the Romans. Purple showed everybody how important they were. A bundle of wooden sticks with an axe blade coming out of the center. A symbol of power in Ancient Rome carried by the king. It symbolized that they had the power to kill anyone at anytime. Rich and powerful men who had a say in government during the Roman Empire. The two patricians who were appointed by the other patricians to rule the Roman Empire. They thought it was better to have two rulers than one king.
Fasces
Patricians Consuls
Review Questions
Can you tell me the names of three of the empires that came before Rome? Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persia, Greece, Macedon, etc. Who founded the city of Rome in the legend that we read? Romulus. Who raised Romulus? First a wolf, then a shepherd. What was Romulus's twin brother named? Remus. Why did Romulus name his city Rome? He named it after himself. How many hills was Rome built on? Seven. What important tribe of people lived in Italy? The Etruscans. Whose alphabet and gods did they borrow? The Greeks.
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Did the Romans fight with the Etruscans? Yes. Did they learn anything from them? Yes. What things did the Roman kings borrow from the Etruscans? How to dress, about Greek gods, painting, music, special robes called togas, fasces, etc. In a democracy, who makes the laws and chooses the leaders? The people. How do they do this? They vote. What does monarchy mean? Rule by a king. What two symbols of power did the Roman kings have? The fasces and the purple-bordered robe. How many kings did Rome have? Seven. Who ruled Rome once the Romans got rid of their kings? The consuls. Was Rome a democracy? No.
Other Information
Romulus and Remus Twin brothers and the main characters of the Rome Foundation Myth. They were raised by wolves and then later by a shepherd and his wife. Romulus eventually killed Remus and founded the city of Rome in 753BC.
Map Work
1. Circle Rome in red. (Rome is in the country of Italy) 2. Outline the borders to the north of Rome in blue. (This is where the Etruscans lived)
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Chapter Twenty-Eight The Roman Empire
Vocabulary
Aqueducts Special channels built by men to move water from one place to another. Designed by the Romans to help bring fresh spring water into the city. A man trained to fight other men or animals for sport.
Gladiator
Review Questions
The Roman Gods Whose gods did the Romans worship? The Greek gods, with different names. Can you tell me any of their names? Jupiter, Ceres, Proserpine, Hades, Neptune, Mars. Why did Proserpine have to stay with Hades for six months of the year? Because she ate some seeds from a pomegranate. What season of the years comes when Proserpine is underground with Hades? Winter. The Roman Builders Can you tell me three things that the Romans built? Roads, aqueducts, and apartment buildings. What were the Roman roads made out of? Sand, gravel, stone, and concrete. Can you still see Roman roads today? Yes. What did aqueducts do? Carried water into the city. What did the Romans use water for? Drinking, cooking, and public baths.
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The Roman Gladiators What did gladiators do? Fought with each other or with wild animals while an audience watched. Why did Servius have to be a gladiator? He didn't have any choice because he was a prisoner. Where did Servius learn how to fight? In the gladiator school. Did he want to be a fighter? No. What happened when he fought in the arena? He didn't kill his opponent. The Gladiator School Did Servius feel lucky to be a gladiator? No, he hated it. What is a secutor? A fighter who chases the net-fighters. What did Servius do in his first match when the net-fighter stumbled? He didn't kill his opponent, he let him get away. Did the Romans like to see gladiators die? Most of them did. A few, like Seneca, did not.
Other Information
Gladiators The term gladiator is Latin for swordsman. They were armed fighters who entertained audiences in the Roman Empire. They fought other gladiators, wild animals, and criminals. Most gladiators were slaves although some were paid volunteers. The use of gladiators reached its peak between 100 BC and 200 AD. Declined when Christianity was adopted as the state religion of the Roman Empire.
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The Colosseum A huge amphitheater in the center of Rome, built by the emperors Vespasian and Titus between 70 80 AD. It was largely constructed out of concrete and stone and was capable of seating approx. 50,000 people. Was used for gladiator contests, animal hunts, executions, and dramas. The Colosseum is approx. 189 meters long, 156 meters wide, and 48 meters tall. Note: The current Colosseum is not like the original due to damage from earthquakes, robbers, etc.
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The Roman Empire Ancient civilization that lasted from 27 BC 476 AD and replaced the original Roman Republic that had been around for the previous 500 years. (Basically came into existence when Julius Caesar became the dictator.) Was one of the largest in history encompassing more than 5 million km2 and containing all or part of 40 different modern countries. The Latin phrase imperium sine fine (empire without end) expressed the idea that time nor space limited the Empire. The population of the Roman Empire was between 55-60 million. Approx. 1/6~1/4 of the world's population. Common people tended to live in multi-story apartments with shared toilets and baths. Rich people usually lived in a city house and also had a villa outside of the city. The Romans made several contributions to architecture including the arch and the dome. They also built an excellent road system that can still be seen today. Another thing they are credited for is the development of an aqueduct system which allowed for public fountains, baths, toilets, etc.
Map Work
1. Color the island of Sicily yellow. (Ask students what shape the country of Italy looks like.)
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Chapter Twenty-Nine Rome's War With Carthage
Vocabulary
Punic Wars Three wars between Rome and Carthage that led to Roman superiority in the Mediterranean Region.
Review Questions
