KHK

The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002
A Satellite Image of the State of Kuwait.
His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah The Amir of the State of Kuwait
His Highness Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah The Crown Prince and Prime Minister
HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber The First Deputy Prime Minister, Ministr of Foreign Affairs & Chairman of the Higher Council, Environment Public Authority
Quotes from the statements of

His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah,
the Amir of the State of Kuwait:

sMul , ea asbg o rs t nswt tep rs nte A sms w l y ei u t e t i h hae I h i w n a me h n me f l h te sgai s n te smec uT irvl ae a o Al ,h mot rc u a d h mot ri l hs ea d t a o f . i s our mandate with Allah to tell the truth, bring justice for all, and ensures that all our interaction between people is based on mercy, as the basis of bohrod h ma r hsa dco eai fr u a vne ns rteh o , u n i t n oprt n o o r d a cmet g , o . at ite te o h ma i a dds oig h ev o met a s E r sh mohr f u nt n et y te n i n n men h y r n r violating and abusing the trustworthy that almighty Allah has asked us to preserve. We should also preserve the heritages that our fathers have built in the past so we can deliver it more prosperous to the future gnrt n eeai s. o o rn a dcet eda g eis the path to knowledge, and pleasant T l a t n rai i ou e v l words provides the environment for good will and the best for the n t n lneet. ai ait s o r r is poie iin tie wt acst no a eai site C ic m, rv d ts o fl i cuai r lgt n,s h ti d ld h o l o first step to reform. The most important ethics in any criticism is neither t gi o dvrat t nf m o r w f w n ro a s cnlt o a r i t t ni r n e e o o u o n l s o t cue o fc . a is c nic eerhif iu a dcno l b gie b toe h w r Si tirsac s r t l n a ny e a d y h s w o ee e f uf n patient and lived and spent their time and effort believing that whatever bnfs epe e is. ee tpo lrma i n
uuerso s it saeget ta tep s o tepeet T e F tr ep ni li r rae h n h at r h rsn. h b ie r get te o e,h get aeh des. rae h h pste rae r te ed r r ts nh n u t ba arso s it.ts no l ai t poett I ia o o r o er ep ni ly I ia bi t n o rt i bi g o c and deliver it. And iia i t a uet. ts s o b s i n h s egho a ai imesrdb te bly ftpo lt w r T e t n t f n t n s aue y h a it o i epe o ok r o i s and cooperate in order to elevate their efficiencies through science, experience, experiment and creativity as well as their capacity for self assess n i odro ec te et eio metn re t rah h bsdc i . sn
Project Director Dr. Mohammad Abdul Rahman Al-Sarawi President of the Council & Director General Envioronment Public Authority
Dr. Eng. Sufyan Al-Tal Supervision, Editing, and Scientific Review Senior Advisor United Nations Development Program, UNDP
Members of the Executive Board Dr. Mohammad Al-Sarawi. President of the Council, Director General and Chairman of the Executive Office. Manager, Strategy Executive Office from 20/4/99-20/4/2000. General Coordinator of the strategy from 20/9/99-22/11/99. General Coordinator of the strategy from 14/12/99-25/1/2002 and Manager, Executive Office from 26/1/2002-Recently. Project Consultant.
Dr. Bandar Mossalam Al-Raqas. MsWaaa h dA-Khamees. . f A ma l Ms. Faten Al-Mosallam.
Dr. Mohammad Fathi Hamooda. Eng. Salah Mazeedi. Mohammad
Al- Project Consultant. Member. Researcher. Researcher. Researcher. Information Coordinator. International Relations Coordinator
Dr. Mohammad Fawzi Qasim. Ms. Alia Hasan Bu-Rhama. Mr. Wael Ahmad Al-Matar. Miss Heba Adel Al-Ta tb . ba ae e Mr. Abdullah Saleh Al-Yahya. Mr. Raed Al-Husaini.
Dr. Hasan Al-Khardajee Reference Standards Provision. (Regional Consultant in the Economic and Social Committee for West Asia). Mr. Mohammad Mahmood. Nabawee Map Preparations. Arabic Language Editing. Typing.
Mr. Mohammad Shams Al-Deen. Ms. Tahera Abdul Rahman. Ms. Jihan Mohammad Khalil.
Members of the Guidance Committee No. 1 Name Authority
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Rahman President of the Council, Director General, Environment Public Authority Al-Sarawi. and Project Manager. Dr. Ali Yousif Al-Saif. Deputy Undersecretary of the Ministry of Health, Community Health and Environment.
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Dr. Nabhan Ibraheem Al-Nabhan CEO, Tohama Real Estate Company. E gA aa A ma A-S d n . sd h d l aa . Eng. Mahmood Khalid Karam. General Supervisor, Kuwait National Petroleum Company, Ahmadi Refinery. Manager, Treatment and Water Resources Department, Ministry of Public Works. Deputy Undersecretary for Educational Development, Ministry of Education.
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Dr. Mansoor Ghloom Hussain.
Mr. Yousef Mohammad Al-Hajri. Deputy Undersecretary for Operation and Maintenance of Power Stations and Water Desalination Plants, Ministry of Electricity and Water. Eng. Jamal Al-Sayed Hashim Al- Deputy Undersecretary for Technical Affairs, Ministry of Oil. Rifai. Dr. Manaf Ismail Bahbahani. Faculty of Science, Kuwait University.
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Dr. Abdulrazzak Mishari Al- Deputy General Manager for Applied Education and Research, Public Nifisi. Authority for Applied Education and Training. Eng. Mousa Hussain Al-Sarraf. Deputy General Manager for Projects, Affairs, Kuwait Municipality.
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Mr. AbdulMohsen Nasser Al- Deputy General Manager, Landscape and Greening Department, Public Qallaf. Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources.
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Mr. Yousif Shehab Al-Bahar.
Deputy General Manager, Specifications and Industrial Services, Public Authority for Industry. Manager, Office of Studies and Followup, Public Authority for Housing Care. Deputy Managing Director (operations), Kuwait Oil Company. Manager, Environment and Earth Sciences Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
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Dr. Sameer Al-Awadi.
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Mr. Bader Nasser Al-Khashti. D . n A-Sderawi. rMa e l a
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Col. Anwar Abdul Razzak Al- Acting General Manager, Department of Border Security and Sea Patrol, Ministry Yaseen. of Interior (MoI). Col Mustafa Juma Shaban. Major Eisa Al-Rasheed. Acting General Manager, Department of Civil Defense, (MoI). Deputy Manager, Technical Testing, General Department of Traffic (MoI).
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Dr. Adnan Ez-Aldein Hashim Al- Deputy Undersecretary for Measurment of Development Performance and Refai. Future Prediction, Ministry of Planning. Sheikh Rakan Al-Sabah. Mr. Reyadh Ahmad Al-S n. ae a Chief Engineer, Military Installations Engineering Dept., Ministry of Defense. Manager of Weather Forecast Department, General Directorate of Civil Aviation. Third Secretary, Legal Department, Ministry of External Affairs.
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Mr. Theyab Farhan Al-Rasheedi.
Sheikh Salman Dawood Salman Deputy Undersecretary for Information and Press Affairs, Ministry of Al-Sabah. Information. Eng. Khalid Ashoor Al-Marzooq. Deputy Undersecretary Transportation, Ministry for of
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Communication. 26 27 28 Mr. Meshal Ahmad Abdullah Al- Judge, Court of Appeal, Ministry of Justice. Jeraiwee. Mr. Younis Mohammad Younis Judge, Court of Appeal, Ministry of Justice. Al-Yaseen. Ms. Huda Shayji. Abdulmohsen Al- Manager, Department of Fatwa, Directorate of Fatwa and Legislation, Cabinet of Ministers. Deputy Manager, Department of Fatwa and Legislation, Cabinet of Ministers. Seconded Advisor, Environment Public Authority, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. Manager of Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment Department, Environment Public Authority. Seconded Advisor for the Environment Public Authority, Kuwait University.
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Mr. Haidar Taher Al-Herz. Dr. Bandar Al-Raqas.
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MsWaaa h dA-Khamees. . f A ma l
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Dr. Mohammad Fathi Hamooda. Eng. Salah Mazeedi. Mohammad
Al- Second Advisor for the Environment Public Authority, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
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Dr. Mohammad Mokhales Abu- General Manager, Program of Public Works, Social Funds for Development, Sada. Eygpt. Dr. Mamoon Fahham. Al-Hamawi Al- Manager, Alfa Consulting Group, Syria. Environment Public Authority . Environment Public Authority. Environment Public Authority. Environment Public Authority.
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Ms. Alia Hasan Bu-Rhama. Mr. Wael Ahmad Al-Matar. Ms. Faten Ali Al-Mossallam. Miss. Heba Adel Al-T ba ae a tb .
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Introduction
The initiation of this strategy started by the determining certain important objectives. To continue the efforts, the first workshop in relation to the raising the pillars of the staregy was held at the end of 1998 where more than 100 representatives of various authorities and organizations, from public and private sectors, participated in its activities. At the workshop, the main strategy goals and objectives were established (Appendix 1). The formulation of action teams representing the different sectors followed. A second workshop was held, later on, in which participants delivered their inputs on the different sectors of the strategy. In the middle of the year 2000, the Environment Public Authority of the State of Kuwait (EPA) approached the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) for assistance in order to propose reference standards to prepare the environmental strategy for the State of Kuwait. Action teams began to obtain the necessary data on which the various sectors of this strategy are based upon. Afterward, many specialists began to prepare the first edition for each given sector. By the end of year 2000, a senior advisor from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) participated in the completion of the different sectors of the strategy. At the end of the year 2001, the advisor, along with the other teams and specialists, completed the work of the strategy which ended up by having ten sectors as its main theme contents. In order to obtain a national endorsement for the strategy, two workshops were held again in 2001. More than two hundred authorities, from the private and public sectors, including the National Assembly, and the press were invited to provide their inputs with transparency and clarity during the discussions. The feed back was very fruitful and contributed to the final drafting of the environmental strategy of the State of Kuwait. As agreed by the concerned officals, this part of the strategy does not include the Oil Sector. As a result, the second part of this strategy will be dedicated to this important sector as it requires enormous amount of information about its environmental aspects and the role of its various institutions. Work on this particular part is still in progress. A great emphasis was put to systematically format information obtained from the various sectors. Each sector begins with the introduction and the assessment of its resources and capabilities including human and legislative. Then, problems and issues of concern, that faces each sector, are then assessed and included in the final document. Finally, solutions to
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these problems were presented along with recommendations on how to protect and improve the environment in each sector of concern. In order to adequately implement and monitor the anticipated solutions and recommendations, action plans were proposed and will be completed in the near future. In the action plan, the recommended solutions and procedures will be presented as specific projects with proposed time framework and budget estimates. Th action plan will assist various authorities and organizations in the country in planning their programs and estimate their budgets based on this environmental strategy. Due to the availability of many highly regarded and effective scientific organizations in Kuwait, many research and studies that were carried out by these institutions, including the ones in progress, were assessed and are presented in this document at the appendices as references. Finally, it should be noted that although this work was performed with a high degree of accuracy and professionalism and because we live in a fast moving and changing world, no work is free from errors. Therefore, the doors will be always open for future development and improvements based on practice, implementation and update. We ask Allah the Merciful and Mercy Giving the success and to protect Kuwait from all threat and difficulties.
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Table of Content
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 13 SECTOR ONE: NATURAL AND HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS..................... 25 1 K w is ega h . u a gorp y 1 t 28 1-1-1 Location............................................................................................................. 28 1-1-2 Area ................................................................................................................... 28 1-1-3 The coastline...................................................................................................... 28 1-1-4 The islands......................................................................................................... 28 1-1-5 High and low tides ............................................................................................. 32 1-1-6 Topography ....................................................................................................... 32 1-1-7 Surface Geology ................................................................................................ 34 1-1-8 Geomorphology ................................................................................................. 35 1-1-9 The Soil ............................................................................................................. 37 1-1-10 Sand dunes ...................................................................................................... 37 1-1-11 Climate characteristics ..................................................................................... 39 1-1-12 Weather: .......................................................................................................... 44 1-1-13 Rain ................................................................................................................. 48 1-2 Oil and gas resources 1-3 Demographic characteristics of the residents of Kuwait 1-4 Urbanization 1-5 Kuwait City SECTOR TWO: THE ATMOSPHERE AND AIR QUALITY 48 50 52 54 58
2-1 Introduction 60 2-1-1 Air Pollution ...................................................................................................... 60 2-1-2 Air pollutants in the outer environment.............................................................. 61 2-1-3 Definition of the major air pollutants in the State of Kuwait, their sources and their effects.......................................................................................................................... 62 2-1-4 Sources and levels of concentrations for air pollutants in Kuwait ...................... 67 2-2 Assessment of resources of the atmosphere and air quality sector 72 2-2-1 Establishments and Authorities working in the field of management, organization, and monitoring of Air emission and Air quality. ......................................................... 73 2-2-2 The governmental production and services establishments ................................ 80 2-2-3 Educational and research Institutes and Non-Governmental Organizations:...... 87 2-2-4 Existing Rules, regulations, and laws in relations to the protection of the environment from air pollution and emissions:............................................................ 88 2-3 Major environmental issues 91 2-3-1 Outdoor air quality............................................................................................. 91 2-3-2 Air quality in the work environment .................................................................. 94
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2-4 Causes of problems in the atmosphere and air quality sector 95 2-4-1 Technical causes ................................................................................................ 95 2-4-2 Institutional causes............................................................................................. 97 2-4-3 General causes ................................................................................................... 98 2-5 The required methods and steps needed to solve the problems of the sector 99 2-5-1 Technical and organizational steps..................................................................... 99 2-5-2 Legislative steps................................................................................................101 2-5-3 Economic steps .................................................................................................101 2-5-4 Awareness steps................................................................................................102 2-6 Sources of information 3-1 Introduction 102 108 SECTOR THREE: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH .............................................106 3-2 Comprehensive evaluation of resources of the sector 109 3-2-1 Ministry of Health (MOH) ................................................................................109 2-2-3 Ministry of Public Works (MPW) .....................................................................113 3-2-3 Kuwait Municipality .........................................................................................116 3-2-4 Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW).........................................................119 3-2-5 The Environment Public Authority ...................................................................120 3-2-6 The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET)................120 3-2-7 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research............................................................122 3-2-8 The Public Department of Customs..................................................................124 3-2-9 The Environmental Monitoring Department, PAI .............................................124 3-2-10 The Kuwaiti Society for the Protection of the Environment ............................125 3-2-11 The Waqf Fund for the Conservation of the Environment ...............................125 3-2-12 Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences .....................................126 3-2-13 Current legislations organizing the environmental health sector......................127 3-3 Environmental health issues in Kuwait 131 3-3-1 Water resources issues ......................................................................................131 3-3-2 Sanitary wastewater issues ................................................................................131 3-3-3 Hazardous, medical, and solid wastes management issues ................................132 3-3-4 Healthy residence or accommodation issues .....................................................139 3-3-5 Issues related to health of the work environment...............................................139 3-3-6 Food safety issues .............................................................................................141 3-3-7 Issues related to environmental health information system: ..............................143 3-3-8 General issues in environmental health .............................................................144 3-4 Causes of problems of the environmental health sector 144 3-4-1 General causes ..................................................................................................144 3-4-2 Quality of the drinking water ............................................................................146 3-4-3 Sewage..............................................................................................................147 3-4-4 The management of hazardous medical and solid wastes ..................................147
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3-4-5 Healthy accommodation....................................................................................148 3-4-6 The Healthy work environment.........................................................................149 3-4-7 Food safety .......................................................................................................149 3-5 Methods and procedures required to solve environmental health problems. 150 3-5-1 In the field of food safety..................................................................................150 3-5-3 In the field of hazardous, medical, and solid wastes management .....................152 3-5-3 Sewage..............................................................................................................153 3-5-4 In the field of healthy work environment ..........................................................154 3-5-5 In the field of water quality ...............................................................................155 3-5-6 In the field of healthy residence or accommodation ..........................................156 3-6 Sources of Information 4-1 Introduction 157 161 SECTOR FOUR: FRESH WATER RESOURCES ...............................................159 4-2 Comprehensive assessment of the water resources sector 162 4-2-1 Water resources ................................................................................................162 4-2-2 Water production, distribution, and storage in Kuwait. .....................................178 4-2-3 Water production and consumption...................................................................180 4-2-4 Institutions working in the water sector.............................................................181 4-2-5 Laws and legislations related to the water sector...............................................188 4-3 Issues of concern related to the fresh water sector 191 4-3-1 Covering future water needs, necessary for a sustainable development .............191 4-3-2 Environmental issues of concern related to the reuse of treated sewage waters for agriculture and landscaping purposes .........................................................................193 4-3-3 Issues of concern related to water pricing, in order to reduce consumption and the reuse of water in industry. ..........................................................................................194 4-4 Reasons of concern related to the water resources sector 194 4-5 Means and measures necessary to solve the problems of the sector 198 4-5-1 Objectives .........................................................................................................198 4-5-2 Means ...............................................................................................................199 4-5-3 Measures...........................................................................................................201 4-6 Sources of information 5-1 Introduction 210 215 SECTOR FIVE:ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND EDUCATION ........213 5-2 Assessing the resources of the education sector and the sector that deals with environmental awareness 217 5-2-1 Governmental establishments............................................................................217 5-2-2 Non-governmental establishments participating in raising environmental awareness ...................................................................................................................................226
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5-2-3 Programs, courses, and activities related to increasing the environmental awareness level ...........................................................................................................................228 These include the following: ......................................................................................228 5-2-4 The technical and institutional resources available to develop environmental awareness ...................................................................................................................230 5-2-5 Environmental awareness programs among Major Groups (children, youths, w m n t ..............................................................................................................230 o ee ) c 5-2-6 Environmental awareness among decision makers ............................................231 5-2-7 Environmental awareness among foreign workers ............................................232 5-2-8 Environmental awareness among the media......................................................232 5-2-9 Environmental awareness among some religious clerics (mosque Imams and Islamic preachers)...................................................................................................................234 5-3 Major Issues of concern in the Environmental Education and Awareness Sector 234 5-3-1 Environmental awareness issues in decision making.........................................234 5-3-2 Environmental awareness issues amongst different groups of society ...............235 5-3-3 Lack of environmental awareness among the persons in charge of the media ...238 5-3-4 Environmental awareness issues in various education stages prior to university level ...................................................................................................................................240 5-3-5 Issues and problems of concern related to environmental modules and curricula in Kuwait University and the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training ......241 5-3-6 Bolstering environmental awareness of religious clergymen (Imams and mosques preachers)...................................................................................................................241 5-3-7 Environmental awareness issues at the non-governmental and non-profit organizations. .............................................................................................................242 5-3-8 Environmental awareness issues to reinforce the concept of participation and consultation in environmental conservation................................................................243 5-4 Causes of the problems related the environmental awareness and education sector problems 243 5-4-1 Institutional causes............................................................................................244 5-4-2 Technical Causes ..............................................................................................245 5-4-3 General causes ..................................................................................................246 5-5 Means and measures required to solve the issues of concern related to the environmental education and awareness sector 5-6 Information sources 248 251
SECTOR SIX: INDUSTRY AND ENERGY ..........................................................258 6-2 Evaluation of the Resources of the industry and energy sectors 262 6-2-1 Industrial Sector................................................................................................262 6-2-2: The Public Authority for Industry ....................................................................266 6-2-3 Industrial areas..................................................................................................268 6-2-4 Energy sector ....................................................................................................279
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6-3 Environmental issues related to Energy and Industry sectors 284 6-3-1 Issues related to the equilibrium between industrial development and environmental conservation ...............................................................................................................284 6-3-2 Issues related to industrial development............................................................285 6-3-3 Issues related to Population Development.........................................................286 6-3-4 Issues related to Industrial Areas:......................................................................287 6-3-5 Issues related to Energy Consumption patterns: ................................................287 6-3-6 Issues related to technology ..............................................................................288 6-3-7 Human resources...............................................................................................289 6-3-8 Issues related to industrial wastes and emissions...............................................290 6-3-9 Establishments structures ..................................................................................292 6-3-10 Legislative issues ............................................................................................292 6-4 Causes of environmental issues of concern in the industry and energy sector 295 6-4-1 The balance between industrial development and environmental protection .....295 6-4-2 Technology .......................................................................................................295 6-4-3 Industrial wastes, litters, and gaseous emissions ...............................................296 6-4-4 Establishments structures/units .........................................................................299 6-4-5 Legislative policies ...........................................................................................299 6-5 The required methods and measures to solve the problems of the industry and energy sector 300 6-5-1 The balance between industrial development and environmental protection .....300 6-5-2 Procedures related to the technology field.........................................................302 6-5-3 Procedures for the industrial wastes field ..........................................................304 6-5-4 Measures related to the structures of establishments .........................................308 6-5-5 Legislative measures.........................................................................................310 6-5 References and sources of Information 7-1 Introduction: 312 317 SECTOR SEVEN:WILD LIFE, FLORA AND FAUNA .......................................315 7-2 Available resources for wild life and animal sectors 318 7-2-1 Non-governmental organizations and governmental bodies ..............................318 7-2-2 Organizational, human, technical, legislative, awareness capacities available for serving the wild life sector..........................................................................................319 7-2-3 Legislations, laws and regulations enacted by the governmental sector for the protection of wildlife ..................................................................................................320 7-2-4 Achievements in wildlife protection..................................................................323 7-2-5 Available resources for protection and development .........................................324 7-2-6 Current and future directions concerning wildlife .............................................336 7-3 Major issues of concern that are threatening wildlife, overexploiting its resources and obstructing achieving sustainable development 338 7-3-1 Deterioration of the vegetation cover (1)...........................................................338
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7-3-2 Environmental pollution (2) ..............................................................................339 7-3-3 The extinction of some types of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles (2) ..............339 7-3-4 Lack of environmental awareness among individuals and decision makers in issues related to wildlife biodiversity (3) ..............................................................................339 7-3-5 Incomplete development of natural reserves, rangelands and national parks (3)340 7-3-6 Over consumptive patterns that overexploits natural resources and pressurizes wildlife (2) .................................................................................................................340 7-3-7 The negative Impacts of the Iraqi Invasion on flora and fauns Wildlife (3) .......340 7-3-8 Retreating from enforcing laws and legislations related to the protection of natural resources of the country (1) ........................................................................................340 7-3-10 Lack of financial support for the protection of wildlife sector and leniency in establishing the Desert Park (3) ..................................................................................341 7-4 Direct causes of overexploitation and deterioration of Wildlife resources and their habitats 341 7-4-1 Marine and coastal habitats ...............................................................................341 7-4-2 Desert habitat ....................................................................................................343 7-5 Methodologies and procedures required to resolve problems facing the wildlife sector and maintain its sustainability 351 7-5-1 Institutional procedures.....................................................................................351 7-5-2 Legislative procedures ......................................................................................356 7-5-3 Technical, educational and media procedures ...................................................358 7-6 References and sources of material 8-1 Introduction 361 373 SECTOR EIGHT:URBAN ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE........................372 8-2: Resources of urban environment and heritage sector: 374 8-2-1 Residential units:...............................................................................................374 8-2-2 The Residential Area:........................................................................................375 8-2-3 Facilities and Services:......................................................................................376 8-2-4 Infrastructures:..................................................................................................377 8-2-5 The evolution of urban planning in Kuwait:......................................................377 8-2-6 Historical buildings and structures: ...................................................................378 8-2-7 Public corporations and authorities working in the construction sector: ............380 8-2-8 Legislations concerning the urban environment and heritage: ...........................384 8-3 Issues related to the urban environment and heritage sector: 386 8-3-1 The loss of the architectural character:..............................................................387 8-3-2 Urban pollution:................................................................................................388 8-3-3 Inadequate application of the urban plan and the weakness in architectural planning: ...................................................................................................................................390 8-3-4 The presence of harmful and polluting utilities and services: ............................394 8-3-5 The increasing pressure on available resources of the environment:..................394
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8-3-6 The influence of natural phenomena on the urban environment: .......................394 8-3-7 Insufficient maintenance of heritage, historical, and archeological buildings: ...395 8-3-8 The absence of a housing strategy:....................................................................395 8-3-9 Lack of Environmental Awareness: ..................................................................395 8-3-10 Expanding Projects of Enhancing and Improving the Environment: ...............396 8-3-11 Compliance with Environmental Legislations and Laws:................................397 8-3-12 The Freedom to Access Information: ..............................................................397 8-3-13 Financial and Economical Issues:....................................................................398 8-4 Causes of problems and issues of concern in the Urbanization and Urban Environment Sector: 398 8-4-1 Reasons for the lack of cohesion in buildings and the loss of architectural identity: ...................................................................................................................................398 8-4-2 Reasons for urban Pollution: .............................................................................399 8-4-3 Reasons for the inadequate application of the Urban Plan and the poor architectural planning: ....................................................................................................................400 8-4-4 Reasons for the presence of harming facilities and services: .............................402 8-4-5 Reasons for increased pressure on available resources: .....................................402 8-4-6 Reasons behind the influence of natural phenomena on the urban environment:402 8-4-7 Reasons for lack of maintenance of heritage, historical, and archeological buildings: ...................................................................................................................403 8-4-8 The reasons necessitating a residential strategy:................................................403 8-4-9 Reasons for lack of environmental awareness: ..................................................404 8-4-10 Reasons for leniency in expanding environment beautification projects:.........404 8-4-11 Reasons for the inadequate compliance with laws and legislations concerning the environment: ..............................................................................................................404 8-4-12 Reasons for improper coordination between corporations: ..............................405 8-4-13 Reasons for inadequate monetary and economic spending on urban development projects:......................................................................................................................405 8-5 The proposed solutions and procedures to the issues and problems of the urban environment sector: 405 8-5-1 Proposed solutions to counter the lack of cohesion of the architectural fabric of the country: ......................................................................................................................405 8-5-2 Proposed solutions to control urban pollution: ..................................................406 8-5-3 Proposed solutions to augment urban planning: ................................................408 8-5-4 Proposed solutions to the presence of harming and polluting facilities and services:...............................................................................................................409 8-5-5 Proposed solutions to reduce the pressure on electricity and water: ..................409 8-5-6 Proposed solutions to limit the pressure imposed on resources and raw materials in construction:...............................................................................................................410 8-5-7 Proposed solutions to the influence of natural phenomena: ...............................410 8-5-8 Proposed solutions to maintain historical resources: .........................................411 8-5-9 Proposed solutions for dissipating the population: ............................................411
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8-5-10 Proposed solutions for lack of environmental awareness:................................412 8-5-11 Proposed solutions for the expansion of environmental projects: ....................413 8-5-12 Enacting legislations: ......................................................................................413 8-5-13 Insufficient monetary and economic funding for urban development: .............413 8-5-14 Proposed solutions to enhance the coordination between various corporations:413 8-6 Sources of information: 9-1 Introduction 425 430 SECTOR NINE:AGRICULTURE AND LAND-USE IN KUWAIT.....................428 9-2 Comprehensive evaluation of the agricultural and landscape sector resources432 9-2-1 Structures of institutions working in the agriculture sector................................432 9-2-2 Authorities and institutions responsible for environmental issues and sustainable development ...............................................................................................................434 9-2-3 Existing human, technical, institutional, and legislative capacities to control, and conserve environmental issues ...................................................................................435 9-2-4 National environmental conservation legislations and procedures pursued by the agriculture sector........................................................................................................437 9-2-5 Achievements in the field of environment preservation and protection .............438 9-2-6 The importance of the agriculture sector for the national economy and its role in providing partial food security....................................................................................441 9-2-7 Coordinating measures and cooperation between the land and agriculture establishments and the various governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations working in the field of environmental management and natural resources conservation443 9-2-8 The importance of the agriculture sector in supplying animal feedstock and rangelands ..................................................................................................................445 9-2-9 Assessing agricultural lands ..............................................................................445 9-3 Environmental issues for the landscape and agriculture sector 449 9-3-1 Water resources deterioration............................................................................449 9-3-2 Low soil capacity..............................................................................................450 9-3-3 Sand drifting and accumulation problems .........................................................450 9-3-4 Harsh climate conditions...................................................................................450 9-3-5 Oil spill incidents .............................................................................................451 9-3-6 Irrational uses of pesticides and hormones ........................................................451 9-3-7 Diseases and blights..........................................................................................451 9-3-8 Decrease of vegetation cover and the increase of deteriorated lands due to the irrational land exploitation..........................................................................................453 9-3-9 The Second Gulf War (1990-1991) ...................................................................455 9-4 Reasons of irrational exploitation and deterioration of agriculture and land sector resources 455 9-4-1 Natural factors ..................................................................................................455 9-4-2 Human factors...................................................................................................459 9-4-3 The Gulf War....................................................................................................460
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9-5 Procedures and measures required to limit the problems of the sector 461 9-5-1 Implementing environmental monitoring programmes......................................461 9-5-2 Designing a comprehensive national plan to combat desertification..................462 9-5-3 The sand encroachment and soil erosion control programme ............................465 9-5-4 Developing and management of natural rangelands ..........................................465 9-5-5 Expanding the landscape and green belts application ........................................468 9-5-6 Water resource management and development..................................................470 9-5-7 Sustainable development of agriculture activities and animal resources............472 9-5-8 Proposed legislations ........................................................................................475 9-6 Sources of Information 10-1 Introduction 476 480 SECTOR TEN:COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT ............................478 10-2 Coastal and marine resources 481 10-2-1 Marine organisms: ..........................................................................................481 10-2-2 Water and energy: ...........................................................................................482 10-2-3 Storm water discharges: ..................................................................................483 10-2-4 Transportation and trade: ................................................................................483 10-2-5 Industry...........................................................................................................484 10-2-6 Urban development .........................................................................................484 10-2-7 Touristic and recreational activities.................................................................484 10-2-8 Environmental establishments and authorities.................................................485 10-2-10 Technical capabilities....................................................................................491 10-2-11 Environmental achievements ........................................................................491 10-3 Marine and Coastal environment sector issues 496 10-3-1 Issues related to the pollution of coastal waters...............................................496 10-3-2 The issue of the violating the sound use of the coastline .................................504 10-3-3 The issue of fisheries resources depletion .......................................................506 10-3-4 The issue of absence of environmental awareness...........................................509 10-3-5 Issues related to environmental laws and legislations......................................509 10-3-6 Institutional issues...........................................................................................509 10-3-7 Economic and financial issues ........................................................................509 10-4 Reasons that caused the deterioration of the marine and coastal environment 510 10-4-1 Reasons for the deterioration of coastal water quality .....................................510 10-4-2 Reasons for the deterioration of the reproduction capacities of marine species512 10-4-3 Issues of concern related to violations to the coastal line.................................514 10-4-4 The reasons for the lack of environmental awareness......................................516 10-4-5 Issues of concern related to the incompliance with environmental laws ..........516 10-5 Recommended solutions 517 10-5-1 Recommended solutions to prevent deterioration of coastal waters quality .....517
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10-5-2 Recommended solutions to limit the deterioration of the reproduction capacities of the marine species..................................................................................518 10-5-3 Proposed solutions to cope with the effects of illegal use of the coastal line ...521 10-5-4 Proposed solutions for sustainable development .............................................522 10-5-5 Proposed solutions to increase environmental awareness ................................524 10-6 Information sources ANNEX 1:THE OBJECTIVES AND GOALS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY OF THE STATE OF KUWAIT ANNEX 2:RESEARCH PROJECTS SPONSORED BY THE EPA, KUWAIT (FOR FIVE YEARS AND UNTIL THE YEAR 2000) 525 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................530 531 537 537
ANNEX 3:A SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH COMPLETED BY KISR, (1996-1998)..............................................................................................557 ANNEX 4:RESEARCH FUNDED BY THE KUWAIT FOUNDATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCES 571
ANNEX 5:A LIST OF RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY KUWAIT UNIVERSITY ...................................................................................................................................587 ANNEX 6:A LIST OF RESEARCH PROJECTS ..................................................590
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Sector One Natural and Human Characteristics
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Members of the Geographic and Human Characteristics Sector Team Preparation by: Dr. Eng. Sufyan Al-Tal Scientific Material and References: Atlas of the State of Kuwait From Satellite Images (2000). Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. Geomorphology: Topography: Surface Geology: Sand Dunes: Climate: Weather: Oil Resources: Urban life: Kuwait City: Edited by: Dr. Farouk El-Baz and Dr. Mohammad Abdul Rahman AlSarawi. Supervision by Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-Shamlan. Dr. Faruk El-Baz Mohammad Al-Sarawi. & Dr. Senior Adviser, United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
Mohammad Al-Sarawi and Majalee Kookh. Mohammad Al-Sarawi. Mohammad Al-Sarawi and Huda Al-Dabi. Ali Hamid Ali. Dhari Al-Ajmi. Foozya Abdullah. Abdullah Al-Ghunaim. Waleed Al-Munais.
The Current Status of the The Environment Public Authority. Environment in the State of Kuwait (2000). Natural Resources and Environmental Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, 2000. Characteristics of Kuwait. Annual Statistical Census 1994-1999. Ministry of Planning, Department of Statistics. Central
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Plate 1-2 A satellite image that shows the location of the State of Kuwait within the Arabian Peninsula.
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1 K w is . u a geography 1 t 1-1-1 Location The State of Kuwait is located at the northeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula between latitudes of 28.30 and 30.05 north and longitudes of 46.33 and 48.30 east. It is bound by the Arabian Gulf from the east, Iraq from the North, and Saudi Arabia from the South. 1-1-2 Area The State of Kuwait occupies an area of 17,818 square Kilometers. The average land length from east to west is 170 Kilometers (106 miles) and the distance between the farthest northern location to the farthest southern location is about 200 kilometers (124 miles). The borders of the State of Kuwait has total length of 685 kilometers, 495 kilometers of which are land borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia and the remaining 195 kilometers (121 miles) are sea boundary on the Gulf. 1-1-3 The coastline The coastal line has total length of 325 kilometers, excluding the coasts of the islands. Adding these coasts will make the grand total of the coasts to about 500 kilometers. This coast is considered a part of the shollow waters of Shat Al-arab. This coastal area could be divided into two main areas: North and South. The northern area extends from Ras Al-Ard to Um-Qasser and the coasts of Bubyan and Warba Islands. Kuwait Bay is one of the most important locations of this area. The Southern area extends from Ras Al-Ard to Al-Nuwaiseeb, Al-Khairan area and its mud flats and wetlands are considered the most important locations in this southern area. 1-1-4 The islands The State of Kuwait has a total of nine islands. The largest of these islands is Bubyan, which is located at the western part tip of Shat Al-Arab Delta in the northwestern part of the Gulf. The island has a length of 40 kilometers, width of 30 kilometers, and its total area 1400 square kilometers. The length of its coasts is 120 kilometers. The level of this island is nearly at sea level and it contains mainly muddy delta sediments. Another island is Warba, which is located north of Bubyan and has a circumference of 30 kilometers and is covered mainly with muddy sediments. The second largest island in Kuwait is Failaka, which is located at the entrance of Kuwait Bay and has an area of 48 square kilometers. Next to Failaka are two small islands: Miskan and Awhah, their areas are half square kilometer and quarter square kilometer respectively. Kubbar Island is located 30 kilometers of the coast of Fahaheel and has an area of three quarters of a square kilometer.
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Fig. 1-1 Locations of Kuwait's islands.
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Plate 1-2 Warbah, Bubyan, and Failaka islands, from top to bottom. These are the three largest islands of northern Kuwait.
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Plate 1-3 Aerial photographs of Kuwait's smaller islands (Miskan, Awhah, Umm An-Namil, Kubbar, Qaruh and Umm Al-Maradim, from top to bottom).
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Qaruh Island is located at the furthest sourthern part of the Kuwaiti regional waters. Also, Umm Al-Maradim Island is located 40 kilometers from the coast of Al-Nuwaiseeb in the southern part of Kuwait and has an area of a quarter of square kilometer. Finally, Umm An-Namil Island is located at the western part of Sulaibikhat Bay and could be reached during low tides. 1-1-5 High and low tides The water levels at the Kuwaiti coasts change due to high and low tides, which are caused due to the force of gravity between the moon, the earth, and the sun. This change in water levels occurs every six hours. This means that there are two high tides and two low tides everyday. Water moves towards the northern part of the gulf during high tide periods and towards the southern part of the gulf during low tide periods. The horizontal difference in water levels is approximately 2 meters between the southern and northern coasts of Kuwait. 1-1-6 Topography The State of Kuwait has a plain topography, the geological heights range between 285 meters in the southwestern part and 30 meters in the northeastern part. The most important geological sites are: Jal Al-Zur enscarment, Um Al-Rimam depression, Wadi Al-Batin, Al-Ahmadi hill, Al-Leyah, Al-Shegaya, Al-Dibdiba, Al-H m ,K r aA-Maroo, Alua e l a Dahzool, Telal Al-Mezeel, Ras Al-Ard, Ras Al-Julia, in addition to other depressions and Wadis and desert locations. Jal Al-Zur enscarment is considered the most important of these locations, its height is 125 meters above sea level and extends for a distance of 65 kilometers along the northern coast of The State of Kuwait. Jal Al-Zur Enscarpment consists of sand and lime rocks. These rocks belong to the Halocene and Miocene ages. At the western and northwestern side of Jal Al-Zur eEscarpment there is a slight slope towards some other desert lowlands. Underneath Jal Al-Zur Enscarpment many recent sediments are formed, which extends towards the coastal area which also includes some old sea cliffs. Um Al-Rimam depression is located four kilometers to the west of Jal AlZur Enscarpment. This valley consists of two main parts. One of these parts has a depth of 15 meters. The formation of Um Al-Rimam Depression was formed due to the melting processes of the lime rocks. The longitudinal section of the lowland consists of a group of distinguished figures, which mainly includes recent sediments, atmospheric depositions, wetlands and rock sediments.
Atlas of Kuwait , Al-Sarawi and Majali 32
Fig. 1-3 The distribution of surface sediment distribution in Kuwait.

Source: Al-Ajmi and Kalaf, (1993).
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Wadi Al-Batin is considered as one of the most important topographies in Kuwait. It is noticed that Wadi Al-Batin expands from the southwestern side and reaches it maximum width in the northwestern side. The following characterizes Wadi Al-Batin: flat sandy area, scattered elevations, low height hills, rims covered with thin layer of gravel, sand dunes, scattered wetlands, and finally gravel sediments. Al-Ahmadi hill, which has a height of approximately 125 meters above sea level and length of six kilometers, is found in the southern part of Kuwait. Many other heights can also be found on the surface of the State of Kuwait; mainly: Wara height, which is 30 meters above sea level, and Burgan hills, which is 50 meters above sea level and has a circular outer shape. The eastern seacoast and the southeastern part of Kuwait is flat, low in height, and is characterized by the presence of wetlands and mud flats. It is surrounded by a group of sand dunes and coastal hills; one of these is in Al-Khairan coastal area. Coastal riges in the area were originated from the tectonic movements and one is of a height of 45 meters above sea level. 1-1-7 Surface Geology Geologically The State of Kuwait is located between the northern coast of the Arabian Gulf and the gravel sediments in the Dibdiba formation in the south. From the east, the shallow waters of the Arabian Gulf border Kuwait. From the south, the desert sands of Saudi Arabia border Kuwait. K w is el ys hr t i d ytf tuf e n cu b d i d u ago g ica c r e b i l sr c ad ol e i d t o a ez sa a d ve into two main parts: the Northern and Southern parts. Northern Part: It comprises of a flat gravel surface with few lowlands. Some small, scattered hills are also formed from the northeastern towards the southwestern side, they fade away completely at Al-Rawdatain, the ground water rich area. One of the most important geological sites in the northern part is Jal Al-Zur Enscarment and Jal Al-Leyah. Southern Part: It consists of fine desert sands where Al-Ahmadi hill appears. It has a height of 125 meters. Wadi Al-Batin is one of the most important geological site in the area and extends from the far southwest towards the northeast. The age of the rocks on Kuwait surface goes back to the recent age until the middle Euocene age, 47 million years ago. The sediments on Warba and Bubyan islands are recent and were formed from the sediments of Euphrates and Tigris rivers. In general, m s o K w is ot f u a t
34
geology and its surface sediments are considered recent and are less than 66 million years of age. Most of these recent sediments are located above layers of formations from the Jurassic and Cretaceaus Ages, which dates back to 25-208 million years. On the surface of Kuwait many recent rocks consists of limestones. Slates and fine sands. Cretaceaus layers, which usually separates the Pliocene and Miocene can also be found and presents the long weathering period. Al-Ghar and Faris layers, which belong to the Miocene Age, are also considered as distinguished layers, due to the presence of limestone sand and clay. Layers of Al-Ghar and Faris are located above the layers of AlDibdiba. It consists of an upper part of course sands; whereas the lower part consists of fine sands. In addition, the Dibdiba formation, which has a thickness of 3 metres is originated from water streams. The recent sediments are characterized by the abundance of gravel surfaces of distributed around the surface of Kuwait. These sediments were originated from the water flows from the Arabian Peninsula through the valleys and other streams. The tectonic location of Kuwait is between the Iranian Zagros Mountains in the north and eastern parts. This area is tectonically unstable and is exposed to earthquake activities. The south part of Kuwait is considered geologically to be part of the Arabian Peninsula, which is known for its stability since the Cambrian Age more than 505 million years ago. Layers of the Arabian shield incline towards the northeast and consist of limestone, mud, oolitic limestone and marl. Many of convex layers, towards north south, also exist and distinguished with its petroleum importance. One of the important formations in Kuwait is the Wadi Al-Batin, which extends from the far southwest towards the northeast and is considered an extension to Wadi Al-Rimma in Saudi Arabia. 1-1-8 Geomorphology Four geomorphologic regions were discovered using aerial photographs. This classification is based on the geological (surface) formations and geomorphologic features. One of these regions is the Northern Region, which is characterized by water sediments affected by Shat Al-Arab waterway and gravel sediments from Wadi Al-Batin. Some of the important geomorphologic sites are: Al-Abdali area (salt sediments), AlRawdatain (sandy sediments), sand dunes, and Um Al-Maradem area (limestone).
Atlas of the State of Kuwait, Farouk El-Baz and Mohammad Al-Sarawi. 35
Fig. 1-4 Geological map of Kuwait.
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Another geomorphologic region is the Western Region, which was affected by the high water flow forming Wadi Al-Batin. This region has large amounts of rock sediments in Wadi Al-Batin area and many evidences shows that it is located above a great fault followed by a long period of erosion. The third region is the Southern Region that covers the southern and the southeastern parts. Wind usually affects the formations in this region, which are mainly flat desert surfaces, which is filled with loose sands. Some areas are rocky with salt sediments and high concentrations of calcium carbonate. The Coastal Region surrounds the eastern part of Kuwait, overlooking the Arabian Gulf. The middle part of Jal Al-Zur heights, Ras Al-Subya and other mud flats contains many wetlands as well as coastal ridges and sand dunes. 1-1-9 The Soil The formation and contents of the soil in Kuwait are created from the sedimentation and repositioning caused by rainfalls and water flows prior to the current dry era. The soil in lowlands was formed from inhomogeneous rock fragments, which contains different minerals and was transferred for long distances from the Arabian Peninsula. At the end of the rain age and during the dry era, the role of winds became greater in soil formation while the role of water was greatly reduced. Under these dry conditions, fine sand, mud, and silt along with organic matter were deposited by water streams. They also weathered some lowlands such as Um Al-Rimam, and Um Al-Aish lowlands in the northeastern part of Kuwait. These processes assisted in the dominance of sand dunes and sand layers in many areas of Kuwait. 1-1-10 Sand dunes Sand dunes cover large areas in Kuwait reaching more than 500 square kilometers. These sand dunes can be detected through satellite images. Most sand dune fields drift with wind and evidences shows that they were originated from south of Iraq. These sand dunes differ in size from one location to another and have the following types: Anchored sand dunes, which have lengths ranging between 15 and 20 meters and heights between 10 to 15 meters. This type can be found in the vallies and hills.
Natural Resources and Environmental Characteristics. Atlas of the State of Kuwait, Mohammad Al-Sarawi and Huda Al-Dabi, (2002).
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Fig. 1-5 Distribution of geomorphologic units in the State of Kuwait.