What city did Rome fight? Carthage. What did they fight over? They wanted to trade with the same cities. Was it a long war or a short war? A long war! Do you remember what the wars were called? The Punic Wars. More than 120 years long. Where did they fight? Mostly on the water. What is the name for an army that fights on the water? A navy. What did Hannibal do? He fought the Romans with elephants. How did General Scipio get Hannibal out of Italy? He attacked Carthage. Who won Carthage or Rome? Rome What did Hannibal do when Carthage surrendered? He drank poison.
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Other Information
The Punic Wars A series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage that lasted for more than 100 years. The main cause of these wars was the conflict of interest between the expanding Roman Empire and the existing Carthaginian Empire in the Western Mediterranean. First Punic War (264 241 BC) Largely a naval war. Rome won more victories in this war and forced Carthage to sign a peace treaty.
Second Punic War (218 201 BC) Remembered for Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with his elephants. He invaded Italy from the North and defeated the Roman armies. However, the Roman attacked Carthage while he was away and he had to rush home. He was defeated and later poisoned himself rather than give in to Rome.
Third Punic War (149 146 BC) Involved an attack on Carthage that ultimately destroyed it.
Note: By the end of these wars, Rome emerged as the most powerful Mediterranean nation.
Map Work
1. Circle Rome in red and color Italy yellow. 2. Color the Mediterranean Sea blue. 3. Circle Carthage with a red crayon. (What continent is it on?) 4. Draw a line from North Africa, to Spain, to Gaul, and finally to The Alps. (Hannibal's route) 5. Draw a line from The Alps down to Rome. (Hannibal's route with the elephants)
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Chapter Thirty The Aryans of India
Vocabulary
Aryans A group of people that came down into India from the North around 1500BC. The first of these people were nomads. But, they soon settled between the Indus and Ganges Rivers. A polytheistic religion based around India. Followers believe in many gods as well as in the Ganges River. People who believed in the the gods Shiva and Ganga. The highest Hindu caste. These people are priests. The are the most important. Different levels of Hindu society. Basically a way to divided society into classes. The four main castes: Priests, Warriors, Farmers/Merchants, and Laborer (Servants). According to the caste system, a person can never escape their particular caste.
Hinduism
Hindus Brahmin Caste
Untouchables The poorest people in India who did not belong to the caste system at all. These people belonged to
the poorest and most miserable families in India. They did the dirtiest jobs and had no rights or protections. Buddhism Buddhists Religion started by Siddhartha in India during the 5 th Century BC. The followers of Buddha. They believe in karma and the four noble truths. Their religion is called Buddhism.
Review Questions
Life On The Ganges River What were the people who settled in ancient India called? Where did they come from? Aryans and they came from Asia. What two rivers did these people settle near? Ganges and Indus. Why did they settle near these rivers? They needed water for crops and animals. What was the name of the chief god of the Indian Aryans? Shiva. Why did the river-goddess Ganga get angry at Shiva? He told her to go down to earth and give water to the people who were thirsty.
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What did Shiva do when he saw that Ganga was getting ready to jump down on the earth? He jumped down ahead of her so that she landed on top of him. Which river was named after Ganga? The Ganges. What do we call people who believe in Shiva and Ganga? Hindus. The Castes Of Ancient India What were the four different castes of ancient India? Priests, Warriors, Farmers & Traders, and Servants. How did you know what caste you belonged to? You were born into it OR Your family belonged to it. You could never change. If you were born into a Farmer family, you would be a Farmer and could only marry another Farmer. What was the best caste to be in? The priests or Brahmins. What were the people called that didn't belong to any caste? Untouchables. What kind of work did they do? Dirty work such as burying dead animals, cleaning streets, picking up garbage, etc. What story did the Hindus tell to explain castes? The story of Purusha, the first man. Siddhartha Why did Siddhartha leave his palace and wander through the world? Because he saw sick, poor, and old people. What did Siddhartha teach all men to do? To live good lives, to be honest, make peace, and to avoid violence. What was Siddhartha's new name? Buddha. What were his followers called? Buddhists.
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Other Information
Hinduism Main religion of the Indian subcontinent. Tends to be considered a polytheistic religion. It has no single founder and there are several different branches that all believe in reincarnation. Hinduism is followed by approx. 1 billion people worldwide and it is the world's third largest religion. Many people consider Hinduism to be more of a traditional way of life than a religion. There are various religious texts used by the different branches. Countries with large Hindu populations (80% +) include Nepal and India.
Caste System Of India (Varnas) A class system used to organize Hindu society. There are four main categories/levels: 1. 2. 3. 4. Brahim (Priests) Kshatriyas (Warriors) Vaishyas (Traders) Shudras (Workmen)
In addition, there is a fifth level that is not include in the rankings. This group is called the Panchama (The Untouchables). Historically it has been difficult for a person to change to a different group/level. It was also forbidden to marry someone from a different group.
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Buddhism Religion that originated from the Indian subcontinent sometime between 600 400 BC. Largely based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who is known as the Buddha. The term Buddha means the awakened one. Buddhism has no central creator god and gives a central role to the doctrine of karma (actions). The ultimate goal of Buddhism is freedom from suffering, also called nirvana and that this can be obtained through the eightfold path of ethical conduct, wisdom, and mental discipline (meditation). There are approx. 350-500 million followers of Buddhism in the world spread over three main branches. 1. Theravada Sanskrit texts. Popular in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand. 2. Mahayana Chinese texts. Popular in China, Japan, and Korea. 3. Tibetan Buddhism Popular in Bhutan, Nepal, and Mongolia.
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) The man who founded Buddhism. He was an Indian prince born in 563 BC in what is now modern day Nepal. He lived for approximately 80 years. After seeing the suffering of normal people, he renounced his wealth and ran away from his palace. Upon reaching enlightenment, he traveled around the region teaching all sorts of people.
Map Work
1. Trace the Ganges and Indus Rivers in blue. Circle their names in red. 2. Color the area of the Aryan Empire green. 3. Lightly shade the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean in blue.
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Chapter Thirty-One The Mauryan Empire of India
Vocabulary
Jataka Tales Tales told by Buddha to show the people of ancient India how to live. These stories explain that goodness, patience, honesty, mercy, and friendship will bring happiness.
Review Questions
Are cities stronger if they are independent or if they're united together? United together. What was the name of the Indian empire that united the cities of India together? The Mauryan Empire. Who was its most famous ruler? Asoka. What religion did he follow? Buddhism. Can you tell me one of the kind things he did? He built hospitals, built animal hospitals, made laws against cruelty to animals, gave up violence, planted trees along roads, and gave up eating meat. Why did the hare offer to roast himself? So that the priest wouldn't have to kill him. Was he rewarded for his generosity? Yes, he lived happily and was rewarded after death. Who lived with the hare? An otter, a monkey, and a jackal. Were they as generous as the hare? No, because they stole the food they offered the priest.
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Other Information
Mauryan Empire An empire in ancient India that lasted from 321 185 BC. At its peak it covered almost 5 million km2 and was the largest ever empire on the Indian subcontinent. Originally was a Hindu empire, but converted to Buddhism after Ashoka embraced Buddhism. The Mauryan Empire began to fall apart after the death of Ashoka.
Ashoka The Great Indian emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty from approx. 274 232 BC. He loved hunting and even killed a lion with only a wooden stick. He was originally a very wicked man and had a terrible temper. He had a harem of over 500 women and if they insulted him he would burn them to death. However, Ashoka changed after seeing the death and devastation of the Kalinga War. He was moved by what he saw and converted to Buddhism. After conversion, Ashoka devoted his life to the spread of Buddhism. He built several houses for monks all over Asia. Gave donations to Buddhist organizations. He also dug wells and planted trees along roads for the common people. He was one of the first rulers in history to treat animals almost the same as citizens. The Jataka Tales A multiple volume body of literature from India that tells about the previous lives of the Buddha. Some of the earliest Buddhist literature. Probably from around 400 BC or so.
Map Work
1. Trace the Ganges and Indus Rivers in blue. 2. Shade the Mauryan Empire red. 3. Circle the names of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal in blue.
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Chapter Thirty-Two China: Writing and the Qin
Vocabulary
Calligraphy The type of writing that followed pictograms in China. Can often still see a picture in each character, but it is harder to see. Basically, calligraphy means the art of producing decorative handwriting with a brush. People who studied for many years to learn how to write Chinese characters. The seven different kinds of lines to write Chinese characters.
Calligraphers Seven Mysteries
Review Questions
Calligraphy In China What was the earliest Chinese writing called where words looked like the things they name? Pictograms. What do we call later Chinese writing? Calligraphy. Can you tell me the names of several lines used in Chinese calligraphy? They were called the Seven Mysteries. Horizontal line, vertical line, dot, downward stroke, sweeping downward stroke, hook, etc. What kinds of hair did scribes use for their brushes? Mouse, rabbit, sheep, wolf. The Chinese developed a faster way to print books. What did they use? Ink and blocks of wood. Had anyone else ever done this before? No, the Chinese were the first. Warring States How many Warring States were there in ancient China? Six. What Warring State conquered the rest? Qin (pronounced Chin) Where does China get its name from? From the word Qin.
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How did Qin Zheng keep control of his new empire? He made his rivals move into his own city, executed rebellious people, and burned books. Did the Chinese people love their new emperor? No, many disliked him for his cruelty. Qin Zheng, changed his name to Qin Shi Huang. What does this name mean? The First Emperor. What sorts of things did Qin Zheng, or Qin Shi Huang, do to keep the people from rebelling? He melted his enemies' weapons, forced them to move into his capital city, executed anyone planning treason, built roads so his army could move quickly, and burnt books. The First Emperor and The Great Wall Why did Qin Shi Huang want to build a Wall? To keep the Mongols out. What is the full name for the Wall he built? The Great Wall of China. How long is the Wall? About 3000 miles, or as long as the United States is wide. What is the Wall made out of? Stone in some places, packed dirt in other places. Was it finished during Qin Shi Huang's lifetime? No, it took hundreds of years to finish. Can you still see the Wall today? Yes. The First Emperor's Grave How was the tomb of Qin Shi Huang discovered? Two farmers uncovered clay pieces while digging a well. What was found inside the underground city? Thousands of life-sized clay horses and soldiers. Can you tell me two things that might be inside the burial mound? Rivers of mercury, treasure, crossbows, stars, and planets. Why did Qin Shi Huang build such a huge city? Because he hoped to live forever.
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Other Information