Source: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, (2002). Key:
Blue: Wadi Al-Batin. Green: Al-Dibdibah Valley. Orange: Al-Huwailmiyah. Light Blue: Al-Rawdatain Gravel Valley. Pink: Burgan Depression. Yellow: Coastal Valley.
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Crescent sand dunes, which can be found south of the anchored sand dunes in the lowlands between the hills and the valleys. This type of sand dunes moves on an average of 15 to 20 meter per year. Accumilated sand dunes, which include sand in the southern parts of the sand dune accumulations and covers large areas. T ea a t or h i f tad hsn t nhn t r n.T e h r o ga y s l n a o r cat e a s h es p p a e ri direction of sand dunes demonstrates wind directions in the past. Sand dunes contain high concentrations of quartz and limestone. The granules are round in shape, which indicates that they have travelled long distances before settling in their location. 1-1-11 Climate characteristics The climate in the Arabian Gulf region is desert climate, with infrequent rainfall, high temperature in the summer and low in winter. The seasonal weather conditions are erratic. Rainfall decreases from north to south. The area is also saturated with humidity throughout the year due to the location near the gulf waters except in May and June when the high speed northwestern winds are dominant.
Wind:
Wind speed increases at higher atmospheric levels. However, the region is subjected to high speed northwesterly winds reaching 60 knots (120 km/hr) especially during winter season. At the higher elevations of the atmosphere, the wind speed depends on the strength of the orbital current thrust (strong winds at an elevation of 18,000 feet). The difference in atmospheric pressure between the earth surface and the higher elevations determines the wind speed and duration. The speed and duration of the northwesterly wind is determined by the low atmospheric pressure at the Southern part of the Arabian Gulf region (specifically at the strait of Hermuz). When the low atmospheric pressure halts at the strait of Hermuz, the strong northwesterly winds blows for 3-5 days. Moreover, if the wind moves toward the Gulf of Oman, the strong northwesterly winds last for 48 hour, which is known as short-range northwesterly winds. Usually, wind speed is less at night, but remains strong at the Arabian elevations above 5,000 feet due to the effect of the air current thrust. In the absence of strong winds, the entire region falls under the effect sea breeze during day time.
Atlas of the State of Kuwait, Ali Hamid Ali, (2000).
39
Fig. 1-6 The different types of soil in Kuwait.
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T er i t pr ue a a o a et b t sog wn, h h e o s e e t s r l fc d y h tn i t gn m ar e s f e e r d e temperature drops when the wind direction is northwesterly regardless of the season. The western winds in the summer are dry and have the potential of carrying dusts and sand storms. Clouds at high altitudes are formed during summer time due to the seasonal Indian low pressure. Al-Kaus south and southeasterly wind, starts before the northwesterly winds in all seasons especially during fall, winter, and spring. There two types of Al-Kaus winds (from September to May). The first type covers the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula, which occurs when cold air fronts arrive at the Gulf region from the north of the Arabian Peninsula during the winter season. The wind speed during winter can reach a maximum speed of 30 knots (60 km/hr) and lasts for 20 to 48 hours. The second type of Al-Kaus winds starts during spring and fall seasons. These are hot and humid winds and last for short periods. They reach the latitude of 28 north. The duration of this type of wind depends on the seasonal Sudan low pressure and the African and Siberian high pressure. The AL-Kaus winds carry dusts from the open areas in the southern and central part of the Arabian Peninsula.
Dust and sand storms:
Winds that cause sand storms in the northern part of the Arabian Gulf region are linked with the movement of the short waves in the atmospheric layers over the eastern part of the Mediterranean. The vertical movement of these winds is caused by the difference in air pressure produces dust. It can reach most parts of the Arabian Gulf region within 12 to 14 hours, depending on the strength of the wind and thrust currents in the atmosphere. The dust quantities, however, declines near the coasts of the United Arab Emirates, where vision is rarely below 5 km due to northwesterly winds. Sand storms are very common in the State of Kuwait and the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula during the beginning of the summer season every year.
Sand dust:
Sand dust is an unpopular weather condition in Kuwait. Its affects not only human health but also the natural and economic environments. Visibility is reduced to the extent that traffic (air, ground, and sea) is impeded. Besides, this type of dust degrades soil quality affecting the agricultural production.
Atlas of Kuwait, Al-Ajmi, Dhari 41
Fig. 1-7 The different types of sand dune, the thick red arrows indicate wind direction.
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Table 1-1 Wind Speed, Kuwait International Airport.

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year Average Speed (meter/second) 3.6 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.6 5.8 5.8 4.7 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.5 4.3 Maximum Speed (meter/second) 18 19 21 23 29 20 18 19 17 21 15 19 29
Source: Annual Statistical Census, (1994). MoP.
Another adverse effect of dust is the malfunction of unprotected sensitive. This phenomenon continues during the summer seasons (from mid May until early November). It should be noted that there are different types of sand dusts which includes: sand storms, ascending sands or dusts and suspended dust.
Thunderstorms and rain:
Rain falls at several times during winter season more than in summer. It is accompanied by the tropical air current thrust over the Arabian Peninsula. The presence of the low pressure at high altitudes helps in increasing the amount of rainfall in the northern parts of the Arabian Gulf. In November, an average of three strong low pressures passes through the Gulf region, which increases the amount of rainfall influenced by the strong winds. However, in December-March, the area witnesses few thunderstorms near the centres of the low pressure areas in the lower altitudes of the atmosphere (near the earth surface). This occurs
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when the low pressures from the eastern part of the Mediterranean linked with the low pressures, enters the higher altitudes of the atmosphere. This link determines the intensity of the low pressure. During the spring season, and as the earth surface temperature increases, thunderstorms increase. 1-1-12 Weather: Kuwait enjoys long periods of sunshine during summer time causing a high increase in temperature in the months of June, July, and August. During winter, however, the sun radian falls with a slope and for fewer hours dropping the temperatures dramatically. K w ise pr ues f c d yhe m j a m s sT ee r u at e t ia et b t e a r i as . hs a : t m ar f e r o r e e Orbital sea air masses above the Arab Sea and the northern part of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Gulf. Orbital continental air masses, which are very dry and high in temperature. These are originated from the seasonal air masses that are formed during summer above northwest India. Polar continental air masses, which are formed in the winter above the inner northern part and covered with snow in the Asian continent. The pressure in the northwestern part of the Arab world can be divided into two main types: summer and winter. During the summer season a large area of low pressure is formed above the northwestern part of India and expands west to Iran and the Arab World, it might even reach the eastern Mediterranean causing north winds to dominate. These winds increase causing sand storms which reduces visibility to few meters only especially around noon. The average high temperature ranges between 42 and 46 degrees Celsius, the highest recorded temperature in Kuwait was 50.8 degrees Celsius in 25th of June 1954 in Shuwaikh area. The low temperatures are formed above the Arab world during the months of August and September causing winds known as Al-Kaus in addition to very hot humidity. The humid summer season usually starts on the 20th of July in the period in which easterly and southeasterly winds coming from the Gulf dominate. These winds carry large quantities of water vapor. In some cases, wind direction becomes northwesterly even during noontime and then changes to northeastern until the afternoon due to the sea breeze. However, it changes again to southerly winds until the evening. Finally the wind changes its direction to become westerly winds until sunrise. The duration of the humid period ranges between two and
The Statistical Census
44
twenty days continuously. Clouds may appear during this period, but the occurrence of thunderstorms is unlikely. The Weather round the year Winter (6th of December to 15th of February) The weather is moderate to very cold especially at night or when cold and dry high-speed northwesterly winds blow. The maximum temperature could reach 13 degrees Celsius and may drop to 3.3 degrees Celsius, except in warm periods caused by the humid southeasterly winds. The maximum temperatures range between 23 and 31.3 degrees Celsius. The clouds start to appear in the sky causing rain to fall after the strong southeasterly winds dominate, which also cause sand storms. In January, extremely cold northwesterly winds dominate over these southeasterly winds causing the temperatures to drop below zero degrees Celsius and causing frost. The lowest temperature recorded in Kuwait in this season was degrees Celsius in 20th of January 1964 at Kuwait 4 International Airport. Fog appears in calm nights when the winds are northwesterly and cold. Spring (16th of February to 20th of May) After a period of stable average temperatures, the temperature starts to rise after the 16th of February breaking the cold weather. Between 15th of March and 10th of April, hot southern winds dominate, which last for few days, causing the maximum temperature to increase to 41 degrees Celsius (13 degrees Celsius above average). This indicates that summer is approaching. However, moderately cold northwesterly winds dominate again at this time causing the temperature to drop again. During this period, easterly and southeasterly winds, especially during the day, blows again causing thunderstorms (between 10th of March and 8th of April), which could be accompanied by strong sand storms. These conditions might lower the visibility to zero and become a hazard to small boats especially knowing that these winds travel at a rate of 40 miles per hour. However, air that accompanies thunderstorms is usually cold (less than 12 degrees Celsius from the air mass directly fronting it). Warm spring (9th of April to 20th o Ma) n l aryt (th of f y a d A-S r a 9 a April to 13th of May) T iit sao o w a il ay nw a l a aa . ui t h sh esn f htso l ko n s A-Sr yt D r g h s e cl r n e afternoon or the night, thunder clouds begin to form accompanied by strong sand storms lowering visibility to zero and strong rain fall within The Statistical Census
45
few minutes. The maximum rainfall recorded was 38.4 mm within 20 minutes on the 4th of April 1967 at Kuwait International Airport. The southeasterly winds at this time are hot and humid and the temperature can change suddenly, up to 10 degrees Celsius in one minute. The temperature is unstable especially between the 11th and the 30th of April, the temperature reaches the summer average for few days and then drops dramatically after the arrival of the northwesterly winds. During the month of May, the wind in the morning becomes northwesterly and then changes in the afternoon to easterly due to sea breeze. During this period, the temperature starts to rise gradually causing the average maximum temperature to range between 30 and 40 degrees Celsius. Thunderstorms may occur during the dates 8-12, 16, 22-26 of April and 7-10 of May. Summer (21st of May to 4th of November) Transitional period (21st of May to 5th of June) Winds are unpredictable and keep changing between northeasterly, northwesterly, and southeasterly with low to moderate speed. This is a transitional period between late spring and real summer. Maximum temperatures range between 40 and 44 degrees Celsius; clouds also disappear. Dry summer (6th of June to 19th of July) This is the period of the hot winds, continuous hot and dry northwesterly wns adsn s r s T eewns ko nl aya l m o i , n ad t m . hs i , nw o l s A-So om d o d cl vary in strength. It becomes stronger in many times causes visibility to drop to few meters especially at noontimes. Sand storms occur usually during four major periods: 9-12, 17-24 of June, 1-7, and 9-17 of July. At these periods, strong northwesterly winds dominate and reach their maximum speed during daytime and then gradually decrease through nighttime. It repeats this process the next days. Average maximum temperature ranges between 42 and 46 degrees Celsius; the maximum recorded temperature was 51.1 degrees Celsius on the 13th of June 1988 at Al-Wafra. Clouds also disappear and humid southerly winds are rare. Humid summer (20th of July to 4th of November) This period can be characterized by a large increase in temperature and humidity. The humid periods start on the 20th of July and remains intermittently during the months of August, September, and October. During this period, light easterly winds prevail and become moderate at noontime, these winds usually carry large quantities of water vapor because it is coming from the Gulf. These winds, which are saturated with water vapor, along with the high temperatures at this time cause great fatigue to people. In some instances, the winds become
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northwesterly until noontime and then changes, due to land breeze, to northeasterly and again to easterly winds during the afternoon. At sunset period, the wind direction changes again to southeasterly and then changes another time to southerly until midnight. At sunrise, the wind direction becomes westerly. Humid periods range from 2 and 20 continuous days, especially during the following periods: 18-28 of July and 6-29 of August. Clouds may appear during these periods and thunderous rain, although rare, could also fall. Average maximum temperature ranges between 45 to 46 degrees Celsius. Transitional period (1st of September to 4th of November) At this period the temperature starts to drop, but humidity and calm winds are still present. Humid periods remain between the periods of 15th to 29th of September and between 12th and 26th of October. The o wns l ht i , Ad So om d apa ada si bfr t pr uedos ats rn m o i per n s a e e e e t rp f , t t g s d o m ar s ai 11th of September. The maximum temperature ranges between 42 degrees Celsius, at the beginning of the period, and 30 degrees Celsius, at the end of the period. During this period, land and sea breeze occur frequently and clouds start to appear more. It was noticed that the weather in the summer becomes tiresome when the wind is northwesterly. Fall (5th of November to 5th of December) The hot season usually ends on the 5th of November. Before this date, hot southeasterly winds change to cold northwesterly accompanied by thunderstorm. Average maximum temperature ranges between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. Night time is cold whereas daytime is warm. During this period, warm southeasterly winds may occur and remains for a week, especially at the beginning of November. This wind is followed by cold northwesterly winds for about five days causing the winds to disappear. The wind changes again to warm southeasterly for another four days accompanied by some clouds, in some cases thunderous. During nighttime, calm winds dominate. Table 1-2 Monthly average temperature (degrees Celsius).
Jan 8.3 Feb March April May June July Aug Sep 32.2 39.8 44.5 Oct Nov Dec Ave
20.8 24.8
46.1 45.8 42.2 35.6 27.3 20.7 36.1
Source: Annual statistical Census, (1999), MoP.
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1-1-13 Rain Rain in Kuwait is scarce and can be categorized into two types: Cyclonic Rain, which occurs during the formation low pressures above the Mediterranean and falls between November and March all over Kuwait. The second is the Convectional Rain, which falls when the heated air at the earth surface is rises to higher altitudes forming thick clouds and thunderstorms. This type of rain falls during the months of October, November, March, April, and May. Table 1-3 Monthly average rainfall (mm).
Jan Feb March Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 9.3 2.3 1.8 Ave
24.2 19.4 29.4
17.7 21.6 125.7
Source: Annual statistical Census, (1999).
Table 1-4 Average monthly and annual humidity for the year 1999.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec year Min 43 40 91 28 83 14 49 6 30 6 26 6 29 10 44 11 46 16 68 23 72 37 22 20 60
Max 90
Table 1-5 Average monthly and annual evaporation (mm) as in 19901999, Kuwait International Airport.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Pool type 1 3.6 5.0 7.0 10.6 15.8 21.9 Oct Nov Dec Year 6.1 3.5 11.8
23.0 21.1 15.9 9.6
Table 1-6 Sunshine period as in 1999.

Jan
% in posbl time Average: Hr.&Mn.
Feb 59
Mar Apr May 66 70 9.0 82
June 86
July 85
Aug 87
Sep 87
Oct 83
Nov Dec 75 81
Year 77
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6.42 6.35 7.56
11.21 12.02 11.46 11.25 10.46 9.34 7.59 8.17 9.86
Source: Annual statistical Census (1999).
1-2 Oil and gas resources

N trleore a ar ucs u s
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Oil reserves in the Arab-Iranian basin reservoirs were estimated to be around 656 billion barrels, which is approximately 64.5% of the total world reserves. Gas reserves were estimated to be 42448 billion cubic meters, which is 30.7% of the world gas reserves. Kuwait contains 96.5 billion barrel of oil reserves, which is 14.7% of the reserves in Gulf countries and 9.5% of the total world reserves. Gas reserves in Kuwait amount to 1500 billion cubic meters, which is 3.5% of the reserves in the Gulf countries. Oil discovery in the region started with the geological studies in Kuwait in 1912 through the Admiral British Agency. The Surface geological studies commenced by the Anglo-Persian Company, currently known as British Petroleum (BP), and Gulf Oil Company and continued until 1934. In 1932, the drilling of two wells, in Bahrah and Burgan, indicated the presence of natural gas, oil and Bitumen along the borehole. The wells penetrated Kuwait Rock Formation at depths of 26.5 and 66.5 meters respectively. Results from explorations by the two companies in the area surrounding Kuwait were also promising. This lead to the cooperation of the two companies to get the production rights and the establishment of Kuwait Oil Company (K.S.C) in 1935. Production entitlement was granted for 75 years within the political borders of Kuwait excluding the neutral zone with Saudi Arabia. The geophysical studies by seismic waves and earth gravity started in 1935. Drilling commenced in Burgan field in 1938 and oil was located in a rocky layer of sandstone at a depth of 1120 meters. Drilling operations continued until 1942 where eight wells were drilled at Burgan field penetrating the formations of Wara and Burgan (Cretaceaus). The operations were halted because of the Second World War. In 1945, the operations commenced in 1946 and the first oil shipment was exported from Kuwait through pipelines from the oil fields to the sea. Drilling and excavation operations continued until 1951 at AlMagwa'a and Ahmadi areas. The Studies on the two fields along with Burgan revealed that they originate from a single great field, with dimensions of 35 by 20 kilometers, and became known as the Greater Burgan Field. By 1960, oil production at this field reached 1.5 million barrel a day. In 1954 and 1956, the geophysical studies at the northern part of Kuwait were also very promising and led to the drilling of more wells. Commercial quantities of oil were found in the formations of AlMawdood, Burgan, and Al-Zubair in the Al-Rawdatain, Al-Sabrya, and
Source: Fawzya Hussain Abdullah, (2002), Atlas of the State of Kuwait.
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Bahrah fields. After the geophysical studies were completed between 1959 and 1962, more oil fields were also discovered in the southern part of Kuwait at Al-Manageesh and Um Gdair fields. In 1972, natural gas production was at a rate of 604 billion cubic meters per year. The gas was used for oil production operations. In 1976, the former Amir of Kuwait (His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah) laid the foundations for the Gas Project at Al-Ahmadi area. Drilling operations continued in Kuwait and at the neutral zone where the total drilled wells until 1989 was 1395 including 864 producing wells. On the 2nd of August 1990, oil exploration and production was obstructed by the Iraqi invasion. During this period, the Iraqi forces destroyed most of Kuwait oil facilities and set more than 700 oil wells on fire. More than 604 gushing oil wells in Burgan field alone was set on fire oil and more than 103 wells were damaged. Production and drilling operations commenced shortly after liberation; production rate reached 2 million barrel a day by 25th of February 1993. Burgan, Al-Mgwa'a, Al-Ahmadi, Al-Rawdatain, Al-Sabrya, Bahrah, AlManageesh, Al-Abdili, and Al-Retqa are the most important oil fields in Kuwait. In the Joint Operations zone, oil is produced from Al-Wafra, AlFawares, Southern Um Gdair, and three other off-shore fields. 1-3 Demographic characteristics of the residents of Kuwait After the discovery of oil and with the increase in development activities in Kuwait, the number of population was also increased. This can be noted from the Annual Statistical Census by the Ministry of Planning. In 1957, the population of Kuwait was 206,473 with population density of 13 people per square kilometer; Kuwaitis were 55% of the total population. In 1965, the population increased to 467,339 of which 298,546 were nonKuwaitis. This makes the percentage of Kuwaitis 36.1% of the total population with population density of 26.3 people per square kilometers. In 1975, the population was 994,837 with the number of non-Kuwaitis reached 687,082 making a drop in the percentage of Kuwaitis to 30.9%. The population density increased to 55.8 people per square kilometer. In 1985, the population of Kuwait reached 1,637,301 including 1,226,828 non-Kuwaitis. This made Kuwaitis only 27.7% of the total population. The population density increased to 95.3 people per square kilometer.
Annual Statistical Census, (1994-1999), MoP.
50
Fig. 1-8 Location of Kuwait oil fields.
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However, in 1995, a decrease in the population was recorded to become 1,575,570 of which 921,954 were non-Kuwaitis. Accordingly, the percentage of Kuwaitis became 41.5% of the total population and the population density decreased to 88.4 people per square kilometer. This was mainly due to the events in Kuwait in the beginning of the nineties. In the middle of 2000 population was estimated to be 2,189,668 and 2,274,980 in the middle of 2001. Table 1-7 Population of Kuwait as in 1965-1995 censuses. Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000(est.) 2001(est.) Total Kuwaitis population 468339 994837 1697301 1575575 2189668 2274980 168793 307755 470473 653616 % of NonKuwaitis Kuwaitis 36.1 30.9 27.7 41.5 298546 687082 1226828 921954 % of nonKuwaitis 63.9 69.1 72.3 58.5
1-4 Urbanization The urbanization in Kuwait dates back to more than four thousands years according to the explorations made in the area. This was due to the unique geographic location, which made Kuwait the centre civilizations. Kazma was considered as one of the oldest locations in the region and served as a station for the convoys from Persia and the Fertile Crescent on their way to the east and centre of the Arabian Peninsula. It served as a commercial link between the countries of the Indian Ocean, Syria, and Europe for a long time. It was therefore a very vital commercial centre and one of the longest trade routes in the ancient world. The presence of fresh water wells helped in making Failaka Island a port for commercial ships sailing between the northern and southern Gulf ports on their way to Oman, India, and east Africa. Until the beginning of the seventeenth century, the region was known as Kazma. Its port was located at the northwestern part of Kuwait Bay and carried the same
Atlas of The State of Kuwait- Abdullah Al-Ghunaim
52
name. Later, the urban centre moved south and became first known as AlQurain and later as Al-Kuwait. Historic documents indicated that Kuwait city was established in 1613 when groups of families and tribes arrived to this area coming from Najd. Their vision and insight made them to recognize the importance of this location. The tribes that settled in Kuwait were urbanized with a clear political entity that enabled the country to become prosperous and stable. Many travelers wrote about Kuwait in the past centuries and drew maps of it. A traveler named Murtada bin Alwan was the first person to use the name Kuwait in 1709. Later, a Danish traveler named Karsten Nebor, traveled through the Arabian Peninsula between 1763 and 1765, mentioned Kuwait and how it was prosperous. He also mentioned that the people of Kuwait owned more than 800 ships and how the people transformed to an urban society working in shipbuilding, pearl diving, and trade. Many European travelers also wrote about Kuwait situation as an independent state, from the Ottoman Empire during the rule of Sheikh Jaber and his son Sheikh Sabah (1815-1866). Among those travelers was Buckingham in 1816, who admired Kuwait as an independent from the Ottoman Empire at a time when most other regions in the Gulf area were under the Portuguese and Ottoman Turks rules. Reviewing the historic geographic maps, it is found that they were rich with important information about Kuwait. There are five maps, which date back to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which are of great importance and show the geographic borders of Kuwait. These maps are: Dutch map of the Ottoman Empire and Persia, dating back to the beginning of the eighteenth century, showing clearly the border between Kuwait (or Kazma as it was called at that time) and the Ottoman Empire. Another map is a French map of the Turkish Asia (1850). Other maps include the German map for Karl Retter (1818), map of the Arabian Peninsula (1862-1863) during the journey of Balgreef, and the map of the Arabian Peninsula and part of Asia published by A.K. Johnston in his Large Atlas in 1874. After the Kuwaiti society became stable and its activities prospered in the land and sea, a wise person from Al-Sabah family was chosen to be a leader. The wisest person in the family was usually selected to rule. Later, the Kuwaiti constitution emphasized this rule and was approved by the Kuwaiti people. Since its establishment, Kuwait, occupied the nr w s r pr o t A ai G l K w is r ao wt t ot et n a f h r a u . u a e t n i h h e t e bn f t li h e Ottoman Empire, which controlled Iraq entirely, was merely due to Islamic brotherhood that linked Muslim countries. There was no Ottoman
53
presence in Kuwait and by no means had Kuwait had political or other ties with the Ottoman Empire. T po c K w isi eedne K w i fl w davr bl cd o rt t u a n pnec, u a o o e e t d t l e a ne y a policy in dealing with all competing countries in the area that were trying to gain control of the region. Kuwait refused to sign the Sea Truce Treaty that was signed between the English with the rulers of the Gulf coast in 1820 despite the tremendous pressure exerted on Kuwait. Kuwait also refused the German and Turkish pressures that offered, in 1900, to buy a coastal area near Kazma to become the final station for a railroad from Baghdad. The British Government signed a defense treaty with Kuwait in 23rd of January 1899 knowing that Kuwait is sovereign country and is independent from the Ottoman State. 1-5 Kuwait City Kuwait city was established in 1613 as a small city overlooking the sea and separated from the desert by a wall, made from mud built around the city and had five gates. These gates were designed to be the entrances to the city from the southern villages, like Abu-Hulaifa, Al-Fintas, Shuaiba, and other coastal villages, and from the west of the village, Al-Waha, AlJahra, and inland from the Arabian Peninsula side. The geographic and climate conditions influenced the pattern of which ubna a w r d tbt . u a l ao m ksi oeo t ra r s e ir u d K w is o t n ae t n f h e e si e t ci e warmest places in the world especially between May and September, when the temperature ranges between 30 and 50 degrees Celsius. Houses where built so they can absorb minimum heat and provide cooling conditions to inhabitants during the summer. During the winter, these houses kept warm and conserved temperature. The city was also designed to face the Gulf to benefit from the sea breeze. The narrow roads and high mud walls provided sufficient lighting, shade, and breeze for houses, shops, and pedestrians. Kuwait developed drastically during the first fifty years of its establishment. It also urbanized and prospered economically during the Persian occupation of Basra, which diverted commercial traffic from Basra to Kuwait. Pearl diving, shipbuilding, sea trade, fishing, agriculture, and handcrafts also assisted in supplying the society with its needs. Pearl diving was the major source of living for the people.
Atlas of the State of Kuwait, Waleed Al-Munais, (2000).
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Plate 1-4 Kuwait City and near by suburbs.
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In 1904, and during the peak of this industry, Kuwait exported an equivalent of two million sterling Pounds worth of pearls, with the presence of more than 700 ships and about 15 thousands men working in this business. Kuwait was also famous in sea trade and was the main port for the trade between the Gulf, the Peninsula, and Europe. These trades included dates and grains to Yemeni, South Iraqi, Indian, and east African ports. On their return the ship carry grains, coffee, tea, rice, spices, wood, clothes, and other minerals. Kuwait economy and population developed gradually and therefore the need to expand the wall surrounding the city was met. The last wall was built (the Third wall) in 1921 during the rule of Sheikh Salim bin Mubarak Al-Sabah. In response to incursions by Bedouin tribes toward the west of the city, the people cooperated in building the extension of the mud wall. Over the years, the wall was removed but its gates remained at the entrance of Kuwait city as historic sites. The urban expansion can be divided into two main stages: The First stage: The period before oil discovery and it extends until 1946, during which the first shipment of oil was exported. The Second stage: From 1946 (or 1950) until present when the urbanization and expansion of the Old Kuwait City started. Before the urban expansion there were types of architectural designs: Urban architecture in the city. Rural architecture in the coastal villages towards the south. Village architecture- oasis (as in the Al-Jahra in the west). Desert life. With the increase in oil revenues and the migration of people to Kuwait, Kuwait city expanded horizontally and vertically. The two main factors that influenced the urban growth were the laws for land ownership and acquisition as well as the comprehensive urban planning. Land acquisition was accompanied by strategic urban master plans to organize and plan fro future cities the development of the old city. These plans are: Kuwait first Master Plan (1952). Municipality Master Plan (1967). Kuwait Second Master Plan (1970). The first development of the Kuwait Second Master Plan (1977-2000). The second development of Kuwait Second Master Plan in (19832005).
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The Kuwait Third Master Plan (1989/1990-2015), which is considered one of the recent plans. Today, and after 250 years, Kuwait city became a modern metropolis with seven ring roads surrounding the city, which links its main roads. At the southern and the western outskirts of Kuwait city are the cities of Al-Ahmadi and Al-Jahra.
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Sector Two The Atmosphere and Air Quality
58
Members of the Atmospheric and Air Quality Sector Team D . n A-Sederawi rMa e l a Department of Environment and Earth Sciences, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Chairman of the team. Department of Air Pollution Monitoring, Environment Public Authority (EPA). Department of Environment and Earth Sciences, KISR. Public Authority for Industry Department of Monitoring, EPA. Air Pollution
Dr. Saud Al-Reshaid
Dr. Ahmad Eisa Saleh Bu-Nashi Eng. Zainab Saleh Preparation: Dr. Ali Helayel
Environmental Advisor, EPA.
Supervision, review, editing, completion of the scientific material and reorganization: Dr. Sufyan Al-Tal Senior Advisor, United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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2-1 Introduction Atmosphere is considered as one of the most important elements of the environment with which all living species including humans, animals, plants, and even non-living components interact continuously. It is known that humans and other living organisms need air to breath and can not survive without it even for few seconds or minutes; whereas they can survive without water for few days and without food for longer periods. The atmosphere surrounding earth extends for about 350 kilometers, from the surface of earth. It contains a mixture of different gases in different proportions, though these proportions remain constant in non-polluted environments. This is caused by the environmental cycles such as the Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Sulfur, and phosphate cycles through the metabolism process of living organisms and the interaction between their food chains through their balanced ecosystems. Nitrogen makes 78.1% of air; whereas Oxygen makes another 20.9%, Argon makes 0.934%, Carbon dioxide makes 0.033%, and other gases like Neon (12.18 ppm), Helium (5 ppm), Ozone (0.01 ppm), as well as water vapor that makes between 1.4 and 8% of the total air volume. In addition to the vital functions of the atmosphere in providing living organisms with Oxygen and the proper climate to survive, atmosphere is also considered as a media that carry air pollutants after they are exhausted from their various sources. The atmosphere is divided into five layers according to the distribution of air mass and the climate condition, especially temperature and natural activities, in each layer. These five layers are: The lower layer (Troposphere at 18 kilometres) Stratosphere (up to 50 or 55 kilometres and includes the Ozone layer at 20-25 kilometres) Mesosphere (at 80 kilometres) Thermosphere (at 350 kilometres) The outer atmosphere (Exosphere at 500 kilometres) The lower layer is considered the most important in terms of the distribution and dispersing of concentrated air pollutants. Besides, most of the climate changes that occur in it play roles in determining the direction of these pollutants. 2-1-1 Air Pollution Air pollution is defined by the availability of one or more of the pollutants in the air with specific concentrations for a period of time that
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could adversely affect human health, comfort, ability to perform work, or life enjoyment. Air pollution is considered one of the most dangerous problems facing humanity in this era. This problem is caused by the rapid development and advancement in industry and technology. Another reason that causes air pollution is the availability of different means of transportations such as air, land, and sea. The use of energy sources as well as the information and telecommunication revolutions helped in increasing this problem, due to the fact that many pollutants (gases, dusts, particles, ionized and nonionized materials) are emitted from them. These pollutants have direct and indirect adverse effect on human health and quality of life as well as other living organisms, flora and fauna. Major air pollutants can be divided into: Primary air pollutants: These are pollutants that enter the surrounding air in their original physical and chemical forms, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulphur. Secondary Air pollutants: These pollutants are produced as a result of the chemical reactions between the emitted gases themselves after they are spread in the air. An example would be Photo-Chemical Oxidants, contains mostly Ozone gas that are formed due to the reaction between the hydrocarbon vapours with nitrate acids and Carbon monoxide in the presence of sunbeam and relative humidity. 2-1-2 Air pollutants in the outer environment These can be divided according to their sources:
Natural sources
These are pollutants originated from nature and the environment itself without the interference of man, such as gases emitted from volcanoes, volcanic ashes, natural gas, volatile salts from oceans, and wild forest fires. Other pollutants in this category are, dusts from the deserts and pollens. In general, most of these pollutants are less dangerous to the environment and health, due to the fact that nature can cope with these pollutants with time.
Man Made sources
These could be called industrial or developed pollutants. They are produced by different human activities through the use of technologies such as industrial facilities, including oil production, transportation (including the use of energy), and construction.
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2-1-3 Definition of the major air pollutants in the State of Kuwait, their sources and their effects
Dust
Small solid, organic and non-organic, particles with different chemical and physical structures (depending on their sources and spread). Usually these particles are relatively large causing them to fall due to gravity. Open desert areas are major natural sources from which dust originate from, due to high temperatures and dryness of the soil in Kuwait. Gravel production and the construction processes are causes to these dusts and are caused by man. Dust has many environmental effects, such as reducing visibility, which causes accidents, changes in the composition of the soil surface, and damaging agricultural and grazing lands.
Suspended Particles in the air (TSP, PM-10)
These are small solid or liquid particles ranging in size between 0.1 to 100 microns, which makes them suspended in air for long periods and spread over long areas from their source. Their physical and chemical compositions depend on the nature of their sources. Nature can also produce these particles as in the case of volcanoes, seas, dust, and wild forest fires. Some of the human activities can produce these particulates such as cement, brick, ceramic manufacturing as well as sand and gravel quarrying. Oil exploration and drilling, exhausts from transportation, tire tear and wear, and complete combustion that produces ashes are also sources of particulates. Most countries face serious air pollution problems resulting from such particulates. They can be found in rural and urban areas, with some difference in their concentrations and the types. Kuwait also suffers from high levels of particulates throughout the year, especially in spring and summer seasons. This is due to the frequent occurrence of dust and sand storms. Chemical composition and concentration of these particles play a role in affecting the environment and human health. The sizes of these particles are also of great importance especially to those exposed to it. As their sizes decrease, their effects increase, because they can pass and settle in the lower part of the respiratory system. Therefore, special attention was given by the World Health Organization to the particles that are less than 10 microns (PM-10) in size for their adverse effect. The particles also contain toxic metals and other harmful chemical compounds such as lead, mercury, and vanadium. This would lead to the deterioration of patients suffering from Asthma and other respiratory diseases. It also impedes the process of photosynthesis and has toxic effects on plants and animals.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
A colorless gas with very strong odor that irritates the respiratory system. It is oxidized in the air forming Sulfur Trioxide, which melts quickly in the water vapor forming Sulfuric acid and then falls like rain or acidic moisture. The gas is emitted by many sources such as the combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur (such as coal and oil), oil refining and pout n sl r ai m nf t i ,cr ehut ad pw r rdco, u ui c i f c d aua u n a xas , n o e c rg s s stations. Respiratory diseases, like asthma and lung efficiency reduction, are caused by exposure to Sulfur dioxide. It also causes corrosion in buildings, metal constructions, textiles, and rocks. Another hazardous effect of this gas is that it causes the formation of acid rain, which is very harmful to flora and fauna and affects human health.
Hydrogen Sulphide
A colorless and highly flammable gas. It has an odor similar to rotten eggs. This gas is oxidized at many stages to form Sulfur Oxides and Sulfuric acid (one of the sulfur compounds produced from the reduction of sulfur-containing organic matters). The gas is emitted during the decomposition process of animals and plants (by bacteria), coal and oil production, and crude oil refining. In Kuwait, sanitary wastewater network and oil refining and production are the main sources of the gas. The gas affects the respiratory system, central nervous system, and the eye causing many problems such as lack of concentration. If exposed to high levels, a person could lose the sense of smell. Because of the fact that this gas can be detected through smelling at concentrations between 0.5 and 130 ppb, this gas caused many complaints in residential areas in Kuwait.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Nitrogen monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide are considered the most gases, out of seven other types of Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, NO3, N2O, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5) affecting air pollution. Another gas, Nitrose oxide (N2O) started to receive attention as a gas that causes Green House effect. These oxides are produced during the combustion of fossil fuels, from the oxidation of nitrate compounds, vehicle emission, and from the manufacturing process of Nitric acid. Through the chemical reactions of Nitrogen monoxide (NO), some types of Nitrogen oxides form. Nitrogen oxides (NO) play important roles in the photochemical reactions, where it is oxidized and transformed to Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which in turn reacts with hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to form photochemical fog and ozone gas. It may
63
also react with Hydroxide (OH) to form Nitric acid that causes acid rain. Nitrogen dioxide received a great attention due to its effect on the health and environment. Environmental standards were placed for this gas, which has a color of brownish red and has a very strong smell. The respiratory and the cardiovascular systems can be affected if a person is exposed. Other effects include lowering visibility and damaging paints and plants.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
It is a colorless, odorless gas, very toxic and highly reactive with hemoglobin in the blood. The most existing pollutant in the air, especially in urban cities. This gas is emitted from the incomplete combustion of carbon fuel. More than 70% of this gas in air is emitted by different transportation facilities. Other sources of CO include wild forest fire, decomposition of organic matter, waste burning, and incomplete fuel combustion. This gas has toxic health effects as it combines with the hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxhemoglobin, which impedes the transfer of the oxygen to the blood causing anemia and brain damage.
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Various hydrocarbons are basically produced from the reaction between hydrogen and carbon. They are emitted from the incomplete combustion of fuels as in cars, oil and chemical industries as well as the biodegrading o ogn m t isIi l e vli ogn cm onsV Csl e f rai a r l tn u s o te rai o pud ( O i c ea . c d al c )k benzene, Toluene, Sullen, and other compounds. It also includes P l yl A o ac H doa os(A sc a vinyl chloride, oy cc rm t yrcr n P H s uh s c i i b ) Naphthalene, and formalin, which are all hazardous to human health and causes cancer.
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia is a colorless gas with strong odor. It dissolves in water, Ethyl ether, and other organic solvents. It is a powerful oxidizing and reducing agent of all nitrogen compounds. It is found in natural air in very small concentrations, but is emitted from other industries such as manufacturing of Nitric acid, oil refining, the production process of Ammonia and Urea, fermentation of organic nitrogen compounds, as in the case of human waste decomposition. This gas is very toxic and irritates the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory system. Exposure to high concentrations, affects the central nervous system.
Ozone (O3) Photo-Chemical Oxidants
A blue gas with strong odor which forms at the surface of earth as a result of the photo-chemical reaction between Nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon vapors, carbon monoxide, and water vapor in the presence of sunlight. It
64
can be also emitted from the oxidation process of Oxygen caused by lightning, welding processes, equipment with high voltage currents like electric ovens used in aluminum and steel melting processes. This gas is toxic to flora and fauna and can damage lungs tissues. It also has adverse environmental effects on the atmosphere.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
It is an odorless, colorless and sour gas. It is found in the natural air at concentrations varying from 0.03 to 0.06 %. It is emitted by the combustion of carbon matter and from the complete combustion of some types of fossil fuel such as coal and oil products. It can cause breathing problems at concentrations of 5% and unconsciousness at 10%. It started to receive more attention because it is considered as one of the greenhouse gases that cause the Greenhouse Phenomena.
Chlorine (Cl2)
Chlorine is another gas with strong odor and a color between blue and yellow. It dissolves lightly in water and moderately in alkaline. This gas can be found in abundant quantities in nature in concentrations reaching 0 5 f m t er c sadiuul fr e b t e c olysis of . % r h a hs r tn s say om d y h l t 1 o e t u l e er Sodium Chloride. Chlorine causes many problems to the respiratory system and could lead to suffocation at high concentrations.
Fluorine (F2)
Produced by industries that use compounds containing fluorides as raw materials, such as Phosphate fertilizers and aluminum industries as well as refrigerators and plastics manufacturing processes. The gas causes renal damage and also has adverse effects on flora and fauna.
Lead (Pb)
Mineral dust contains lead and has the form of small particles. It can also be spread in the air through other toxic compounds causing lead poisoning leading to osteoporoses and causes liver, kidney, and brain damage. The sources of these particles include traffic and chemical industries, such as batteries, paints, and pipe manufacturing.
Mercury (Hg)
A liquid mineral at normal pressures and temperatures and has silverwhite color. Mercury does not dissolve in water, but it dissolves in Nitric acid and found in nature as sulfides as in Cinnabar. Mercury can be emitted to the air by some industrial processes, such as electrolysis, and is highly toxic especially on the central nervous system.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 C l o u rcro sC C s ho f ooab n ( F rl )
C Csa wt n h nn F f l i i t o-methane hydrocarbon groups, and is formed by l h e the replacement of fluorine and chlorine to some, or all hydrogen atoms. C Cs r hr flol e adk nycl o t hm nbd. F F a a u t i r n i e es fh u a oy C Cs e m v d l e are used in refrigeration industries and air conditioners. It is considered as one of the substances that cause the depletion of ozone layer.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Produced by the combustion of fossil fuels especially at low ignition temperatures between 800-1200 Kelvin. The source of this substance is the same as the sources of Nitrogen Oxides. This gas is considered as one of three main gases contributing to the Greenhouse Phenomena.
Methane Gas (CH4)
Odorless and colourless gas found in natural air. Its concentration in the atmosphere reached 1.4-1.7 ppm. This gas is produced from rice fields, domestic (organic) landfill sites, and from oil wells and refineries. Methane does not have direct health effects but it is highly explosive and flammable at concentrations between 5-15%. Methane also contributes to Greenhouse phenomena.
Noise
Noise is defined as the unfavorable sounds that disturb and adversely affect health and quality of human life. If exposed to high levels, noise can cause partial or complete hearing loss. It also has other psychological and mental reducing the ability to concentrate. Main sources of noise are: traffic on main and small roads, planes take off and landing, construction and some industries, as well as some social activities.
Global radiations and natural isotopic radiations
The sun is the source of such radiations, which are produced in forms of electromagnetic waves varying in wavelengths. They can be divided to three main types: Infra-red radiations: These are invisible heat radiations making 46% of the total sun radiation. They move in long waves ranging from 7004000 nanometre. Visible Light: They move at wavelengths of 400-700 nanometres and form 455 of total sun radiations. Its colours (spectrum) range from violet to red forming visible light. Ultraviolet and short waves ionized radiations: These radiations make 9% of the total sun radiation and are considered the shortest in wavelengths. Ultraviolet radiations have wavelengths of 190-400
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nanometres whereas ionized radiations (beta, gamma, and Alfa) have shorter wavelengths. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause skin inflammations, skin cancer, eye diseases, and premature aging of the skin. These radiations also produce ozone gases at the surface of earth and affects plastic products, agriculture, and earth ecosystem.
Radon
Gases found in nature and produced by the decomposition of radiating isotopes, such as uranium. It is available in high quantities in excavation industries, i.e. mines, and with the production of phosphate. This gas is a radioactive hazardous gas and can reach lower respiratory tract causing terminal damages to the alveoli.
Radioactive industrial isotopes
There are many types of these isotopes according to their usage. This includes x-rays medical examinations, radiation treatment using iodine isotopes, radioactive cobalt, and nuclear fuel. These radioactive materials and their isotopes have short wavelengths, which allow them to penetrate the skin easily causing deformities and cancer.
Indoor harmful vapours and gases in the work environment
There many types of harmful vapors and gases workers might be exposed to in work environments according to the raw materials used in the industries, industrial processes, equipment, and types of fuel used. However, it should be noted that many international organizations such as the International Labor Organization Office (ILO) and other research institutions in many developed countries, such as OSHA, NOISH, and ACHIH in the U.S, have focused on protecting human lives and health from work hazards; therefore, these institutions proposed limits on the maximum gas and vapor exposure that a worker might be subjected to inside any work place. These limits, known as Threshold Limit Values (L w i wlb sffr okrtb epsd o o 8 ora a T V s h h i e a o w re o e xoe t fr hus dy ) c l e s and 40 hours a week. Many countries, including Kuwait, strictly adhere to these limits. 2-1-4 Sources and levels of concentrations for air pollutants in Kuwait
Primary air pollutants measured. Include the following:
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP). Suspended particulate with sizes equal or less than 10 micron (PM-10 inhaleable). Sulphur dioxide gas. Hydrogen sulphide.
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx, NO2, NO). Hydrocarbons (methane, Hydrocarbon gases and non methane nCH4). Carbon monoxide. Ozone. Ammonia. Lead.
Estimated values for air pollutants in the State of Kuwait
There are various sources that emit air pollutants in Kuwait ranging from fixed sources, such as different industrial complexes in many areas. It also includes mobile sources, such as cars, planes, and ships. The Environment Public Authority in Kuwait (formerly known as Department of the Environment) has conducted many field studies to estimate the quantities and types of the primary environmental pollutants, liquid or solids wastes. The last inventory study was conducted in 1986. These studies were performed according to internationally recognized standards in finding the types and quantities of the pollutants and wastes emitted from every establishment and according to tables approved by the World Health Organization. These tables show the types of pollutants and emission factors for each pollutant, which can be used to calculate the quantity of emitted pollutants. This study concluded in identifying 11 important industrial and cm e i a a t t hu b m n oe fr o u n m s o.t o m r a r s h sol e oi r o pl t t e i i I cl e a d t d la s sn was estimated that the total quantity of particles reached 97034 tons per year, sulfur dioxide reached 610600 tons per year, nitrogen oxides reached 107852 tons a year, hydrocarbon gases and vapors reached 6798 tons a year, carbon monoxide reached 349481 tons a year, chlorine reached 69 tons a year, ammonia reached 8395 tons a year, fluorine reached 330 tons a year, and finally hydrochloride acid reached 29.7 tons a year. Currently, the Department of Industrial Environment in the Environment Public Authority is conducting a field research similar to the previously mentioned study. It will include all the industrial compounds built in the various industrial areas in the State of Kuwait. This research, still underway and will only focus on estimating the quantities of solid and liquid wastes that are produced in these areas. The Department of Pollution Monitoring in the Environment Public Authority has also performed the first stages of another study to update the quantities and types of air pollutants in the State of Kuwait. The study
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has completed identifying and sorting the industrial compounds and prepared a questionnaire to gather the necessary information needed to calculate the quantity of pollutants using the Emission Factors. These surveys form were sent to the various important industrial institutions. It is needless to say that it is very important for all parties to cooperate in order to produce good results that will benefit everyone and will improve the state of the environment in the State of Kuwait. On the other hand, and during the Iraqi invasion, the Environment Public Authority in Kuwait has lost all essential equipments used to measure noise levels. In 1998, the lost equipment were replaced; therefore, the Department of Air Pollution (through the Noise Section) performed field studies to measure the equivalent noise levels (Lequivalent) in some residential areas and selected schools in order to examine the effects of traffic on noise levels. The study is still in progress. The Environment Public Authority appreciates scientific and field research in the various fields of environment. For this reason, the Authority financed many research institutions and personnel, including academic and applied research to conduct different air pollution studies. One of these researches was performed by the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and w s ie ee et o a pl t t f m hsil at i i r i a tl t f c f i o u n r op a w s n n ao td h f s r la s o t e c e tn o a qat i t hsil n sr ud gev om n . nt r n i uly n h op a ad ur ni ni n et A o e r i e t o n r h research was performed by College of Engineering and Petroleum in K w iU i rt adw s ie h C m oio o f m dnmc u a n e i n a tl T e o psi fl e ya i t v sy td tn a s r u i f mhdoa os o bso e ln r yrcr n cm ut n. s tg o b i
Primary Air Pollutants concentration levels
The Environment Public Authority (through the Department of Air Pollution Monitoring) has 6 stationary air pollution monitoring stations in many areas in the State of Kuwait to ensure continuous monitoring of air quality. These six stations are located in the following areas: Mansourya, Rabiya, Rigga, Jahra, Um Al-Haiman, and Um al-Aish. It also has two mobile stations that are equipped with the same equipment as the stationary stations. The equipment include air pollutants concentration level detectors, falling dusts sampling, Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) that measure particles of sizes 10 micron or less. The following observations were found after collecting and analyzing the data for the past five years (from 1995-1999): Annual average dust fall, measured in three geographically distributed areas in Kuwait, was (15.9 33.01) tons per square kilometres. This is four times greater than the allowable standards, which is 7.5 ton per square kilometres.
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Annual average levels of concentrations for suspended particles in the air in different areas in Kuwait were (27.47 242115) micrograms per cubic meters. Approximately half of these particles, (22.85 132.2) micrograms per cubic meters, are of sizes 10 microns or less and could be inhaled. These numbers are higher than the allowable standards, which are 90.0 micrograms per cubic meters. Annual average for vapour and non-methane hydrocarbon gases concentrations, were (0.265 0.539) ppm, which is again double the value of the allowable standards of 0.240 ppm. Annual average for ammonia concentration, which is measured continuously at Al-Rigga area in the south of the country, was (58.4 96.12) ppb (parts per billion). As an annual average, this is lower than the allowable maximum limit standards of 180 ppb, although it was higher in 1997 and 1998. Annual average hydrogen sulphide concentrations, the source of bad odour, were (1.7 3.44) ppb. Again, as an annual average, this is lower than the maximum allowable limit of 6.0 ppb. In 1998 and 1999, this average was higher in Al-Rigga and Al-Rabiya areas respectively. In some cases the concentration levels surpasses the standards for short duration maximum limits, which is 30 ppb, and could reach 140.0 ppb as an hourly average. Annual average sulphur dioxide concentrations reached 6.35 12.51 ppb, this is half of the maximum allowable limits of 30.0 ppb. As annual average, these standard limits were not violated in any of the six monitored areas, though in some short duration, these limits were violated. Annual average Nitrogen dioxide, which greatly affects the environment and health more than any other nitrogen oxide gases, reached (10.81 21.22) ppb. As an annual average, this is lower than the maximum allowable limit (of 30.0 ppb). But in some years, this annual average was higher than these limits in Al-Mansorya area and reached the highest concentration in 1998 of 49.9 ppb and in Al-Rigga area in 1997 and 1998 reaching 36.0 and 34.7 ppb respectively. Other high concentrations were recorded for short durations in many areas throughout the years. Annual average Ozone concentration reached 8.0 26.6 ppb, which is lower than the maximum limit of 60 ppb set by standards as an eight hour average. However, the hourly average concentrations reached 80 ppb for only 0.1 % to 3.2 % of measuring time.
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Annual average Carbon monoxide concentrations reached (0.6 1.04) ppm, which is much less than the maximum limits of 8.0 ppm set by standards as a daily average. These concentrations increase during traffic rush hours due to the fact that traffic is the main source of this gas in cities.
Air pollutants depleting the ozone layer
It has been proven that some chemical compounds can change the chemical and physical characteristics of the Ozone Stratosphere layer; these compounds include: Carbon gases: Carbon monoxide, Methane, Carbon dioxide, and Hydrocarbons less Methane. Nitrogen Oxides: such as Nitrous Oxide. Chloro-Carbon gases including:
Completely Halogenated Chloro-carbon gases: such as Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), Freon 111(CFCl3), Freon 112 (CF2Cl2), Freon 113 (C2F3Cl3), Freon 114 (C2F4Cl2), and Freon 115 (C2F5Cl). These are all originated from industrial sources and are primary sources for Chloride oxides that play important roles in photochemistry of the Ozone, especially in the stratosphere. Partially Halogenated Chloro-Carbon gases: Chloroform (CHCl3), Freon 22 (CHF2Cl), and Freon 21 (CHFCl2). These are also sources for Chloride oxides (ClO), which are primary substances that originate Chlorine for Ozone layer depletion. Bromine Gases: Fully halogenated bromofluorocarbons materials of industrial sources and act as sources of brome oxide, which are similar in behaviour as chlorine oxides. Hydrogen gases such as:
Hydrogen gases from industrial or natural sources play small role in photochemistry of the atmosphere. Water, naturally originated, plays a vital role in photochemistry for upper and lower atmosphere layers. Estimated quantities and concentrations for gases that cause ozone depletion In section 2-1-4 the quantities and concentrations of some gases that cause ozone depletion were mentioned. This includes carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon gases, nitrogen oxides, and chlorine and Fluorine gases. No information about the concentrations and quantities of other gases are available.
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It should be noted that one of the important and primary activities of the National Committee for the Protection of the Ozone in Kuwait, which was formed to apply Montreal and Vienna Protocols, is to cooperate with entities importing these gases to gradually decrease their use and to use other safer alternatives. This will lead to a reduction in gas emissions and concentrations in the atmosphere. The committee succeeded in 1993 in accomplishing some of its set targets, which were determined by the protocol to reach individual consumption to 0.3 Kilogram per person per year for some of the Ozone depleting gases. Greenhouse gases. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O).
Estimated quantities for these gases: The Environment Public Authority formed a technical subcommittee, from the permanent National Committee, in order to follow up the climate change treaty. This subcommittee has the task of preparing the national document regarding the quantities of the emitted gases from the different sources in the State of Kuwait. Concentrations levels in the atmosphere: In 1997, the Department of Air Pollution Monitoring at the Environment Public Authority purchased special equipment that can directly measure concentration levels of carbon monoxide and used it in the stationary monitoring stations in Jahra in order to record levels of this gas. Results showed that monthly average concentration of carbon dioxide ranged between 328 ppm, a minimum recorded in December 1998, and 379 ppm. The annual average for 1997, 1998, and 1999 were 365 ppm, 341 ppm, and 370 ppm. This last average is slightly higher than the normal concentration of this gas in natural air. With regard to methane gas, the annual average concentration ranged between 1.29 ppm, which was a minimum recorded in 1996 at Um AlAish station north of the country, and 2.24 ppm, a high recorded in 1995 at Jahra area. In general, methane gas averages are slightly higher than expected in air surrounding all monitored areas except Um Al-Aish, which is low in emission.
2-2 Assessment of resources of the atmosphere and air quality sector