Qin Dynasty The first unified imperial dynasty of China. It lasted from 221 206 BC. Was created by Qin Zheng (Shi Huangdi) after the Period of Warring States. The government had centralized control of the population and introduced several reforms including currency, writing system, weights/measures, etc. Also the construction of The Great Wall Of China began during this time period. The leaders of the dynasty tried to get rid of traces of the old dynasties by burning books and destroying monuments. They also controlled dissenters by using force and requiring people to surrender their weapons. The word Qin (Chin) is believed to be the ancestor of the modern word China. The Great Wall Of China A series of fortifications made of stone, brick, stamped earth, and wood. Built along the northern border of China to protect the early empires from intrusions by nomadic groups (Barbarians). Construction began in 221 BC and continued for hundreds of years. The Great Wall is approx. 8,800 22,000 km long depending on what a person considers to be part of the wall. Contrary to popular belief, The Great Wall cannot be seen from outer space. (The width of the Great Wall from space is that same as a human hair viewed from 3.2 km away.)
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Qin Shi Huang's Terracotta Army Collection of terracotta sculptures that depict the army of Shi Huangdi. Includes soldiers, chariots, and horses. A form of funeral art buried with the emperor in 210 209 BC. It was suppose to protect the emperor in the afterlife. Discovered in 1974 by some farmers in China. Later it was discovered that there was an entire burial complex in that location.
Diamond Sutra The world's earliest surviving complete printed book. A Buddhist text printed in China in 868 AD. It is now located in the British Library. It was printed approx. 587 years before the Gutenberg Bible.
Map Work
1. Color the Great Wall of China brown. 2. Shade the Qin Empire green. 3. Circle the names of the two important rivers in the Qin Empire in red. Trace the rivers blue. 4. Shade the three seas near China in blue.
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Chapter Thirty-Three Confucius
Vocabulary
Confucianism A system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius. Core belief is humanism. The belief that human beings are teachable and have the ability to improve. People should respect one another and strive for social harmony.
Review Questions
Who was the great teacher of ancient India? Buddha. Who was the great teacher of ancient China? Confucius. Tell me about the things Confucius taught. Obey people in authority, don't do anything to another person that you wouldn't want done to you, try to fix your mistakes, giving is more fun that getting, don't be greedy, etc. When did Confucius live? During the Period of the Warring States.
Other Information
Confucius lived around 551BC to 479BC. Confucianism Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is not a religion. Core belief is humanism. Human beings are teaching, improvable, and perfectible through personal and groups pursuits. Some core teachings include respect for parents, respect for society, and loyalty. The Golden Rule is often attributed to Confucianism. Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you.
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Temple Of Confucius - Located in Qufu, China. - Established in 479 BC, one year after the death of Confucius. - Built to honor his teachings. - Named an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. - Covers an area of 1600 m2 and has 400 + room.
Map Work
None
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Chapter Thirty-Four The Rise of Julius Caesar
Vocabulary
Rhetoric The art of speaking in public.
Triumvirate The name of the group of three leaders of ancient Rome. Julius Caesar convinced the other two consuls to allow him to join as a consul. (Tri is latin for three)
Review Questions
Caesar Is Kidnapped What city was Julius Caesar from? Rome. Who did Julius Caesar's family say they were descended from? Romulus. Why did the people of Rome like Caesar? He was a good speaker, he threw parties for people, he was brave, he defeated the pirates. The pirates told Caesar that they wanted a lot of money before they would release him. What did Caesar tell them? That we was worth more than that. What did Caesar do when the pirates let him go? He gathered an army together, hunted down the pirates, and defeated them. The Consuls Of Rome What did a consul do? Governed (ruled) Rome. What country did Caesar govern, before he became a consul? Spain. Why did Caesar weep when he read the story of Alexander the Great? Because he (Caesar) hadn't accomplished anything great yet. Did Caesar become a consul? Yes. Once Caesar became consul, how many consuls were there? Three.
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Caesar and The Senate What did the Senators think Caesar wanted to be? King of Rome. What was Caesar doing that made the Senators angry? He ignored them and did whatever he wanted. What did Cincinnatus do when the people wanted him to be king? He went back to his fields. Do you think Caesar was like Cincinnatus? No.
Other Information
Cincinnatus A Roman aristocrat and statesman who was one of the Roman consuls in 460 BC and later a dictator of the Roman empire. His rule and leadership is often considered a model of civic virtue because he refused to hold onto his power longer than was necessary. (He twice resigned his dictatorship and retired to his farm.) The town of Cincinnati in Ohio is indirectly named after him. Julius Caesar (See the next chapter for more detailed information about Julius Caesar.)
Map Work
1. Color the Mediterranean Sea blue. Color the islands in the sea pink. 2. Trace the Tiber River in blue. 3. Circle Rome in red. 4. Draw a dotted line from Rome to Spain. (Caesar's route when he became the leader of Spain)
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Chapter Thirty-Five Caesar the Hero
Vocabulary
Veni, Vidi, Vici Latin for, I came, I saw, I conquered!
Review Questions
Caesar Fights The Celts Why were Caesar's soldiers so loyal to him? He treated them well, paid them money, and made sure they had plenty of food to eat. What country did Caesar want to conquer? Britain. What do we call people who lived in Britain? Celts. Did Caesar ever completely conquer Britain? No. What did he tell the people of Rome about his wars with the Celts? That he was winning. Do you remember the name of the book Caesar wrote about his wars? The Gallic Wars. Caesar Crosses The Rubicon Which senator married Caesar's daughter and then became jealous of Caesar? Pompey. When Caesar heard that he was going to be arrested, what did he do? He marched his army towards Rome, crossing the Rubicon River on the way. Did Pompey and the Senators fight against Caesar? No, their soldiers ran away. Was Caesar the king yet? No, but he was very powerful. What does crossing the Rubicon still mean? Doing something that you can't undo.