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2-2-1 Establishments and Authorities working in the field of management, organization, and monitoring of Air emission and Air quality.
Air Pollution Monitoring Department, EPA:
The main targets of this department are to prevent or reduce pollution and preserve air quality. It is also responsible for ensuring that development process is not on the expense of human health. Other tasks of this department are to consider the regional and international environmental protection agreements, determine international issues of concern in this field. Building national capacity in the field of environment protection and awareness. The department is specialized in the following:
Monitoring and analyzing primary air pollutants concentrations including suspended particles, average dust fall, their sources, and their distribution paths. Monitor some accompanying climate results, related to the spread of pollutants or due to their reaction with other compounds. In addition, it is also specialized in studying Greenhouse phenomena, measuring sun and ultraviolet radiations. Monitor other gases and pollutants included in the regional and international treaties such as measuring sulphur dioxide (using acid analysis), total suspended particles, as required by the treaty signed between The Environment Public Authority in Kuwait and the World Health Organization in the International Gas Emissions Monitoring System for some air pollutants (GEMS), and some other gases causing climate change (like carbon dioxide and methane). Monitoring the implementation of articles of the Vienna agreement and Montreal Protocol dealing with limiting the use of gases that cause ozone layer depletion (Stratospheric) and the chemical substances that affect it. Interpolating the relation between levels of concentration of air pollutants and their sources and develop a model that could be used to predict future pollution levels in the different areas in case of emergency. Applying regulations related to the establishment of the Environment Public Authority in Kuwait in regards to air quality standards in r i n a a a i K w i r e o pl t t e i i f m t e d tl r s n u a , a s f o u n m s o r h se i e t t la s sn o e fixed and mobile sources, and allowable noise levels in residential areas.
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The organizational structure for the department includes various sections for gas pollution, dust pollution, and noise pollution employing 15, 9, and 2 technicians, respectively. The department also supervises the operations of the following sections and laboratories: Sand (Dust) laboratory. Its tasks are the following:
Estimating the daily dust fall rates in one measuring station at AlShuwaikh industrial area and linking this with the accompanying climate conditions in order to determine the main source of dust emission. Calculating the monthly dust falls on the State of Kuwait by collecting samples from three different areas (Mansouriya, Shuwaikh Industrial Area, and Jahra). Chemically analyzing falling dust samples in order to determine concentration levels of their contents. Studying and chemically analyzing suspended particles in air by determining concentration levels and contents proportions as well as determining their volume distribution. Determining sulfur dioxide concentration levels using the approved acid analysis method to fulfill the International Gas Emissions Monitoring System (GEMS) agreement between the Authority and the World Health Organization. Sample collection of rain and determining the pH level. Physical Factors Laboratory: This laboratory takes daily measurements to determine the intensity of sunlight and ultraviolet radiations in order to complete the data gathered in the different climate monitoring stations. Noise: It specializes in measuring and evaluating outside noise levels and vibrations caused by various activities such as traffic, Airport traffic, construction operations, and other engineering processes. Then it studies the exposures of citizens to noise and determine suitable methods to limit it and reduce its effects. Stationary Stations: It is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the six stationary air monitoring stations in the State of Kuwait that were installed in different areas selected in a way to evaluate the
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Fig. 2-1 Stationary sources of air pollution and stationary air quality monitoring stations.
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sources of pollutants near them that might affect air quality. The following are descriptions of these locations:
Mansourya Station: This station is located between longitude of 29.36 and latitude of 48 in Mansourya residential area and above the clinic. This site is affected by the pollutants produced by the dense traffic due to its location inside Kuwait city, a gas station, and near AlArabi Sport Club, all are located west of the station. To the northwest of this station is the Sheraton roundabout; where as the Al-Maghreb highway is located to the west of this station. Al-Rabya Station: It is located at longitude 29.32 and latitude of 47.96 at a distance of 10 kilometers west of Kuwait city. The Fifth Ring Road is north of this station where as the Sixth Ring Road is located on the south. Kuwait Airport is 8 kilometers from this station in the southeastern direction. Sabhan Industrial Area is located southeast of this station also. In the south of this station is the Magwa'a oil field area, which is 16 kilometers away. Ardiya water treatment station is 1.5 kilometers away in the southwestern direction of Omariya and Rabya areas. At a distance of 16 kilometers northwest of this station is the Doha Power Station. Al-Rigga Station: Located at longitude of 29.32 and latitude of 48.09 in the Rigga residential area, which is one of the coastal areas located at the Arabian Gulf. It is bound by Fahaheel Road from the east, and Al-Safar highway, from the west. This station is one of the closest stations to Ahmadi, which is northwest of the station, and Shuaiba industrial area, which is to the southeast. Also, Al-Rigga wastewater treatment station is located to the northwest. Um Al-Haiman Station: Um Al-Haiman is located at longitude of 28.97 and latitude of 48.48 in Um Al-Haiman area, which is considered very close to the oil and petrochemical industrial areas. Mina Abdulla Oil Refinery is within two kilometers to this station and is located in the northwest direction where as Shuaiba Industrial Area is 6 kilometers in the northwestern direction. Al-Magwa'a oil fields are 24 kilometers in the northwestern direction. Al-Jahra Station: Jahra station is located at longitude of 29.36 and latitude of 48.68 in Jahra residential area and above the hospital. Doha Power station is in the northeastern direction and is considered one of the main sources for pollution in the area. There is Jahra wastewater treatment plant in the south of the area. Um Al-Aish Station: Located at longitude of 29.7 and latitude of 47.7 in the northern part of the State of Kuwait. Al-Rawdatain oil field,
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which is located at the northeastern part, is considered one of the sources of pollution in the area. From the west of the station is the Abdili Road; where as from the southeastern side there is a military complex (training camp). Mobile Laboratories Section: These laboratories conduct the environmental studies in remote areas that are not covered by the stationary stations. These labs can also be used as substitutes for stationary stations if needed. The stationary and moving stations are equipped with the following:
Sulfur oxides measurements using the U.V. Fluorescence analyzer technique. Hydrocarbon vapor meters: it works using the theory of ionization hydrocarbon compounds through a flame in the presence of Hydrogen (Flame Ionization Detector- FID) to carbon and hydrogen ions. Nitrogen Oxides meters: It is based on the emission of light from the chemical reaction between Nitrogen monoxide and Ozone (Chemiluminescence Method-CLD). Carbon monoxide meter: It works by absorbing this gas to Infrared Radiation (Non-dispersive Infra-Red). Ozone gas meter: Works using the theory of U.V. Photometric Analyzer, which states that Ozone gas, absorbs Ultraviolet radiation. Ammonia gas meter: This is the same meter used for the Nitrogen oxides, which works by (CLD) theory. A transfer unit should be used to transfer Nitrogen oxide to ammonia gas. Carbon monoxide meter: This meter works after Carbon monoxide absorbs infrared radiation (Non-Dispersive Infra-Red). The measured weather parameters, by the fixed and mobile stations, are the following:
Temperature Wind direction and speed. Relative humidity Atmospheric pressure. Sun radiation. Standard Analysis laboratory: This lab performs studies and researches and deals with complaints. It measures pollutants in parts per million directly from air through portable equipment. The data collected by these equipment can then be further analyzed in the
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laboratory using gas Chromatography Separation technique to separate the various chemical elements that are similar in chemical reaction such as the organic chains, which are difficult to analyze through regular chemical methods. Some of the important studies that are performed by this lab include the study of offensive odors from different sources such as wastewater networks, the study of hydrocarbons emitted to the air from different sources, such as traffic and oil production and refining industries. The laboratory also focuses on waste landfill sites, in which wastes are converted to harmful gases and other simpler matter. The lab is now in the process of supervising the landfill sites in Al-Qurain residential area by taking and analyzing samples continuously to ensure that residents are protected from any leakage, health, or environmental harms. The lab is also required to evaluate the extent of the problem in this landfill and provide a list of possible accompanying hazards. Another task that is carried out by this lab is to study the proper methods in dealing with oil lakes.
Industrial Environment Department:
One of the departments of the Environment Public Authority and works toward the implementation of the general policy to protect the industrial environment through the following means:
Ensure the implementation of the specifications and standards in protecting the industrial and interior environment and then the general health. Study and specify the sources of industrial pollutants as well as setting regulations to reduce these pollutants. Preparing and supervising the implementation of the protection of industrial and indoor environments plans (except houses) from pollutants in the short and long ranges. Preparing a comprehensive emergency response plans to deal with industrial environmental catastrophes. The Department is divided into four sections: Work Environment, Indoor Environment, Chemical Substances, and the Control of Industrial Waste. Each of these departments contributes in preserving the environment according to their disciplines prior to the occurrence of any problem. The sections of Work and Indoor Environments take special care in protecting workers from physical, chemical, biological, accidents, and sickness hazards. Employees from these sections conduct routine visits to industrial sites to ensure that workers are not subjected to hazards and
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that all safety procedures and regulations are adhered to. These checks are also required when renewing the license of industrial facilities. Certificates are not provided if these facilities fail to meet the conditions set by the Department. The Department also has equipment used to collect data and samples that test workers possible exposures to hazards and are compared against m x u ao al l i (r hehl Lm t a e T V s It s ai m l w b i t o T r o i iV l s L .fh e m l ems s d u ) e limits are exceeded, the concerned party must take necessary corrective actions. There are 45 specialized workers in this department. There is also an agreement between the Environment Public Authority and the Ministry of Social Works to implement the regulations regarding the protection of workers from work hazards.
The Public Authority for Industry:
The Department of Environmental Monitoring: The Centre for Environmental Protection was establishment, in 1976, with the aim to protect the environment. It was under the Shuaiba Industrial Area Authority- Ministry of Industry and Commerce. Its was concerned with monitoring pollutants emitted from industries located within the Shuaiba Industrial Area. After the issue of the decree number 56 of 1996, for the establishment of the Public Authority for Industry, the dpr et a t nf r t t sA t ryudrt nm h ea m n w s r s r d o h u oi ne h a e T e t a ee i h t e D pr et o E v om n l Moi r g. H w vr a i ea m n f ni n et t r a n oi o ee l t tn , l s capabilities, including personnel, labs, and equipment, were kept intact. The department has four main sections: Air section, Water Unit, Coordination and Follow up Section, and Maintenance section. The total number of employees in this department reached 31.
Air section: Specializes in the continuous monitoring of the quality within Shuaiba Industrial area through operating the following laboratories and units: Air Laboratories: Contain many suspended particles sampling equipment as well as portable equipment for direct measurement of air pollutants and chemical analysis equipment. Stationary Air Quality Monitoring Stations: Contain four continuous monitoring stations to measure the concentrations of primary air pollutants. These stations are equipped with the same equipments as in the stations belonging to the Environment Public Authority discussed earlier. These stations, however, are distributed inside Shuaiba Industrial area. Mobile Air Quality Assessment Laboratory: It uses the same equipment as the Stationary and Continuous Monitoring Stations. It is
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used to assess the Air quality in locations away from the stationary stations.
Department of Industrial Safety: It specializes in monitoring and
regular inspection of industrial complexes located inside Shuaiba Industrial Area to ensure that safety and security regulations are followed and therefore providing safe and healthy environment for workers. The department is similar to the Indoor Environment Section in the Environment Public Authority. 2-2-2 The governmental production and services establishments
Ministry of Oil
In 1989, bylaws in relation to law 19 of 1973for the conservation of the petroleum resources were issued. The bylaw included a chapter pertaining to the protection of the environment and included specifications and standards for air quality and emission rates for some pollutants to be implemented by the oil sector in operations ranging from exploration, well drilling, oil production, crude oil transportation and storage, oil refining, petrochemical industries, transportation and storage of oil products for export via ports or for local use. These regulations were to be followed by oil companies under the Ministry of Oil as well as contractors working in projects in this sector. The Department of the Preservation and Protection of the Environment was established by the Ministry of Oil in 1993, which included a superintendent for environment protection, a chemical engineer with 20 years experience, and four other chemical engineers. This department includes three sections:

Monitoring of Safety and Security within the oil facilities. Field inspection and preservation. Environmental Protection. The department focuses on monitoring and following up of projects implemented by other environmental entities in the country.
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC)
In 1990, the Board Chairman and Managing Director of KOC approved, among other ambitious strategic plans to make the KOC one of the leading companies in the region in terms of Health, Environment and Safety Management System (HSEMS) Policy. It is a starting point to provide safe and healthy working conditions for employees and developing the environment. Some of the programs that were started by the company:
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Limiting air pollutants emission produced by gas flaring during oil production in operation areas. Air quality monitoring project in process areas and identifying the sources of these pollutants in order to reach proper solutions. Current and future projects aiming at improving the production and performance of oil wells and industrial process in general. KOC in collaboration with Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research have established the Petroleum Research Centre in Ahmadi area, close to the oil facilities. The company, through the implementation of technology transfer contracts with major international oil companies, works in setting specifications, standards and proper approaches to achieve best health, safety, and environmental practices. Waste recycling through the active participation of the residents of Ahmadi areas in segregation of domestic and commercial wastes. Fences operation areas as well as greening projects and the expansion of conservation areas. These activities assist in reducing sand encroachment. The determination of gas, liquid, chemical and solid waste emissions project. A complete and accurate database is established that will assist in making proper decisions in implementing the HSE plan. The company also stores all these information in the Geographic Information System (GIS). HSE Benchmarking project, which aims at comparing the overall performance of the company with other oil companies in the GCC as well as other international standards and specifications in the field of HSE. The establishment of Guidelines for environmental, health risk assessment for projects proposed by suppliers to protect the health, work environment and nature. The adoption of non-smoking policy in work areas within the premises of the company. The continuous monitoring of work environment and the implementation of a routine preventive health program for all employees. The removal of all sources of asbestos used previously in the company premises and houses of its employees.
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Setting a special program for Environmental Impact Assessment for all company future projects, as well as for the other joint projects. The company also coordinates with the Environment Public Authority in regard to law 9/90, in conducting Environmental Impact Assessment Studies (EIS) for industrial and constructional projects. Therefore, KOC has formed many action teams in cooperation with other coordinators to conduct these vital environmental programs. Many employees represented the KOC in the committees and action teams formed by the Environment Public Authority in Kuwait for the formulation of Kuwait Environmental Strategy and setting environmental standards and specifications.
Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC)
Since the restructuring of the Kuwaiti oil sector, KNPC became the sole operating company of Kuwait three oil refineries. These are Al-Ahmadi (built in 1949 with total capacity of 420,000 barrels a day), Mina Abdulla (built in 1958 with capacity of 235,000 barrels a day), and Mina Shuaiba (built in 1968 with capacity of 200,000 barrels a day). These capacities from Kuwaiti crude oil, which is high in sediments such as sulfur (2.6%), Nitrogen (13,000 ppm), Nickel (8 ppm), and Vanadium (31 ppm), makes the processes more complicated and need more units to be added. In turn they have higher capital costs and require additional units to preserve and protect the environment. Regarding environmental protection strategies in the refineries and surrounding areas, KNPC gave this issue a great importance in the design stages through the careful selection of specialized companies and contractors according to the most up-to-date environmental and engineering standards used in large international refineries that fulfills the specifications of the environmental protection agencies as well as safety regulations. These include the following: Engineering Design Stage:
Providing refineries with gas treatment and purification units, which are non-productive units built for the protection of the environment. The availability of additional treatment units within the refineries that functions in case of failure of other units. The selection of high efficiency boilers that contain igniters with low nitrogen oxide emissions and designed according to the latest international technologies.
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The adherence to the engineering specifications of the height of the stacks of the boilers in order to achieve lower pollution levels within the refineries and the surrounding areas. Treating effluent water produced by refining process before returning it to the sea. The review and update of engineering specifications and designs, as needed, according to new specifications. Safe Operations: Provide a team of engineers and technicians for industrial safety in every refinery. The routine preventive and general maintenance operations as well as corrosion inspection to ensure the safety of the operations process. Operation responsibilities are given to qualified engineers and technicians, equipped with all necessary measuring equipments and control, 24 hours a day. Supplying manufacturing units with automatic alarm systems to measure pollutants in the surrounding areas. The removal of asbestos containing false ceilings and ensuring that new facilities are asbestos free. Preparing emergency response plans containing proper procedures to be followed in case of environmental emergencies. The main units include: Atmospheric Residue Desulphurisation & ISOMAX: These units operate to remove sulphur from heavy air residues to reduce sulphur percentage from 4.2 % to 0.5 %. Hydrocracker & H. Oil units: Sulphur and Nitrogen contents in the reactors are removed in these units using catalysts. Also, cracking the product arriving from the vacuum distillation unit occurs in these units, where they are converted into hydrocarbon products with better environmental friendly quality and properties. Naphtha and Kerosene Treatment Units (Hydrotreaters): by the addition of Hydrogen to lower the sulphur content by 90% transferring it to hydrogen sulphide, which is then removed by the Gas recovery Units. Gas Recovery Units: Sulphur recovery Unit (SRV) and Tail gas Treating Unit (TGTV). Coal and Sulphur Storage and Handling Units: using the best preventive methods to limit the leakage of coal dust and sulphur.
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Flare system installations to vent out and burn gases at calculated height of 300-350 feet, which will spread dispersion of gases in the air. This system is equipped with accurate measuring and control instruments according to international specifications. It was designed so that sulfur content does not exceed 1.5-2.0 % of the total sulfur in crude oil processed in the refinery.
Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC)
The company has established a special section to deal with environment protection. This section operates 24 hours a day and examines the outlets o t cm ays l u ad gse i i s T e sco pb se f h o pn i i n a m s o . h et n ulhs e qd sn i i pr d a t r s t a a ns o t cm ayse p ye. n e oi l o a e h w r es f h o pn m l es May i cs i e e e o projects were supervised by this section including: Urea Granulation Project: This project is aimed at reduce Urea dust produced from Urea Plant (A) to low values not exceeding 15 milligrams per cubic meter of air. Water Dissolver Upgrade in Urea Plant (B) Project: This project aims at treating industrial effluent water from urea plants in order to reduce ammonia and urea contents to 1 ppm and then reuse the water. Suspended Oil Separation from outlet Seawater Plant Project: The volume rate of inlet water t t cm ays l tr ce 15cb o h o pn p n e hs 0 ui e as a c meter per hour. Therefore, the aim of this project is to separate oil from collected water and stored in special tanks to be refined and reused.
Ministry of Public Works (MPW)
The ministry has paid great attention to the field of environmental protection. In 1997, MPW established an Environment Protection and Safety at Work sections within the ministry with 7 qualified technicians. In recent years, the Ministry has implemented many plans and programs to deal with and control the problem of Hydrogen Sulfide that causes obnoxious odors in many areas in Kuwait. Some of these projects are:
Installing chemical oxidation towers in eleven pumping stations as well as the Ardiya water treatment plant to remove odors using chemical substances (Cl2, HCl, NaOH, and NaOCl). The use of biological treatment systems to deal with odors. The use of different types of carbon membranes, in different shapes, sizes, and capacities, in 55 pumping stations around Kuwait. The use of chemical injection of some chemicals (NaOH and NaOCl) in emergencies, when waste water is diverted to the sea or to waste
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network and pumping stations in large volumes and then gets processed to eliminate odors.
The use of Bio-chemical substances to aid in improving, treating and limiting odors. These are used in Ardiya water treatment plant. Upgrade and improve the efficiency of wastewater facilities, as in the case of replacement of pumping stations by modern ones. The replacement of old wastewater pipelines. Conducting studies and performing experiments to improve methods to control obnoxious odors, as well as the feasibility of such methods in Kuwait. Corresponding to companies and other governmental and international authorities to improve the treatment process and limit the odour emissions. Studying the possibility of treating wastewater that is dumped in the sea to treat sea pollution and odor, using equipments placed at 10 wastewater outlets. The routine cleaning of the pipelines and manholes and the installation of carbon baskets to control odors. The total budget spent on the reduction of odors for the next three years is estimated to reach 3 million Kuwaiti Dinars.
Ministry of Interior:
In 1984 the Ministry of Interior established, within the Department of Vehicle Testing, an Environment Pollution Monitoring Section that is chaired by specialist and has 4 technicians having diplomas in vehicle mechanical engineering. The employees participate in many conferences that deal with environmental affairs. The section performs the following annual activities:
Annual medical check-ups for employees of Department of Vehicle Testing. Cooperate with Ministry of Health, Department of Occupational Health, to determine the direct effects of toxic gases that these employees might be exposed to. Conduct a study in collaboration with the Environment Public Authority to prepare the specifications of the pollutants and their quantities from vehicle emission. A field study a survey was conducted in 1985 in collaboration with Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research and The Environment Public Authority to measure emission rates from vehicles. Before the Iraqi
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invasion, the Department used to have a special testing equipment to test emissions from cars.
Kuwait Municipality (KM):
In 1992 Kuwait, the Municipality established a specialized department to handle environmental affairs. This department employs 46 staff of which 33 holds scientific degrees as follow: - 3 Architectural engineers. - 11 chemical engineers. - 6 environmental health inspectors. - 1 assistant physicist. - Other administrational staff. Some of the projects handled by this department are:

- 2 civil engineers. - 1 road and planning engineer. - 8 engineers assistants. - 1 environmental inspector.
Construction waste treatment projects. Domestic solid waste treatment projects. Waste transport and handling projects. Study, design, and implementation of dump sites projects. Vision pollution treatment projects in architecture environment. Al-Qurain landfill site rehabilitation and investment project. Organizing the sites and processes of quarrying.
Ministry of Health (MoH):
Some of the responsibilities of the Ministry of Health in the field of air quality include organizing the use of ionized radiation as well as the monit i w re el . hs t k a hnl b: o n okr hahT eea s r ad d y rg s t s e e The Department of Radiation Prevention In 1977, law number 131 came into act to organize the use of ionized radiations and to prevent their hazards. Afterwards, many other laws followed aiming at protecting workers and people from the potential hazards of exposing to radiations in the work environment, when treated by X-ray or when consuming imported food and drink products. It also includes monitoring the recently installed communication towers in the Kuwait. It also has the responsibility of monitoring the ionized radiation that the local environment might be exposed to due to some disasters in close or remote areas such as the Chernobyl disaster and the use of weapons of mass destruction in addition to the continuous monitoring of base nuclear radiation levels in the country.
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Occupational Health Department: Approximately 55 physicians and qualified technicians in the field of occupational health work in this department. Their main tasks are to perform clinical medical checks, necessary analysis, and routine and preliminary examinations on workers in all establishments to protect them from occupational hazards.
Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW):
In 1997, the Department of Environmental and Engineering Programs was established under the authority of the Sector of Operations and maintenance of the Power Stations and Desalinations Plants and maintenance sector in the Ministry. There are 3 chemical engineers and 1 assistant in this department, mostly new graduates; their main tasks include:
Cooperation with Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) in preparing a study for the feasibility of the option of installing sulfur removal units to remove sulfur from emitted gases against the removal sulfur from fuel in refineries or the use of low sulfur liquid fuel. Cooperation with Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) and Dutch Shell Company in preparing a study for providing higher volumes of natural gas in the future. Preparing to supply the stations, in the future, with advanced continuous monitoring equipment for emitted gases. Continue preparation on the replacement program of the equipments that use Ozone depleting gases, as per the Montreal treaty and its amendments. 2-2-3 Educational and research Institutes and Non-Governmental Organizations:
Kuwait University, Faculty of Engineering and Petroleum:
The Department of Chemical engineering and the Department of Civil engineering, through the environmental engineering laboratory, purchased and operated a mobile laboratory that can asses air quality. This lab contains meters that can measure concentration levels of primary air pollutants in the air; this lab is similar to other labs owned by other entities discussed earlier in this report. Three specialists operate this lab.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR)
KISR was established by a decree (28 for 1981). Its main tasks and responsibilities are to study and conduct researches in the field of air, water, and soil pollutions. The Earth and Environmental Sciences Department conducts researches in this field and contains air pollution
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unit, with three researchers and technicians. Researchers use many field equipments and a mobile laboratory fully equipped with devices that can continuously monitor outside air quality. This lab is also similar with other labs owned by other authorities discussed earlier.
The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
(PAAET), Environmental Health Department, College of Health Sciences: Many specialists in the fields of natural environment and environmental health work in this department which have approximately 12 Ph.D. holders. These specialists have many published researches and studies in their fields such as Environmental Impact Assessment, sustainable development, marine pollution, climate change, desertification, noise, air pollution, environmental health and zoology. The department has future plan to have a four-year programme instead of the current two year diploma programme and to award a Bachelor of Science Degree in Earth and Environmental Sciences. In addition, a plan to establish a crises management study and training centre.
The Kuwaiti Environment Protection Society (KEPS):
KEPS is an independent non-governmental organization for the protection of the environment. It contains highly qualified and experience members from the different authorities in the country. The activities of the society include:
Continual enrichment of KEPS library to contain references and scientific books related to environmental sciences. Publishing a monthly publication specialized in issues of local and international environment science. Issuing regular publications about different environmental subjects. Publishing environmental books for children. Publishing Environmental books. Publishing environmental awareness and wildlife publications. Organizing cultural season, which includes workshops, conferences, exhibitions, national campaigns, and environmental competitions for different environmental activities. Obtain membership of many committees formed by The Environment Public Authority. 2-2-4 Existing Rules, regulations, and laws in relations to the protection of the environment from air pollution and emissions: The law of establishing the Environment Public Authority (EPA):
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The law for the establishment of the EPA number 21 for 1995,
amended in 1996, identified its responsibilities and duties, specifically in article 3 of this law. The authority is responsible for all activities and duties aiming to the protection of the environment in the country especially:
Preparing and implementing the general policy for the protection of the environment as well as preparing the strategies and work plan for sustainable development, including scientific, environmental, and health standards suitable for human life, industrial and construction expansion, natural resources use. This is all to be conducted in a healthy and safe environment for workers, safe operation of facilities, and the preservation of the environmental balance. Monitor, assessment, and follow up the activities and processes related to environment protection. Identification of pollutants and environmental standards as well as preparing laws proposals and regulations for environment protection and follow up on their implementation. It is also responsible in preventing or reducing environmental pollution in collaboration with other related authorities in the Country. The law also included many other items that gave authority to the EPA to require Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for new or expanding projects. The Authority also has the authority to impose penalties on personnel and authorities that cause environmental damage or health hazards. In 1998, the authority formed 20 technical action teams from different representatives. The representatives include managers and employees from the different government and non government establishments. These include the Environment Public Authority, the Public Authority for Industry, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Oil, Ministry of Interior, Kuwait Municipality, Kuwait University, and oil companies. The main objective was to prepare environmental standards and specifications to protect workers and population, working indoor and outdoor environments, from the associated work hazards. These teams have approved some of the main points that are needed to be considered. These include the following:
The comprehensive review of all local and international laws and regulations. Information and data collection and assessment related to the tasks of each team.
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Corresponding with international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), International Labor Office (ILO), International Marine Organization (IMO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA). Corresponding with regional organizations and authorities such as The Regional Organization for the Protection of Marine Environment (ROPME), Organization of Arabic Labor- Arab league, Office of standards and regulations- The Public Authority for Industry, the committee of Gulf standards and specifications of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Review of international and regional treaties and agreements that were signed by the State of Kuwait. Study available information and selecting safe environmental limits and standards suitable for Kuwait environment. This is conducted by taking into considerations the current environmental status through field studies and recorded measurements about levels of pollutions in outside environment (air, seawater,..etc.) or local environment hazard exposures (Industrial facilities, offices, workshops,..etc). Preparing a report that includes definitions, application fields, standards, and environmental specifications and the reason of its selection. Recently, these teams have completed preparing their reports and a legal team has been established including legal advisors from Ministry of Justice, Sheikh Sa'ad Academy for Military Sciences, and the Environment Public Authority, to study these reports from legal point of view in order to produce and implement laws. The team is about to complete this task and the Environment Public Authority, in collaboration with the Ministry of Justice, took steps to form environmental court and producing the Legal jurisdiction law performed by authorized personnel. This list from these reports will contain environmental standards and specifications for air quality in residential and industrial areas, rate of pollutant emissions from stationary and mobile (vehicles) sources, and the maximum allowable chemical, physical, and biological limits of exposures for workers. Local laws currently being enforced in relation to environment, especially the ones related to the atmosphere. Law 38/1964, and its amendments, regarding work in the private sector. Law 15/1972, and its amendments, regarding Kuwait Municipality.
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Law 19/1973 regarding the preservation of oil resources. Decree issued in 26th of June 1977 regarding the impacts of shops and aggravating activities. Law decree 131/1977 regarding the use of ionized radiation and the prevention of its hazards. Decree issued in 11th of September 1977 regarding the use of public roads, squares, pavements, wastewater networks, and the waste of shops and factories. Law decree 41/1988 regarding the organization of cattle grazing. Law 15/1995 regarding the prohibition of smoking. Law 21/1995 and its amendments in law 16/1996, regarding the establishment of the Environment Public Authority. Law 56/1996 regarding industries. International agreements for the protection of environment, in relation to the atmosphere. Law 25/1993 regarding the approval of Basel convention for arbitration in handling of hazardous waste and delivery across borders. Law decree 135/1992 regarding the approval of Vienna treaty for the protection of ozone layer as well as Montreal Protocol regarding ozone depleting substances. Law 13/1994 regarding the approval of London amendments, 1990, and Copenhagen amendments, 1992, to the Montreal, 1987, Protocol for ozone depleting substances. Law 16/1965 regarding the approval of the treaty banning nuclear experiments in air, space, and underwater in 1962. Amiri decree 255/1994 approving Kuwait to join the convention of climate change. Treaty regarding the protection from poisoning caused by aromatic benzene in 1971. 2-3 Major environmental issues 2-3-1 Outdoor air quality Reports and database, produced by the Department of Air Pollution Monitoring assisted in determining the major issues and priorities for the atmosphere sector, especially in regard to the change in air quality from the different sources of pollution (natural or man made sources). These reports, in addition to other research studies by other researchers, were conducted through the stationary and mobile monitoring stations.
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However, for the past years five, it was sufficient to collect and analyze data regarding the concentration levels of primary air pollutants, i.e. carbon monoxide and methane. The following are the main conclusions: Effects on Air quality: Different air pollutants in different proportions and concentrations affected air quality in most areas in the State of Kuwait at most times. Air pollutants with concentrations exceeding standards: Some pl t t cnet t n hv ecee t ao al l i. hs o u n ocn aos ae xedd h l w b i t T ee la s ri e l ems pollutants include:
Falling dusts: Their rate of fall has sharply increased in all measured areas, and during most of the year from 1995 to 1999. This increase is much higher, especially in summer months, than standards, which is 7.5 tons per square kilometers as an annual average. The main source for this problem is attributed to natural causes, due to the increase in sand storms resulting from increase in temperature. Suspended particles: Concentration levels of totally suspended particles, inhalable 10 microns and less (PM-10), have increased during most of the year, especially in summer time (from May to October), and all over Kuwait. The annual average concentration levels for suspended particles of sizes 10 microns and less have increased beyond the maximum allowable standard limits of 90 micrograms per cubic meter of air in all years. The daily concentration average has repeatedly exceeded 350 micrograms per cubic meter, which is the standard for daily average concentration (for 24 hours). This increase was in different percentages, depending on the location of measurement and year. It ranged from 1.4 to 9%. In some cases, very high concentrations recorded lead to the increase of monthly averages up to 1074.0 micrograms per cubic meter. Hydrocarbon gases and vapors: An increase in levels of non-methane hydrocarbon gases and vapors including many organic materials such a vli a m t m t i ( O , l i , l l e, rh P ly s o te r ac a r lV Cs o f sa anso t o al o i ea ) en k i e A o acH doa os P H s w s eoddoe t ya i a rm t yrcr n (A a r re vrh er n l i b ) c e s l areas. This increase was noted specifically in the annual average recorded in Rigga area compared with readings in other areas, and it points toward the activities in the oil refineries and petrochemical industries nearby. These are now considered the main sources of pollution. These averages exceeded, in most days, the standard, which is 0.240 ppm. Ammonia gas: The recorded annual average concentrations for the past three years increased beyond standard limits of 140 ppb in Rigga station only from 1997 to 1999. It greater than levels recorded in 1995
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and 1996, which shows that there is an increase in the emission of this gas in the recent years. This is probably due to the malfunction in some of the units or operating conditions in the ammonia and urea plants, the main sources of the gas in Shuaiba Industrial Area.
Lead dusts: An increase in levels of lead dusts in air is due to the use of leaded gasoline. These levels were high especially near traffic congested areas, i.e. car service stations and main roads. The levels exceeded the standard maximum allowable limit of 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter of air. These levels were less in areas away from main roads, as shown in one study conducted by the Air Pollution Monitoring Section (The Environment Public Authority- Environment Protection Department) in 1985. The concentrations in these locations doubled the maximum standard limit. In 1998, most of the petrol stations started to provide unleaded gasoline. It is therefore necessary to conduct another study to compare lead concentrations. Odours: levels of hydrogen sulphide increased above the threshold values stated by the World Health Organization by 0.5 ppb. This indicates that in many areas, people are exposed to obnoxious odours. The annual concentration average for H2S is within the maximum allowable limits required by standards, which is 6.0 ppb. In some areas and during specific days, the concentration increases above 30 ppb, especially in Rabiya area, which is located near the Ardiya wastewater treatment plants. The level was also above the limit near Rigga area, which is located near oil facilities in the south of Kuwait. Air pollutants exceeding standard limits for short durations: During the recent years there was no evidence of change in the recorded levels of air pollutants. The annual average levels for carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone exceeded the short duration exposure standard limits. Greenhouse Gases: These gases, which include carbon monoxide and methane, had average concentrations within the standard limits. However, it was noticed that methane concentrations was slightly increased. Lack of information on some air pollutants, such as Volatile Organic C m onsV Csad o A o ac yrcrosP H s o pud ( O n P l rm t H doa n (A . ) y i b ) Main environmental issues related to atmosphere: The main environmental issues facing atmosphere are:
Increase in dust falls in Kuwait caused primarily by open desert areas.
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The increase of exposure limits for inhalable suspended particles of sizes of 10 microns or less (PM-10) caused by human activities and natural sources. The increase in concentration levels of non-methane hydrocarbons i l i V li O gn C m ons ( O cue b o n u n o te rai o pud V Cs asd y i cd g al c ) l industrial activities, traffic, and oil lakes. The increase in ammonia concentrations in the south of Kuwait caused by ammonia and urea producing petrochemical plant located in Shuaiba Industrial Area. Exposure of many residential areas to obnoxious odors caused by hydrogen sulfide. The gas is produced mainly by wastewater treatment plants (especially in Ardiya in the south of Kuwait), wastewater pipelines, and pumping stations. The increase in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide for some periods of time caused by dense traffic. The possible increase in noise levels near highways and areas close to Kuwait International Airport. The possible indoor pollution caused by inadequate ventilation inside houses and consumption patterns, including cooking fuel, use of organic cleaners, construction materials, and furniture that contains hazardous organic and non-organic pollutants and dust. Kuwait adherence to Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer to reduce the use of Ozone depleting gases. Unsystematic monitoring systems and lack of sufficient studies on air quality. Also, there is a weak mechanism for information transfer between entities working in this field. Kuwait adherence to Kyoto treaty to reduce emissions rates of greenhouse gases. 2-3-2 Air quality in the work environment It is difficult to assess the work and indoor environments, due to the fact that there are many sources of pollution. Different industries use different raw materials; produce different end products and byproducts, and follow different processes producing different chemical, physical, and biological hazards. To control such hazards, the concerned authorities such as the Industrial Environment Department of the Environment Public Authority, Occupational Health Department of the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour, Safety and Security Department of the Public Authority for Industry, and Industrial Safety Departments in other authorities, monitor continuously air quality inside work places. In
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addition, oblige employers to adhere to standards and control occupational hazards. Employers are also required to conduct routine medical check ups on their employees. The regulations and standards that were proposed by the Environment Public Authority will help in reducing occupational hazards by helping authorities in taking proper and safe decisions. 2-4 Causes of problems in the atmosphere and air quality sector The fast development, i.e. social, industrial and constructional advances, as well as the rapid change in social behaviors after the discovery of oil in Kuwait played a major role in changing air quality. The discovery of oil in the late forties was carried out on the majority of Kuwaiti lands. It was followed by the establishment of many refineries and petrochemical industries. To sustain these activities, it was necessary to increase the capacities of electric generation and water desalination by building new power stations, which are fueled by crude oil that contains sulfur reaching 4.5%. In addition, vehicle, sea, and air traffic have all added to this problems as well as the installation of sewage networks and treatment plants. The increasing amounts of domestic waste required the availability of landfills, which were selected randomly. The Iraqi invasion set on fire 732 oil wells and spilled more than 500 oil lakes in addition to the destruction of many facilities pertaining to the production and refining of oil and gathering centres in the north and south of Kuwait. Another very important reason contributed the problem of change in air quality was the fact that all these development activities took place in a geographic area not exceeding 15% of the total area of Kuwait and adjacent to the coastal line for a distance not more than 20-25 kilometers from the coast. Local, regional, and international awareness was not enough to convene these challenges. The international concerns for the protection of the environment first appeared during the first International Conference for the Protection of the Environment in Stockholm in 1972. Twenty years later, the Earth Summit was held at Rio De Janeiro-Brazil in 1992 and was attended by most kings and head of states of the world. Therefore, most of the strategies in the past were done without considerations to environmental issues and sustainable development. The State of Kuwait took considerations to environmental protection by establishing the Council of the Environment in 1980. It took the responsibilities of environmental protection until the establishment of the Environment Public Authority in 1995. The Higher Environmental Council, however, is still in position and setting environmental policies. 2-4-1 Technical causes
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Some of the technical problems and obstacles that may impede the implementation of air quality conservation programs are: The need of trained and qualified personnel to work in the field of air quality. The lack of local and regional expertise in the field of air quality monitoring and assessment and selecting proper control methods. In addition, it is very costly to obtain consultation services from international consulting firms from the developed countries. Engineering and technical reasons behind the difficulty in installing or operating new air pollution control equipment in facilities with old design. The limited capacities of sewage system and wastewater treatment plants, especially Ardiya plant, to correspond to the expanding needs of residents. Budgets for building new plants and replacing sewage pipelines are needed to reduce odours in many residential areas in Kuwait. It may be required to improve the current hazardous waste management practices, such as incineration of medical waste to be safer, environmentally friendly techniques. Other alternatives can limit and reduce the emissions of some hazardous substances like Dioxins material, which are known internationally as dangerous. The upgrade or improvement of some industrial processes accompanying the production of oil, such as gas gathering centres, to prevent gas flaring. The need to install more petrochemical industries to use gas produced as bi-product from the production of oil. The need to provide necessary infrastructure, i.e. electricity, water, roads ...etc, for remote areas in order to residential expansions and population growth, taking into consideration environmental issues. Limited scientific researches and modern field studies regarding the quality and quantity estimates of air pollutants produced by stationary or mobile establishments. These studies are needed in the following areas:
Determining air establishment.
pollutants
emission
sources
within
every
The selection of proper sites and operating Continuous Stack Air Emission Monitoring System.
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Selection of suitable sites to install control equipment to control emission. The ease in implementing regulations regarding standards of rates of a pl t t e i i s T eer e cnb r i e t esr a i o u n ms o . hs a s a e e e d o nue i r la s sn t vw r quality. Listing the priorities to implement the national program for the r ut n fipl t t emission. e co o a o u n d i r la s The quick and immediate use of continuous monitoring results of air quality through their link with emission rates after determining their sources. Proper decisions can therefore be made to limit air quality deterioration. Providing consultation for new development projects and proposing alternative sites during the environmental impact assessment for these projects. Study and analysis of climate change caused by emissions of gases in Kuwait and Arabian Gulf region. Financial aspects and required time duration. The limited amount of studies and applied researches regarding the selection of environmentally friendly energy sources, against the current practices (Crude oil and its products). This includes the utilization of solar energy in some process stages or in operating cooling and heating systems. Another method includes the import of electrical energy from neighbouring countries. The possibility of installing public transport means in residential areas that depends on the import of electricity in order to reduce fuel quantities used by transportation in the traffic dense areas of Kuwait. Developing water resources and the possible use of tertiary treated waters in irrigating vegetation in the open desert areas to reduce dust and sand storms and stabilize soil. The possibility of continuing to import raw materials, such as gravel, from neighbouring countries and to follow methods to reduce dusts during unloading. T e nvib i o t t g qi eto vh l m s os s e h uaaait fe i eu m n fr eie e i i a w l l ly sn p cs sn l as monitoring system to ensure the adherence of emission rates with allowable standards. 2-4-2 Institutional causes
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Limited number of authorities concerned with air quality monitoring. Access is also denied to confidential information, which makes their communication impossible. Lack of environmental awareness among some decision makers who are not aware of the health and environmental impacts of air pollution produced by the facilities under their authority. Economic feasibility studies are still considered more important than environmental issues and concerns. The lack of coordination and cooperation procedures between institutions working in the field of air quality and atmosphere. Duplicity and interference between institutions responsible for air pollution monitoring and prevention as well as lack of coordination between them. Lack of financial and technical resources for the development of air monitoring programmes, research and surveys to prevent air pollution. The absence of public transportation plan, which can reduce emissions from vehicles. Limited number of local private companies specialized in providing environmental services such as Environmental Impact Assessment for the new development projects. The major sources of pollution are produced by governmental organizations, which are bound by formalities and budgets allocated by the State. 2-4-3 General causes The use of private cars, instead of public transportation, by individuals. Lack of environmental awareness regarding air pollution and its health effects, especially indoor pollution. The need to activate the role of non-governmental organizations by increasing their active participation in preserving air quality in Kuwait. People unwillingness to accept responsibilities of:
Installing Catalytic converters to their cars, especially after the introduction of unleaded gasoline. The routine maintenance for their cars to ensure engines are running at high efficiencies. Energy conservation (electricity and water). This will reduce the load on power stations.
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Increase in prices of water and electricity. Use public transport instead of private cars. Food conservation and improving ventilation systems in houses as well as reducing the use of chemical cleaning agents. Reducing residential expansion by substituting horizontal building designs with vertical to prevent locating residential areas beside industrial sites. Living in remote areas. 2-5 The required methods and steps needed to solve the problems of the sector As previously illustrated, and according to the results of the studies and reports on air quality in the different many geographic areas in Kuwait, the following procedures are required to reduce air pollutants emissions and preserve air quality in all areas of Kuwait. The procedures include: 2-5-1 Technical and organizational steps Continuing the policy of greening and the increase of agricultural areas. Covering sand areas within residential areas with mosaics, bricks, or asphalt. Supporting the efforts of the National Committee for the Combatement of Desertification. Setting rules and regulations for desert camping during spring time, and cattle grazing in order to preserve desert vegetation that help in soil stabilization and therefore reduce dusts in air. Continuing to prohibit gravel excavation and monitoring of the unloading of gravel to ensure it is environmentally adequate and thus reduce the dispersion of dusts and particles in air. Supporting the efforts of the National Committee for the Protection of the Ozone to ensure the continuation of its distinguished efforts in reducing and substitution of ozone depleting gases. Increasing the role of the Environment Public Authority in supporting committees established by the Ministry of Oil and Ministry of Electricity and Water to reduce nitrogen dioxide, especially from East and West Doha power stations. Continuing to supply unleaded fuel and reducing its price to be under the leaded gasoline. It is also important that the Environment Public Authority, in collaboration with Ministry of Commerce and Industry,
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Ministry of Interior (Department of Vehicle Testing), Union of Car Agents, and the Kuwaiti Society for the Protection of Environment, to provide catalytic converters at reasonable prices. This will encourage people to install these converters in their cars. Oblige Kuwait National Petroleum Company, as it is the sole provider of gasoline, to install sealed fuel pumps to limit the leak of hydrocarbon vapours while dispensing fuel to vehicles and return these vapours to the underground tank. Encouraging mass (car pooling and public) transport, which could start in companies and government institutions such as schools and Mi si cm l , a w l a ecuai pb c t npr n te o p x s e s nor n ul r sot ir s e l gg i a cm ai ti poeh bssru s o pn so m rv t ueot . e e e The Environment Public Authority should assist, or oblige, oil companies, especially Kuwait Oil Company and Refineries owned by Kuwait National Petroleum Company, to:

Use of proper control methods. Upgrade industrial processes to reduce the emission of some air pollutants. Conduct field studies to assess the quantities and quality of air emissions from different industrial processes. Field measurements near the source or in the surrounding areas. Building new wastewater treatment plants by the Ministry of Public Works after submitting an Environmental Impact Assessment Study and selecting suitable location in consultation with the Environment Public Authority. Select and implementing alternative methods by Kuwait Municipality to manage wastes, instead of landfills. These methods should include recycling. The Municipality is also required to approve the building of composting plants, which will reduce the problem of obnoxious odour and gas emission from landfills as well as protecting the soil, ground water, and the use of lands for landfill. Update the national database regarding the types and quantities of air pollutants emitted from stationary and mobile sources. Obliging institutions and major companies producing air pollutants exceeding standard limits and affecting air quality to install suitable control mechanisms and continuous measuring equipment at the pl t t ott ou n ue . l a s ls
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Improving the technical and scientific capabilities of national workers in the field of air pollution through outside scholarships in universities and colleges and attending higher education programs or short courses. Improve and upgrade the monitoring and supervision programmes in the Environment Public Authority and other institutions specialized in atmosphere protection and air quality in collaboration with Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Kuwait University. Prepare work plans and procedures to avoid frequent emission of air pollutants in the oil sector. Improve the efficiency of control equipments in Cement industries through preparation for production, shipping, storing, loading and unloading of cement. Preparing and implementing emergency action plan in collaboration with oil companies and the Civil Defence Department in order to avoid or contain any accidents that might result in emission of toxic industrial gases. Develop mathematical models to simulate the availability of toxic gases in different climate conditions in the State of Kuwait and using different scenarios. Improving planning methods and locating industrial polluted areas.
2-5-2 Legislative steps Preparing and approving a bylaw for the Law of Establishing the Environment Public Authority (21/1995 and its amendment 16/1996). This bylaw will include Air quality standards in residential and industrial areas, the maximum allowable limits for air pollutants emissions from fixed and mobile sources, and penalties for each violation. Approving laws that prohibit import and use of ozone depleting gases. Approving legal apprehension for environmental violations according to the law 21/1995 and its amendment 16/1996. Establishing Environmental court. Update law 9/1990 regarding Environmental Impact Studies. 2-5-3 Economic steps
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Gradually reduce government subsidies of energy sources, especially gasoline and electricity. This will help in preserving air quality and reduce carbon dioxide emission. The use of economic means like tax, incentives, improving public transport in the long term. Increase tariffs on used cars that cause air pollution in Kuwait City. Reducing tariffs on importing high efficiency cars and cars equipped with catalytic converters. 2-5-4 Awareness steps Studying, planning, and implementing environmental awareness programs regarding outside and inside (plants and homes) air quality. Encouraging the establishment of voluntary and non-government organizations in the field of air pollution. Raising public awareness about the costs of air pollution and its health effects among policy and decision makers as well as interested individuals in the field of air pollution and noise. Study, plan, and implement environmental awareness programs about the importance of limiting private car usage and its effect on air quality. This will encourage people to use public transport. 2-6 Sources of information Al-Awadi, A. (2000). Environmental Research Financed by the Environment Public Authority from the Period 1982-2000. Research and Studies Office, Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Note: In Arabic. Annual Reports of the Environment Public Authority, (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Annual Reports of the Achievements of the Different Departments of the Environment Public Authority. The Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Note: In Arabic. Brunner, C. R., (1985). Hazardous Air Emissions from Incinerators, Pergamon Press, USA. Clat , . n Cat F (98. aysIdsi H g n ad y n G ad l o . 17) Pt nuta yi e n o yn t rl e rd toxicology. 3 Revised Edition, Wiley-Interscience Publications, New York, USA. Colbeck I. and Mavkennie, A. (1994). Air Pollution by Photochemical Oxidants. Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, USA.
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Department of Environment, (1991) The National Environment Protection Strategy for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Note: In Arabic. Department of Environmental Protection, (1993) The Impacts of Oil Lakes on Air Quality at South of the State of Kuwait. Ministry of Public Health, State of Kuwait. Note: In Arabic. Department of Health and Biostatistics, (1998) Kuwait Health. No.35, Department of Statistics and Medical Records, Ministry of Health, State of Kuwait. Note: In Arabic. Environment Protection Agency, (1997) General Strategic Plan of the United States Environment Protection Agency. Environment Protection Department (1985) Levels of lead in the urban areas, a preliminary survey. Ministry of Health, State of Kuwait. Environment Public Authority (1995). The 1996 Law Regarding the Establishment of the Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (1995) Guidelines and action plan to formulate the Environmental Strategy for the State of Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (1995-1999) Monthly reports, constant monitoring of air quality in the State of Kuwait. Information Centre. Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (1999) Reports on environmental standards and specifications in the State of Kuwait regarding the preparation of the bylaw for the Environment Public Authority in relation to law 21/1995 and its amendment 16/1996. Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. HALCROW Ltd. (1998) Kuwait Air Quality Scoping Study, final report. Kuwait Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. International Labor Office, (1983) Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vol. I and II, Third Edition, International Labor Office, Geneva. International Union of Prevention Pollution Control "IUAPPA", (1988). Clean Air Around the World. Second Edition, IUAPPA. Kuwait National Petroleum Company, (1999) Environment Protection Strategies booklet. Kuwait National Petroleum Company, State of Kuwait.
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Kuwait Oil Company, (1999) Booklet on environment and development, the language of the future at the KOC. Kuwait Oil Company, State of Kuwait. Ledbetter, Joe O., (1974). Air Pollution, Part B, Prevention and Control. Mercel Deleber, New York. Linch, A.L., (1981). Evaluation of Ambient Air Quality by Personnel Monitoring. 2nd edition, CRC Press, U.S.A. Ministry of Municipalities and the Environment, (1995) The Omani National Strategy for the Protection of the Environment- Volume 1. Ministry of Municipalities and the Environmental, Sultanate of Oman. Ministry of Public Health, (1960-1996) Health Legislations in the State of Kuwait. First Edition. Ministry of Health, State of Kuwait. National Committee for the Protection of ozone layer, (1998) Ozone layer depletion booklet. Environment Public Authority and The Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science, State of Kuwait. Schneider T. and Gront, L. (1982). Air Pollution by Nitrogen Oxides. ELSEVIER Scientific Publishing Company, New York. Stern A. C., (1968). Air Pollution, Sources of Air Pollution III. Academic Press, New York. The Centre of Kuwaiti Research and Studies, (1992) Environmental and Economic Damages and the Kuwaiti Efforts In Conserving Oil Resources, State of Kuwait. The Centre of Kuwaiti Research and Studies, (1992) The Destruction of Oil Wells In Iraqi Documents, State of Kuwait. The Environment Public Authority, (1999) Progress report prepared by the Legal Team formulated by the Executive Committee for the formulation of the Environmental Strategy for the State of Kuwait, second stage teams. The Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. The Environment Public Authority, (1999-2000) Progress Report Pea db t t ope adAr ulyT a "EPA, Kuwait. r r y h Am shr n iQ at em . pe e e i Note: The team was formulated by the Executive Committee in charge of Formulating the Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait. Second Stage Teams. Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. United Nations (1992) Agenda 21. The Earth Summit, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. United Nations Publications. United Nations Environment Program "UNEP", (1985). Radiation, Doses, Effects, Risks. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.
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World Health Organization, (1997). Health and Environment and Sutnb D vl m n Fv Y a A t t E r S m i s i l ee p et i aae o , e er f r h a hs u m t s e e t . World Health Organization, Geneva.
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Sector Three Environmental Health
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Members of Environmental Health Sector Team Dr. Ali Yousef Al-Saif Deputy Undersecretary, Environment and Community Health Affairs, Ministry of Health (MoH), Chairman of the working Team. Environmental Adviser, Environment Public Authority. Occupational Health Supervisor, Head General Medical Council, (MoH). of
Dr. Ali Helail Dr. Ahmad Al-Shatti Dr. Tariq Al-Duwaisan Mr. Shaker Madi Preparation: Dr. Ali Helail
Head of Environment Health Unit, Community Health Department, (MoH). Manager of Information Centre, Environment Public Authority.
Environmental Adviser, Environment Public Authority.
Supervision, review, editing, completion of the scientific material and re-organization: Dr. Sufyan Al-Tal Terms of Reference: Professor Husni Khourdaji Mrs. Fatin Mussallam Al- Regional Adviser, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). Coordinator, Al- General Environment Public Authority. Senior Adviser, United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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3-1 Introduction Environmental Health is defined by the World Health Organization as the ability to control all natural factors in human environment that affect life, and wellbeing, and continue to preserve his safety. Within this scope and during the past four decades, the State of Kuwait began the preparations and plans to establish proper infrastructure to provide the main needs for a healthy and safe society. This was done through providing food, water, housings, and adequate health care. The gvrm n s f r i l e t fl wn ev om n lak: oe et e ot n u dh o o i ni n et t s n f s cd e l g r a s Provide sufficient and safe water resources. Many seawater desalination plants were constructed to provide potable water for the population. It also worked to close the gap between demand and supply by building new power and desalination plants to ensure the availability of sufficient storage capabilities for strategic purposes. The government also set specifications and policies in order to protect water resources from pollution. Almost all power stations in Kuwait are dual-purpose plants that produce electricity and water simultaneously. Installing, operating, and maintaining wastewater (sewage) network and treatment plants for the protection of environment from pollution. Treated water is some times used in irrigation. Increasing the capabilities of the Department of Solid and Liquid Wastes by concentrating on the four main stages of waste collection, transport, segregation and recycling as well as the use of the healthiest methods for their disposal. This includes selecting and proper management of landfill sites. Proper urban planning, selecting ideal residential areas and build aeuthui ui tacm oa t ci n ed. dqa os g n so co m dt h iz snes e n t e e te Provide a complete main, minor road networks that can provide efficient decongested traffic flow. Provide safe food, to prevent food poisoning and contamination. Provide free primary and comprehensive health care for citizens. The government built many hospitals and specialized clinics in all areas. Provide free government education in all educational stages including universities and higher institutions. The government has built many schools (primary, intermediate, and secondary) distributed geographically in all residential areas. It also established Kuwait University and a number of applied and technical colleges.
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Provide employment for all citizens with healthy and safe work environment in industrial and other establishments. Provide public, amusement parks, sea (marine) clubs, and constructing a waterfront for social activities and sport. Establishing Sports clubs and centres in all the five governorates in the country. 3-2 Comprehensive evaluation of resources of the sector Environmental health sector in the State in Kuwait involves many institutions, personnel, systems, equipment, and financial and institutional support from governmental and non-governmental organizations such as: 3-2-1 Ministry of Health (MOH) Environmental Health Unit It contains three general physicians, two physicians holding Maters degrees, 3 health researches holding Bachelor of Science degrees, seven inspectors holding 2 year diplomas, and three assistants work in this unit. The unit is responsible for implementing laws of the Ministry for organization of work force, health requirements for factories, nurseries, health clubs, community housings, Kuwait Municipality legislations regarding shops and food factories, World Health Organization and United States Environment Protection Agency guidelines, and finally implement the Kuwaiti, regional, and Arabic specifications for food. This unit has four sections: Water and Waste Monitoring Section:
Ensures the safety of drinking water and its validity for human use by monitoring water in pumping stations and water towers until water reach consumers. Monitors coastal areas (36 coastal sites). Monitors swimming pool waters in clubs and other premises. Monitors treated wastewater (sewage) and its use in greening and its safe disposal. Close monitoring of domestic waste sites. Food Health Section: Monitor food and works to prevent contagious diseases and food poisoning. Monitor health regulations in food factories to ensure the abidance in these rules and regulations. This unit also performs field checks prior
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to commissioning of any food factory or during the renewal of their licenses.
Monitor food in schools and hospitals. Environmental Monitoring of Diseases Section: This unit is responsible for investigating contagious diseases that are caused or spread by environmental factors. The unit also monitors and follows up on some of the sensitive people in the community that might cause or distribute these diseases due to the nature of their jobs, such as sanitary workers, barbers, factory workers, and food handling staff. Housing and Facilities Section: This unit monitors housing complexes and present rules for mass housing. It also supervises and monitors nurseries and health clubs. Laboratories: The Environmental Health Unit sends collected drinking waters, food, seawater, sewage, and fertilizers samples to the laboratories of the Ministry of Public health, which are specialized in analyzing these samples and employ a number of specialists, totaling 15, in the chemical analysis field. One of those specialists hold a doctorate degree in biochemistry, two hold Masters degree in chemistry, eight hold Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry and biochemistry, and four hold diplomas in technology. These laboratories are equipped with sophisticated analysis equipment such as:
Four gas chromatography analysis equipments (GC). Four Infrared analysis equipments (IR). Four High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis equipments (HPLC). Four Atomic Absorption analysis equipments (AA). Four Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrum analysis equipments (UV/VIS). Other assisting laboratory equipments. The number of samples tested daily range between 150-400 samples for food safety only, which include: - Oils - Drinks and juices - Chocolate and desserts - Pastries - Milk and its products - Mineral waters - Primary material - Honey and Royal Jelly - Meat and its products - Fruits and vegetables
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- Nutritional values for some products. Food additives, colors and preservatives, are usually examined. However, the majority of these analyses are physical appearance or qualitative rather than quantitative analysis. Tests for pesticides or hormones residues are not usually performed, especially on local products. Occupational Health Monitoring: The main responsibilities of this unit are to preserve, care, and increase the health levels of workers in the different industrial sectors and other occupations by monitoring and evaluating the direct and indirect health effects of occupational hazards. It is responsible for performing routine medical examinations such as the replacement examinations for workers. The Department also determines the percentage of disability for the injured worker. The Department employs occupational health physicians and specialized technicians in the field of environmental and occupational health. The total number of employees is 51, including physicians, technicians, and administration staff, distributed on the following sections and units: Occupational Health section (20 employees):
Medical Tests Unit: Performs primary and routine medical examinations for workers in the industrial and other sectors. It forms medical arbitration committees to determine the percentages of disabilities for occupational injuries and accidents in the State of Kuwait in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Affairs and Work. It also assesses work conditions and presents standards and regulations. The number of visitors examined annually races 5600 from different disciplines.
Occupational Physiology and Psychology Unit: It examines the changes in the physiological and psychological condition of workers to ensure their readiness to perform their duties; and to determine the effects of the occupation on their health and well-being. Industrial Inspection Unit: Technicians in this unit conduct routine inspections on industrial sites to examine the presence and compliance with safety and security regulations. Industrial Medical Centre in Shuaiba (25 employees) Occupational Medical Services Unit: Provides primary and routine medical examinations and ambulance services for all workers in the Shuaiba Industrial Area. The number of examined workers reaches 1000-2000, for early health examinations on workers. The Centre also provides them with proper treatment. It is equipped with different
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equipments for respiratory system and audio examinations as well as blood, skin and renal tests, body competence, and dental care. The centre also contains other equipments operated by technicians to perform any clinical tests needed to examine the effects of ocpt nlxoue nw re . h cn e l m n os okr cuaoaepsr o okr T e et a o oi r w re i s r s t s camps and residents and perform regular inspection on these sites to ensure their compliance with safety standards and regulations provided by Ministry of Health and Kuwait Municipality.
Treatment Services Unit: Provides medical treatment for workers in the industrial sector in Shuaiba Area after examination. The annual number of visitors is 35000-40000. Environmental Emergency Unit: Inspects the storage areas of flammable and explosive chemical substances, which might affect surrounding environment. It also performs risk assessment to locate possible affected areas as well as the readiness to deal with these hazards. The unit participates in and presents emergency plans and committees. Personal Exposure Assessment Section This section studies and assesses health effects of materials used in industry on workers and surrounding environment inhabited by these groups. It also assesses the spread of sick cases due to the exposure to various hazards as well as evaluating tools used to prevent such hazards. This section includes the following units:
Comprehensive Exposure Assessment Unit: Exposure to various pollutants, in different work places, houses, and transportation services. A link is then established between health conditions and exposure to the determine the cause of the injuries. Unit of Health Assessment of Pollutants: It measures the level of changes in active samples and workers tissues. Then a relationship is concluded between these measurements and the level and type of exposure inside and outside work places. Human and Technology Unit: It assesses the impacts of modern technologies in work places, houses, entertainment, and transportation facilities on the total environment. Biological Factors Section (6 employees) Studies air pollution in work and indoor environments caused by bacteria, fungus, and pollens and its relation with the environment, climate and health effects on people with allergy problems. Department of Protection from Radiation
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This department is responsible for all activities dealing with prevention and protection from ionized and non-ionized radiations in Kuwait. The Department includes four major sections: Section of Environmental Protection from Radiation. Inspection Section. Radiation Technology Section. Non-ionized Radiation Section. 2-2-3 Ministry of Public Works (MPW) The government, represented by MPW, constructed wastewater (sewage) network to cover most residential and urban areas. The total pipeline length is 250,000 kilometers comprised of reservoirs, which receive wastewaters from the source, pumping stations, lifting stations, three tertiary treatment wastewater plants. These include Ardiya, Jahra, and Rigga treatment plants. These plants have total capacities of 3,000,000 cubic meters per day, which represent 70% of consumed drinking water. About 30% of the treated water is used for irrigation purposes. The total annual budget for MPW reaches 115 million Kuwaiti Dinars (as per 1997/1998). The Ministry of Public Works prepared for a project to improve wastewater sewage network in collaboration with local and international consulting firms. The condition of the existing system was assessed into prevent any future problems that might be caused by deterioration of the network and the end of life expectancy. In order to efficiently totally renewal the network and improve slopes and directions, Kuwait was divided into 13 zones. Deep pipeline working by gravity was preferred so the number of primary and secondary pumping and lifting stations were reduced as possible. The types of pipelines were carefully selected to resist corrosion. The Ministry is also in the process of constructing a new treatment plant in Subbiya area to reduce the load on the existing plants, especially Ardiya Plant. During the renewal of the existing sewer network, the Ministry used upto-date technologies, through conducting a full survey and assessment for the existing system. The project was divided into the following stages: Completed projects
Renewal of sewage network in 10 residential areas, with total pipeline length of 304 kilometers and 10,386 manholes. Replacement of pipelines with total lengths of 14,800 kilometers.
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Renewal through interior casting for pipelines 127,500 kilometers in length. Renewal through pipe insertion inside the lines for length of 33,200 kilometers. Renewal and replacement of sewage pipelines while improving slopes with total lengths of 322 kilometers in many residential areas. Replacement of 10,928 manholes and 1,680 manholes with house connections. Installing 4,000 new manholes covered with anti corrosion material and connecting old building to the new network. Canceling five small pumping stations and replacing them with a single large pumping station. Projects in progress Installing new lines with lengths of 88 kilometers and 7,350 manholes. Installing outlet lines in a main pumping station to Ardiya Treatment Plant. The project includes the replacement of asbestos pipelines with ductile pipes for lengths of 21 kilometers and three lines of ductile pipes from Jahra Treatment Plant to the Bird Conservation site in a length of six kilometers to transfer treated water. Completing sewage network renewal project in Jahra and Doha areas, where 61 kilometers out of 77 kilometers is completed and 2,018 manholes (out of 2600) are installed completed. Completing sewage network system renewal project in Kuwait city and Shuwaikh Industrial Area, so far 35 kilometers (out of 53 kilometers) and 53 manholes (out of 660 manholes) are installed. Projects in the final stages of being contracted Part A of the fourth phase (renewal of sewage pipelines in AlRumaithiya area and parts of Salmiya) was contracted. This project will be executed by separate contracts where the total lengths of pipelines to be replaced are 100 kilometers, in addition to the installation of 3,300 manholes and 2,600 house connections.
Design, installation, operation, and maintenance of wastewater treatment unit to serve Al-Wafra residential village project. The utilization of tertiary treated water in irrigation and forestation projects in Kuwait city. A project to study and design sewage network system in Kuwait. Part A of the eighth phase. This project includes the following tasks:
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Phase 1: Study and design the renewal of sewage network in the north of Al-Sour (Kuwait wall), Benaid Al-Gar, Fintas, and Al-Mahboola areas as well as renewing A15 and A14 stations and building a new pumping station on the Fahaheel Highway. Phase 2: Study and redesign the following: Master Plan of the sanitary sewage network taking into consideration emergency situations and solutions. Master Plan to exploit and use tertiary treated water in irrigation. In addition to work in Phase 2, other sanitary engineering documents will be presented. They include:
Sanitary engineering manual. Presenting general guidelines for design and technical specifications. Drawings for sanitation engineering. Specifications for sanitation engineering. Pamphlet for sanitation engineering that includes all information about the sanitary system. Pamphlet (in Arabic) that includes all important information, guidelines, and rules that assist officials in the sanitary engineering section to perform their assignment projects. Projects studied, designed and in the final stages of bidding: Sewage network renewal project in Kuwait, Sixth Phase Part B in Rabiya and Khaitan areas. Sewage network renewal project in Kuwait, Seventh Phase Part B in Salmiya area. Tertiary treated water utilization in irrigation and greening of Kuwait. Mishref Pumping Station project (in the process of allocating suitable site) Projects in the process of preparation and contracting Building new pumping station (A7) and underground channels in addition to the cancellation of three main pumping stations (A6, A7, and A8) and five secondary pumping stations. Expansion of Jahra station to increase its capacity to 100,000 cubic meters per day by 2010; and 120,000 cubic meters per day by 2020, in addition to aeration and sludge evaporation ponds as well as filters.
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The total lengths of replaced or renewed pipelines reached 6,500 kilometers and the number of primary (18) and secondary (43) stations reached 61 in total. The Ministry of Public Works has also played a major role in solving the odour problems caused by sewage by implementing many important projects such as:
Chemical oxidation towers were used in eleven pumping and lifting stations and Ardiya treatment stations. The use of biological methods to solve the problem by collecting the gas at the source and injecting it into ventilating pools followed by the total treatment process carried out at Rigga treatment Plant. The use of carbon filters in 55 main pumping and lifting stations located round Kuwait. The use of chemical injection in emergency situations. In addition, the Ministry also corresponds with companies and local and international government agencies to improve the treatment and reduce the emission as well as studying the possibility of treating sewage water before discharging from 10 outlets of main pumping stations to the sea. 3-2-3 Kuwait Municipality The municipality plays very important role in providing residents with municipal services and ensuring the cleanliness of the environment. Waste management is considered of the most important responsibilities of the Municipality in addition to providing lands for new housing projects, landfill areas, landscaping, national parks, and national preserves. The municipality also plays a major role in implementing and forcing the implementation of proper standards in building new houses. It also monitors markets, shops, and food (to ensure its suitability for human consumption). One of the important tasks of the municipality is to limit the number of activities that cause the environmental damage. The municipality has large technical and administrative capabilities, estimated at 6,928 employees and an annual budget of 85 million Kuwaiti Dinars as in 1997/1998. The Municipality plays very important roles in implementing policies and programs designed for the protection of the environment in Kuwait by issuing many decrees and laws as well as conducted studies and work plans to improve its roles. Law 15/1972 has stated the responsibilities of Kuwait Municipality, which include: urbanization, provide municipal services for residents such as land surveys, towns and villages planning, landscaping, and waste management.
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Decree 18/1978 (and its amendment 56/1980) also mentioned the Municipality to play a major role in protecting and preserving safety of public premises and resources. Decree 9/1987 gave the municipality the authority to legally inspect and apprehend acts offending the general cleanliness and vegetation. Activities that are carried out by Kuwait Municipality are the field of environment include: Town and city planning, landscaping and restoration To achieve this, the Municipality executes master plans as well as other urban development projects, land allocation for different uses. It also provides safe zones and green belts, allocation of leisure sites, distribution of public squares, coastal development, quarrying activities, and landfill sites. It is also concerned with national parks and preserved areas and historical site restoration and monitor compliance with environmental regulations regarding construction activities. Preserving human health, comfort, and cleanliness of environment. Public market organizing. Monitoring of food market to ensure its suitability for human consumption. Shop inspection on public shops to ensure their compliance with regulations regarding the environment and public health and wellbeing. General cleanliness. Waste management.
Limiting activities that disturb the balance in the coastal and terrestrial environments. Protect cleanliness of beaches and take necessary actions to ensure their stability. Protect desert environment. Take necessary actions to protect state land and coastal property from violations. Allocate and organize quarrying activities. Protection of public grounds and resources.
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In 1996, the Municipality formed a special technical department for environmental affairs. This department has the responsibility of implementing and supervising studies, projects, programmes according to the following: Studies and research

Visual pollution in urban areas. Memorial statues. Architecture in Kuwait. Environmental planning within the urban development plans and projects. Environmental Impact Assessment for Development and urban projects. Kuwaiti house design. Environmental standards and specifications in building construction. Cleaning and protecting beaches from pollution and erosion. Coastal and terrestrial environment violation. Health standards and specifications in building utilization. General action plan for municipal waste management. Quarrying sites and processes. Design and implementation of sanitary landfill sites for domestic waste. Projects C nt cn a G en E v om n lH ue m osut g r (ni n et) os odel. r i e r a Domestic waste management and utilization. Construction waste management and utilization. Sanitary landfill sites for domestic waste. The Municipality award for environmental improvement. Action programs Provide environmental opinion in issues referred to the Department by other concerned authorities. Study all environmental aspects for Kuwait master plans and urban development projects to determine whether they need Environmental Impact Assessment Studies (EIS), which are later referred to the Environment Public Authority for evaluation. For projects that do not
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require EIA, certain specifications and environmental standards must be encountered.
Participate in evaluating development projects by presenting proper requirements and studying and reviewing the third layout plan for environment. O gn i K w i Muiplys A a fr ev om n l rain zg ua t n i i c at w r o ni n et d r a improvement. Waste reduction and segregation at source. Waste transportation system. Supervising landfill sites of domestic waste. Supervising the implementation of many projects and studies that executed by the department. Monitor environmental activities related to municipal activities and regulations in collaboration with other authorities. Supervising the implementation of waste management projects. Monitoring quarrying activities and sites. 3-2-4 Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) Freshwater resources are seldom in Kuwait. This includes springs, wells and rainfall, which ranges annually between 110-120 millimeters. Groundwater reserves are not sufficient for direct human consumption due to the high salt content. Therefore, the government provided people with safe and fresh drinking water. The annual budget for MEW was (as in 1998) 318 million Kuwaiti Dinars and the total number of its employees reached 6,939. MEW operates and manages five dual-purpose power stations (generating electricity and water) with installed production capacities of 282 million imperial gallons per day. On the other hand, the total consumption of water was 215.1 million imperial gallons per day for the same year. Electrical installed capacity was 7,498 Megawatts and the maximum load was 5,800 Megawatts as in 1998. The MEW established many departments and laboratories as well as a Centre for Water Resources Development, which supervises the quality of produced water to ensure it reaches consumers safely and according to international standards and specifications. Water quality is tested daily by the chemical and biological laboratories at the Centre of Water Resources Development. Samples are collected starting at the production stage until it reaches the consumers. Samples are collected from power and water desalination stations, pumping and lifting stations, reservoirs, water towers, tanker filling stations, main
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distribution networks, and some schools as well as hospitals, totaling 66 locations in the country. 3-2-5 The Environment Public Authority The Authority has a main task of preparing and implementing the general policies to protect the environment and the strategies and action plans to achieve sustainable development. It is also concerned with setting scientific, environmental, and health standards to allow industrial expansion, and the use of natural resources without compromising quality of life, workers health, the environment, and public property. The Authority has great technical human capabilities in the field of environment protection, including 11 technical, administrative, and financial departments' as well chemical and physical laboratories. The laboratories are equipped with sophisticated equipment, stationary and mobile stations for outdoor air monitoring. It also possesses equipped boats to monitor oceanographic factors, collecting seawater samples, sediments, and marine organisms. The authority also monitors number of protected areas with a budget of 4.5 million Kuwaiti Dinars. The attached diagram shows the organization chart of the EPA. 3-2-6 The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET) Through the Environmental Health Department of the College of Health Sciences, the authority plays large role in environmental research and education. The total number of graduates from its environmental programme in the period 1981-1997, was 332 graduates who studied 68 credit hours including environmental courses such as environmental sciences, terrestrial environment, marine environment, and other modules. Most of the graduates are currently working in governmental authorities. The teaching staff in this department comprises of 8 full staff lecturers including 6 doctorate degree and 2 Masters degree holders.
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Higher Council Board of Directors
Council & committee Sectretariates Councils Committees
Chairman and Director General
Consultation Unit
Director General Office International Cooperation Office Regional Relation Office Inter. Relation Office Sustainable Dev. Section Follow ups Legal Affairs
Information Systems Center Library Operation Tech. Support
Public Relation and Environmental Information Office

Print and Photocopy Citizen Services
Environmental. Awareness
Exhibit., Conferences and Seminars
Deputy of the D. G. for Environment Protection Affairs
Deputy of the D G. for Planning, Development and Environment
Coastal Pollution Marine Pollution Marine Support
Center of Marine Pollution
Studies & Research Office
Studies & Research Section
Soil Dept.
Coastal Protc.& development
Living Resources Department
Water Pollut. Monitoring Dept. Water Pollut. Department Microbiology Department
Air pollution Monitoring Dept. Gases Section

Dusts
Section
Properties & Services Dept. Labs maint & prep. Dept. Project & construct. Dept. Tech. Services Dept.
Industrial Environ. Dept. Indoor Environ. Section. Work Environ. Section. Chem. Material Sec. Waste Control Section
Planning & Env. Impact Assessment Department
Training & Dev. Dept.