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Caesar and Cleopatra What country did Pompey run to? Egypt. What queen ruled Egypt? Cleopatra. How did Cleopatra and her brother try to make friends with Caesar? They killed Pompey. Why did Cleopatra want Caesar to be on her side? She wanted to get rid of her brother and rule Egypt alone. Did Caesar help her rule Egypt alone? Yes. What does Veni, Vidi, Vici mean? It is Latin for I Came, I Saw, I Conquered. The Death Of Caesar When Caesar became dictator, what could he do? Anything he wanted to do. Can you name one thing that Caesar did when he became dictator? He took power away from the Senate, he could declare war, pass laws, raise takes, he made money with his picture on it, he paid for gladiator fighting, etc. What did Caesar want to be called? King Caesar. Who did he want to be king after him? His nephew Octavian. Why did the Senate decide to kill Caesar? They were afraid of his power; they didn't want him to pass his power on to another king. Can you remember one strange thing that happened to Caesar on the 15 th of March? His horses were crying, a fortune-teller told him to be careful, and his wife had a strange dream. What did Caesar say when he died? Et tu, Brute? This means You too, Brutus?
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Other Information
Julius Caesar A Roman general and politician who was instrumental in the transformation of Rome from a republic to an empire and who ruled the Roman Empire from 49 BC to March 15, 44 BC. (He was killed by his fellow Senators.) Born to a wealthy family in 100 BC, Caesar held several positions within the Roman Republic. He was noted for his excellent spoken and written Latin skills and also for his military skills. He governed Spain and eventually became a consul in Rome and then ultimately the emperor of Rome. He wrote several Latin books with the most famous being The Gallic Wars.
Cleopatra The last pharaoh of ancient Egypt who reigned from 51 30 BC. She was a member of the Ptolemaic Dynasty The family of Greek origin that ruled Egypt after the death of Alexander The Great. She originally ruled with her brothers, but ultimately became the sole ruler. Cleopatra was regarded as a great beauty and used her beauty to her advantage. She had an affair with Julius Caesar that produced one child and later had an affair with Mark Anthony that produced twins. Note: Cleopatra was 21 years old when she met Caesar. He was 52 years old.
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Crossing The Rubicon A metaphor for deliberately going past a point of no return. It originated with Julius Caesar's seizure of power in the Roman Republic in 49 BC. Caesar led his army across the Rubicon River and into Italy. If he had not been successful, he would have been executed. Means to do something that you cannot undo. Irreversible. Other terms with the same meaning include: Point of no return and Burn one's bridges.
Commentaries On The Gallic Wars (Commentarii de Bello Gallico) A collection of books written by Julius Caesar that describes the battles and intrigues that took place during the 9 years he spent fighting local armies in Gaul (Britain). Also considered a fine example of written Latin and is often used to teach children basic Latin.
Map Work
1. Color Britain red. 2. Trace the Rubicon River in blue. 3. Circle Egypt in red. Trace the Nile River in blue. 4. Draw a line from Britain down to Rome. (Make sure your line crosses the Rubicon River) 5. Draw another line from Rome down to the Nile Delta. (Caesar's route to Egypt)
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Chapter Thirty-Six The First Roman Prince
Vocabulary
Princeps Augustus Latin for first citizen. Our English word prince comes from this word. Means blessed and majestic. The Roman Senate even named a month after Augustus Caesar, the month of August. The month of July was named after his adopted father, Julius Caesar.
Review Questions
Who was Octavian's uncle? Julius Caesar. How did Octavian make himself popular in Rome? He threw a big party with Caesar's money. He gave presents and money to poor families. Did Octavian ask to be king? No, he said that he would quit. What title did the Senate give Octavian? First Citizen or princeps. What was Octavian's new name? Augustus Caesar. Which month is named after Augustus Caesar? August. Which month is named after Julius Caesar? July.
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Other Information
Augustus Caesar The founder of the Roman Empire and the true first emperor. He was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar. First served as a consul and then was emperor from 27BC to 14 AD. He rejected monarchial titles and called himself Princeps Civitatis (First Citizen). His rule led to Pax Romana. He also increased the size of the empire, reformed the tax system, developed the road network, and reformed the social services (fire, police, etc.) Note: The name Augustus means blessed and majestic. Note: The month of August is named after him.
The Word Caesar The word caesar became the word for emperor both in the Roman Empire and in other empires. For example, it became the word kaiser in Germany and the word tsar in Russia.
Map Work
1. Color the area that made up the Roman Empire green. 2. Shade the sea that the Roman Empire surrounded light blue. (What is this sea's name?) 3. Mark Cleopatra's home of Egypt with an X.
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Chapter Thirty-Seven The Beginning of Christianity
Vocabulary
Pax Romana Latin for The Roman Peace. A time of peace and safety in the Roman Empire. During this time, people could live safely without worrying about invasions. Also a time when art and architecture flourished. 27BC to 180AD. (207 Years) Brought back to life from the dead.
Resurrected
Review Questions
The Birth Of Jesus What do we call the time of peace and safety in the Roman empire? The Pax Romana. What is the other name for the land of Judea? Canaan. According to the story from the Gospel of Luke, where was Jesus born? In Bethlehem. What holiday celebrates the birth of Jesus? Christmas. Who came running to see Jesus after he was born? How did they know he had been born? Shepherds. They knew because angels told them. Jesus Crucified and Resurrected What is Jesus' most famous teaching called? The Sermon On The Mount. (Gospel of Matthew Chapters 5, 6, 7) Do you remember any of the things Jesus taught? Poor people are blessed, merciful people are blessed, peaceful people are blessed, don't fight back, love your enemies, don't judge other people. Why did the Romans get worried about Jesus? They thought that the Jews would obey Jesus instead of Augustus Caesar. What does the Gospel of Luke say happened after Jesus was buried? He rose from the dead. What are followers of Jesus called? Christians.