Admin Development Section
Financial Affairs Sec. Salaries Section Accounting Section
Admin. Affairs Dept.
Arid Land Dept.
Wildlife Protect. Dept.
Personnel Section General Records Section

Public Services Sector
Projects Dept.
Environmental Planning Section
Marine Organisms Monitoring Dept.
Training Section
Natural Conservations Department
Noise Section
Purchasing & Stores Section
Figure 3-1 Organizational chart of the EPA.
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The teaching staffs perform many important studies and researches in the following areas:

Industrial soil and ground water. Climate change and other environmental health aspects. EIA and waste management. Sustainable development. Noise pollution. Publishing many books in the field of environment. Many of the teaching staff has participated in committees and work teams, including waste landfill site assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment, and desertification, as well as many conferences and environmental awards arbitration committees. The Authority began to update the curricula and is currently studying the possibility of establishing a centre for environment studies in the College of Health Sciences. It will assist in environmental researches and update the study programmes. The Authority has also collaborated with The Environment Public Authority in the environmental research areas including:
Research about biological degradation of petrol oils and the possibility of its application on oil polluted sites as well as preparing an emergency response strategy. Evaluation of toxic heavy metals, hydrocarbon wastes, and radioactive pollutants in surface sediments in Kuwaiti islands. 3-2-7 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences is considered one of the most important research departments that studies the possibilities of health damage caused by exposure to air, water, and food contamination. This may include residues from pesticides, organic chemicals, and mineral elements in fish. The department has sufficient expertise to assess, evaluate, and manage health risks caused by exposure to these pollutants. During the previous years, the department has conducted and completed many field studies and researches within its strategic program. It includes programs related to environmental management, environment sciences, Hydraulics, coastal engineering, desertification, and air dynamics. The main completed projects are:
Characteristics of marine sediments and accompanying pollutants in the northern Kuwaiti environment.
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Risk assessment of Poly Aromatic Compounds in oil lakes. The best method for sludge dehydration in Kuwait. It will assist in eliminating obnoxious odour emission and have other positive environmental impacts. The guidelines for the development of the southern Kuwaiti islands as suitable sites for birds and marine organisms. Experimental investigation program of quantitative wave distribution and wave breakers around the islands. Sand encroachment control around the Kuwait Oil Company facilities in the southeastern and northern operation sites of Kuwait. The department is currently conducting the following projects: Toxicity and biological accumulation study of crude oil and partially combusted petrol on selected marine organisms in the Kuwaiti marine environment. The fate of familiar pollutants and trace metals in treated waters in soil. This will determine the importance of utilization of treated sanitary and industrial waters in irrigation and the possible adverse effects. The study will also discuss the regulations and limitations of use in agriculture or for ground water injection. The use of fish as an indicator for environmental ecology in some coastal areas in Kuwait. The determination of toxicity of poly aromatic hydrocarbon compounds by using of pigmented cells (P-450) in liver microcosms and metabolic products in the spleen of grouper exposed to oil pollution. Environmental Impact Assessment for drainages of southern marshes of Iraq on sediments and the resulting pollutants in the north of the Gulf. Evaluation of bottom sediments quality in Kuwait marine environment. Factors affecting photosynthesis of oil pollutants in Kuwaiti marine environment. This study will assist in further understanding of the photosynthesis process of Kuwait crude oil in environmental and climatic conditions similar to Kuwait as well as the changes on the oil pollution in Kuwait marine environment in such climate conditions. It also proposes the proper preventive methods to reduce oil pollution in Kuwait marine environment.
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Hydrodynamic model project for cycles of high and low tide currents in Kuwait waters and the Arabian Gulf. A ss et fh e eto a pl t t e i i f m E U T s s n o t f c f i o u n ms o r em e f s r la s sn o Q A E plant on surrounding areas. The department organizes several training courses in the field of environment. 3-2-8 The Public Department of Customs The department plays an important role in protecting the environmental health in the State of Kuwait by its efforts in banning and prohibiting the entrance of hazardous chemicals, such as ozone depleting gases, and monitoring the entrance of pesticides, in collaboration with The Ministry of Public Health, The Environment Public Authority, and the General Department for Fire brigade. This is all done through the National Committee of Montreal Convention and Vienna protocols for the protection of ozone layer. The department participates in environment protection through the following activities:
Banning and prohibiting entrance of chemical material until permitted by the Environment Public Authority. I u g cs m odr odr3 95 r a i ooedp t g s i ut s re , re / 9, e r n zn eli sn o s 1 gdg en materials. Issuing orders, order 10/1996, regarding handling of hazardous materials in Kuwait. Publishing statistics showing the number of ozone depleting materials entering Kuwait to be presented to the Environment Public Authority. Organizing training courses, in collaboration with Ministry of Health, for custom officials and employees to identify pesticides. Another course was organized in collaboration with the General Department for Fire brigade to identify the official international signs of hazardous materials. Selecting number of employees from the department to attend a training course organized by the Environment Public Authority about handling hazardous substances and their effects on human health. 3-2-9 The Environmental Monitoring Department, PAI This department aims at providing suitable industrial environment and preserving it from any harms caused by industrial activities through the correct implementation of the various environmental protection standards and regulations. The department has technical, human, and laboratorial capabilities to monitor all sources of industrial pollution that might
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adversely affect environment health in the areas around the industrial area in the south of the country. 3-2-10 The Kuwaiti Society for the Protection of the Environment This is a non-profit non-governmental organization with many activities that aims at improving environmental awareness and protection. This is carried out through organizing many workshops and seminars as well as publishing magazines and periodicals. The Society, since it was established in 1976, has been involved in many activities in the field of environment protection such as: Establishing scientific library specialized in environmental programs and books. Publishing a specialized monthly magz e cld ni n et ai ae E v om n n l r m gz e t t pb se l a ad i e aoa nw aot aai h n a ulhs o l n n r t nl e s bu i c tn i environmental information and events. Publishing releases about different environmental issues such as l a cag ad i e eto ev om n 19ad h Ci t hne n t f c n ni n et 97 n T e m e s f r , sensiv y f a rbahso m r e o u o,98. t i o Q t iece fr a n pl t n19 it a i li Publishing children books and awareness issues, and promoting po c sc a h Pt a rj ti odroi r s l e o rj t uh s T e a w y po c n re t n e e e l f es h e, ca vs awareness about environmental issues. Publishing environmental booklets such as u ai marine K wi t ev om n ad zn s e bos bu K w i nt a wl ni n et n O oe a w l ok aot u ai a r i r l t ul d life. Organizing specialized workshops and seminars in the environmental field during the annual cultural season. Organizing environmental exhibitions such as the fourth Kuwaiti wild life exhibition about reptiles and mammals In addition to environmental activities and prizes about wild life. Organizing a national campaign to limit the abuse of soil due to gravel extraction and quarrying activities. Participating in many committees formed by the Environment Public Authority. 3-2-11 The Waqf Fund for the Conservation of the Environment The funds office was found by the charities and contributions, monetary and otherwise, in order to assist in the field of preserving the environment adpo co f m pl t na w la r s gpol s w r esT e n rt t n r o u o s e s a i ep a a ns h ei o li l in e e . funds participated in many projects including:
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t efr vr s dn po c w e t t a o v t e p n d A r o ee t et rj t hr h o l l e r s l t e y u e e e t i e ae by students since the beginning of the project in 1996 reached 5,000 trees distributed in 13 schools with total area of 57,670 square meters. Paper and metal waste recycling project: The funds office asked one of the local companies working in the field of paper and metal manufacturing to collect and recycle these wastes from schools and m n tecm l ad t n uet r yl pout T i i a i si o p x n h s h e c d rdc h s ir s e e e c e . s considered as pilot project for future projects. Replacement of plastic bags with textile bags: This project is aimed at solving the problems caused by the improper disposal of wastes in the country. Other projects:

Publishing environmental books. Funding the studies for the establishment of the Botanical Garden. Participation in meetings with The Environment Public Authority to solve the problem of landfills in Al-Qurain area. Funding the greening and landscaping projects for some government schools. Funding training courses in the field of the environment. Assist and support the project of the protection of marine environment and coral reefs in collaboration with the Kuwaiti Diving Team and The Environment Public Authority. Assist and support environmental exhibitions and environmental awareness campaigns. 3-2-12 Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences A government organization supports and encourages scientific research and researchers locally, regionally, and internationally. Its activities include providing financial research assistances, organizing and financing scientific conferences, seminars, and workshops, awarding prizes for Arab researchers for distinguished studies, and finally financing other authorities for research and studies in the different areas as well as publishing books and scientific magazines. This organization has paid great attention to environmental issues by supporting and financing 56 research projects since 1991 to study the environmental situation and the changes that took place due to the Iraqi aggression. The total costs for these projects were 7,500,000 Kuwaiti Dinars; this organization paid 2,350,000 Kuwaiti Dinars of this cost.
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Kuwait University was supported with 11 researches, most of which had direct or indirect relation with environment health sector including: Assessing health effects in accumulated oil minerals in fish and shrimps in the State of Kuwait. The effects of petrol pollutants and its derivatives on the geotechnical characteristics of the sandy soil in the State of Kuwait. The use of radioactive isotopes to study the function of the respiratory system for people exposed to smoke from burning oil wells. Studies about contamination by trace metals in relation with water quality, picoplanktons, and nanoplanktons in coastal waters. Determining the polluted coastal areas caused by sewage waste in the State of Kuwait through the use of chemical indicator. Kuwait Institute for Scientific research had 36 financed research by this organization, including the previously mentioned (under item 3-27) and the following studies: Survey of sources of ionized radiations in the State of Kuwait and their effects on the residents in collaboration between the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Mobile Telecommunications Company. Risk assessment resulting from consumption of fish and shrimps polluted with oil in the State of Kuwait. Assessment of the effects of man-made volatile organic compounds on the quality of air in the State of Kuwait. Ground water rationalization in irrigating Abdili farms. Studying the patterns for treating and reusing under surface waters in residential areas in the State of Kuwait. Estimating the levels of residues from pesticides in food in the State of Kuwait in collaboration with the MoH. A study to improve agriculture sector in the State of Kuwait in collaboration with KISR and PAAFR. A study of the fin fish reserves in collaboration between the KISR and PAAFR. 3-2-13 Current legislations organizing the environmental health sector There are many articles in the Kuwaiti constitution that assures the public health of citizens and protect families including mother and child. Therefore, many laws were issued in 1960 provide health care including
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those related to environmental health. The following are some of these laws: Amiri Decree, 33/1960 and implementing laws, for the law regarding health monitoring procedures on arrivals from countries suffering from contagious diseases. Amiri decree, 34/1960, for the law regarding the procedures of health monitoring on pilgrimages arriving to Kuwait. Amiri decree, 35/1960, regarding health precautions necessary to protect against Anthrax. Law, 49/1960, regarding the treatment institutions and other laws to implement this law. Law, 10/1964, regarding the preventive procedures against contagious animal diseases and other laws to implement this law, such as:
The decision by the Minister of Health, 6/1964, regarding the imports of poultry to Kuwait. The decision by The Minister of Health, 7/1964, regarding the list of veterinary quarantine on animals. Mi sysl , 0 98 r a i t i pr o pu r adeg n t a 1/ 6,e r n h m ot f oly n gs ir w 1 gdg e s t from abroad. The decision by the Minister of Public Works and Minster of Housings and the Chairman of the PAAFR, 10/1985, regarding the bylaw of veterinary quarantine. Decision of the Board chairman and Director General of PAAFR, 468/1988, regarding the ban on imports of animals that were reexported. Decision by Board Chairman and Director General of the PAAFR, 612/1988, regarding the bylaw that govern and organize the import of cows. Decision by Board Chairman and the Director General of the PAAFR, 176/1989, regarding the export and re-export of live animals and their products abroad. Law No. 8 for 1969, regarding the health precautions to protect from contagious diseases and its amendments. As well as some and explanatory and ministerial decisions, which includes:
Decision by the Minister of Health, 26/1980, regarding the dates and procedures of children vaccinations against diseases.
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Decision by the Minister of Health, 65/1980, regarding the dates and procedures of vaccinations of some groups against contagious diseases. Decision by the Minister of Health, 183/1982, regarding the cessation of vaccinating against smallpox. Decision by the Minister of Health, 69/1992, regarding the restructuring of the Specialized Committee for the Protection from Malaria. Decision by the Minister of Health, 476/1996, regarding organizing the use of vaccines and inoculations in protecting against contagious diseases. Law, 9/1969, regarding dog ownership and the procedures required to protect against rabies. Law, 131/1977, regarding the organization of use of ionized radiations and the protection against their hazards as well as the explanatory and notes and ministerial decisions of the law, including:
Decision by the Minister of Health, 438/1978, regarding the regulations and procedures to grant license to handle, import, export, manufacture, and transport of X-ray equipments and radioactive equipments as well as the disposal and storage or use locations of ionized radiation licenses. Decision by the Minister of Health, 5/1989, regarding the allowable radiation level in consumable goods in The State of Kuwait. Decision by the Minister of Health, 161/1993, regarding the qualifications and experiences of people to be licensed to work in the field of ionized radiation. Bylaw to organize the import, holding/storing, and use of non-ionized radioactive equipment. Decision by the Minister of Health, 296/1993, regarding the establishment of the Department of the Protection from Radiation. Decision by the Minister of Health, 304/1993, regarding the medical examinations conducted for workers in the field of ionized radiation. Decision by the Minister of Health, 132/1994, regarding the restructuring of the Committee of Protection from Radiation. Decision by the Minister of Health, 335/1994, regarding the forming of the Permanent Committee to organize the import and use of equipment that produce non-ionized radiation.
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Decision by the Minister of Health, 52/1995, regarding the names of the members of the Committee to examining the applications for licensing private laboratories for food testing. Law, 74/1983, regarding narcotics prohibition and organizing their use and trade. As well many ministerial decisions to implement the law. Law decree, 48/1987, regarding combating mental narcotics, its use, and trade. As well as the clarification and implementation notes. Law decree, 62/1992, regarding the prevention of AIDS and other ministerial decisions issued to implement this law. Law, 15/1995, regarding combating smoking. As well as other ministerial decisions to implement the law. Other laws related to health Law, 12/1964, regarding the prohibition of polluting navigation water with oil. Including its amendments and clarification notes. Items mentioned in the private sector law, 38/1964, related to public health in the private sector. Decision of the Minister of Social Affairs and Work, 66/1983, regarding the schedule that determines the percentages of disabilities in case of occupation injuries and morbidity. Kuwait Municipality law, 15/1972, and the regulations of shops that disturb the public and endanger their health. Decision by the Chairman of Kuwait Municipality, 3368/1981, regarding the sale, storage and shops of food products. Decision by the Chairman of Kuwait Municipality, 3370/1981, regarding the street vendors. Decision by the Chairman of Kuwait Municipality, 3371/1981, regarding the procedures of cleaning and use of public roads, pavements, and squares, especially the third section regarding the sn a w s w t , dsi ad ul sosw s sT ii l e air at a ri uta n pb c hp at . h n u s ty e e n rl i e s cd tables of substances prohibited from disposal at the public sewage network systems. Decision by the Chairman of Kuwait Municipality, 3372/1981, regarding the organizing of public parks. Decision by the chairman of Kuwait Municipality, 3373/1981, regarding the list and regulations of slaughterhouses. Law, 21/1995, regarding the establishment of the Environment Public Authority and its amendment, 16/1996.
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3-3 Environmental health issues in Kuwait 3-3-1 Water resources issues The increase in drinking water consumption due to the increase in population density in the country and the irrational consumption and overuse. This will have adverse effects on operating efficiencies of power and water stations and on the environment in general. The possibility of polluting seawater at the suction inlets of the power stations with oil pollutants (or other pollutants) in concentrations or types higher than the efficiency of the technologies used in these stations. The possibility of polluting halogenated organic compounds due to the use of chlorine as primary disinfectant during the purification process, leading to increase in malignant diseases. The possibility of contaminating desalinated waters after their production and during distribution to consumers through pipeline and pumping stations especially in ground water tanks and water towers due to lack of proper monitoring and inspection. The possibility of polluting ground water from landfills areas or due to oil lakes caused by the Iraqi invasion. Lack of laws, regulations, and conditions required to protect the quality of potable water from contamination, especially in relation with handling and storage of water until delivery to consumers. Lack of mechanism between entities dealing with monitoring and inspection of water quality, which are Ministry of Health, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and the Environment Public Authority. This will enable them to coordinate in data collection and sample testing which will save time, effort, and money. The irrational use of ground water its intrusion with seawater in coastal areas increasing its salinity. Installing new desalination units and increasing alkalinity of desalinated water in the existing stations due to the increase of water consumption and future expectations.
3-3-2 Sanitary wastewater issues As a result of the increasing rates of wastewater (sewage) in the country and the aging of sanitary pipeline system, an increase in
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untreated and treated sewage water discharged to the sea is recorded. This could lead to serious problems to the Gulf waters. The illegal discharge of used oils and untreated liquid wastes to storm water network by institutions and people. This will lead to the pollution of the coasts endangering the marine and coastal environments. Industrial and other institution discharging untreated liquid wastes produced by their industrial processes directly to sanitary water network system causing problems to the wastewater treatment plants. Replacement and renewal of sewage network due to aging and to the increase in its capacity to handle the increasing loads from increasing population, which is time consuming and high in cost. Treated waters are not fully used in greening and landscaping for social and religious beliefs. The emission of obnoxious odours from sanitary wastewater networks in many areas in Kuwait. The offences and irresponsible acts by individuals through the disposal of solid substances in the sanitary wastewater network causing blockage. 3-3-3 Hazardous, medical, and solid wastes management issues The quantities of wastes produced by different activities in Kuwait are increasing every year with the increase in population, industrial development, and social behavior. The problem of waste disposal is considered as one of the serious economic and environmental problems that face most countries around the world and have high costs. Therefore, it requires proper technical methods and new technologies to dispose them of in a healthy and environmentally safe manner. This will reduce the adverse environmental effects caused by improper disposal. The total quantities of wastes produced is estimated to be 3,311 thousands tons of different types wastes, including 596 thousands tons of domestic waste (18% of the total waste), 563 thousands tons of industrial waste (17%) and 2,141 thousands tons of construction waste (65%). The quantity of the latter is considered very high due to the increasing of construction activities in Kuwait.
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Fig. 3-1 Locations of sewage treatment plants in Kuwait i.e. Al-Jahra, Al-Ardiya and Al-Riqqa, from left and to bottom.
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Fig. 3-2 Landfill areas in the State of Kuwait.

Source: Al-Muzaini, (1992).
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Fig. 3-3 Utilized landfill areas in the State of Kuwait.