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Other Information
Jesus Of Nazareth Central figure in Christianity. The son of God and the Messiah. He was a Jewish carpenter and a teacher from the town of Nazareth in Galilee. He was most likely born some time between 6 BC 6 AD and died sometime between 30 36 AD. Jesus is mentioned in several other religions as well: Judaism Jews reject the idea that Jesus was the Messiah. Islam Muslims believe Jesus was a messenger of God and the Messiah. He is mentioned 25 times in the Quran by name. More than Muhammad. The Nativity Story (Christmas) The accounts of the birth of Jesus. Can be found in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew in the New Testament. Luke 1-2 Mostly deals with before the birth of Jesus and focuses on Mary. Matthew 1-2 Mostly deals with after the birth of Jesus and focuses on Joseph. These accounts take place in Israel and the surrounding areas, specifically in the town of Bethlehem. Note: December 25th was most likely not the real date of Jesus' birth. The Crucifixion and Resurrection Story (Easter) The crucifixion was an event that took place during the 1 st Century AD. Jesus, the son of God, was arrested, tried, and executed on the cross. The suffering/death of Jesus and his later resurrection are the central aspects of Christianity. Accounts of the crucifixion can be found in all four of the Gospels in the New Testament Matthew 27:32-56 Mark 15:21-40 Luke 23:26-49 John 19:17:37 The Holy Week (week leading up to Easter Sunday) is a very special time in the Christian church. There are several special days during this week including Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday. The resurrection was an event that followed the crucifixion of Jesus. Jesus rose from the dead on the Sunday (Easter Sunday) following the Friday of his crucifixion. It is the foundation of Christianity. Accounts of the resurrection can be found in all four of the Gospels in the New Testament: Matthew 28, Mark 16, Luke 24, John 20 The Sermon On The Mount A collection of sayings and teachings of Jesus. Emphasizes moral teaching. Can be found in Matthew 5-7. It is the longest piece of teaching from Jesus in the New Testament. Includes the Beatitudes, the Lord's Prayer, etc. Note: The exact location of this sermon is unknown.
Map Work
1. Color the Mediterranean Sea blue. 2. Circle Bethlehem in yellow. (Jesus was born here) 3. Circle Jerusalem in green. (Jesus was crucified here)
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Chapter Thirty-Eight The End of the Ancient Jewish Nation
Vocabulary
Imperator Another name for emperor. (Latin meaning to order or to command.)
Review Questions
What Persian king let the Jews go back to their home? Cyrus. Who ruled over the Jews then? The Romans. Why did the Jews attack the Romans? They didn't want to pay taxes and obey the Romans. What city did the Romans destroy? Jerusalem. What did the Romans do to the Temple? They burned it and pulled the stones apart to get the gold and silver inside. What happened to the Jewish people then? They were scattered through all the countries of the world.
Other Information
The Temple Jerusalem (Holy Temple) Name given to different structures which have historically been located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (The current site of the Dome of the Rock). These Temples were the center of Jewish life and worship. The Temple acted as a sign of God's presence and a Third Temple will be built in the future. The First Temple was built by Solomon in 957 BC and was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC. The Second Temple was built as a result of the authorization of Cyrus The Great in 538 BC. It was destroyed by the Romans in 70 AD.
Destruction Of The Second Temple Jerusalem The Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in 70AD. This marked the end of the First Jewish-Roman War. Obviously, the Romans won and this allowed for the destruction of the temple. All that remains today is the Western Wall.
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Jewish Holidays Associated With The Destruction Of The Temple Seventeenth Of Tammuz Fast day commemorating the breach of the walls of Jerusalem prior to the destruction of the Second Temple. Falls on the 17th day of the Hebrew month of Tammuz and marks the beginning of the 3 week mourning period leading up to Tisha B'Av. This day also commemorates the destruction of the Torah Tablets containing the 10 Commandments. According to the Mishnah (Ta'anit 4:6), five calamities for the Jewish people occurred on this day. Note: The fast lasts from dawn to shortly after dusk. The Three Weeks & Nine Days The Three Weeks is a period of mourning commemorating the destruction of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem. Starts on the 17th of Tammuz and ends on the 9th of Av. The Three Weeks have historically been a time of misfortune for the Jewish people, due to the fact that many bad things have happened during this time period. Thus, many Jewish people avoid any dangerous places or any risky behavior during the Three Weeks. In addition, no marriages or other celebrations are allowed during the Three Weeks because the joy of such an event would conflict with the expected mood of mourning. The last Nine Days of this mourning period (The first nine days of Av) are a period of intense mourning. Many Jewish communities refrain from eating poultry and red meat, stop drinking wine, stop taking hot showers, refrain from buying new clothes, etc. (All of these activities bring happiness and joy) Tisha B'av Ninth Of Av Annual fast day that occurs on the 9th of Av. No eating or drinking is allowed for approx. 25 hours. Often called the saddest day in Jewish history because many bad things occurred on this day including the destruction of the Temples, the expulsion of the Jews from England (1290 and Spain (1492), etc. This day marks the end of the Three Weeks Of Mourning. The Wailing Wall (The Western Wall) Located in the Old City of Jerusalem at the foot of the western side of the Temple Mount. Commonly refers to the 57 meter exposed section. However, the entire wall is 488 meters long, but parts of it are hidden by residential structures. It is the most sacred site in Judaism outside of the Temple Mount. A site for Jewish prayer and pilgrimage for centuries. Many people place prayer notes in the wall when visiting. The Wall hasn't always been under Jewish control and sometimes Jews were prohibited from praying there. Since the Six Day War in 1967, the Western Wall has been under Israeli control. It is the sole remnant of the Holy Temple.