Source: Al-Muzaini, (1992).
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Oil Industries wastes: Caused by oil industries that are located mostly in the south of the country. The quantities reached 207 thousands tons, which represents 37 % of the total solid wastes produced by the various industrial areas in Kuwait. It contains around 70 thousands tons a year of hazardous non-flammable industrial wastes (34 %); whereas the nonhazardous wastes reached 127 thousands tons (61%) from the total waste produced in the area. Shuaiba Industrial Area is considered as one of the largest and most important industrial areas that contain three major refineries and most of the petrochemical industries as well as other strategic industries. Oil industries produce about 80 thousands tons a year of wastes of which 7,000 tons are expired petroleum wastes. Glass wastes: The total quantity of glass waste is estimated to be 30 thousands tons per year. There is only one company that recycles this type of waste, which is considered as one of the modern and largest companies in the Arabian Gulf area. It has production capacity of 40 thousands tons per year and produces glass containers. This company currently recycles around only 600 tons of glass waste a year, which are collected in glass collecting containers or purchased from bottle and lass collectors. Paper and carton wastes: The quantity of paper and carton wastes is estimated to be 186 thousands tons a year. Some companies recycle around 15 thousands tons every year, which represents only 8% of the total quantity of paper and carton wastes despite the fact that the production capacities for these companies are higher than this value. The main reason for the low recycled quantities is the inability of these companies to collect the generated wastes. These companies purchase the waste from garbage collection and cleaning companies that place their containers and compacting machines in public areas near cooperative societies. These areas are considered as a major generator of paper and carton wastes. Some companies also export paper wastes outside Kuwait. Slaughter houses wastes: There are four main slaughterhouses in Kuwait. They produce about 27 thousands tons of animal waste every year from slaughtering more than one million and six hundred animals every year. There are many companies that benefit from slaughterhouse wastes. One of these companies produces proteins and animal fat by recycling 4000 tons of wastes every year and producing animal food as well as soap manufacturing materials. One of the local companies for leather manufacturing produce more than 7,000 tons every year, which is equivalent to producing one million three hundred fifty thousands leather unit a year. Therefore, the total quantity of used wastes (recycled) in slaughterhouse reach 11 thousands tons every year. Other quantities that
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include intestines and other parts are sold locally as food products or exporting without manufacturing. Domestic wastes: There is one local company that compost around 1,000 tons a day of domestic wastes by converting them to natural organic fertilizers. This is approximately 50 % of the domestic wastes containing around 637,000 tons per year of organic matter. Metal wastes: The number of revoked car license (and hence converted to scrap) is 1,325 per year. This is equivalent to 28 thousands tons of metal waste, mostly steel. Some local companies compress scrap cars and export them to other countries. Another company dismantles the cars and sells their parts. One company recycles around 4,800 tons of metal wastes per year by casting metals and producing cast iron. The operation capacity of this company is 25,000 tons a year but the type of scrap it needs is not always available. Tyres wastes: The quantity of consumed tires reaches approximately 21,000 tons a year, which is about one million eight hundred fifty two thousand tyres per year. There are many companies that refurbish these tyres by re-belting them for reuse. This quantity is only about 231 tons a year, which is around 11,000 tyres per year. The remaining tyres are dumped in domestic landfill sites. Used, car, oil: The quantity of used car oil in Kuwait is estimated to be 28,000 tons a year with an increase of 5% every year. Some local companies recycle around 10,000 tons of these oils, which represent 36% of these wastes. These companies have installed special tanks in car wash stations, oil replacement shops, and landfill areas in order to collect these oils on regular bases. Kuwait National Petroleum Company, also, collects the used oils from service stations owned by the company to be mixed with ships fuel oil. B tr s w s s T eqatyo ue btr s w s spoue b a ei at : h un t f sd ae e at rdcd y te e i ti e transportation reaches 100,000 tons a year, which is around 430,000 batteries a year. There is no local company that recycles these used batteries. However, many individuals and companies collect and export t s ue btr sT e un t o ue p sc at r c 140 h e sd ae e. h qaty f sd l ts w s s e h 100 e ti i ai e a tons a year, which are not recycled in the country. However, some plastic companies use their own plastic wastes in their factories. Medical wastes: The Ministry of Health manages and disposes medical wastes as it is the only governmental institution that produces, such wastes through the treatment and preventive services in hospitals and clinics. It is estimated to be 12 tons per day of non-hazardous medical wastes and 3 tons per day of hazardous medical wastes. These wastes are incinerated in 11 incinerators owned by the Ministry with total capacities
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of 5.5 tons per hour. Only two of these incinerators operate according to suitable efficiency. In addition, the Ministry also monitors medical wastes produced by private hospitals. Radioactive wastes: The Ministry of Health, through the Department of Radiation prevention, is responsible in handling radioactive wastes produced from the use of radioactive materials for medical and treatment purposes in hospitals. These substances are known for their relative short half life reaches days or weeks, which make them limited in their effects. The main issues concerning waste can be summarized as follows: Consumption patterns generate high rates of various solid wastes and are considered as one of the highest in the world. It reached 1.4 kilograms/person/day with total of more than 3,000 tons of solid wastes per day. However, it is not easy to change these patterns. The growing industrial development, technological advances, and high consumption rates caused increase in the type and quantity of hazardous wastes in Kuwait. Many raw materials and synthetics are imported and used without sufficient information about the proper methods of their handling and disposal. Lack of environmental awareness among citizens about environmental conservation and the proper methods to dispose domestic wastes. Environmental and health damages caused by abandoned landfills sites, such as the problem of landfill in Al-Qurain residential area, and the high cost and long time required to rehabilitate the sites. There are 15 old landfill sites with total area of 27 square kilometres. The increasing utilization of wide areas as landfills, which is estimated to reach 5,433 thousands square meters by 2020. As a common method in Kuwait for waste disposal and as the country suffers from land scarcity for development projects, this is becoming an increasingly serious problem. The lack of an integrated national strategy for domestic, medical and hazardous waste management in Kuwait. The insufficient utilization of recycling and reuse methods for waste management mainly due to economic feasibility reasons. The Difficulty in waste segregation at the source mainly due to lack of environmental awareness. The inefficiency of incinerators operated by the Ministry of Health due to end of expected lifetime for these incinerators.
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The possibility of presence of environmental and health effects from the incinerators used for medical wastes, especially knowing that most of these incinerators are located in residential areas. The absence of action plan to deal with handling, temporary storage, transportation, and disposing of asbestos wastes in environmentally and safe method. Many asbestos wastes are produced by many governmental and private establishments, despite the law issued by the Ministry of Commerce and Trade, 26/1995, banning the import and use of products containing asbestos. The absence of taxing policy for waste management. This is considered as one of the reasons for high domestic waste generation by citizens. All current landfill sites lack technical specifications needed to preserve the soil, ground water, and air quality in these sites. The need to train workers that deal with hazardous substances and wastes, i.e. customs and oil sector workers by making them aware of their hazards and the proper methods in handling and disposing them. 3-3-4 Healthy residence or accommodation issues The poor environmental and health condition i epta w re n xa ie okr rt s camps and bachelor residents and the need to force employers, through tough legislations and laws, to provide adequate residences and camps for these workers. The lack of proper and organized mechanism to coordinate between institutiosn oi r g n i pco o w re a p. n i m n oi adn et n f okr cm s tn s i s The lack of acquaintance to Arabic and Islamic heritage architectural design, which is linked to the history of Kuwait. Visual impact of urban areas in Kuwait due to the lack of harmony in building design such as colour, pattern and engineering design. 3-3-5 Issues related to health of the work environment The total number of workers in Kuwait exceeds one million, which represents approximately 50% of the population according to the latest census. This large number makes the issue of providing workers with healthy and safe work environment as an extremely important issue. This will also improve their productivity and prevent occupational injuries and morbidity rates and increasing the Gross National Product and preserving productive manpower. These employees work in various work environments depending on the nature of their jobs, the raw materials, catalysts, products, processes and
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machines they use. The capacity and size of the premises, work procedures, health care, safety care, and the awareness and training levels of the management and employees also determines the condition of the work environment. Many of these workers might be exposed to different occupational hazards such as chemical vapors, gases, natural hazards (such as noise and heat), ionized and non-ionized radiation, insufficient lighting in different work places, mechanical and electrical hazards, and finally biological hazards. Many governmental institutions monitor and inspect all industrial, as well as non-industrial installations to ensure that security and safety in different work environments are provided. These establishments include the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour, MoH, the EPA, the PAAFR and other ministries, especially the Ministry of Oil which established specific departments within its different companies to handle industrial safety and security. The efforts exerted by of these establishments include monitoring, inspecting, providing qualified employees to handle such work by using equipments to measure and analyze different work environment. Then comparing the results with international standards, allowable exposure limits, from international organizations such as the International Labor Office (ILO) or with American scientific centres that are recommended by the Arab Labour Office or other establishments. However, despite all these efforts, there are many main issues that are still unresolved in this area. These include the following: Weakness of policies regarding the protection of work environment against exposure to pollutants and work related hazards. Insufficient awareness programs, inside the industrial installations or in the general media, related to occupational safety and industrial security. Weak, or insufficient, national capabilities required, in terms of numbers and training level, for inspection and monitoring in the field of work environment preservation. The international technical, cultural, and scientific advancement lead to the use, or exploration, of many modern chemical and biological substances in the field of processing and production. Handling these substances require scientific qualifications and training to minimize their effects on workers. Inexistence of local training institute specialized in the field of occupational safety and industrial security. Insufficient number of employees in the field of occupational health locally and regionally.
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3-3-6 Food safety issues Many pollutants can reach food during the production, packaging, processing, storage, or transportation phases. These numbers exceed 2,500 substances. However, we should distinguish between food and some food elements, which are, in most cases, mineral substances, their salts (such as magnesium silicate and aluminum sulfide) and additives (such as food preservatives, colour additives, flavours, anti oxidants, or additives used to improve the appearance of the product). It is known that exposure of man to polluted or toxic food, including pesticides, hormones, phaltoxyates and heavy elements, could lead to serious diseases that have increased in recent years, such as cancer, kidney failure, liver failure, and immune deficiency. The following is a summary of the health risks for these materials: - Acute toxicity - sub-chronic toxicity - Chronic toxicity - Cancers - Pigments accumulation in tissues and reduction of lymphatics in blood. - Allergy diseases. - Mutations. Certain vulnerable groups, such as new born and infants as well as children below the age of five, should be prevented from eating food that contain strange and harmful chemical substances as these groups are very sensitive and could lead to hazardous health effects, because many of their enzymes, proteins, and plasmas are not fully developed to combat such as substances. Despite the presence of many official (governmental) institutions in the country, like the Ministry of Health, Kuwait Municipality, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the EPA, the PAI, and the Public Department for Customs, to monitor and supervise food products, effective monitoring system should be implemented to guarantee food safety, free from pollutants and compliant with standards. This monitoring system should also include highly sensitive and accurate laboratories capable of detecting pollutants accurately. It is also necessary to include all technical and human capabilities including highly trained individuals to deal with such sophisticated equipment and to be able to analyze samples based on standards and follow procedures of quality control. Finally, a suitable work site that is required to be wide enough to house all these equipment and workers provided. The existing capabilities, including equipments, analysis methods, manpower, and location size for the laboratory, can not follow the - Fetus deformities.
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developments that took place in the field of laboratory testing and pl t t dt t n I m n cssa o t s cpb ie a nt o u n e co. n ay ae l , h e aaits r o la s ei s e li e capable of implementing standard specifications for food; for example, the laboratorial capabilitie t t thr oe r i e,psc e s o e om ns e d s eti s s su id residues, antibiotics, heavy minerals, or other chemical pollutants are not available. The absence of these necessary equipment lead to restrain these important tests from food testing procedures despite their importance for human health. The wide international spread in the use of hormones, pesticides, and antibiotics makes the probabilities of their presence in imported food to Kuwait high. In addition, the laboratory capabilities for measuring vitamins, mineral salts, and herbs in food supplement are insufficient. This lead to the issue of a ministerial decision regarding the validity certificates from the country of origin to allow the consumption of such products locally. The Ministry is even incapable of performing random testing for these products to verify the reliability of these certificates. In addition, the existing legislations regarding food monitoring should be revised because they were issued during the seventies and were never revised despite the tremendous advancement that occurred in the food industry and food handling worldwide. It is also noticed that the current penalties and fines on violators do not correspond to the type and degree of violation and therefore will not deter against such violations in the future. Therefore, these legislations should be revised. Regarding manpower, qualified Kuwaiti technicians in the field of nutrition have only two-year diploma from the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. University graduates (from The College of Science) are not employed in the field of food monitoring or laboratories because of the decisions by the Civil Service Commission to eradicate the work allowance for workers in these fields and was only provided to workers in the medical laboratories. This lead Kuwaiti university graduates to find jobs in other places and hence causing shortages in workforce. Employment of non-Kuwaitis was also seized to implement the nationalization policy. It should also be known that Kuwait University does not have majors in the fields of Food science or food technology and those who which to specialize in these fields should acquire scholarships, which has become an obstacle in supplying national workers in such fields. Incentives are not valid for individuals who work in the field of food and nutrition due to the fact that these important services were not listed as assistant medical services. Therefore, workers in these fields are considered administrative rather than technical staff, which also causes
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many students to study other fields. Most workers in the Department of Food Health hold diplomas in food health from the College of Health Sciences of the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training; whereas the University graduates are numbered. Training capabilities are also limited because training abroad is not possible due to lack of budget. Certified training institutions are not available in the field of Food Monitoring. The current training is limited by the technical and human capabilities to the Department of Food Health only. Scholarships for higher education are now on hold by the Civil Service Commission, available only for physicians. The following issues can be added to the previously mentioned issues: The great dependence on food imports to meet local needs, greater than 70%, with increase in food consumption every year. Deficiency of soil fertility, lack of water resources for irrigation, climate conditions, and lack of trained manpower for agriculture works influenced by the importance of agriculture sector in Kuwait, from of economics and consumer goods providing limited. The frequent illegal use of fishery resources in the country could lead to the reduction of local fish reserves. Some food products are exposed to contamination, such as the contamination of fish and other marine organisms by oil and heavy metals and also the contamination of agriculture products with pesticides. Insufficient local monitoring capabilities to monitor and test foodstuff sold or used in the country to ensure their validity for human consumption and the absence of harmful substances. Inefficient coordination mechanism between the concerned authorities in the country that monitor the entrance and use of food until they reach consumers, as well as the lack of awareness of people dealing with food products and consumers about the proper storage methods. 3-3-7 Issues related to environmental health information system: Absence of central database that includes environmental data, which has direct health effects to assist managers in the field of environmental health to take proper decisions. Considering environmental data and information as confidential and impeding their analysis and study by specialists.
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3-3-8 General issues in environmental health Negative effects of some social values brought to Kuwaiti society through the excessive numbers of expatriate workers. Also, the absence of a strategy that aims to avoid their negative influence on the environmental health. Incomplete clear policies towards the problems related to environmental health; as well as absence of protection mechanisms, supported by laws and legislations, which are carried out by trained individuals. Insufficient of necessary expertise to determine health effects and ecological damages of environmental pollutants as well as determining the possible environmental causes for the spread of some diseases in society. Lack of occupational expertise in the field of epidemiology of the environmental health, environmental health risk assessment, ecological risk assessments, and biostatistics. Incomplete (systems and procedures and standards for the use of treated domestic wastewater. Insufficient role of society and public participation, which is only limited to planning and presenting procedures for preserving the environment health as well as taking decisions that will reflect on their direct lives and interests or changes that suit society and benefit it. The absence of using economic mechanisms, such as incentives, penalties, and taxes to preserve environmental health and to prevent violations. Disorder of authority and absence of team work spirit in activities done by authorities to protect the environment, such as the EPA, Ministry of Electricity and Water, Ministry of Public Works, Kuwait Municipality, the PAAFR. 3-4 Causes of problems of the environmental health sector 3-4-1 General causes Since the discovery of oil in the late forties, the government (through its various institutions) has spent vast amounts of money and efforts to complete many humongous projects within its plans for economic, social, urban developments and to achieve its ambitions in providing many environmental health sectors with the infrastructure. During these activities, many issues have aroused, as discussed in section 3-3 of the strategy. In general, the main reasons behind such problems can be summarized as follows:
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The general consumption patterns for the citizens and the irrational use of the different environmental health sectors to the extent of abusing and overusing many of these resources. This includes the use of electricity and water. The average per capita water consumption in Kuwait reached 38,000 imperial gallons, which is among the highest rates in the world. It is also the same for food and medical resources. Unlike the citizens, the government bears the entire costs of the environmental health sector in the community. In some cases, like medical treatment and drug dispensing, these services are provided free of charge. Other sectors are heavily subsidized as in the case of water prices, which receive 75% subsidies of their total cost, and electricity. All these factors contribute to the abuse of resources. Lack of an awareness strategy to raise the awareness of people regarding the rational use of resources of environmental health sector. Shortage in necessary legislations to organize and govern the handling and use of environmental health sectors. The increasing load on service and production properties within the environmental health sector due to population and expatriates growth in Kuwait. The aging and end of expected life for using and operating some of the assets of this sector, which considerable budget and duration for their replacement, renewal, and increase of their capacities. Insufficient scientific and practical experience for many workers in the field of monitoring and assessment of environmental health sectors. Also, the lack of comprehensive training strategy to train workers and update them with the rapid scientific advancement in the environmental health sector. Scarcity and limitation of some natural resources such as fresh water (rivers, rain, and others), low soil fertility used for agriculture and natural grazing lands. The dependence on importing many resources of the environmental health sector. Also, the limited efficient monitoring systems that has the capability to inspect these imports. The accumulation of negative environmental impacts caused by lack of awareness and environmental policies during the implementation of the previous development and urbanization projects. The financial costs and duration required for setting and implementing environmental policies to protect the environment and limit the
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accumulated adverse environmental impacts as well as rehabilitation of the effected areas. Climate conditions of the country, desertification, and the type of soil all limit the dependence on local production for some environmental health sector resources. Also, the scarcity of land impedes the development and urbanization of this sector. The damages caused by the Iraqi invasion to many assets of the sector and their harmful environmental effects. This includes oil lakes, oil wells fires, and oil pollution of the marine environment. The country is still suffering from these effects and needs international technical and financial support to reconstruct and rehabilitate the damaged assets. Lack of coordination, coordination mechanisms, integration and cooperation between the different authorities responsible for the environmental health sector. Limited numbers of researches and field studies to assess performance, determine requirements and priorities to improve the environmental health sector in Kuwait. Limited available information, the absence of suitable system for recording statistical data to be exchanged and shared between authorities as well as the confidentiality of some information. In addition, the following explain the problems related to environmental health sector: 3-4-2 Quality of the drinking water Limited natural drinking water resources and their scarcity. Consumption patterns and irrational use of desalinated water. The dependence on seawater desalination, which is heavily subsidies by the government. The consumer bears only fraction of the total costs. The possibility of seawater pollution at the inlets of the water and power generation stations, which increases production costs so it can reach consumers best quality and suitable for human consumption. The high salinity of ground water and the possibility of decrease in its reserves as well as the scarcity of rainfall in the country in general. The possibilities of polluting ground water by oil lakes, caused either by Iraqi invasion or during normal oil operations. The possibility of polluting ground waters by landfill sites.
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The increase in use of desalinated and ground drinking water consumption for agriculture purposes, instead of using the tertiary treated water. Absence of mandating legislations to prohibit discharge of untreated sewage waters to the sea, as well as industrial waste and ballast waters from ships in the local waters, which require special treatment before disposal, in order to decrease coastal pollution. Absence of mandating legislations to prepare and organize waste landfill sites in order to reduce the possibility of ground water contamination. 3-4-3 Sewage High costs and duration required repairing or replacing parts of the sewerage network in Kuwait. Aging and deteriorating of many parts of the sewerages. The increase in load on the sewages due to increase in population and urban development in Kuwait. The spread of obnoxious odours in many residential areas in the Kuwait generated from the main pumping stations, sewage networks, and treatment plants. The presence of some health restrictions and religious opposition to the use the tertiary treated waters in produce and food agriculture. This is because it contains relatively high concentrations of organic compounds or heavy elements that do not conform to health and environmental standards required for human consumption. Also, the lack of researches and necessary information that assists in making absolute decisions for the use of treated waters. The violation to the legal discharge of sewage and rainwater drain systems as well as the lack of technical manpower to monitor and coordinate in minimizing such violations. 3-4-4 The management of hazardous medical and solid wastes The continuous increase in the production of large quantities of solid wastes due to increase in population and the implementation the ambitious development plans, especially with the continuing high per capita consumption patterns in Kuwait, which is considered of the highest in the world. Absence in continuous awareness programmes through media, nw ppr r i ,n T directed to all citizens and other groups e sae ,a o ad V s s ds ,
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to encourage minimizing the generation of solid wastes and encourage segregation of waste at source. Kuwait Municipality, which is responsible for management of solid waste in Kuwait, does not provide the necessary tools and machineries at the different locations (i.e. houses, industrial and commercial facilities), to help waste segregation for recycling and reuse. The total dependence on landfill as an option for municipal and construction solid waste disposal and incinerators for the disposal of medical wastes. Also, the absence of legislations and regulations within the authorities concerned with hazardous, medical and solid waste management, including the EPA, to monitor and properly dispose such wastes in an environmentally suitable manner. Insufficient manpower and financial capabilities required within authorities concerned with waste management and monitoring. The continuing increase in technological and industrial development lead to the increase in the quantity and quality of hazardous wastes generated with the absence of certain data regarding the production rates and types of hazardous solid wastes. Lack of legislations that mandate companies, research institutions, and authorities to properly dispose their hazardous wastes; as well as the insufficient tools and machineries, like incinerators for hazardous chemical wastes, medicines, and expired pesticides, required to handle these wastes. 3-4-5 Healthy accommodation. Companies that hire expatriate workers do not usually provide healthy accommodation as required by the law that mandate proper accommodation for these workers. Lack of awareness programs directed to educate these workers about their rights and duties toward the Kuwaiti society. Lack of proper primary health care to remote areas that accommodate expatriate workers, which will prevent these areas to be sources of noise, insect and rodent breeding, which causes diseases and threaten the entire society. Weakness of continuous health monitoring and preventive measures and programs on the residence of expatriate workers. This leads to the continuation of more violations.
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3-4-6 The Healthy work environment The lack of regulations in monitoring authorities (Ministry of Social Affairs and Work and The Environment Public Authority) concerning the monitoring of health damages and major accidents that occurs to workers in different work environments in the Kuwait. This includes the maximum allowable limits of exposure within work hours for chemical, physical, or biological hazards. Insufficient availability of specialized and trained manpower in this field as well as other capabilities like laboratories and measuring equipments needed to efficiently monitor and inspect work environments in Kuwait in order to preserve the safety and security of workers especially with the increase in ambitious development programmes. The lack of departments and sections in various industrial establishments concerning the issues of occupational health and safety. Lack of awareness programs for workers in the industrial and craft sectors to explain the health hazards or major accidents that these workers may face during work and the proper methods to avoid such accidents and hazards. Lack of strict measures and decisions to oblige workers to use personal safety gears and equipment. 3-4-7 Food safety Weak human and financial capabilities required to perform laboratory tests on imported food to ensure the absence of hormones, colours, and other harmful substances. These substances might be available in food and could harm human health especially when knowing that Kuwait imports about 70% of domestic needs of different food products from other countries. Many countries use preservatives, colours and additives, which require special modern testing equipment to detect such substances. The production of various types of pesticides and the possibility of their misuse in agriculture without following the attached instructions of use. An example is the spray of pesticides on vegetables shortly before reaping and marketing. The possibility of polluting some types of fish and marine organisms by direct untreated sewage discharge, and other liquid, oil, and industrial wastes, in the local sewers.
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3-5 Methods and procedures required to solve environmental health problems. There are many issues and causes for the problems that face the environmental health sector in Kuwait. Based on the available information, discussed in previous sections of the strategy, and their importance, the following measures, methods, and procedures are proposed to solve the problems of this sector. These include the following: 3-5-1 In the field of food safety To summarize what has been explained in previous sections, it is obvious that developing food monitoring system is a necessity in order to protect safety of citizens and residents from eating inedible food or food that is not suitable for human use. This requires taking the following measures: Improving the performance of the public health laboratories by providing trained and qualified manpower as well as specialized consultants majoring in biochemistry and microbiological sciences. These consultants should have the tasks of the development of analysis methods, quality control, and training of workers, analyzing test results, and renovation of equipment and analysis methods. Revising legislations and laws used by Kuwait Municipality, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, and The Public Authority for Industry. Requesting Kuwait University to establish a new scientific department for food and nutrition sciences in order to provide qualified national workforce in this field. Another option is requesting the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training to develop the existing department to offer bachelor degrees instead of the two-year diplomas. Develop the existing inspection and sample collection procedures implemented by Kuwait Municipality. Present practical measures to coordinate between the various responsible entities in the field of food monitoring by revitalizing the cancelled Food Affairs Council. Develop standard specifications and quality control laboratory, which is run by the Public Authority for Industry to include food testing in the quality control tests. Currently, this laboratory does not perform this type of tests. Studying a proposal presented to The Ministry of Health in 1994 regarding the execution of a program that provides food safety assurance. This proposal can be implemented in two phases. The first
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s g i t ret pae w ich endures for the duration of six t e s h ugn hs, h a e months to implement and includes the following actions:
Appointing an expert in the field of food contamination assessment. This expert should be very knowledgeable in food contamination, able to establish a complete database for food safety, knowledgeable and up to date in the recent research activities around the world, has very good connections with international organizations that deal with food safety, and finally able to lead a scientific research team and take assertive decisions. Appointing a group of technical assistants in the fields of biochemistry, analytical chemistry, physiology, toxicology, pesticides, food industries, food environmental legislations, medicine, veterinary medicine, statistics, and radiation. Establishing a complete database for food safety. Determining food consumption patterns and consumption rates in the Kuwaiti society in order to determine the allowable safe limits for contaminants. Setting allowable limits of contaminants that could be present in different food products consumed in Kuwait. Et an ci n ed o fo pout sm t g iz snes fod rdc . i i te s Performing complete and comprehensive survey for air, water, and food contamination in order to estimate the average intake per day of such contaminants by citizens and study the possible effects. Training technicians. Establishing laboratories to estimate the residues of pesticides and radiation pollution and discover radioactive materials. The proposal also suggested as model for construction structure for the pooe od eti R s u A ss et aoa r rpsd F o Psc e ei e s s n L br oy. id d em t The second phase is the h T elong-t m pae, h hedr fri e hs w i nue o f e r c s v years and requires establishing an integrated structure to monitor food safety and include three departments: A public department for food monitoring. A public department for monitoring of food handling workers. A public department for food handling monitoring. Each of these departments is specialized in specific tasks and. The first department includes central laboratories, food contamination monitoring unit, food awareness unit, legislations, food standards specifications, and
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t hi lu ac ui t i n ad m l espout n m rvm n e n agi ne n , a i n e p ye rdco i poe et c c d trn g o i unit, and finally data bank. 3-5-3 In the field of hazardous, medical, and solid wastes management The proper procedures and measures that should be used in solving the problems and issues related to hazardous, medical, and solid wastes are based on reducing the rates of production of these wastes, segregation at source, using the best and most suitable technical methods and management in disposing them, and coordinating and cooperating between various authorities in the country working in this field. Some of the suggested measures are: Preparing complete and comprehensive survey in the country to estimate the quantities and quality of these wastes and their sources as well as preparing and implementing a plan to provide data about production rates, sources, and types of these wastes. Preparing a national action plan that includes and intensive and continuous media campaign to encourage people and producers to decrease their consumption and waste production as well as segregate waste at source. Increase capacities and efficiencies of projects related to waste segregation, recycling and reuse. The private sector should be encouraged to invest in these fields. Oblige companies and factories to use efficient processes to reduce waste and to segregate waste on site. Developing human, technical, and institutional resources in the field of waste management. Preparing necessary studies about converting animal and slaughterhouse wastes into animal feed and the relation with animal diseases such as the mad cow disease. Experiences from other countries that suffered from such problems should also be studied to reach proper decisions in this regard. Preparing and issuing legislations and regulations for waste management and disposal that include all necessary measures starting from minimizing waste generation, packaging techniques, temporary storage and transporting to disposal sites. They also include segregation, recycling, reuse, reception facilities and disposal sites as well as standards and specifications of the disposal methods and sites such as landfill areas, incinerators, incinerators alternatives, and others. These legislations should also force institutions, research centres, and government and private hospitals to comply with
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procedures in handling and disposing hazardous chemical wastes, radioactive materials, and expired pesticides that are produced from these sources. Implementing an economic and legislative mechanism for taxes and penalties in order to reduce the production of hazardous wastes, quantitatively and qualitatively as well as their proper disposal. Preparing emergency action plan to face risks caused by leakage or spillage of hazardous wastes, which might threaten human lives and the environment. 3-5-3 Sewage T epoeue adm aue fr o i t cut pol snt s h rcdr n esr o sl n h on y rb m i h s s vg e rs e i field lay on the replacement and renewal of large parts of the existing sewage network system to deal with the growing population. These projects should be implemented according to advanced engineering designs that are environmentally safe and suitable for climate conditions of Kuwait. The results of implementing these projects are expected to be positive and will reduce emissions of obnoxious odors generated from many residential areas. Another positive result would be the reduction in rates of discharging untreated sewage waters directly into the sea, which will also reduce seawater pollution. This will also yield to reusing the tertiary treated waters for many purposes such as irrigation of green areas and landscapes, which will in return reduce ground and desalinated water consumption. To complete the work started by the Ministry of Public Works, the following should be carried out: Preparing researches and providing data regarding the uses of desalinated the treated sewage waters and their health effects. Conducting a field study, in collaboration with The Environment Public Authority, to assess the completed projects to reduce obnoxious odours produced by the sewage system. Preparing a national plan, in coordination with the agriculture sector, for maximum use of treated sewage waters to avoid their discharge to the sea. The continuous improvement, renewal, and increase of efficiency of the sewage network system in Kuwait by the Ministry of Public Works. Continuing the study by the Ministry of Public Works about the possibility of treating sewage waters in order to reduce the rates of discharge into the sea.
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Preparing coherent policies, systems, and legislations about the standards and specifications for liquid wastes to prevent the illegal discharge to the storm water drainage network and sewer manholes. Improving and developing human and technical capabilities to monitor and inspect the implementations of standards related to liquid wastes disposal and to prevent the illegal negative uses of storm water drainage system and sewage network system. Preparing and implementing awareness programs to increase awareness about the precautions that should be taken when using treated sewage waters and the benefits of conserving waters. 3-5-4 In the field of healthy work environment To increase procedures and necessary measures that will lead to better performances in the field of occupational health in the State of Kuwait, it is recommended that coherent working mechanism such as an independent authority that congregate related existing departments and sections in many government ministries and institutions such as: Occupational Health Unit and Radiation Prevention Section, both under the Ministry of Health. Some industrial environment sections in the Environment Public Authority. Safety and Industrial Security section in the Public Authority for Industry. Work inspection sections in the Ministry of Social Affairs and Work. This proposed Authority, if imposed by law, should perform the following tasks: Prepare lists of standards related to environmental and health specifications that should be available in every establishment and facility; as well as standards related to maximum exposure limits for all occupational hazards as well as penalties, violations, and general rules and regulations. Obliging all industrial facilities, private and governmental, to establish safety and industrial security units. The number of employees should relative compared with the total number of employees in the facility, its size, operation nature, and the hazards that workers are exposed to. Provide employees with proper training in specialized local or international institutions to increase their scientific and technical capabilities in the field of monitoring, inspection and provision of safety and industrial security within these facilities.
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Provide scholarships for a number of employees to local or international colleges to obtain higher education in the fields of industrial security and occupational health. Preparing training courses and programs for different scientific levels of workers in order to improve the human, technical, and institutional capabilities in the field of healthy work environment. Establishing and developing tools to evaluate and assess different work environments. Preparing and implementing awareness programs for workers to illustrate health effects and work injuries resulting from exposure to hazards and the methods of reducing hazards and avoiding injuries. Conducting field studies and researches and providing information and statistics about occupational hazards in different facilities. Preparing and implementing awareness programs in the different media means to increase awareness of housewives about indoor hazards and ways to avoid them. Publishing scientific and educational periodicals about safety and industrial security. 3-5-5 In the field of water quality The government spends vast amounts of money every year to provide drinking water suitable for human consumption. It is mainly spent in operating the existing seawater desalination plants, constructing new plants to ensure the population future needs of desalinated drinking water are met. In addition, part of this cost is spent on transporting and storage of water in water towers and reservoirs as strategic reserves in case of emergencies. The Ministry of Electricity and Water performs, through its laboratories in the different desalination stations and water resources development centre, sample testing for these waters to ensure that they comply with international and local standards and specifications and to ensure that these waters reach the consumers in premium quality and suitable for human consumption. At the same time, the Environment Public Authority, through the Department of Water Pollution Monitoring and Ministry of Health collect samples from produced water on regular basis and perform chemical and microbial testing to ensure their safety. It is certain that desalinated water quality in Kuwait conform to the highest international physical, chemical, and microbial specifications, particularly those recommended by the World Health Organization. The Ministry of
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Electricity and Water works on improving the quality of water conserve and preserve it for emergencies. To continue providing high quality drinking water in Kuwait, the following steps should be taken: Prepare a mechanism for administrative coordination and technical integration between authorities concerned with monitoring of the drinking water quality. These authorities are: Ministry of Electricity and Water, The Environment Public Authority, and The Ministry of Health. Prepare and implement a national emergency plan to protect the intakes of the desalination plants from chemical and oil pollution. The plan should include economic policies to impose financial penalties against water resources polluters. Prepare necessary legislations to organize and protect ground water from pollution and abuse. Prepare necessary legislations to determine specifications, types, methods, and means of drinking water transportation as well as the types of tanks that should be used in the houses and other facilities, including cleaning techniques to protect this resource water from contamination. Prepare and implement a national plan to maintain strategic drinking water reserves in order to face the possibility of a major pollution to the Gulf waters or shut down of the desalination plants. Prepare scientific studies and researches about the methods of providing pure drinking water as a future alternative to the desalinated seawater. Prepare and implement national plan to i r s pol s w r es n e e ep a a ns ca e e regarding water conservation in order to reduce drinking water consumption. 3-5-6 In the field of healthy residence or accommodation Direct and indirect health damages and effects on the environmental health might result from the unhealthy conditions of some expatriate accommodation in Kuwait. To reduce the health effects and disease spreading caused by these conditions, it is necessary to implement the following steps as suitable procedures in the field of healthy residences: Issue proper legislations to oblige companies that import expatriate labour to provide suitable and healthy residence.
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Intensifying the monitoring and inspecting visits to expatriate labour residential compounds to ensure their suitability in terms of healthiness and clearance from contagious diseases. Provide sufficient primary health care in the areas populated with expatriate workers in order prevent the spread of contagious diseases insects and rodents, which affect the entire community. Prepare and implement education and awareness programs for expatriate workers after their arrival. It aims to explain their rights, duties especially their right for healthy and suitable accommodation. Improve the technical, human, and institutional capabilities to support the preventive and monitoring health programs in the residential areas of expatriate workers. 3-6 Sources of Information Ministry of Electricity and Water, (1999) Electrical Energy. Annual Statistical Book. State of Kuwait. The Centre of Water Resources Development, (1998) Monthly Report, Monitoring Water Quality produced in the State of Kuwait. Ministry of Electricity and Water, State of Kuwait. Statistics and Information Sector, (1998) Annual Statistical Census, No. 35, Ministry of Planning, State of Kuwait. K w is el ,19)Health and Biostatistics Section, Department u aH ah(98. t t of Statistics and Medical Records. Issue No. 35, Ministry of Health, State of Kuwait. Ministry of Health, (2000) Ministerial Decision (347) for the year 2000 related to the conditions that are needed to be fulfilled by private hospitals in order to be licensed to work through the Health Insurance System or Private Health Assurance. State of Kuwait. Ministry of Health, (1996) Health legislations In the State of Kuwait. First Edition, State of Kuwait. Climate and Life, (1984) Department of Weather Monitoring, Public Authority for Civil Aviation, State of Kuwait. Mohammad Fawzi Qasim, (1998) The Environment Public Authority. Supervised and Reviewed by Dr. Mohammad Abdul Rahman AlSarawi, Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Ministry of Health, (1994) Brief Report On the Project of the Establishment of the Department of Food Safety, State of Kuwait. Rushbook, Philip, (1999) Healthcare Waste Treatment in Kuwait: Present Situation and Future Changes, An Initial Assessment. WHO,
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Kuwait Environment Public Authority and Ministry of Health, State of Kuwait. Mohammad Qasim (1998) State of the Environment in the State of Kuwait, part one: the role of government and private sectors in protecting environmental health (Initial Draft). Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Ministry of Oil, (1989) Bylaws and Regulations for Conservation of Petroleum Resources. Technical Affairs Sector, Ministry of Oil, State of Kuwait. Department of Industrial Environment, Department of Industrial Waste Control, (1998) The environmental status of waste management (solid, liquid, and gas) in the State of Kuwait. The Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. The Environment Public Authority, (1998) Annual Reports: the major tasks of the different departments in the Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Action Team of the Executive Office for Formulation of the Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, (1999) Preliminary perception on the general framework of the environmental health sector. Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. The Environment Public Authority, (1999) The bylaw regarding the establishment of the Environment Public Authority: environmental standards and specifications, preliminary draft, State of Kuwait. Al-khardaji, Hosni, (2000) Reference Conditions, Environmental Health Sector. The Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait.
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Sector Four Fresh Water Resources
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Members of the Fresh Water Sector Team Yousef Hajri. Mohammad Al- Deputy Undersecretary, Operation and Maintenance of Power and Desalination Stations, Ministry of Electricity and Water. Chairman of the team. Department Manager, Department of Water Pollution Monitoring, Environment Public Authority. Repertoire of the team. Head of Projects Development Section, Department of Planning and Environmental Assessment, Environment Public Authority.
Ms. Fatima Malallah.
Eng. Khlood Al-Marzoog.
Eng. Khalifa Mohammad Manager, Centre of Water Resources Development, Ministry of Electricity and Al-Furaij. Water. Mr. Mohammad Omran Manager, Chemical Works Department, Ministry of Electricity and Water. Al-Qalaf. Preparation: Dr. Mohammad Hamooda. Fathi Civil Engineering Department, Kuwait University.
Eng. Khalifa Mohammad Manager, Centre of Water Resources Development, Ministry of Electricity and Al-Furaij. Water. Supervision, review, editing, completion of the scientific material and re-organizing it: Dr. Sufyan Al-Tal. Senior Advisor, United Development Program (UNDP). Nations
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4-1 Introduction Water is one of the renewable natural resources on earth. It is characterized by being a stable chemical compound that has not changed for hundreds of years. Water is also very essential for life and economic and social developments. Societies in the past were established near water resources, and civilizations flourished when water was abundant and when water demand was much lower than now and technological capabilities did not affect the environment as much. There were no problems in providing water for various uses. H w vri t peeth er hdope i epr ni r i o ee n h r n t a hs yrshr s xe ec g a d , e s e t e i n p depletion and pollution due to the increase in population, increase in water consumption, and advances in technologies that adversely affect the environment. This should lead to an increase in concern for water resources in order to provide good quality of water, which is required for development. Fresh water resources sector plays an important and primary role in development and environment protection. It is for these reasons that there is a crucial need to prepare an environmental for this vital sector. Countries that are located in arid and semi-arid zones on earth suffer from water resources scarcity. The State of Kuwait is located within a desert region; therefore, it suffers from very hot climate, rain scarcity, and harsh environment with poor fresh water resources. This has led the people of Kuwait, since the early years, to head to the sea for income, activities and living. Ordinary fresh waters in Kuwait are limited in quantities with rainfall averaging 115 millimeters per year. Limited amount of ground waters extracted from Kuwait and Dammam Group. It is mostly brackish water and exploited for various uses. Therefore, the State of Kuwait depended on non-conventional water resources by constructing several seawater desalination plants to produce fresh water for various purposes. In addition, Kuwait reuses treated sewage water for other purposes such as irrigation and agriculture. The country has provided fresh water to meet the increasing water demands due to the increase in population, economic and urban activities. The country has also focused on protecting water resources from pollution as well as taking into consideration the production of quantities of water in quality that meets the standards and environmental hygiene. Water resources sector is considered very important in the institutional structure of the State of Kuwait. Therefore, it is considered in most of the water or environmental related authority. However, the responsibility of production and supply of water in Kuwait is solely limited to the Ministry
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of Electricity and Water. It plans, develops, manages, and supplies water resources to different consuming groups according to their needs of fresh and brackish water. Some Ministries and authorities, such as the Ministry of Public Works and the Environment Public Authority, play other roles, within their jurisdiction. This includes providing other services related to water resources such as sewage resources development and protection against environmental pollution. Many of the important topics and issues are included in the Environmental Strategy. However, water resources sector has the priority due to its importance. To complete the work performed by the action team of this sector, continued gathering important data and information related to this important sector. Topics that are included in the strategy include Sector resource assessment, issues of concern related to the fresh water resources, causes of problems facing the Sector, techniques and procedures to solve these problems and finally, sources of information. 4-2 Comprehensive assessment of the water resources sector 4-2-1 Water resources Water is considered one of the scarcest resources in the State of Kuwait due to the absence of fresh surface water and limited amount of rainfall and ground waters as conventional water resources. As a result, the State of Kuwait depends largely on using non-conventional water resources, such as seawater desalination as the main source of water production. It also reuses treated sewage water for purposes of irrigation and agriculture in addition to the use of ground brackish water. Water resources in the State of Kuwait are limited to the following: Fresh water produced by seawater desalination. Fresh and brackish ground water. Surface waters. Strom water. Treated sanitary wastewater. Proposed water resources development projects such as importing water through undersea pipes from Iran. Fresh water produced through seawater desalination The first experimental effort for seawater desalination in the State of Kuwait took place in the early fifties of the twentieth century in order to produce fresh water. The success of this experiment was received with joy all over the world due to the fact that large quantities of water can be
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produced from seawater in order to satisfy the increasing needs of fresh water for human, industrial, and commercial uses. The technology used in water desalination is through Multi-Stage Flash Desalination and it was approved more than forty years ago and has already proven its effectiveness and efficiency in producing water. This technology was improved to the extent that the State of Kuwait has bcm oe fh w r l d g on i i si tieprs i t s eo e n o t ol se i cute n c n f xe i n h e d an rs e ic te i technology, which is associated with dual purpose system that share different factors to produce two products i.e. water and electricity and it saves 20-30 % of the cost of producing each of them separately. Currently, there are five water desalination plants in Kuwait; Shuwaikh Plant, South of Shuaiba Plant, Doha East and West Plants, and South of Al-Zur Plant. These plants contain 44 desalination units with total capacity of 258 million imperial gallons per day (MIG/day) which is equal to 1.18 million cubic meters per day of desalinated water and under normal operation conditions demand. It can also reach a maximum of 283.2 MIG/day i.e. 1.29 million cubic meters per day if needed during high weather temperatures. The following table (4-1) explains the locations and capacities for these plants: Table 4-1 Production capacities of the seawater desalination stations, in the State of Kuwait as in 1999.
Station Shuwaikh Shuaiba South Number of (desalination) units 3 6 30 0.136 30 0.136
Doha Doha West East
AlZour South 12 72 0.328 82.6 0.378
Total
7 96
0.437 110.4 0.503
16 42 0.192 42 0.192
44 258 1.175 283.2 1.291
Production capacity (normal 18 temperatures in MIG/day (Million Cubic meters/day) 0.082
Production capacity (high 18 temperature in MIG/day (Million cubic meters/day) 0.082
The total production of desalinated water in Kuwait has increased as shown in table (4-2) to satisfy increasing demand for water consumption. The total production of desalinated water in 1992 reached 40105 MIG/year (183 Million cubic meters per year) whereas the total production in 1999 reached 78797 MIG/year (359 million cubic meters per year (MCM/Year)).
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Table 4-2 Increase in total production of desalinated seawater (MIG/year) from 1992-1999.
Year Shuwaikh Shuaiba south 2461 3574 4341 4282 2762 2994 5775 6223 7460 7895 6731 7467 7788 7465 Doha West 7101 9725 9867 11696 12085 11125 13434 12506 Doha East 14260 16348 19070 19642 22272 27599 29271 30708 Al-Zur South 12969 14113 14426 14560 18133 18035 19961 25142 Total (MIG) 40105 46409 53284 57367 63562 68508 73216 78797 Total (MCM) 183 212 243 262 290 312 334 359
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
The production of the desalinated seawater and power plants operations has environmental effects on the seawater. Seawater is used in dsl an ad ol gh t b eodneo t gnr os eant g n co n t u i scnesr fh ee t . i i i e rn e ar The quantity of seawater used in desalination and power plants every month ranges between 200-280 MIG/hour (0.9-1.28 MCM/hour). Discharged water temperature, to the sea, ranges between 30-40 degrees Celsius. Chlorine injection used in the water inlets ranges between 1-1.5 ppm. Chlorine concentration in the outlet, to the sea, ranges between 0.00.05 ppm. Salinity of the seawater inlets reaches 45,000 ppm, whereas it reaches 60,000 ppm in the outlets to the sea. Currently, there is no clear effect from the increase of seawater salinity levels as shown in table (4-3) and from observing seawater quality. However, it is possible that seawater salinity levels increases in the future due to the increase in water discharged to the sea from these plants, especially with the increase of vaporization rates of seawater caused by high temperatures.
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Fig. 4-1 Desalination and power stations in the State of Kuwait.
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The country has also experimented other desalination technologies. In 1979, an agreement was signed between the State of Kuwait, represented by the Ministry of Electricity and Water and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, and The Federal Republic of Germany. According to this agreement, the two sides established a model plant that operates using the principle of Reverse Osmosis in Doha for seawater desalination with total capacity of 3,000 cubic meters per day. This plant included three different systems, different in design, membrane style, and chemical treatment. Table 4-3 Annual average level of seawater salinity in different locations in the State of Kuwait (1986-1997). Site
B d eaa Medaira Doha Ras Esherij Al-Shuwaikh Ras Ajuza Ras Al-Ardh Mesailah Fintas Mangaf Mina Abdulla Julai a Ras Al-Zur Annual Average
1986
39.9 38.2 40.9 41.1 41.0 40.2 39.3 39.3 40.0 40.0 40.1
1987 1988
39.5 40.0 40.7 40.3 40.1 39.7 39.5 39.6 39.8 39.9 39.9 39.9 40.2 39.9 38.0 38.7 39.5 39.0 38.7 38.4 37.8 38.0 38.3 38.2 38.1 38.3 38.7 38.4
1989
39.2 39.4 39.9 39.5 39.4 39.5 39.0 39.2 39.4 39.4 39.1 39.2 39.5 39.4
1996
37.4 37.4 37.9 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.2 37.3 37.7 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.9 37.8
1997 Code
38.3 38.3 39.2 38.8 38.5 38.5 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 38.7 39.3 38.6 Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 Z11 Z12
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Fig. 4-2 Desalination stations and the location of sampling points.
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The German side continued its participation until the end of 1987 when Kuwait took over the research activities. This station was dismantled stolen during the Iraqi Invasion and was completely dismantled and transported to Iraq. Today, the station was built again and two new Reverse Osmosis units were installed, with capacity of 300 cubic meters a day each, by the Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research and The Ministry of Electricity and Water. These units, which also operate with different systems in term of design, membrane style, and chemical treatment, are continued to use experimental research in the field of seawater desalination by Reverse Osmosis. New Reverse Osmosis desalination stations will be constructed in the future. Fresh and brackish ground water Ground water is produced from Kuwait Group Layer and Al-Damam Layer. It is mostly brackish water that could be used for uses other than human consumption. The salinity level in the brackish ground water ranges between 3,000-9,000 milligrams per liter and the production capacity for these ground wells reached 120 MIG/day (547 thousands cubic meters per day). As indicated before, these waters are found in the Kuwait group and Al-Dammam group layers, which extend from eastern the Arabian Peninsula with slight decline towards the Arabian Gulf. There are many ground water wells in the State of Kuwait (Figure 4-2) that can be categorized according to their use to the following: Brackish water wells such as the Sulaibiya and Shegaya wells, used in t Mi sy ntokb m x gwt dsl a dw t t pouce h n t e r y i n i eant a ro rd e ir s w i h i e e fresh water. Other wells include Um-Gdair, which was operated in October of 1986 and Al-Wafra wells. The total capacity of the ground water in 1999 reached 120 MIG/day (547 thousands cubic meters per day) and the maximum consumption in the summer of 1999 reached 103.4 MIG/day (470 thousands cubic meters per day). The salinity levels ranged between 3,000 and 7,000 ppm (Table 4-4). Due to the availability of brackish ground water in Kuwait as natural resource, the Ministry of Electricity and Water started to depend on this resource to convert some of this type of water into fresh drinking water for human use through Reverse Osmosis technology. The first stage to implement this strategy was to install and commissioning 13 Reverse Osmosis units in 1987 with production capacity of 250 thousands Imperial Gallons per day (1140 cubic meters per day) distributed across important locations. As part of the emergency plan, 20 brackish water desalination units were installed in different locations in 1993 increasing the total production capacity of desalinated brackish water using Reverse Osmosis to 8.25 MIG/day (38 thousands cubic meters per day).
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Table 4-4 Ground water wells producing brackish water and used by the Ministry of Electricity and Water in the State of Kuwait.
Field Drilling date
Number of production wells Number of producing wells Layers producing waters Dibdiba Formation Kuwait + Dammam Kuwait + Dammam Kuwait + Dammam Kuwait + Dammam Kuwait + Dammam Kuwait + Dammam Dammam Production capacity (MIG/day) Production capacity (MCM/day) Produced water salinity
Sulaibiya
1954 1972 1975 1980 1980 1980 1987 1987
118 13 16 32 24 30 67 9
85 7 7 30 23 30 57 2
15 8 7 18 12 15 40 8
0.068 0.031 0.036 0.082 0.054 0.068 0.182 0.036
4000-7000
Shegaya A Shegaya B Shegaya C Shegaya D Shegaya E UmGdair Part of Wafra
3000-4000
3000
3000
3000-4000
3500-5000
3500-4000
5000-6500
Brackish ground water that reach consumers directly through a pipe network, different than the network used for fresh drinking water. The net consumption of brackish water used for direct distribution in 1999 reached 20669 MIG/year (94 MCM/year). These waters are used for greening, landscaping, and public parks. Ground water used by Kuwait Oil Company (KOC): Abdaliya well is used by the KOC. Table 4-5 provide more details. Table 4-5 Ground water used by the KOC, Kuwait.
Field Drill Number Layers Production date of wells Producing capacity (MIG/day) waters 10 Dammam Formation 12 Production Salinity of capacity produced (MCM/day) water (ppm) 0.055 3500-4500
Abdaliya 1941
Ground water used in agricultural areas: There are many brackish ground waters wells in agricultural areas in Wafra and Abdili with various salinity levels. The quantities of consumed waters in private
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farms depend on many factors that are hard to contain. Table 4-6 provide more details.
Field Number of wells Layers producing water Production capacity (MIG/day) Production capacity (MCM/day) Salinity of produced waters (ppm)
Wafra and UmAl-Naqa farms Wafra farms
362 485
Upper Kuwait Kuwait Group
27 36
0.123 0.164
3000-8000 4000-9000
Fresh ground water: located at Rawdatain and Um Al-Aish. The first production process was done in 1962 with an estimated natural reserve of 40,000 MIG (182 MCM). Production at Um Al-Aish field seized after the Iraqi invasion. The production capacity for Rawdatain field is estimated, in normal operating conditions, at MIG/day (4.5 thousands Cubic meters per day), and could reach as high as 2.5 MIG/day (11 thousands cubic meters per day) if needed for 10-15 days and for maximum of three times a year in order to preserve these waters. The total number of producing wells is 16; these wells are used for commercial purposes in producing bottled waters. Salinity level ranges between 600-1000 ppm. Near Surface waters These waters are produced from the increase in levels of irrigation waters in parks and green areas within residential areas. Usually, these waters are discharged in sewage drains. However, they still can be collected, treated and reused, due to the fact that these waters are of relatively good quality and their salinity levels range from 8,000-12,000 milligram per liter. The volumes of these waters are hard to estimate. Storm water Rain season usually starts in September and ends in May. The total quantity of rainfall reaches about 171.7 millimeters. The highest rainfall in one season was 262 millimeters, whereas the highest rainfall in one month was 14.4 millimeters recorded in November 1997. The annual average rainfall reached 115.2 millimeters for the period between 1958 and 1997. Rainfall is seasonal and irregular. These rainfall waters are usually collected in storm water drain network and then disposed in the sea, and therefore hard to estimate their volume. Rainfall sometimes causes flooding in storm water drain system.
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Fig. 4-3 Locations of ground water fields in the State of Kuwait.
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Fig. 4-4 Locations of ground water fields and wells in the State of Kuwait.
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Treated sewage waters With the increase of population and urban development in Kuwait, the quantities of sewage waters increased as well, especially after developing the treated sewage water collection system. Sewage, which increases every year as the consumption of drinking water increases, is the only resource that increases with population. The total quantity of sewage waters is estimated to be 70% of the consumed drinking waters. This means that these resources can be of good quality after being treated and then could be used for different purposes such as greening and landscaping and therefore can be considered as an important water resource. Sewage system contains a network of pipelines that are inclined to collect sewage waters from different installations like houses, hospitals, and factories. This inclination allows the waters to flow to the pumping or lifting stations until reaching the main lifting stations and then pumped into main treatment stations. There are four purification stations for treating sewage waters. Each of these stations works using the tertiary treatment process. These stations are: Ardiya Treatment Plant: The largest treatment station in The State of Kuwait, which was commissioned in 1970 with capacity of 100,000 cubic meters per day. The capacity of this station was later increased to 150,000 cubic meters per day in 1984 and again increased in 1993 to 190,000 cubic meters per day. Finally in 2001, the capacity of this station was increased to 280,000 cubic meters per day. Rigga Treatment Plant: Commissioned in 1981 with a capacity of 85,000 cubic meters per day and later increased to 180,000 cubic meters per day in 1995. Jahra treatment station: Commissioned in 1981 with a capacity of 66,000 cubic meters per day. Um Al-Haiman Treatment Plant: Commissioned in 2001 with a capacity of 27,000 cubic meters per day. The process of water treatment is divided into three stages: primary (or physical treatment), secondary (biological), and tertiary treatment (chemical). The average volume of sewage water treated in three stage treatment plants reached 85 million gallons per day (388,000 cubic meters per day). Around 40% of these treated water, or 34 million Imperial gallons per day (155,000 cubic meters per day), is used for agricultural purposes. The
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remaining treated water (about 233,000 cubic meters per day) is disposed in the sea through coastal outlets (table 4-5). It is expected that the volume of disposed treated water to sea will reach 128.20 MIG/day in 2005. Type and quality of sewage waters: The quality of treated waters depends on the type of sewage and on the different treatment methods. In the State of Kuwait, most of the sewage water is treated using the tertiary treatment process through different sand filters and chlorine sterilization. The main reason for disposing the secondary treated water in the sea is insufficient capacity in the tertiary treatment plant in Ardiya for these waters.
Volumes of untreated sewage waters disposed to the sea from main
pumping stations: The volume of untreated sewage waters disposed to the sea every month from main pumping stations is around 130.17 MIG per day. The total volume of these untreated waters disposed to the sea reached 1412.62 MIG in 1999. The main problems facing sewage facilities are: Gravity networks and pumping. End of expected lifetime for mechanical and electrical equipment in the pumping and lifting stations. There are four treatment plants: Ardiya, Rigga, Jahra and Um AlHaiman. Whereas Failaka Plant is not in operation since the Iraqi invasion. Jahra Plant requires expansion to increase its capacity so it can handle the expected increase in load due to the proposed housing projects in the north of Kuwait. This should be done in coordination with The Ministry of Planning in order to approve the appointment of consultants to study the project, which is considered part of sanitary engineering sector. It is also important to build a replacement for Ardiya station due to the fact that this station has reached its expected lifetime. High maintenance costs for the sewage facilities because they have reached expected life time which lead to the reduction of their efficiency as mentioned earlier. Experts say that solutions presented to overcome the problems of environment pollution caused by disposing untreated sewage waters in the sea can be divided into temporary and permanent solutions:
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Table 4-7 Locations and emergency outlets of the main pumping stations and sewage stations in the State of Kuwait.
No. Station #
Station location
Salwa block 3 Aqsa mosque street. Salmiya between Qatar and Hamad Al-Mubarak streets. Daiya at intersection of Istiqlal and 2 ring road. Sharg, Hilali Street near Dasman Roundabout. Arabian Gulf Street near the National Assembly. Abu-Baker street opposite to Sheraton Hotel. Shuwaikh Industrial Area. Jamal Abdulnasser St. opposite to the port. Hospitals Area Intersection Abdulnasser Streets. of Al-Hafez and Jamal
nd
Location of emergency outlet

National Guard Officers Club. Near the "Traditional Cafes". Between Dasma and Shaab Areas. Near "Kuwait Towers". Arabian Gulf Street. Arabian Gulf St. opposite to the "Flag Yard". Inside Shuwaikh Port/Um An Namil Island. KISR Beach. Inside Shuwaikh Port/Um An namil Island. Outlet of the main pumping station number A12. B d eaa Outlet between Hussain Maki Juma House and Coast Guard Area. Old Shuwaikh High School. Near Messelah Beach Hotel. Mahboola Beach. Abu Hlaifa Beach.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11
Al-Jaiwan intersection of the 4th Ring Road and Mohammad Bin Al-Qasem Street. Farwaniya Area/Airport St. near Al-Tadamon Club. Jabriya Area near Al-Hadi Hospital.
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A18 A19

Um AlHaiman
Ardiya/Mohammad Bin Al-Qasem/Stores. Mishref Area/ Fahaheel Highway. Mahboola Area/Highway. Aqaila Area/Al-Safar Highway. Intersection of Al-Jahra Road and the 5 Ring Road. Jahra Area. Sulaibikhat Area. Um Al-Haiman Area. Opposite to Al-Rabya Area. Opposite to Al-Dahar Area. Jahra Area/near "Amghara Scrap Yard". Um Al-Haiman Area.
th
Under the connection of Doha Highway (East). Kadma Sea. Doha Sea. None. Al-Ghazali Outlet. Abu Hliafa Beach. Doha Sea. None.
Ardiya Rigga Jahra

Um Al Haiman
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Long-term solutions Cancelling pumping and lifting stations: The number of these stations is 61 pumping and lifting stations. These can be replaced with 6 new pumping stations that work according to the latest technological and engineering methods. Network renewal projects: The Ministry of Public Works collaborated, since the eighties, with local and international consultants to study the sewage facilities in The State of Kuwait and worked to improve and develop these systems in order to eliminate the problems caused by bad conditions of the network. This was done through implementing network renewal projects. Experts also advise to speed up the implementation of these projects and reducing the time required for their completion to be around 6 fiscal years. This will allow two projects to be implemented in one year instead of one project per year. Short-term solutions Electrical and mechanical equipment renewal in the main and secondary pumping stations. Speed up the implementation of necessary renewal of spare tanks as well as pipes accessories and vent valves in the stations. Replacing the main stations outlet asbestos pipes that can break easily. In case of lack of funding to implement the permanent solutions, sewage water should be treated before being disposed in the sea in emergencies, which is hard to implement due to the spread of these stations in residential areas and therefore the difficulties in obtaining approvals and necessary lands to build these stations, high maintenance and operating costs, and disturbances caused to residents. In these cases, some other engineering solutions can be implemented such as the use of mobile treatment stations. The number of pumping stations will be reduced to two main stations instead of 12, in addition to canceling all secondary stations, which are 329 stations that dispose sewage waters, through emergency outlets, to the sea directly without treatment. It is estimated that the total treated sewage water volume in 2005 reaches 128 MIG/day (590,000 CM/day) as shown in table 4-6. Therefore, The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries installed a network to deliver these treated waters to farms that owned to Ministry of Public Works in Abdili area. However, there is still an abundance of these waters and can not be consumed by the existing limited number of farms,
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especially knowing that irrigation rates for landscaping are high during the peak of the summer and then these rates are reduced due to the decline in temperatures which lead to disposing these waters directly to the sea. The percentage of treated waters that are used for agricultural purposes during the summer and winter months reaches 40% and 24% respectively. Near surface waters Waters produced due to the increase in levels of gardens and parks irrigation waters in residential areas. These waters are usually removed and disposed in the sewage network. However, it is possible to collect, treat, and reuse these waters especially knowing that these waters are of good quality with salinity level of around 2,500 milligrams per liter. The volume of these waters is hard to estimate. Table 4-8 Volumes of the current and future sanitary wastewater treatment in the State of Kuwait.
Station Name Average volume of sanitary wastewater as in 1999
(MIG/day) (MCM/day)
Expected sanitary wastewater in 2005

(MIG/day) (MCM/day)
Remarks
Ardiya
53
0.242
This station will be relocated to a new location in Sulaibiya and converted to pumping station
Expansion completed work is
Rigga Jahra Sulaibiya
21 11 -
0.096 0.050 -
32 12 82
0.150 0.060 0.374
Designed stage completed. When operating, expected sewage waters could reach 61 MIG/day Operational
Um AlHaiman Total
85
0.388
2.2 128.20
0.01 0.590
Rainfall Rain season usually starts in September and ends in May. The total quantity of rainfall reaches about 171.7 millimeters. The highest rainfall
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in one season was 262 millimeters, whereas the highest rainfall in one month was 14.4 millimeters recorded in November 1997. The annual average rainfall reached 115.2 millimeters for the period between 1958 and 1997. Rainfall is seasonal and irregular. These rainfall waters are usually collected in storm water drain network and then disposed in the sea, and therefore hard to estimate their volumes. Rainfall sometimes can cause flooding in storm water drainage system. Table 4-7 shows the salinity levels of different waters in Kuwait. The Project of Importing Water from Iran The State of Kuwait is currently studying the project of importing water from The Islamic Republic of Iran. If approved, this project would be considered as one of the largest projects and would be an additional fresh water resource. The project consists of 450 kilometers pipeline with a capacity of 210 MIG per day of fresh water. The source would be Karkha dam in Iran and would reach Al-Zur area in Kuwait and then connected to the general water network. Table 4-9 Salinity levels of different types of water in the State of Kuwait. Water Type
Seawater flowing into desalination stations. Seawater stations. discharged from desalination
Salinity Level (ppm)

40000-50000 60000 3000-9000 600-1000 8000-12000 1500 500
Ground water "Brackish Water". Ground water "Fresh Water". Near surface water Sanitary wastewater Drinking water
4-2-2 Water production, distribution, and storage in Kuwait. The process of producing fresh water takes place in four stations called mixing and pumping stations. These stations are located close to the desalination plants and distributed geographically on Shuwaikh, Shuaiba, Doha, and Al-Zur. These four stations complete the work of the five desalination stations, which are Shuwaikh, Shuaiba south, Doha east, Doha west, and Al-Zur south, by adjusting the type of desalinated water produced from
178
desalination plants in order to make them suitable for human consumption (drinking) according to the specifications of the World Health Organization (WHO). This is done by mixing desalinated waters with brackish water from the ground wells in Shegaya, Sulaibiya, Wafra, and Um Gdair at certain percentages to improve the taste of these waters and to add essential salts. Therefore, the volumes of produced drinking waters increase according to the added volumes. These waters are also disinfected by the addition of Chlorine in order to kill bacteria and other harmful microorganisms present in the water. The mixing and pumping stations receive desalinated and brackish waters on daily basis and during 24 hours a day. These waters are mixed and the necessary chemicals are added. The physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics of the drinking water distributed around Kuwait all conform to the allowable limits according to the specifications set by The World Health Organization. Chemical and physical analyses for these waters show that they are suitable for human consumption according to international specifications. Water produced from desalination plants or from wells is pumped to reservoirs, mixing stations, to be distributed through networks or directed to water towers, which are located in different areas to help in providing water during maximum demand hours. The Control Centre in Shuwaikh manages these pumping and distribution operations. The water distribution system in Kuwait consists of two networks, one for fresh water and another for brackish water. Each of these waters has their pumping stations, water towers, and reservoirs. Most of the main network consists of lined ductile pipes. In the past, asbestos pipes were used but were replaced with ductile pipes in phases. The distribution networks consist of main pumping and distribution lines and branch distribution networks. The diameters of these branch networks range between 50 to 300 millimeters; whereas the total length of these pipelines reached around 12,796 kilometers in 1999. Table 4-8 shows the development of water distribution network lengths in Kuwait. In order to increase the fresh and brackish water reserves, to meet maximum demand, additional reservoirs were installed in different locations and with different capacities. The total storage capacity in 1999 reached about 2,183 MIG for fresh water (9.95 MCM); whereas the storage capacity for brackish water reached 508 MIG (2.32 MCM) in the same year. Table 4-9 shows the development of fresh and brackish water storage capacity in The State of Kuwait.
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Table 4-10 The development of fresh and brackish water distribution networks lengths from 1991-1999. Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Fresh water network length (kilometers) Brackish water network length (kilometers)
5110 5336 5479 5719 6178 6374 6399 6622 6817
4469 4709 4847 5077 5475 5671 5699 5844 5979
4-2-3 Water production and consumption Water production Total fresh water production in 1999 reached approximately 78,798 MIG per year (359 MCM per year). Total water consumption Based on data from the Annual Statistical water book published by the Ministry of Electricity and Water in 2000, the total fresh water consumption in 1993 reached 49,759 MIG/year (226.9 MCM/year). This figure has risen in 1999 to reach 84070 MIG/year (383.4 MCM/year). The per capita consumption increased also from 89 gallons a day (406 liters per day) in 1993 to 107 Imperial gallons a day in 1999 (488 liters per day). Table 4-10 shows the increase in total fresh water and the per capita consumptions in Kuwait, which is considered among the highest in the world. Recent indicators show a decrease in per capita consumption rates since 1998, which is a good sign resulted from the campaigns of water conservation in The State of Kuwait. In addition to the total fresh water consumed, brackish water is also added for domestic, irrigation, and agricultural uses. The volume of brackish water used is estimated to be around 25817 MIG per year (118 MCM/year). Also, treated sewage water is also used for irrigation and
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agriculture, which consume around 9,120 MIG per year of this type of water (41.6 MCM per year). 4-2-4 Institutions working in the water sector The State of Kuwait is concerned about the water issue and its scarcity. Therefore, many institutions and departments were established to work in this field. The institutions working in the water sector can be divided into three main groups. The first group is responsible for constructing, operating, follow up, and distribution of water. However, the second group is responsible for monitoring water quality. The third group is responsible for studies and research related to water. Institutions responsible for construction, operation, follow up and distribution of water
Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW)
The MEW and Water is responsible for this stage according to the Amiri decree issued in 1962 regarding the establishment of the country ministries and their responsibilities. In addition, it constructs, operates, and maintains desalination stations, water wells, distribution networks and their reservoirs, pumping and mixing stations, and delivers water to new houses if required. It also collects tariffs from consumers.
Ministry of Public Works (MPW)
The Department of Technology and Water Resources at the Sanitary Engineering Sector in the MPW is responsible for treatment and purification of sewage waters as well as providing tertiary treated waters. In addition, it is also responsible of installing and operating the sewage network system. Institutions for monitoring water quality and type The following institutions are responsible for drinking water quality and type; they have their own water laboratories.
The Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW)
The MEW produces and distributes drinking water, as well as monitoring its quality. However, to ensure that these waters conform to international specifications when produced and delivered to consumers, samples are collected by various government entities and then examined to verify its validity for human use and conformance to international standards. These tests are performed in water laboratories. There are many departments in
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Table 4-11 Development of fresh and brackish water storage capacities in Kuwait, 1991-1999.
Fresh water storage capacity High Towers
Number of Storage Capacity (MIG)
Brackish water storage capacity High towers

Number of
Reservoirs
Number of Reservoirs Storage Capacity (MIG)
Total capacity
Storage Capacity (MIG) Storage Capacity (MCM)
Reservoirs
Total capacity
Year Reservoirs 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 40 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39
Storage Number Storage Storage Storage Capacity Of Capacity Capacity Capacity (MCM) (MIG) Reservoirs (MIG) Reservoirs (MIG) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 21 22 23 25 25 26 26 26 26 267 302 359.3 449.3 449.3 498.8 498.8 498.8 498.8 276.6 313.6 368.9 458.9 458.9 508.4 508.4 508.4 508.4 1.26 1.43 1.68 2.09 2.09 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32
25 24.8 24.8 25 5 25 25 25 25
58 57 57 58 58 64 64 64 64
1889 1852 1852 1872 1872 2143 2143 2143 2143
1914 1876.8 1876.8 1897 1897 2168 2168 2168 2168
8.73 8.56 8.56 8.65 8.65 9.89 9.89 9.89 9.89
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Table 4-12 Total and per capita fresh water consumption in the State of Kuwait, 1993-1999.
Year Population
Total consumption/year
Per Capita Consumption/day

(gallon/person/day) (liter/person/day)
MIG 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1537714 1654924 1721968 1781411 1837450 2066759 2148032 49756 57165 61577 67464 73284 78496 84070
MCM 226.9 260.7 280.8 307.6 334.2 357.9 383.4
89 59 98 103 109 104 107
406 433 447 470 497 474 488
the Ministry responsible for this task. These include the following: Electricity Generation and Water Desalination Plants Laboratories: The laboratories of the electricity generation and desalination stations, which are distributed according the location of the stations, monitor seawater, percentage of chlorine injection in seawater, and quality of desalinated water during the different production stages in the station. In 1997 these laboratories analyzed 61,600 samples and every sample was dedicated for the analysis of one primary substance and its physical characteristics. Chemical Processes Department: This department injects chlorine in mixing and secondary stations in the entire network to ensure water is disinfected. Chlorine is produced locally by electrolysis, from Sodium Chloride present in seawater in a process that takes place in petrochemical plant in Shuaiba Industrial Area. The Department of Chemical Processes also conducts some chemical analysis to assess and monitors water quality in the network. The total sample collection points in the entire network reached 77 sites, which include sites in mixing and pumping stations, reservoirs and towers, filling stations, and residential areas. These sites include desalinated, drinking, and brackish water sampling points. (Refer to Tables 4-13 and 4-14).
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Table 4-13 Desalinated drinking and brackish water sampling points.

Parameter No. of Samples Desalinated Water 1,560 Brackish Water 1,248 Drinking Water 8,112 Total 10,920
Table 4-14 The total number of chemical analysis carried-out for each sample collected.
Parameter No. of Analysis Physical analysis 6 Primary substances 10 Trace metals 10 Total 26
The Department of Environmental and Engineering Programmes: This department was established in 1997 within the operation and maintenance of power and water desalination stations sector in the Ministry of Electricity and Water. The total number of employees in this department is four, with three chemical engineers and one engineer assistant. Those employees follow up on issues related to environment and power and water desalination stations.
Water pollution from the power and water desalination stations
inlets: The safety of the water inlets of the stations from pollution is considered a primary matter in securing continuous water and power production. Therefore, The Ministry of Electricity and Water in collaboration with The Environment Public Authority monitor the safety of the inlets and outlets of these stations through the following:
Limiting outgoing pollutants that impede the operations of these station. o eo t s pl t t a : o u o b prw s s s S m f h e o u n r pl t n y ot at , e la s e li s e chemical pollution from factories, and oil spillage from fuel pipes and oil tankers. Monitoring and ensuring that chlorine concentrations do not exceed environmental specifications at the water inlets and outlets of the stations in order to preserve marine life. Effective participation in the works of the committee for the Implementation of Kuwait Plans to Combat Marine Pollution from Oil in Emergencies, which was formulated by the Environment Public Authority.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The Ministry of Electricity and Water, Centre of Water Resources
Development: The Centre of Water Resources Development was established in 1968 to conduct research and development in fields related to water resources. The activities of this centre include engineering. Environmental, technological, and economic activities for water desalination, water analysis, and water quality monitoring. The centre presented many studies and researches as well as many scientific papers in regional and international conferences for this field. The Centre of Water Resources Development also monitors water type and quality from their sources until reaching the consumer in the general water network by performing many comprehensive analyses for the primary chemical, toxic trace metals, organic compounds, and bacteriological analysis, which include all kinds of bacteria. These tests are conducted on samples collected from various sites in the network and represent desalinated, brackish, and drinking water (Tables 4-15 and Table 4-16). The total number of sample collection sites in the entire water network reached 66 including mixing and pumping stations, reservoirs, water towers, filling stations and different residential areas. Table 4-15 Tests are conducted on samples collected from various sites within the network. They represent desalinated, brackish, and drinking water samples.
Parameter Number Samples of Desalinated water 353 Brackish water Drinking water 360 5088 Total 5801
Table 4-16 The number of analysis can reach 54 chemical and 6 bacterial analyses for each water sample.
Parameter Physical Primary analysis substances of 8 14 Trace metals 24 Organic materials 16 Bacterial analysis 6 Total
Number analysis
68
The centre includes also a laboratory for material testing to test materials that are related directly to water. It examines the toxicity of these materials according to internationals specifications to ensure the safety of these materials that are used in the general water network.
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The Centre also performs many analysis and tests for substances in contact directly with drinking water originated from metal and non-metal materials and parts used in the network system such as coatings, joints, and plastic pipes. These tests are performed through testing toxicity levels to ensure the safety of drinking water and to protect it from contamination as well as to determine the quality of the parts. The total tested substances in the centre in 1997 reached 36 substances 69 % of which are metal compounds such as copper and iron and the remaining 31% non-metal substances such as plastics, coatings, pastes, and tanks.
The Environment Public Authority
The Environment Public Authority, through the Department of Water Pollution Monitoring, monitors continuously water resources and drinking water after reaching the consumer to ensure that it still conforms to international specifications. Samples are collected on monthly basis from eleven sites that represent types of water in the water distributed through the network. These eleven sites include ten sites, or health centres, under the Ministry of Health in addition to one site, which is Shuwaikh centre, owned by the EPA (Table 4-18). Table 4-18 The number of samples analyzed by the EPA in 1997.
Parameter Number Samples of Brackish Water 144 Drinking Water 434 Treated Sewage Water 90 Total 668
These samples are analyzed to determine their natural, chemical, and bacterial characteristics. Each drinking water sample is subjected to six types of physical analysis, eight primary substances measurement analysis and nine analyses to determine trace metals. In addition, one analysis to measure organic substances, three bacterial analysis and free residual chlorine concentration analysis (Table 4-19). Table 4-19 The types of test carried out by the EPA.
Parameter Physical Number of Analysis 6 Primary Traces Organic Microbiological substances metals 8 9 1 3 Total 27
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These analyses are carried by the EPA to demonstrate the safety of the drinking water and its conformance to specifications and standards of the World Health Organization (WHO).
The Ministry of Health
In 1975, the Ministerial Decision Number 165 was issued to establish the Environment Health Unit in the Preventive Health Section. This unit includes four main sub-sections. These are the Water and Waste Monitoring, Food and Monitoring Food Handling, Environmental Prediction of Contagious Diseases, and the Public Properties Monitoring Sub-Section. Samples are regularly collected from certain sites and in accordance with the distribution of the health areas of the Ministry of Health. These sites include medical clinics, hospitals, public properties and distribution stations such as food factories, mosques, restaurants, super markets, drinking water coolers, and other public properties. The number of drinking water samples, tested, reached 8291 samples in 1997. The tests are periodically carried-out and include bacteriological tests, for each sample, and in total eight different types of tests.
The Ministry of Public Works
The laboratories within the treatment stations owned by The Ministry of Public Works conduct analyses to determine natural, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics of sewage water in the different stages of treatment for the waters inside the stations and the outlet waters disposed to the sea or reused in other purposes. Kuwait Municipality Kuwait Municipality, according to its main tasks and in collaboration with the laboratories of the Ministry of Health, monitors imported food products to Kuwait including bottled drinking and mineral waters. Then, the municipality issues necessary permits certifying the safety and healthiness of these food products. Institutions working in studies and researches related to water The government has placed a great emphasis on the studies and researches related to the field of water in order to follow and cope with scientific and technical advances in the field of water. Many authorities and departments are responsible for conducting studies and researches related to this important field including:

The Environment Public Authority. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Kuwait University.
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The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. The Kuwaiti Environmental Protection Society. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. Ministry of Electricity and Water, Centre of Water Resources Development. Ministry of Public Works, Roads and Sanitary Engineering Sector. The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. 4-2-5 Laws and legislations related to the water sector The increasing use of water, often irresponsibly and without control, as well as the increase in pollution of the biosphere increase the dangers of depleting water resources. This requires a fundamental change in attitudes toward water consumption and protecting it from pollution. The World Health Organization estimates 50 thousands mortalities per day in developing countries caused by diseases related to water contamination. It also estimates that 60% of village children suffer from some diseases related to water including cholera, Typhoid, and fungus. Water can contain a number of chemical substances that can have negative effects on human health if present in excessive or insufficient concentrations. Therefore, the need to have and implement strict laws and legislations is very important. It is worth mentioning that laws and legislations related to seawater protection against pollution are very crucial in Kuwait due to the fact that seawater is the main source of drinking water, through desalination. Amiri Decree No. 2/1962, regarding organization of the ministries and the Establishment of the Ministry of Electricity and Water. The State of Kuwait has fully emphasized on laws and legislations related to drinking water. One of these important legislations was the Amiri Decree, 2/1962 and its amendment in 1979, regarding organization of the state ministries. The clauses of the decree stated that the Ministry of Electricity and Water is responsible for providing electrical energy and water as well as their transportation, distribution for production and consumption purposes, and developing these sources according to the cut nes T ec ue o t dc ea os t t t k o t on ys ed. h l ss fh er l te h a s fh r a e e s ad e s e Ministry of Electricity and Water in establishing departments, operating and managing electrical energy generating stations and water production facilities, and drilling and excavation work for extracting ground water; in addition to providing and distributing electrical and water services. The ministry also has the task of conducting engineering and technical applied researches related to electricity and water. Finally, The Ministry
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is responsible for presenting applied standards and specifications about the materials and electrical and marine equipment and their use. Law of 1964 regarding the Prohibiting Polluting Navigational Waters by Oil. The marine environment is directly related to water resources of Kuwait, which depend mainly on seawater desalination in providing fresh water. Therefore, the government issued many laws and legislations to protect the marine environment from pollution produced from different commercial, industrial, and marine activities. The starting point was the law number 12 for 1964 that prohibits polluting navigation water with oil to limit the negative effects on marine environment. This includes both local and regional waters as stated by article 5 of clause 1 of this law. Some clauses of the law were amended in 1968 and 1976, by raising the financial penalties imposed on ships and oil tankers that pollute the local and regional waters. Law No. 1511 of 1964, amended in 1972, in relation to Kuwait Municipality. The State of Kuwait recognized, since the issue of this law in the sixties, the importance of the role of municipalities. Therefore, the first clause emphasized on the establishment of a sub-committee in every governorate to manage the municipal affairs. Clause 19 of the law explains the relationship between Kuwait Municipality and environmental protection authority in the country. It s t h m n i ly w rs gnr l for urban development, te T e uip i a: c at ok ee l ay providing municipal services for residents, especially land surveying, towns and villages organization and landscaping, as well as ensuring maintaining public health including food safety, public consolation, and c al es. Drinking water is considered as a food product and as a part l n ns e i of this law. Law of 1973 regarding the Conservation of Petroleum Resources. The third clause of this law obliges every individuals and authorities permitted by law to perform a petroleum process to take all necessary actions and precautions to prevent any damage or hazard to human life. It also included damages to public health, properties, natural wealth resources, cemeteries, religious sites, archeological sites, and tourism locations. The law also included all necessary actions and precautions that should be taken to avoid water, ground and surface, contamination and air pollution. This law protects ground and surface waters, such as seawater as source for drinking water. Kuwait Standards Specifications No. 494/1993, for Potable Water.
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Kuwaiti standard specifications No. 494/1993 included the natural and chemical characteristics of potable drinking water. It also included the organic and non-organic components of water that affect the public health. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, through the Department of Specifications and Standards, prepared and approved the specifications in collaboration with other authorities. The Establishment of the Environment Public Authority, Law 21/1995. The explanatory note of this law indicated the importance of environmental management in preserving the environment by preparing plans and national and regional strategies. Based on the government desire to abbreviate the number of authorities dealing with environmental issues, the authority was established as a central authority responsible for environmental protection and preservation. This authority is also responsible for coordination with other authorities that have activities related to environment. The authority was also established to face the new challenges in Kuwait after the environmental disaster caused by the Iraqi environmental aggression in 1990. It was also established to meet the needs of having an efficient environmental management to correspond to international developed environmental tools and agreements especially when related sustainable development. Therefore, in July of 1995 the government issued this law. It consists of 21 clauses that emphasized particularly on the establishment of the EPA and its responsibilities and relation with other concerned authorities. This authority can establish inspection and monitoring centers, which has the duty to protect the environment. In addition, the authority can also establish laboratories or monitoring stations specialized in providing the final opinion, in relation to the laboratorial results related to environment pollution. Based on this law, the authority performs its tasks regarding the protection of the water resources sector from pollution and the continuous monitoring of water quality and it suitability for various uses. The authority also sets specifications and standards regarding water quality for the different purposes and verification. Finally, the authority ensures that these standards are followed and implemented. International agreements in the field of water sector Kuwait has joined, since the sixties, many international and regional agreements related to the environment and water resources. The country focuses on coping with any new topics in the agreements related to this subject as explained below:
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The international agreement on "Preventing Sea Pollution by Oil" of 1954. Kuwait signed this agreement in 19/11/1961 and it became affective in 27/2/1962. The international agreement on "Preventing the Pollution of Sea from Waste and Other Substances through Dumping" of 1972. Kuwait signed the agreement in 1/3/1973. The international agreement on the "Right to Intervene In Case of Accident that Causes Oil Pollution in High seas" of 1969. It was agreed upon to join the agreement in 28/1/1981 and in accordance with the Law Number 12/1981 which came into force in 1/7/1981. The "United Nations Agreement on the Law of Sea" of 1982. It was approved in 6/3/1986 by Law Number 15/1986 and came to force on 16/11/1994. The "International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources" agreement of 1978. The Kuwaiti Law Number 10/1986 was released on the 24th of February 1986, stating the acceptance of the agreement. Kuwait was accepted as a member in the IUCN in 1994. 4-3 Issues of concern related to the fresh water sector 4-3-1 Covering future water needs, necessary for a sustainable development Most developed countries use planning tools to determine their future needs of water of the various consuming sectors. They also work on satisfying water demands when needed and with the suitable cost. This is done by preparing a clear strategy that allows medium and long term planning to satisf t cut ft e nes o eoo i ad y h on ys u r ed n cnm c n e r u environmental basis. Kuwait has succeeded in the past years in meeting water demands for all sectors in an efficient manner. Looking at the annual consumptions of water for the past five years, it can be noted that the increase in fresh water demands is continuing at high rates of 6-8% per year. Whereas the population increase rate is about 3-4% every year. This difference is caused by the increase in per capita water consumption every year. This requires conservation campaigns to limit the increase in fresh water consumption. The government has large future burdens to meet future demands and the costs. In addition, it is hard to forecast the future needs for water of other consumer groups such as industries and agriculture due to lack of information and statistics. It is obvious that providing necessary funding to meet these future needs is fundamental in order to guarantee continuation of supplies and building a strategic reserve to achieve water security for The State of Kuwait.
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To meet these large additional demands when establishing large industrial facilities or areas and new cities, accurate information is needed in advance in order to provide necessary tools and methods. This usually needs the following durations: - Seawater desalination plant - Water network and main pumping stations - Water storage facilities - Development of new water wells 3-5 years. 3-5 years. 3-4 years. 4-6 years.
Future projects to construct desalination plants, according to the plan set by the MEW, and according to available statistics and information, two new desalination units need to be operational in 2001 with a capacity of 7.2 MIG (32,800 cubic meters) per year for every upcoming year starting from 2001. This is to satisfy future consumption demands of fresh water. This allows us to determine the year in which additional stations are required. Tables 4-20, 4-21 and 4-22 illustrates the phase in which a new desalination units are expected to operate in new plants. Table 4-20 Stations, phases and time of operation of units of water desalination stations in Kuwait.
Station Al-Zur South Subbiya Phase Third First Second No. of Units 4 8 8 Time of operating the first unit 1st quarter of 2001 1st quarter if 2003 1 quarter of 2007
st
Notes Other units will follow within 3-4 months. Other units will follow within 3-4 months. Other units will follow within 3-4 months.
New station
First Second
8 8
1st quarter of 2011 1 quarter of 2015

st
Other units will follow within 3-4 months. Other units will follow within 3-4 months.
Table 4-21 In progress ground water fields.

Fields
Atraf Field Field (25), North-East of Umm Gdair Kabd Field, North-East of Umm Gdair.
No. of Wells 85 19 32
Production Capacity MIG/day 30 10 15 MCM/day 0.137 0.046 0.068
Salinity Level ppm 4,000-4,500 3,500-4,500 4,000-4,500
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Table 4-22 Future brackish ground water fields projects.

Fields North-East Field Shegaya AlNo. of Wells 85 3 Production Capacity MIG/day 25 7 MCM/day 0.114 0.032 Salinity Level ppm 4,000-5,500 5,000-6,000
Second Stage Wafra Field
4-3-2 Environmental issues of concern related to the reuse of treated sewage waters for agriculture and landscaping purposes Treated sanitary wastewater represents a renewable source that can be used for irrigation and agriculture. However, this requires it to be of good quality and healthy in order to avoid spread of diseases and epidemics that could result from its use. This requires comprehensive epidemic studies regarding the reuse of treated sewage water. Issues such as the environment, health, social, and religious beliefs related to the reuse of such waters should also be considered. At the same time other alternatives for the use of treated waters should be considered too. Some of the important issues that should be considered are the partial storage, transportation, and distribution of water. Identification signs should also be placed to identify the pipes and joints used for treated sewage water in addition to signs on the water outlets to warn against use for purposes other than irrigation. The treated sewage waters can be used for many purposes such as:

Land rehabilitation. Crop irrigation. Parks and playgrounds irrigation. Industrial use such as cooling water. Leisure purposes (fish farming and artificial lakes. Ground water recharging. Due to the expansion of landscaping in Kuwait and due to scarcity of water, the concept of using sewage water became very practical, especially with the improvement of treatment processes. Some of the recent projects carried out in the past two decades were supplied with treated sewage water for landscaping. The highest consumption of treated sewage water for agriculture was in 1999 and reached 34.1 MIG. The total brackish, fresh, and tertiary treated water consumption in landscaping in 1999 reached 35.5 MIG/day.
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In this respect, the MPW and in collaboration with the PAAFR studied the quantity of treated sewage waters that could be used in expanding landscaping and productive agriculture. This is done through the five-year plan implemented in four stages depending on the priorities suggested. The total financial requirements for the four stages and to satisfy the total tertiary treated sewage water demand of 117 MIG/day are estimated to be 74 million Kuwaiti Dinars. 4-3-3 Issues of concern related to water pricing, in order to reduce consumption and the reuse of water in industry. The cost of water desalination is approximately 2.1 Dinars per one thousand imperial gallons (460 fils/cubic meters) as shown in Table 4-23. The government subsidizes water, which is sold to consumers at 0.8 Dinars per one thousand gallons. This policy contributes to the increase in water consumption. Proper water pricing, and adopting increasing, ascending, tariffs policy, will help to reduce the large water consumed in many sectors, like industrial sector, and in finding another resources such as the reuse of treated industrial sewage water. 4-4 Reasons of concern related to the water resources sector The water resources sector faces many problems and pressure that affect its performance. The reasons for these problems and issues are indicated in Table 4-24. There are also the following: Regarding ground waters The irrational use of groundwater fields used in agricultural areas causes depletion of reservoirs, increase water and soil salinity, and hence reducing productivity of the land. Percolating of rainwater and surface waters contaminated with hydrocarbon and heavy materials generated from oil lakes to the groundwater. Insufficient regulations and legislations regarding well drilling and their effect on strategic reserve of ground water. The financial policies are not linked to a specific authority. Also, the absence of an integrated water management. Regarding the near surface waters The irrational use of irrigation water for house gardens, due to the low price, caused an increase in the near surface water levels in residential areas. This threatens the foundations of buildings, infrastructure network and other services, and increases the economic cost.
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Table 4-23 Cost of fresh water, in Dinars per one thousand gallons. Final cost in Kuwaiti Dinars 3.116 2.775 2.278 2.288 2.127 2.391 2.286 1.993 2.179 2.061 2.137 2.039 Year 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99
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Table 4-24 Current environmental problems related to water usage in Kuwait.

Conventional resources
Seawater - Oil contamination of seawater - Discharge untreated sewage and industrial water to the sea - Increase the levels of vaporization and limited amount of fresh water reaching the sea through rivers. - Increase in salinity of seawater. Ground water (brackish and fresh) -Problems in the reservoir: irrational use of the ground water fields used in agricultural areas leading to: 1. Depleting ground water reservoirs and thus increasing salinity. 2. Increase the salinity of the agricultural soil and reducing its productivity. -Problems caused when pollution occurs outside the reservoir: 1. storm water percolation possibility or any surface waters carrying hydrocarbon or trace metals contained in petroleum pollutants in northern areas of the country due to oil lakes 2. Oil pollutants leachate possibility to ground water reservoirs from damaged oil wells in Wafra and Um Gdair. - Insufficient regulations and legislations regarding drilling of wells could affect ground water strategic reserve. Near surface water - Problem of surface waters caused by the increase of levels due to garden irrigations and their effects on bi i s u d g ln and services foundations and high economic cost. - Surface water pumping will lead to soil erosion and displacement and affect bi i s u d g ln foundations and other services. - Cost. Strom water -Scarcity of rain in general. - Rain fall in rain seasons is not utilized properly. -Acid rain in industrial areas and its negative effects.
Unconventional resources
Fresh produced water - (In desalination and plantsMinistry of Electricity and Water)* seawater inlet exposed to: 1. Pollution caused by industrial installations and sea, commercial, and oil ports. 2. Accumulation of mud and objects. - Thermal pollution in areas near industrial and desalination installations. - Irrational consumption by consumers. - Lack of coordination between entities to monitor water quality. - Contamination of transport and storage means. - Uncertainty in meeting the needs of water supplies with the increase in consumption. Treated sewage water (70% of the sewage water comes from fresh water consumption, which is produced by seawater desalinationMinistry of Public Works). -Economic and social obstacles (religious, health, and environmental) for using treated sewage water. -Unavailability of central information centre to conduct research and collect data related to the reuse of treated seawater. -Insufficient utilization of treated sewage water in agriculture (landscaping and greening). -Insufficient storage capacity for treated sewage water.
* Water policies are not designated to a specific authority, Lack of an integrated water management.
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Pumping of near surface waters will cause soil erosion and compression, affecting building foundations and other services. The decline to adopt proper method to treat and reuse of sub-surface waters. Regarding storm water Scarcity of rain in general. Rainfall is high during winter season and the inability to totally collect such waters through the storm water drainage system. Absence of an integrated system by storm water is collected, stored, and utilized. Regarding fresh water Pollution caused by industrial facilities and oil terminals and commercial sea ports, which affects water inlets. Accumulation of sediments and floating objects at the inlets. The irrational consumption of water due to lack of environmental awareness and subsidized prices. High production cost. Lack of coordinated monitoring of water quality between the various authorities. Contamination of water tanks. The uncertainty in meeting future demands of water due to the absence of alternatives other than seawater desalination. The loss in drinking water network. Regarding the treated sanitary wastewater The increase of load on the treatment stations usually above the designed capacity. The presence of religious, health and environmental obstacles preventing the use of treated wastewater. Unavailability of a central information centre to study and gather information related to the reuse of treated sewage water. Increasing the coordination with the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources to ensure the use of all the treated waters in agricultural purposes. Insufficient storage capacity of treated water required to reach 100% reuse.
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Weak monitoring of industries. Wastewater from some industries, containing traces metals, is discharged directly to the network and thus adversely affecting the quality of untreated sewage water. 4-5 Means and measures necessary to solve the problems of the sector 4-5-1 Objectives It is very important for Kuwait to develop and conserve its water resources. Therefore, the aim of this integrated environmental strategy is to protect water resources and maintain their quality as well as to develop and protect the surrounding environment. Other objectives include human health and welfare by considering the following objectives: Depending on the existing water resources within the boundaries of Kuwait and their rational utilization (desalinated waters, ground waters, treated sewage waters- near surface waters, storm water). Providing the best technologies for water desalination from economic, technical, and environmental aspects as technologies for water desalination are continuously developing at lower costs. Developing and improving the desalination resource and protecting it from pollution. Maintaining water strategic reserve to be used in emergencies. Rationalizing the utilization of ground water and protecting reservoirs from pollution. Considering that this resource is potentially renewable. The proper utilization of treated wastewater (tertiary treatment) to maintain the population health and environmental safety. Preparing a national strategic plan for water resources management and conservation. Water resources should be considered as one single resource that needs effective planning and management. This requires the establishment of an institution (authority or a high council at the state level) specifically for water resources. Emphasizing on water quality and quantity. The establishments of systems that provide and process data to be utilized in the planning for the development and management of water resources and providing comprehensible information about the national water policy. The means and measures needed to solve the problems of the fresh water resources sector can be divided as follows and as shown in Table 4-13:
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4-5-2 Means
Implementing water conservation means to rationalization of
consumption. The scarcity of natural water resources in Kuwait and the high costs of producing fresh water require the implementation of effective and successful means to conserve this resource and limit its loss and over consumption. This should be done through rationalizing of consumption of ground water as it is considered as a potentially renewable resource. The problem of increasing levels of near surface waters in Kuwait is mainly due to the irrational use of water. This phenomenon may lead to various economic and environmental problems, and on the long-term, causing corrosion and weakening of building foundation. Another problem includes the rising costs of treating used or contaminated waters. Treatment of these waters add more financial burden on the government.
Treatment and utilization of subsurface waters in residential
areas It is vital to reach optimum utilization of the existing water resources, and improve its management to increase production of fresh water and maintain water reserve to secure future water needs. This can be done through the reuse of subsurface water and utilization as another water resource in Kuwait. It can be utilized in irrigation and other purposes. By doing this, the problem of increasing subsurface water level can be solved, which is one of the most serious problems facing Kuwait at present. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research has conducted many studies to solve the subsurface water problem using reverse osmosis technique. The idea for this project came from the success of another project that reduced ground water levels in residential areas. In the normal conditions, these waters are usually discharged into the sewage network, thus wasted it. The water produced is of relatively high quality and could be mixed with brackish water to acquire excellent water quality for agriculture and greening. This additional source can be used to reduce consumption of brackish water, which is another important natural resource that should be conserved. The reverse osmosis project will help in reducing production cost of producing subsurface waters.
Conservation of existing water facilities and equipment
Water facilities, such as production, storage, distribution, and treatment, are considered a national asset of extreme importance due to the high cost invested in these projects. Therefore, technical conservation of these facilities and equipment will result in long-term usage and will preserve
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the surrounding environment. This can be achieved by setting and implementing preventive and emergency response programmes.
Searching for a new water resources, treatment of sewage and
subsurface waters The increase in demand from different consuming sectors, to achieve the goals and strategic development plans, requires searching for new water resources. These alternatives include (first) if financial requirements for seawater desalination are met, (second) searching for new ground water resources, (third) utilization of waste waters such as treated sewage water, and (fourth) using the near surface waters produced by rain and irrigation in residential areas. However, such resources have high costs that might discourage their use.
Building and development of national capacity in the field of
water from technical and administrative side Training national employees to manage all water production, storage, distribution, and treatment facilities in order to achieve water conservation. Most of the workers are employed in the government sector with different abilities and attitudes towards work. This is due to underpayment, which could be an obstacle toward their acceptance in the new administrative systems. Therefore, training those employees and improving their capabilities should be a top priority.
Adopting
new management theories administrative systems and structures
and
improving
The limited water resources in Kuwait, due to its location, and increasing demands for water for the development of the various sectors. Adopting new theories, based on mathematical models to development the monitoring programmes can assists in achieve ideal utilization of water resources, including storage, distribution, and conservation.
Adopting policies related to water quality and its conservation as
an integrated water management system Proper planning for water resources and its management is based on organizing policies at the state level in the fields of production, consumption, training, and scientific research. It also depends on improving administrative systems and structures to implement these policies based on environmental and economic considerations. The establishment of a department or an independent authority responsible for various water resources, distribution, utilization, share distribution, and
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determining the policies to conserve the environment and water is a major necessity. 4-5-3 Measures
Legislative measures
Issuing suitable legislations to preserve water resources and to limit ground water over consumption. These legislations should organize well drilling and water utilization. Preparing a study and evaluating environmental legislations related to fresh water as well as specifying the institutions responsible for their implementation. Determining and specifying the procedures for implementing the legislations efficiently as well as identifying the institutions responsible for their implementation. Preparing implementation mechanism to imply specifications and standards related to the use of treated sewage water for agricultural purposes.
Institutional measures
Preparing a coordination and cooperation mechanisms between the responsible institutions for water sector management such as Ministry of Electricity and Water, The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Public Works, The Environment Public Authority, and The Public Authority for Industry. Supporting and financing researches conducted by responsible authorities such as Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Kuwait University. These researches, or applied studies, are done in the different fields of fresh water such as researches to benefit from subsurface waters and reducing their impacts and researches to benefit from treated waters. Establishing the national structures required to monitor and implement legislations and specifications regarding fresh water consumption and protection against pollution.
Technical measures
Setting specifications and standards regarding engineering designs in sewage treatment stations to determine the best methods of treatment to be used safely in agriculture. Preparing a comprehensive epidemiological study for the reuse of treatment plant products including water and sludge.
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Reducing the use of water in agriculture by conducting a study to identify the rational amount of water needed for irrigation and implying higher tariff rates for over consumption. Improving the efficiency of water uses in agriculture sector. Improving methods to protect and control inlet water quality in the desalination plants. Assessing the long-term environmental impacts of desalination processes. Studying and assessing different irrigation methods currently in use. Studying the quantity and quality of water loss and suggesting solutions to reduce it. Development and innovation of equipment used in water quality control. Conducting geological and hydrological studies and researches to discover new water wells and reservoirs as well as determining the quantity of reserves and its life expectancy. Studying the feasibility of using storm water in recharging ground water reservoirs, greening purposes, landscaping, cattle grazing and combating desertification. Studying charging ground water reservoirs using treated wastewater to compensate for the continuous ground water production as well as to provide an additional strategic water reserve. Developing effective programs to enhance water quality monitoring at the different sources. Preparing and developing mathematical simulation models to simulate water resources in order to obtain ideal utilization of water resources.
Economic measures
Setting ascending tariffs and incentives to rationalize consumption patterns of fresh, irrigation, and industrial waters. Identifying the economic feasibility for alternatives for fresh water supply including seawater desalination, ground brackish water, reuse of treated sewage water, the use of surface water, and the import of fresh water. Using economic measures to conserve water resources and return the cost of production and distribution.
Awareness measures
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Implementing continuous, programmed, and intensive campaigns in the media, designed by media specialists, to explain the importance of water and water contamination to reduce consumption and conserve this resource. Preparing awareness programs for non-Arabs, especially untrained expatriate workers, to rationalize water consumption in houses, farms, and when irrigating private gardens. Increasing the awareness about water issues of concern through educational programs in schools and institutions as well as cultural and religious programs. Approving the principle of public participation in implementing conservation programs.
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Table 4-25 Goals, means, and measures required to solve the fresh water sector problems in Kuwait. Items Goals Measurable goals
First: Assessing the current situation of water resources, production, and consumption
- Determining the quantity and type of different water resources. - Determining consumption levels at different sectors. - Determining the cost of preserving water type from different water resources to different consumer sectors. - Determining the quantity of unused waters and the reasons. - Determining the activities and processes that negatively affect current environmental status for water resources Regarding the fresh water produced from desalination stations: (data from 97/98) - Production cost of unit fresh water 1.162 Dinars/one thousand imperial gallons. - Distribution cost of fresh water to different consumer groups 0.867 Dinars/ one thousand imperial gallons - Quantity of fresh water produced from desalination stations 68508 MIG. - Increase in demand of water in the past five years averaged 8% annually. - Total cost ranges between 1.993-2.79 fils/ one thousand imperial gallons for the same period. Goal: - Limiting the growing demand of water. - Reducing production cost by using natural gas. Regarding brackish water from underground wells: (data from 97/98) Quantity of brackish water produced for 97/98 was 25817 MIG/year. - Production cost for one unit of brackish water 0.668 fils/ one thousand imperial gallons. Goal: Constant and stable consumption at the current levels for the next five years until finishing projects related to treated sewage water use in irrigation of agricultural areas and landscaping. Regarding treated sewage water and sewage treatment plants - Average treated sewage water quantity reached 85MIG/day for 1999. - It is expected that quantity of treated sewage water to increase to 140 MIG/day in 2015. - Treated sewage water that is used for agricultural purposes is currently 35 MIG/day in the finished projects. - Future expected quantities in 2015 expected to be 203 MIG/day. - The percentage of use of treated sewage water in summer months is around 40% and reduces to 24% during winter. Goal: Using 100% of the quantity of treated sewage water (tertiary treatment) in agriculture and other sectors within the next five years in order to reduce the dependence on brackish underground and fresh waters as well as to limit the negative side effects of disposing these waters into the sea.
Measures
1- Studying the cost of preserving water type. 2- A study to determine quantity of unused waters and their use: - Storm water. - Sewage water. - Main water network. - Subsurface waters. 3Studying consumption levels of different sectors.
Based on Statistics of the Ministry of Electricity and Water from a report conclusion related to the cost of production and distribution of fresh water 98/99. Based on Ministry of Public works Statistics, Head of Sanitary Engineering, (1999).
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Continuation of Table 4-25 Items

Second: maintaing future needs of water required for economic, social, agricultural, and industrial development based on economic and environmental aspects.
Goals
- Determining future consumption needs for different sectors according to development plans. - Preparing alternatives for the future plan including production and storage of water to satisfy demand. - Considering environmental issues when preparing plans to supply future water demands. - Determining the alternatives and means to provide required funding to build new units for water production and distribution. -
Measurable goals
Regarding the fresh water produced from desalination stations: Capital cost to build desalination units and water distribution network for one housing unit is 3167 Kuwait Dinars for 97/98. Regarding future projects for desalination stations, it is expected that 4, 6, and 16 new units will be operational in Al-Zur south, Subbiya, and a new station respectively until 2015. Cost of establishing desalination unit with a capacity of 6 MIG is between 16-18 million K.D.
Measures
1- Determining future water demand for short and medium ranges for the following: Underground and irrigation waters. Sewage and industrial waters.
Goal: To meet the future additional demands of fresh water, accurate information are needed well in advance as well as financial funding sufficient to provide the means and methods that need the following periods: (3-5) years for new seawater desalination station. (3-5) years for new water network and pumping stations. (3-4) years for water storage means. (4-6) years to develop new water fields.
2- Preparing environmental impact studies for proposed projects. 3- Studying alternatives of future plan with guaranteeing supply of water demand.
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Continuation of Table 4-25 Items Goals Measurable goals

Regarding the cost of fresh water quality monitoring (The total cost for water analyses in the entire governmental laboratories including Ministry of Health, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and The Environment Public Authority reached 59119066 K.D. for 1997.)
Measures
1-Prepare awareness programs for consumers about conservation. 2-Studying a policy for pricing of water from different resources and presenting alternatives to limit overuse as well as issuing laws and legislations. 3-Studying and assessing different irrigation methods. 4-Studying the quantity and quality of water losses and suggesting suitable solutions.
- Preserving water and limiting water losses. Third: - Assuring conservation in water use according Implementing with environmental requirements in methods of cooperation with different information media. water - Coordinating and cooperating with different preservation sectors responsible for water use to maximize and water preservation and reducing conservation. consumption. - Improving and enhancing technical capabilities as well as coordinating between the various entities with similar technical scopes in order to integrate their efforts regarding quality monitoring and pollution detection according to regular programs. - Intensify continuous monitoring on water transport means and storage. - Developing existing monitoring legislations to suit environmental concerns of water surroundings. - Preserving the equipment and installations of water production, storage, and distribution according to environmental balance and integrity. - Preparing preventive maintenance programs. - Preparing awareness programs for employees to protect them, the installations and environmental and water equipment.
Goal: Coordinate between different entities with similar work scopes to integrate their efforts regarding the quality monitoring and pollution detection according to regular programs in order to reduce the total cost of monitoring and open new channels between laboratories in cases of emergencies.
Fourth: Preserving water installations and equipment
Improving and renewing the equipment and tools related to quality and type control of fresh water in order to meet the new environmental changes.
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Continuation of Table 4-25 Items Goals Measurable goals Measures

1- Conducting geological and hydrological studies to discover new reservoirs and wells for ground waters. 2- Improving and developing methods to treat sewage water. 3- Studying the feasibility of using storm water. 4- Conducting a comprehensive epidemic study about the reuse of treated water. - Providing water to accomplish Fifth: development plans. Searching for - Improving and developing water new water desalination methods by following resources.
Sixth: Preparing, developing, and enhancing technical and administrative national staff specialized in the field of water.
technological advances and using proper technologies as well as alternative energy sources that do not have negative environmental effects. Discovering and improving ground water resources. Increasing the use of treated sewage and industrial waters. Use of near surface waters in residential areas. Use of storm water. Providing technical staff required for water sector. Attracting national staff to join the water sector. Improving the capabilities of workers in the field of water and environment.
Conducting a comprehensive statistical study to identify the human capabilities working in the field of water and pollution as well as determining the level of training required.
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Continuation of Table 4-25 Items Goals