Map Work
1. Circle the city of Jerusalem in red. 2. Trace the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in blue. 3. Color the area between the two rivers green. (What was this area called? Mesopotamia)
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Chapter Thirty-Nine Rome and the Christians
Vocabulary
Catacombs Underground cemetery (tunnels) used to bury dead people. Passages dug under Rome and other European cities. These passages were used by Christians to hold secret meetings and to bury their dead.
Review Questions
Nero, The Evil Emperor Where was Nero when Rome burned? At a party at his house in the country. Did he come back to Rome when he heard about the fire? No, he stayed in the country a little while longer. Did Nero help the families who lost their homes? No. What did he do instead? He decided to build a bigger palace where the fire had burned. What did the people of Rome think about this? They were very angry with Nero. Whom did Nero blame for the fire? The Christians. (Note: Nero ruled from 54 68 AD) Christians In The Catacombs What man were Romans supposed to worship? The emperor. Did Christians worship the emperor? No. How were Christians punished? They were put in prison or forced to fight wild animals. Where did Christians have their meetings? Underground, in secret passages.
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What were those secret passages called? Catacombs. What secret symbol did the Christians use? The symbol of a fish. The Emperor Is A Christian! What god did Constantine worship at first? Apollo. Why did he stop persecuting Christians? He didn't think people should be put in jail because of the god they worshipped. What did he see a vision of? A cross made out of light. Do you remember what the words underneath the cross said? By this sign, you will be victor. What battle did Constantine's army win? The Battle of Milvian Bridge. What happened to Constantine after the victory? He became a Christian OR He built a new capital city. Constantine built a new capital city and named it after himself. What was this city's name? Constantinople. (Modern day Istanbul) (Note: Constantine ruled from 312 337 AD)
Other Information
Constantinople The capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire (The Byzantine Empire) and also the capital of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It was founded in 330 AD by Constantine The Great. By 1100 AD it was the wealthiest European city. Noted for its strong defenses, its palaces, and its architecture. (Hagia Sophia) Constantinople fell to the Muslims in 1453 AD. It was also the capital during the Ottoman Empire. Constantinople is now the modern city of Istanbul in Turkey.
Map Work
1. Color in the area of the Roman Empire with a green colored pencil. 2. Color the rest of the land on the map red. (Not part of the Roman Empire) 3. Shade the seas and oceans light blue.
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Chapter Forty Rome Begins to Weaken
Vocabulary
Barbarians A member of a tribe that did not belong to one of the Great Civilizations (Roman, Greek, etc.). Often considered uncultured, rude, savage, etc.
Review Questions
The British Rebellion Do you remember the names of two strong, powerful leaders of Rome? Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus. Were the emperors after them strong too? No, most were weak. Who lived in Britain? The Celts. Did Rome control all of Britain? No, only part of it. Who was the leader of the rebellious Celts in our story? Boadicea. Why were the Romans embarrassed to be beaten by Boadicea? Because she was a woman. Do you remember any of the strange things that happened when the Celts were attacking the Romans? The statue of Victory fell face down, the sea turned red, a ghost town in ruins was seen near Londinium, yells came from an empty theater. Were there more Romans or more Celts? Celts. Why did the Romans win? They obeyed their general and fought together. Rome Divided In Two Why couldn't the Roman soldiers defend all the borders of Rome? It was too big. How did the emperor Diocletian try to protect the huge empire of Rome? He divided it into two parts.
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What were the two parts of the Roman empire called? The Western Roman Empire and The Eastern Roman Empire. What city was the capital of the Western Roman Empire? Rome. What city was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire? Constantinople. Which city got to be rich and powerful? Constantinople. Which city grew poor and shabby? Rome. Who invaded the Western Roman Empire? Barbarians.
Other Information
Barbarians A term that originated from the Ancient Greek word barbars. The Greeks used this word to refer to anyone not Greek. Can mean a foreigner, an outsider, a rude/uncivilized person, or an uncultured person. Different cultures throughout history referred to different groups as barbarians. The Division Of The Roman Empire Diocletian divided Rome in 286AD. He ruled the Eastern half while Maximian ruled the Western half. This lasted from 286AD to 305AD. By 324 AD Constantine controlled both halves again and the Roman Empire had a single emperor. Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople. By 395 AD the empire was divided again, this time forever.
Map Work
1. Color the Eastern Roman Empire yellow. 2. Circle the city of Constantinople in green. (The capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire) 3. Color the Western Roman Empire blue. 4. Circle the city of Rome in red (The capital city of the Western Roman Empire) (Which half became the richer one? Which half became the poorer, weaker one?)
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Chapter Forty-One The Attacking Barbarians
Vocabulary
Barbarians A member of a tribe that did not belong to one of the Great Civilizations (Roman, Greek, etc.). Often considered uncultured, rude, savage, etc.
Review Questions
Attila The Hun What do we call the barbarians who came from central Asia? The Huns. Who was their leader? Attila. Who was Honoria? The sister of the Western Roman Emperor. Why did she send Attila a letter, offering to marry him? Because she wanted to get away from the Roman court. What did Attila do when he got the letter? He invaded Italy. Why did Attila agree to leave Italy? The Western Roman Emperor paid him to leave. Stilicho, Roman and Barbarian What barbarian tribe invaded the Western Roman Empire? The Visigoths. How long did it take them to fight the barbarians? Years and years. Were the Romans able to beat the Visigoths? No. How did they finally convince the Visigoths to go away? The Romans paid them 4000 pounds of gold. (Almost $100 million) (64,000 oz. * $1550)
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Why were people suspicious of Stilicho? Because his father was a barbarian. Was he a good Roman, or not? What happened to him? Yes, he was. However, he was executed. The Coming Of The Visigoths What was the first barbarian tribe to invade the city of Rome? The Visigoths. What was the second tribe? The Vandals and they were much worse than the Visigoths. Why didn't the Visigoths burn the churches of Rome? Because some of them were Christian. Where was the Emperor when Rome was invaded? He had gone away to a city in a swamp. Why didn't the Eastern Roman Emperor send help? He was afraid that the barbarians would invade his own city next.
Other Information
Attila The Hun The ruler of the Hunnic Empire (The Huns were a group of nomadic people) from 434 453 AD. This empire was situated in modern day Hungary, parts of Germany, the Balkans, and Ukraine. They consistently attacked the Eastern Roman Empire while maintaining good relations with the Western Roman Empire. Attila died in 453AD. The Visigoths Germanic nomadic tribe that sacked the city of Rome in 410 AD. They had a very good code of law that is still used in part in many countries around the world. They had very strong protection of property rights for women.
Map Work
1. Draw a red arrow from the word Huns to the border of the Western Roman Empire. (Huns attacked) 2. Draw a black arrow from the word Visigoths to Rome. (Visigoths attacked) 3. Draw a green arrow from the word Vandals to Rome. (Vandals attacked)
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Chapter Forty-Two The End of Rome
Vocabulary
Scroll Long pieces of paper or animal skin, that you had to unroll and read and roll back up when you were finished. Latin for out of many, one.
E Plurbis Unum
Review Questions
Why did the Roman people call Romulus Augustus little disgrace? They didn't want to obey a child who was also a barbarians. How old was he when he became Emperor? Six. What happened to him, after he was removed from the throne? He was sent to live in another city. Was there another Roman Emperor after him? No, he was the last Roman emperor. What happened to the Western Roman Empire? It disappeared. Barbarians lived there. What happened to the Eastern Roman Empire? It was called the Byzantine Empire. Can you tell me three things that we got from the Romans? Books, swimming pools, coins, names of months, names of planets, etc. Can you tell me two words that come from Latin? Flower, P.S., ship, library, family, refrigerator, etc.
Other Information
The End Of The Roman Empire The Roman Empire ended in 476AD when the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire was overthrown by a Germanic chieftain. This event usually marks the end of the Classical Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. The are several theories about WHY the Empire fell; however, there is no real agreement among scholars. Some ideas include: poor economic policy, laziness/loss of civic virtue, military decline, disease, etc.
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The Byzantine Empire As the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the Byzantine Empire continued to flourish for another 1000 years or so. The capital city was Constantinople (Second Rome) from 330 1453 AD. Differed from Rome due to the use of Greek language and culture instead of Latin and also because it used Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism and later Roman Catholicism. The Byzantine Empire was a prime trading economy and a part of the famous Silk Road. It was quite wealthy and luxurious. However, it was eventually overrun by the Ottomans. Note: There was no such term as the Byzantine Empire. It was just the Roman Empire. The term Byzantine is used by modern scholars to make things more convenient.
Legacy Of The Roman Empire Language & Alphabet Latin was the lingua franca (working language) of the Roman Empire and led to the formation of the Romance Languages used by more than 500 million people worldwide. In addition, the vocabulary of Germanic languages contain many Latin based words. About 50% of English vocabulary is Latin based. Religion Once the Romans adopted Christianity, they helped to spread it to all parts of their Empire. The Roman Catholic Church is still centered in Rome. Inventions Some of the things the Romans contributed include: Aqueducts, roads, concrete, architecture (arch & dome), the Julian calendar, etc.
Map Work
1. Label the following on the map: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa Mediterranean Sea Italy Britain China India Nile River Central America Mesopotamia
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Story Of The World

Chapter Summaries Notes

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Silt Egyptians Pharaoh

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Below are some examples of the early forms of writing:

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Sarcophagus Mastaba Tombs

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

period the Israelites became slaves in Egypt.)

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

A Map Of The Sahara Desert

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Athens Basic Info. Educated society. Artistic. Luxurious. Men Women

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Some of the other important or more well-known Greek gods include:

Name Hades Hestia Asclepius Eros Heracles

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Gordian Knot

The Division Of Alexander's Empire

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Hindus Brahmin Caste

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Calligraphers Seven Mysteries

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

The Story of the World: Ancient Times

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STOW - Vol. 1 - Teacher's Guide

STOW - Vol. 1 - Teacher's Guide