-
Measurable goals
Measures
1- Studying charging of ground water reservoirs. 2-Developing an effective program to enhance water type and quality monitoring from different resources. 3- Studying the effect of current production levels of ground water on the water level and quality. 4-Developing mathematical models to link water resources in order to achieve ideal use and operating of distribution system. 1-Assessing the establishment of an independent authority to manage water resources and distribution. 2-Economic water studies and available technologies. 3-Studying water different sectors. use policies in
- Coordinating administrative Seventh: procedures between responsible Adopting new entities to preserve water resources management and reduce their pollution. theories and improving - Linking different water resources administratively in order to administrative maximize their use. systems and structures for - Assessment of economic return for ideal water use. financial investments. - Prepare a comprehensive emergency plan to supply the strategic water needs.
- Finding a specialized authority for - Finding a specialized authority for planning and Eighth: planning and presenting policies presenting policies regarding water and its preservation Adopting regarding water and its preservation. within five years. policies related to water, its - Presenting policies in the different type, and its water fields integrated with environmental policies. preservation as an integrated - Improving management and water technical systems and structures to management. implement these policies.
4-Studying environmental that face different sectors.
obstacles
5-Improving and issuing specifications and standards for all usages of water.
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4-6 Sources of information Al-Awadi, Badriya (1996). Environmental Laws in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Specialized Books Series. Al-Feraij Khalifa, Al-Adwani Abdulla and Al-Romh Mousa (1999). Study of Change In Drinking Water Quality After the Implementation of the Recarbonization in the Drinking Water Network in the State of Kuwait. Paper presented at the Fourth Gulf Water Conference, Bahrain. Ministry of Electricity and Water, Sate of Kuwait. Al-Feraij, Khalifa (1999). Monitoring Drinking Water Quality: cost, and legislations in the State of Kuwait. Water Environment Team, Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Al-Feraij, Khalifa Mohammad, Al-Adwani, Abdulla Awad and AbdulAleem, Mohammad Kamal (2001). Drinking Water Contamination in Transport and Storage Media and Proposed Policies. Proceedings of the Fifth Gulf Conference on Water, State of Qatar. Al-Rai Al-Am (2002). Report of his Excellency the Minister of Public Works Mr. Eid Hathal Al-Reshedi that was submitted to the Ministers Cabinet. Published in Rai Al-Am Daily Newspaper in Volume 13116 on Wednesday 23/8/2000. Al-Wazzan, Yousef (1996). Treatment and Utilization of Water In Residential Areas. Journal of Science and Technology, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, No. 66, State of Kuwait. Centre of Water Resources Development, (1997-1999). Monthly Reports of Water Quality Monitoring In the State of Kuwait. Ministry of Electricity and Water, State of Kuwait. Coastal and Seawater Team, (1999). Final Report for Coastal and Seawater Team. The Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Department of Chemical Operations, (1998). Statistics and data from the Department of Chemical Operations. Ministry of Electricity and Water, State of Kuwait. Department of Plant Research, (1999) Annual Abstracts of Research Results. Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, State of Kuwait. Department of Statistics, (1998-2000). Annual Statistical Book for Water. Ministry of Electricity and Water, State of Kuwait. Environment Health Unit, (1998). Statistics and data from the Environmental Health Unit. Ministry of Health, State of Kuwait.
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Environment Public Authority (1998). Environmental Situation of Waste Management (Solid, liquid, and gas) in the State of Kuwait. Prepared by the Industrial Waste Control Section, EPA. Note: Published in November 1998. Environment Public Authority, (1997-1999). Annual Report for the Environment Public Authority. Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Hammoda, Mohammad (1999). The Reuse of Treated Sanitary Wastewater and its Role in Developing Water Resources in the Arabian Gulf Countries. Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. Malak, Hussain (2002). Report on Sanitary Wastewater Facilities and Related Future Projects. The report was presented to the committee that was formed according to Ministers Cabinet Decision Number 459 in its meeting number 19/2000 dated 14/5/2000 regarding finding solution to the problem of discharging untreated sanitary wastewater into the sea. Mekhaimar, Samer and Hejazi, Khalid (1999). Water Crisis in the Arabian Region. A'lam Al-Marefa Publications, Volume 209. Ministry of Electricity and Water, (1999). The Strategy of the Ministry of Electricity and Water and the Five-Year Plan. Ministry of Electricity and Water, State of Kuwait. Ministry of Electricity and Water, (1999-2000). Annual Reports for the Treatment Stations in the State of Kuwait. Ministry of Electricity and Water, State of Kuwait. Ministry of Health, (1995). Annual Reports of the Department of Preventive Medicine. Ministry of Health, State of Kuwait. Minutes of the Sixth Meeting for the Coastal and Marine Action Team, Second stage of the preparation of Environmental Strategy of The State of Kuwait. Note: Other resources include: Data obtained from the Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Electricity and Water, the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries, the Public Authority for Industry, and the Environment Public Authority of Kuwait. Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, (1999). The Greening Journey. The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, State of Kuwait. Sanitary Engineering Division, (1999). Use of Treated Waters in the State of Kuwait. Ministry of Public Works, State of Kuwait.
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ShokerAllah, Hamza Abdulla (1990). Ground water in the State of Kuwait. Ground Water Department, Ministry of Electricity and Water, State of Kuwait. The Environment Public Authority, (1997-1999). Monthly Environmental Monitoring Results for the State of Kuwait. EPA, State of Kuwait. Water Environment Team, (1999). Present and Future Situation of Water in the State of Kuwait. The Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Weather Forecasting Department, (1997-1999). Annual Reports for Rain fall-out. Public Department for Civil Aviation, State of Kuwait.
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Sector Five Environmental Awareness and Education
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Human Resources Improvement, Education, and Awareness Team Dr. Adnan Izeldeen Al- Rifai Deputy Undersecretary, Measuring Development Performance and Future Studies, Ministry of Planning. Chairman of the team. Manager of the Information and Public Relations, Environment Public Authority (EPA). Repertoire of the team. Secretary of the Kuwaiti National Committee for Education, Science, and Culture. Al- Manager, Department Training and Career Development, EPA. Researcher, Measuring Development Performance and Future Studies, Ministry of Planning (MoP). Researcher, Measuring Development Performance and Future Studies, MoP.
Ahmad Al- Mousa
Dr. Jafar Al- Aryan
Khalifa Mohammad Mua h tw a Iman Hussain Al-Mutairi
H n H mi A- Rifai a aa a d l
Preparation: Dr. Mohammad Mo'awadh Assistant Professor, Media Department, Faculty of Arts, Kuwait University. Secretary of the Kuwaiti National Committee for Education, Science, and Culture.
Dr. Jafar Al-Aryan
Supervision, review, editing, completion of the scientific material and re-organizing it: Dr. Sufyan Al-Tal Senior Advisor, United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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5-1 Introduction Environmental education is defined as the process of providing individuals with facts and information, shaping values, directions and skills. It also aims to develop his capabilities to understand and appreciate complicated and interacting relations related to environment. The purpose is to protect the environment through proper use for his own advantage and to improve his living standards. Educational research and studies confirm that environmental education is the output of the process of redirecting and linking the different science domains and educational experiences to assist understanding the environmental issues and problems and allows for more efforts to improve the environment and meet the needs of the society. Environmental education works toward developing the community and its people by making them more sensitive and considerate towards the environment and its problems. Environmental education also works toward making the people acquire the knowledge, skills, directions, expertise, and behaviors that enables them to protect and preserve the environment. Environmental awareness, however, deals with introducing the surrounding environment, its phenomena, and problems to individuals or groups, which may appear in the future. Therefore, people should have enough knowledge and experience to deal with such problems. Therefore, people awareness and comprehension should be raised within the society. This will enhance their capabilities of understanding and analyzing leading to effective participation in preserving and dealing with the environment. It is known that participating in environmental activities enhances environmental education regardless of what can be achieved whether it is in the environmental field activities or in the efforts exerted to reach desired environment condition. Based on the fact that education is a continuous process directly related to extension of life on earth, education can help people to attain proper chances to acquire comprehensive and integrated development spiritually, socially, mentally, and physically to the maximum limits allowed by their readiness and capabilities. This should also be done within the society values, heritage, culture, and principles in order to balance between achieving personal goals and preparing them to participate effectively in developing and improving the society. On the other hand, any environment preservation program should concentrate on environmental education and raising environmental awareness or environmental media in addition to national capacity building.
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Objectives of environmental education Environmental education aims at preserving and maintaining the environment as well as raising environmental awareness and understanding in order to effectively manage and preserve environmental resources and protect human life and improve his living standards. It will also help in changing people behavior patterns toward conservation of the environment. The goals of environmental education can be summarized as follows: Enhancing and nourishing environmental awareness among people and finding the appropriate approaches to maintain better environmental, social, and economic interaction. Encouraging individuals to acquire knowledge, skills, values, and directions needed to protect and preserve the environment. Developing new human behaviour patterns to positively deal with the environment. The general goals of environmental education Awareness: Including helping the society to develop awareness and sensitivity toward the environment as a whole and its related problems. Knowledge: Providing individuals and people with information, facts, knowledge, and expertise that help them in understanding their environment and its problems. Directions: Acquiring and developing proper individual directions towards the environment to enable individuals to form values and participate in improving and preserving the environment. Skills: Acquiring individuals for skills that contribute in defining and solving environmental problems. Participation: Providing the opportunity for individuals and groups to effectively participate and work in solving environmental problems. The targeted audience for environmental education and awareness includes different sectors and groups of Kuwaiti society, which can be divided into two groups. The first group is the systematic education including preschool children, different education stages students (through school education), higher education students (Kuwait University for example), and teachers and specialists in environment affairs. The second group is the unsystematic education to include residents and expatriates, including youths and elderly people from different population sectors such as families, workers, decision makers in environmental fields and other groups.
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5-2 Assessing the resources of the education sector and the sector that deals with environmental awareness The State of Kuwait is considered rich in the number of institutions and authorities, governmental and non-governmental that participates in environmental education as well as raising environmental awareness in the society. Some of these institutions are: 5-2-1 Governmental establishments
Ministry of Information
The Kuwaiti media follows a flexible and open local policy to increase environmental awareness. The information policy verifies this by exploiting the media through all its divisions and means to raise environmental awareness in Kuwait. This is conducted by publishing information and facts related to different environmental aspects and their problems. This is done in collaboration with other concerned authorities such as Kuwait University, The Environment Public Authority, and others. The Ministry of Information is concerned with raising people (nationals and local residents) awareness in the field of environment as well as raising their understanding level of the environmental problems to be able to react responsibly. This will enable people in the society to gain knowledge about the situation of the environment and will also broaden their understanding to their surrounding and increase their capabilities. This will increase their active participation in making decisions and putting them into effect. This will be reflected on all aspects of the environment. The Ministry of Information employs different information channels (printed and audiovisuals) to serve the society and environmental awareness by diffusing and increasing the understanding and knowledge about environment, sharing people daily life and environmental problems. It also aims to express their demands, opinions and needs and at the same time following latest environmental news and anticipating them to gain environmental facts promptly and share them with the society. This is done through the following channels: Educational or environmental programs dealing with environmental issues. These programs are transmitted through the different radio or television channels such as The Public Radio Program, Second Radio Program, Holy Quran Radio, Arabic and English FM Radio channels, First T.V. channel, Second T.V. channel, Third T.V. channel, Fourth T.V. channel, and the Kuwaiti Satellite channel.
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Press materials related to environment and its problems through different periodicals published by the Ministry of Information such as The Official Kuwait Gazette, Kuwait Magazine, Al-Arabi Magazine, AlArabi AlSagheer, AlArabi book, and other publications, leaflets, and posters issued by the Ministry. The educational activities or publications related to environment produced by the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters such as Alam Al-Fikr (Idealogy World), Alam Al-Marefa (Knowledge World), Al-Thaqafa Al-Alamya (International literature), Ibdaat Mahalya (Local Innovations) periodicals. The Council tries to disseminate awareness and culture in all fields and works to enhance intellectual productivity. Other activities of the Council include organizing festivals related to the environment such as Al-Qurain Cultural Festival and the Children Culture Festival as well as some exhibitions. News, views, issues, and opinions related to environment, its aspects, or its problems transmitted by Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) as well as their effects on institutions and individuals in the State of Kuwait. KUNA transmission is round the clock and in both Arabic and English. KUNA also has voice news service and releases publications that include the most important environmental events on the local, regional, Arabian, and international levels. KUNA also organizes informational conferences and seminars. In summary, all media institutions mentioned above supply individuals and groups with information, ideas, facts, opinions, and experiences that can assist in providing them with knowledge about the environment and interactions.
Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs
The Ministry of Awqaf exerts evident efforts for the cause of environmental protection and raising environmental awareness through many of its activities. This includes the coordinating with The Ministry of Education in presenting religious and educational lessons for students at different educational stages and cultural activities beyond the mosques boundaries. This includes environmental issues, which will assist in building an Islamic personality filled with Islamic values and understandings and respect to the environment. Other activities include:
Organizing seminars related to aspects of the environment and its preservation. Issuing Al-Mawsooa Alfeqhyia (religious book) that handles some environmental issues and ways to deal with them.
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Fatwa (religious advice or opinion) that are given by the Fatwa Committee within the Ministry for dealing with environmental issues. This service is provided on the phone or through its different publications. Different publications issued by the Ministry of Awqaf including religious books or magazines that many include environmental issues.
Ministry of Health
The Ministry of Health conducts many activities that contribute and support the environmental protection efforts. This is carried out through the Preventive Health Section and the Environmental Health Unit by visiting and monitoring nurseries, kindergartens, schools, and health clubs to ensure their compliance with health regulations. They also monitor public swimming pools and follow up and investigate complaints and health problems and try to find solutions. The Ministry of Health is also responsible for issuing health publications that increase environmental awareness especially those related to occupational health and controlling pollutants generated in the work environments. The occupational Health Section conducts routine examinations on workers from different occupations, especially in schools, assesses work conditions, setting specifications and standards for occupational fitness. It also sets plans to prevent and solve environmental problems and obstacles.
Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour
The ministry pays attention to activities and programs organized in children parks and nurseries to educate children about environmental issues. This is carried out through the Department of Childhood, and the monitoring of programme executed by NGOs and Community Development Department. The ministry also prepares and publishes many booklets and publications that serve the purpose of environmental protection and increase environmental awareness. The ministry also focuses on environmental issues in the activities it organizes, including seminars, training courses, competitions, exhibitions, and workshops in collaboration with the Department of Guidance and Awareness, which is concerned about environmental awareness. The ministry also works to enhance genuine values among residents, educate and encourage them to preserve the environment. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour incorporate many children clubs and nurseries that are overseen by the Department of Childhood. T eef itsa eu pdwt vr u eu m n sc a T hs a li r qi e i a os qi et uh s V s cie e p h i p s , V Rsc e a i l eu m nt, and libraries, which include children C i m d p y qi e ,n sa p
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books and stories. The Ministry works to educate people and develop their capabilities and skills in dealing with the environment. It also organizes many seminars, lectures, exhibitions, and competitions in the fields of environment.
Ministry of Education
The ministry plays a major role aiming to protect and preserve the environment by introducing environmental concepts, facts, ideas, and knowledge in school curriculums for students at different levels (kindergarten, preschool, primary, intermediate, and secondary) and different education types, public, religious, private, and open education. This is also achieved by organizing environmental seminars and workshops. It also concerns with the centres for leadership training and guidance. The Ministry also supports Friends of the Environment groups. Studies indicate that environmental concepts are increasingly included within course syllabus and textbooks to reach about 24,075 pages. In intermediate schools, environmental education concepts represents 3 %, 49%, 27.5%, and 10.24 % of the total number of pages of science books for first, second, third, and fourth classes, respectively. In secondary schools, the average environmental education concepts in all courses reached 41 pages representing 14.19% of the total number of pages in sciences. In the two semester secondary school systems, environmental education concepts represented 54.4% and 13.6% of the science subjects in first and second classes respectively. In Third class (science) the percentage reached a minimum of 1%, but it reached 58.8% of the geology book for third class (science). As for the fourth class (science), the percentage of environmental education concepts reached 8.7%; whereas for third year (art), the percentage was 6.4 %. In addition, the ministry is also responsible for training teachers to improve their educational methodologies and achieve the goals of environmental education effectively. The ministry is also responsible for developing educational directions among the persons in charge of school management to improve environmental education. Another task for the Ministry includes school activities aiming to train students for their future practical life. These activities include environmental education with all its different aspects. The activities also include competitions, to increase environmental awareness, participating with the communities, exhibitions, environmental festivals, preparing educational programs and publishing magazines directed to different education stages. Other activities include educational media and theatre activities. The Ministry also supplies school libraries with references, books, and periodicals that help in raising environmental awareness among students.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Kuwait University
Kuwait University, through its colleges and centres, is the window through which the youths of Kuwait looks into the treasures of science and culture. The University has great technical and scientific capabilities, which attracted many researchers and specialists in the different fields of knowledge including the field of environment. The University conducted many sophisticated scientific researches in all areas of science including environment to develop scientific theories and situate them according to needs of the Kuwaiti society. The University organizes conferences and scientific seminars related to environmental aspects and its conservation. It introduces its students to environmental concepts and facts and increases their environmental awareness about its problems and the related legislations. The University organizes camps and activities that serve the environment. The libraries of the University contain many sources of information to benefit students and teaching staff. They also contain audiovisuals, and microfilming equipment to support demonstrating environment awareness. On the other hand, scientific research including research on environmental issues is open to researchers from inside or outside the University. The University also publishes many scientific and informative periodicals such as Majalat Derasat Alkhaleej wal Jazeera Al-Arabya (Journal of the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies), Majalat AlUloom Al-Ijtimaya (Journal of Social Sciences), Al-Majala Al-Arabya Lel-Uloom AlInsanya (The Arabic Journal for Humanitarian Sciences), Majalat AlHoqooq (Law Journal of Law), Majalat Al-S a e (hr Junl hr a S a a ora , e i ) Majalat Al-Tarbya (Journal of Education), and other Journals. Student and scientific student unions have other publications, which contain much information regarding environmental education and awareness. The University also publishes many books related to environmental aspects. It provides financial awards for authors in order to encourage publication of books in this field. It also supports scientific, field, and applied researches for teaching staff, researchers and students in the fields of environment and environmental awareness. Many teaching staff members participate in many authorities and consultations in the field of environment.
The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
This authority is responsible for vocational education in colleges and institutes of applied education and training. It also puts great efforts in environmental education and awareness both as a specialty as in the Environmental Health Department or as subjects within other departments curriculum. The authority is in the process of establishing an
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institute for environmental studies, which is specialized in environmental sciences. The expected year of admission is 2002/2003 and the duration of study will be two years. The courses and curriculum will include environmental problems in Kuwait and the gulf region. The efforts in this field will be coordinated with the EPA. Teaching staff in the centre will also conduct and publish researches, studies, and scientific publications in the field of environment as well as providing environmental consultations for various governmental authorities and institutions. In addition, the center will be able to participate in the various committees dealing with environmental issues such as Environmental Impact Assessments. The authority organizes scientific conferences; seminars related to the environment and encourages teaching staff to participate in these and other international conferences. The authority publishes papers, booklets, publications, and magazines dedicated to environmental education and awareness. Environmental education programs at Kuwait University and the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training Kuwait University and the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET) pays attention to issues related to human interaction with the environment. As a result, the courses are designed to increase the level of environmental awareness among students. This will prepare the future generation to resolve challenges facing the environment and maintaining its quality from deterioration by building an environmentally responsible workforce. The courses provided by Kuwait University, more than 27 courses of 3-4 hours a week each, along with the PAAET focus on studying the environmental dimensions, its components, and environmental problems. Some of these courses include Man and the Environment, Man and Energy, Earth and the Universe, Earth Natural Resources, The Changing Earth, Environmental geology, Environmental Conservation, Principles of Environmental Science, International Environment Law, Climate, Geography, Environmental Resources, Geography, Air Pollution, Energy Principles, Energy Geography, Environmental Psychology, The Environment, Soil Science, Kuwait Wild Flora, Solar Energy, Sediments,.. etc. PAAET and through the Department of Environmental Health at the College of Health Sciences, the Colleges of Basic Education and Technological Studies teaches courses on the different fields of the environment. These include Environmental Sciences, Terrestrial Environment, Marine Environment, Environmental Analysis, Control of Environmental Catastrophes, Man and Environment, Environmental
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Services, Environmental Education, Environmental Culture, Environmental Field Training Programs, Marine Science and Climatology,..etc. On the other hand, faculty members of the University and the authority conduct many environmental studies and researches. They also participate in the fields of environmental protection through committees, work teams, and consultations in the environmental field. They also participate in scientific conferences and seminars related to environmental issues. They are consulted by referee journals related to the environment. Based on these facts it is apparent that the University and PAAET play a major role in teaching environmental sciences, conducting advanced researches, and preparing qualified scientific manpower capable of understanding environmental aspects, its issues, and problems.
The Environment Public Authority (EPA)
The EPA Works to increase environmental awareness and responsibility as an ethical value and importance to maintain safer life on earth. It plays an important role by cooperating with all government ministries, especially the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Higher Education. The Authority also prepares a comprehensive national plan for environmental conservation, increasing environmental awareness, combating pollution problems, organizing environmental weeks and cultural seasons that relates to environmental issues. It also organizes conferences, seminars, roundtables, and workshops that focus on raising environmental awareness. The authority holds various activities and environmental training courses, in which students from different educational stages can participate. The Authority also funds many environmental and impact assessment researches and responds to people enquiries and follows up their complaints. The Authority have other tasks, which include training and preparing national staffs to protect the environment from pollution, preventing deterioration, simple management of protected areas, organizing competitions that aims to raise awareness about environmental problems among people. The authority also implements many environmental projects such as the rehabilitation of Al-Qurain landfill site near the residential area. The Authority is responsible for setting a public program, within this project for environmental education to raise awareness of citizens and residents and encourage them to positively participate in conserving the environment. The EPA also provides the media with updated information, environmental data, information and facts as well as well as responding to
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pol s nu i i t nw ppr T iwle pai sh rlo t ep eqie n h e sae . h i m hs e t o fh e rs e s s l z e e e environment in the national media. The authority also issues a daily release about the environmental issues published in local newspapers. The authority also publishes many books, publications, and scientific materials, including leaflets, posters, signs, advertisements, and brochures. The authority also has an information center, which provides information to assist in making environmental decisions. The centre also provides an advanced computerized system to assist decision makers within the EPA to follow-up environmental matters. The centre is also established an information network that links all the authority departments. The EPA, also, has a library that contains most of the important references, books, and publications containing basic requirements for environmental information. This will meet the interests of workers and researchers towards capacity building that can be used in the various fields of environment. The library also provides many services such as public awareness on sources of information and provides training on how to use these resources. The Library also provides the various departments and researchers with the necessary data and information in a fast and efficient manner.
Kuwait Municipality
Kuwait Municipality performs many activities related to the environment, public health and wellbeing including cleanliness activities and the preventing activities that could result in environmental disorder. The Municipality publishes many guidelines in this regard. It also organizes many activities that assist in achieving the goal of environmental protection.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
KISR is concerned with conducting environmental researches and studies through the Department of Environment and Earth Sciences, which largely contributes in the conservation of the environment. Other researches conducted by KISR include those related to water and food resources, oil, energy, construction, and engineering systems. The National Centre for Scientific and Technological Information at KISR offers channels that provide information to assist decision making in environmental matters. KISR also organizes training courses that provide workers with knowledge and experience in the fields of environment. It also initiates science clubs for student from various school levels that concentrates on environmental aspects. The number of participants is usually very high.
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On the other hand, The Department of Environment and Earth Sciences at KISR is concerned with executing the environmental database system project. The project aims to provide information to other authorities in Kuwait including urban planning and covers future research needs. The first and second stages of this project were completed. This includes the organizational structure of the environmental information system and data entry of all necessary information related to the marine environment, land and atmosphere. The third stage is currently in progress. This includes information on the economic and social aspects (population distribution, sources of pollution and over consumption of natural resources).
Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
This Foundation pays considerable attention to environmental issues, which is demonstrated by providing research awards, organizing scientific conferences, workshops, seminars, and other cultural activities. Since 1991, the Foundation funded more than 56 research projects related to the environment with total cost of seven millions and five hundreds Kuwaiti Dinars. One of these projects is the "Atlas of the State of Kuwait from Satellite Images", which contains geographic, satellite, geological, climatic, and marine information related to Kuwait. The board of the foundation considers the environmental aspect as one of the main priorities of the scientific research. The institute also organizes many activities that serve the environmental cause and publishes scientific periodicals and many studies in this field. For example, scientific encyclopedias, books translation, university theses, specialized books i.e. scientific-cultural and Arabic scientific heritage books.
Al-Waqf Fund for Environmental Conservation
This fund is considered as one of the important projects established by the General Waqf Secretarial Office to support environmental research projects and to increase environmental awareness. This fund has accomplished many activities in these fields including publishing environmental studies, encouraging the production of materials and publications that serve environmental protection and supporting other activities that increase environmental awareness. Some of the important at ie ogn e b t sud r Te fr vr Suet rj t cv i rai d y h fn a :A r o E e t n Po c , i ts z i e e y d e preparing environmental publications, books, environmental studies, and leaflets, supporting environmental heritage of the State of Kuwait. In addition, holding environmental training programs for students of the Ministry of Education, and finally participating and supporting many conferences and seminars organized by the State of Kuwait in this field.
The Public Authority for Youths and Sports
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This authority encourages research and studies, including environmental issues that help Kuwaiti youths to develop their environmental awareness. It also holds and organizes festivals, shows, competitions, training courses, camps, and cleaning campaigns of beaches, community cleanliness, environment preservation and awareness projects. 5-2-2 Non-governmental establishments participating in raising environmental awareness
The Kuwaiti Society for the Protection of the Environment
This society established in 1976 as one of the non-profit organizations. Since its establishment, its efforts were concentrated on protecting and maintaining the environment as well as increasing environmental awareness. The society holds several discussion meetings, seminars, lectures, competitions, and workshops in this field. It also publishes many environmental publications. These include the following: The Environment Magazine. This magazine is published monthly and it covers environmental news, facts, information, opinions, experiences, and issues that aid in raising environmental awareness in the State of Kuwait. It also covers the following issues:

Environmental issues series publications. Educational environmental storybooks to support environmental education and awareness for children. Environmental books and studies. Environmental awareness series publication. Books exhibiting wild life in the State of Kuwait. The society also organizes exhibitions aimed at introducing the importance and significance of the environment to the Kuwaiti society. In addition, the society works towards enriching its library with books, references, publications, and studies. This is being carried-out in order to support environmental issues as well as to serve the demands of its visitors and researchers, other interested groups in the field of environment, and students from schools and colleges. The society also organizes projects to raise children awareness about environment and means to preserve it. This assists in raising a highly environmentally responsible generation that can interact properly with the environment, participate effectively and positively in environmental activities and is aware of the environmental impact of unsustainable activities and behaviors.
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Newspapers and magazines published by press media in Kuwait. There are many private and various Kuwaiti newspapers and magazines, including five daily Arabic newspapers i.e. AlWatan, Al-Qabas, AlSeyasah, Al-A b ad A-R i Aa ad to di E g s na , n a l a lm n w ay nlh l i newspapers. In addition, there are many other newspapers and general and specialized magazines that deal with different aspects of life. There are approximately 110 weekly magazines, 18 biweekly magazines, 105 monthly magazines, 23 quarterly magazines, and one annual magazine. Many of these publications publish environmental issues, problems, and affairs as well as playing a vital role in environmental education and awareness. Environmental aspects are also addressed in these publications through published news, facts, information, and articles, which include opinions, comments, news investigations, competitions, and follow ups of environmental issues of the State of Kuwait. This is carried-out through publishing images, photographs, drawings, tables and statistics. The purpose of this is to increase public and government attention to be paid to these issues, to combat environmental problems, and to raise environmental awareness of the Kuwaiti society. This will help in making human behavior towards the environment more sustainable and hence solving environmental issues that face the society.
Other Kuwaiti Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
These organizations cover wide aspects related to local, regional and international significant issues. These include the Heritage Reviving Society, Social Reform Society, Teachers Society, Literates Union, Junlt S c t Wo e S c t E g er S c t L w e oras oiy i e, m n oiy ni e oiy a yr e, n s e, s S c t P yiasS c t A r u uaE g er S c t ad t r oiy hs i oiy gi l r ni e oiy n o e . e, cn e, ct l n s e, hs The cultural activities of these societies include environmental affairs and its preservation as well as environmental awareness through their seminars, lectures, conferences, and exhibitions. These societies publish many periodicals and magazines that include environmental issues. Examples include:
l jm (h S c t Maai , h hi pb se b t A-Mo a a T e oiy t a e ) gz e w i s ulhd y h n c i e Social Reform Society. l A-Mohandes Al-Z r e(h A r u ua Engineer) which is a e T e gi l r ae ct l monthly pictorial magazine. l aa h hs ulhd yh Literates Society. A-B yn w i ipb se b t c i e l a m Maai gz e T e ece , h hipb se A-Mol e gz e Maai (h T ahr w i s ulhd n n ) c i b t T ahr S c t yh ece oiy e s e.
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l a w nMaai (h C oe t n, h hi seii din A-T o a gz e T e opr i ) w i s pc le n ao c az issues, related to cooperative societies affairs of the State of Kuwait. l hi a Maai (h C a t l , h hi pb se b t A-K a y gz e T e hra e w i s ulhd y h r n ib ) c i e International Charitable Authority. l j a Maai (h G l y,w i i pb se b t A-Ma r a gz e T e a x) h h s ulhd y h n a c i e Scientific Club. There are also other magazines that are concerned with environmental issues, its affairs, and problems. The environmental issues of concerns are addressed in the different issues of these magazines to assist in supporting raising environmental awareness of the citizens. There are many nongovernmental institutions or organizations that play varying and importing roles in the field of raising environmental awareness that are not mentioned in this strategy. 5-2-3 Programs, courses, and activities related to increasing the environmental awareness level These include the following:
Educational courses given by various educational establishments and at different educational stages i.e. primary, intermediate, and secondary in the fields of science, sociology, Arabic language, and Art education. In addition, to college courses offered by Kuwait University and other institutes and colleges specialized in environmental education, its issues, and problems. School activities, in the various schools and educational institutions, such as school wall journal and pamphlets, educational television, bycu g l sot fed o t ev om n t ossot is cu ,r ns fh ni n et c , r s i e r e . Cultural activities, such as seminars, conferences, lectures, exhibitions, festivals, and scientific workshops, organized by educational institutions such as schools, colleges, institutes, and the University. These activities might also include publications that include opinions, information, comments, drawings, pictures, or views that could help this process. Cultural activities related to environmental issues and affairs and organized by non-systematic institutions including lectures, interviews, seminars, exhibitions, competitions, and other activities. Informational materials related to environmental issues and problems. These include news, interviews, debates, reports, statistics, competitions, drawings, and photos published in newspapers, magazines, and periodicals.
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Publishing books, booklets and storybooks related to environmental issues and problems. Supplying libraries of educational institutions with environmental references and publications. Poui sm ad adv ul a r l ( i ocs ts C rdc g o e ui n i a m t is Vd as t , D s n o s ea e ee , films...etc) that relates to environment or with one of its problems to be presented on the television, radio, or the World Wide Web (internet); or presented to schools and colleges. Organizing camps and projects that focus on greening, landscaping, beach cleaning, environment protection, or recycling to spread the environmental awareness amongst workers. Preserving Kuwaiti environmental heritage, such as the conservation o l i a, n o t o etr snK w i Iil a di S a f A-Sd oe fh l st e i u a.tso t n hr r e d e t ce q area opposite to The Public Authority for Minors Affairs building. Organizing training courses in the field of environmental protection and conservation such as Environmental Media Course, courses organized by Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research, Scientific Club, and other courses in this field. National campaigns to control irrational utilization of water, soil deterioration and other sustainable campaigns. Advertisements concerning environmental protection, sanitation, and adequate environmental behaviors. Celebrating important environmental occasions such as the Environmental Day, the day of extinguishing the last burning oil well set on fire by the Iraqi forces during the aggression on Kuwait. Despite the efforts put forth by official and non-official authorities to develop environmental awareness within the society, these efforts are considered as insufficient and limited. This can be observed by the lack o ev om n l a a ns t cm o pol s ad pol s f ni n et w r es h o m n rb m n ep r a e e e e responsibility towards solving them. In summary, there are general remarks about resources required by the Environmental Education and Awareness Sector. These include:
Shortage of manpower working in the field of environment. The insufficient resources allocated for this sector including financial and administrative support. The lack of coordination between authorities working in the field of environmental education and awareness.
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The use of traditional educational methods in environmental education. Lack of integrated campaigns that utilizes maximum resources and communication to tackle environmental problems. The gap between the educational system and the information media (especially in the field of executing the activities and programs related to the environment. Lack of information, ideas and incompetent contents and outline of information materials related to environmental issues or problems. They also lack to proper scientific basis especially when planning or executing projects. The deficiency of adequate provision and amendments of all activities and programs related to environmental education and awareness. Lack of communication with the public including expatriates who represent about 62% of the total population from more than 133 nationalities. Dispersed efforts of the governmental and non-governmental organizations in the field of environment. Insufficient training programmes for workers in the field of environmental education and awareness. Limited public participation and support to environmental programs and activities organized by related institutions and authorities. 5-2-4 The technical and institutional resources available to develop environmental awareness In spite of the availability of many technical and institutional resources, such resources are not efficiently utilized due to lack of coordination and improper planning. Therefore, efforts in this regard can be considered as competing against rather than complementing each other resulting into waste of such resources. Despite the various efforts in the field of environmental education and awareness, studies show that institutions are still not fulfilling their objectives. In addition, environmental education (at the official and nonofficial levels) requires a plan with clear targets that aims to improve knowledge, skills, and behavior patterns. This will also requires more coordination between the various institutions under the umbrella of the Environment Public Authority. 5-2-5 Environmental awareness programs among Major Groups ( i rn yuh, o n t c l e,o tsw mee ) hd c
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C i ho i t fs s g i hm nslei w i pr nli a h dod s h it t e n u a i n h h e oats r l e r a f c s ie e shaped. The early childhood stage includes children between 3-5 years old and is classified as the kindergarten level. The number of children at this level in the various schools is 203,567. On the other hand, the late childhood stage (6-12 years) is the primary school level and the beginning of intermediate education. The preschool stage is the stage in which personalities shaped and many concepts and values are learned. Studies show that 50% of what children learn at this early stage remains until they reach 18 years of age. Therefore, scientists recommend that special attention should be paid to children toys. At the age between 6-12 years children interacts with the larger society and form relationships with friends and peers outside the family. Therefore, the family in Kuwait is important to its children because it is considered as the first interaction with other people and where children receive their first lessons in life. Kuwaiti children represent more than 20% of the society total population and therefore, require special environmental awareness programs in kindergarten and schools (primary and intermediate). In Kuwait, the attention to children, which includes offering environmental education, will enable them to deal with their future responsibilities regarding the environment. However, education and culture should be combined in order to shape the children personalities with more social and psychological integration when dealing with the environment. O t o e hn, u a yu sr r et l g sg et ft n h t r ad K w is ot e e n a a e em n o h e h t h ps r e society. Researchers indicates that youth age in Kuwait society ranges between 15-24 years reached more than 297,687 individuals representing 18% of the total population and 38% of Kuwaitis (according to statistics by the Central Statistics Department for 1996). This group includes students in secondary school level as well as colleges in the university and the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training as well as other youths who were not able to continue their secondary education. These youths need continuous environmental education and program to increase their environmental awareness levels. As for Kuwaiti women, they represent approximately half the Kuwaiti society (more than 49.4% of Kuwaitis according to latest statistics conducted by the Ministry of Planning). The role of Kuwaiti mothers is important not only in raising children but also in serving the community and the country through the various service and production projects. Kuwaiti women also need environmental awareness especially when dealing with environmental problems. 5-2-6 Environmental awareness among decision makers
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Decision makers in various fields need to follow the new directions by rationally managing the environmental resources and dealing with environmental problems and issues of concern. This is also required from other employees in different organizations and institutions to support and properly interact with environmental issues. To accomplish this, society leaders should be more aware of environmental issues in order to accommodate the advances of the Kuwaiti experience in regard to all fields of the environment and sustainable development. This is very important to formulate policies that meet the present and future needs of the society. This will assist decision makers when setting the national policy for the protection of the environment and when monitoring progress in environmental laws and legislations. It will also assist when selecting alternative technologies and materials less harmful to the environment. 5-2-7 Environmental awareness among foreign workers Statistics show that expatriates form approximately 62% of the total population in Kuwait representing more than 133 nationalities. Statistical reports for the year 2000 regarding the main population and workforce characteristics and prepared by the Planning and Follow up Sector in the Human Development Department at the Ministry of Planning, show a decrease in illiteracy rate in both genders of expatriates from 11.6% in 1999 to 10.7% in 2000. Most of the 33.7% of expatriates work as domestic staff and have basic education. The report also indicates that there is a lack of information regarding their directions, attitudes, and awareness towards environmental issues and problems. Therefore, this can be considered as an obstacle when setting programs that targets the different groups in the society. 5-2-8 Environmental awareness among the media Kuwait media continuously works to utilize all the necessary means to serve the community and support national issues. Environmental issues and problems should be considered as one of the important issue on its agenda. This requires increasing the persons in charge awareness including all channels including Radio Kuwait and all its programs and services. This includes the General Radio Program, Second Radio Program, The Holy Quran Radio, focuses on religious issues, and the two Music Programs i.e. Arabic and English F.M. channels. It is also required to increase the awareness of the persons in charge at Kuwait Television, which aims at informing, educating, guiding, heritage relaying of the society through the different television channels. The channels include KTV 1, the First Channel, the main channel of Kuwait Television, KTV 2, the Second Channel, transmits the English program
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channel directed to non-Arabs, KTV 3, the Third Channel, transmits sport and youth programmes, KTV 4, the Fourth Channel, transmits entertainment programmes, and finally the Satellite Channel, which transmits most of the First Channel Programmes. Other bureaucrats also need to be involved in the environmental awareness process. This includes persons in charge for specialized informational publications such as the Book of Facts and Numbers, which is published every two years and in many languages (Arabic, English, and French) by the Ministry of Information. The book provides comprehensive and documented information about the achievements of various sectors in Kuwait based on numbers and facts. In addition to the Annual Book and some periodicals published by the Ministry of Information such as the Kuwait Gazette (AL-Kuwait AlYoum), other publications are also issued. This includes Al-Arabi Magazine, which aims at educating Arabic minds, considering Arab heritage, and opening future horizons. Al-Arabi Al-Sagheer (young Arabian) magazine also serves children and youth and provides them with information, pictorial stories, and competitions. It mainly aims at informing, educating, and entertaining young readers. In addition, Al-Arabi Book presents group of different subjects and articles written by one author. On the other hand, Kuwait Magazine along with other monthly publications provides readers with educational, news, and ideological materials. Officials responsible of publications a well as in Information Offices located in many Arab and foreign capitals such as Tunisia, Cairo, Morocco, Beirut, London, Washington, and New Delhi all can transfer other countries experience in the field of environment. Kuwaiti News Agency (KUNA) includes many sections such as and most importantly, the news coverage section. It covers local, gulf, Arabic, Islamic, and international news in all fields including the environment. There are also other sections such as the Information C n e n t P o gah Scoe . et adh ht r y et n t r e o p i c The National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters is an independent authority chaired by the Minister of Information. The Council plays a vital role in preparing a suitable atmosphere for cultural and artistic innovation and in developing cultural activities. Therefore, it is necessary for the council to focus on environmental issues (protection and conservation) as part of its policy to increase environmental awareness through all of its activities such as exhibitions, publications, ad u uaw es t n cl r eke . t l c
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5-2-9 Environmental awareness among some religious clerics (mosque Imams and Islamic preachers) According to the Kuwaiti Constitution, Islam is the official religion of the cut adIa i l (rS a i am i suc o l iao. on y n s m c a o hra s r l w i) a or f e s t n n e g li However, the constitution also grants the freedom of religious beliefs and states that the state shall protect religious worshiping of all religions as long as this does not violates the general order and performs courtesy. Therefore, the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs through its workers and staff introduces Islam (as a religion and faith) to people and supports cultural and religious activities for Muslims in Kuwait and all over the world. The Ministry also examines heritage books, prepares Feqh (Islamic) encyclopedia and organizes other activities that aim to introduce the Islamic religion and diffuse its principles. The Ministry also has other important tasks such as developing the spiritual and religious aspects. This includes the protection, preservation, and maintenance of the environment. The Ministry focuses also on Islamic researches and cultures that examine surrounding phenomenon in religious terms. The Ministry also publishes Al-WaA-Islami (Islamic e l i Awareness) m gz e ad B r e A-Iman (Children of Faith) aai n a n am l magazine. Clerics also required having more understanding about environmental issues and its direct relation with Islamic values. On the other hand, there are around 200 thousands Christians in Kuwait, including 200 Kuwaitis. Most of the Arab Christians are from Egypt, whereas the foreign Christians are mostly from India, Philippines, and other countries. Christians can practice their religion and worship freely without any interference as stated in the Constitution. Many of such worship places are required to link environmental issues and programs to increase environmental awareness levels among the public. 5-3 Major Issues of concern in the Environmental Education and Awareness Sector 5-3-1 Environmental awareness issues in decision making Due to the increase of environmental awareness levels among people of the community and the daily introduction of environmental issues in the media through the various channels, decision makers were urged to put efforts and pay more attention to deal with environmental issues. Despite all this, the reaction is still considered as insufficient. Although the interaction with environmental changes is considered as limited, one of the most important decisions made towards the environment was the establishment of the Environment Public Authority in 1995.
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One of the most important environmental awareness challenges for the decision makers is how to conserve and maintain the environment. Although they vary from one place to another according to the different variables and development level, environmental awareness concerns can be correlated with the following issues: Taking important decisions that prevent great losses and irreversible damages to assets. Environmental understanding and knowledge including the correlation between human activities and the ecosystems and the elements of environmental change. Activities conducted by individuals without abusing, changing, deterioration of the environment, or depleting its resources. Directing the attention of individuals to environmental problems and their negative effects as well as the means to avoid them. On the other hand, decision makers must realise the consequences of the decisions they make and assess the work of organizations under their authority accordingly. On the other hand, these issues aim at building a society that is able to comprehend the environmental situations and concerned about its problems through building knowledge, directions, skills, personal and individual and team experience to face environmental problems and present specific solutions. It also works on avoiding irreversible faults. The Environment Public Authority, in collaboration with the Civil Service Commission organizes many training courses, workshops, and seminars that deal with environmental issues. This is usually conducted by providing documents and information to help decision makers to acknowledge the current trends in the field of the environment and help them make rational decisions. There are other issues related to achieving environmentally sustainable development. Sustainability can only be achieved when considering the integration between environment and economic development since the environmental dimension has been highly considered in the national development planning. This requires increasing environmental awareness and education especially amongst youths and children. 5-3-2 Environmental awareness issues amongst different groups of society
Lack of environmental awareness among Kuwaiti women.
Despite the contributions of Kuwaiti women in many projects and her important role in the fields of services and production, the environmental
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dimension is still a problem facing Kuwaiti women in particular and nonKuwaiti women in general. Their lack of environmental awareness is obvious when facing environmental problems. Some of traditions and customs contributed to this matter.
Accustoming youths to positively interact with the environment.
Kuwaiti youths are future makers. Despite the efforts to increase their environmental awareness, their behavior towards the environment still requires more efforts towards a more positive interaction.
I poi ci r ev om n lu ue m rv g h de s ni n et cl r n l n r a t .
Responsible authorities should introduce environmental culture to children through direct communication channels via meetings, activities, and media (books, stories, clubs, the Centre of Children Culture, children theatres, Child Culture Committee within the National Council for C l r A t ad ee ,a sci r l r i ,n o e ) u ue r,n L tr pr ,h de si a e ad t r . t , s ts k l n b rs hs These activities should include information about conservation of natural resources such as water, oil and its derivatives, and energy as assets for development. They should also increase the society awareness to ensure the rational use of such resources. It should encourage people to conserve green areas and work toward their expansion to minimize air pollution. People should also be made aware of the appropriate methods to dispose house refuse (in allocated receptacles). People should also be encouraged to conserve water and to understands the effects of pesticides on vegetation, and produce and their hazardous effects on human, birds, and fish. People should also be encouraged to protect the beaches from harmful uses. They should be introduced to laws governing environmental protection such as smoking prohibition law in public places, littering and wastewater discharge into the Gulf. People should also be encouraged to appreciate esthetic values in the environment and preserve its beauty. These issues should be addressed in the media, schools, worship places, clubs, gatherings, and others.
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5-3-3 Lack of environmental awareness among the persons in charge of the media Persons in charge of environmental affairs in the media suffer from lack of information, which is reflected on their level of awareness in environmental affairs, issues, and problems in Kuwait. Therefore, they request an updated environmental database they can use to fulfill their knowledge needs and the needs of their audience (readers, listeners, or watchers). Previous studies indicated that there is a noticeable reduction in coverage of environmental issues and problems, which reflects the level of awareness among editors in charge of environmental subjects in the Gulf press media in the Gulf. On the other hand, a field survey directed to media environmental affairs editors indicated their lack of environmental specialty, qualification and experience to tackle environmental issues and subjects. This forms an obstacle against the role of the national media in increasing environmental awareness. Results of statistics related to contents of environmental issues in the local media showed that there is an unbalance in the information included in the journalistic material. They are usually obtained from different sources and published without realizing the consequential effects. Studies also concluded that there is a weak correlation between the environmental concerns and the journalistic management. Publishing environmental subjects is therefore, considered as unplanned by the persons in charge. This leads to the obstruction of the environmental awareness process, which should be continuous and improving. Therefore, it is recommended that the Environment Public Authority in coordination with the Ministry of Information organizes training courses and workshops aims to provide journalists with information and experience in face environmental problems and issues of concern. By looking at the present state of the media in Kuwait and its role and effectiveness in environmental awareness, it can be concluded that it is unspecific, deficient, inconsistent, and unsystematic. It also lacks vision, planning, coordination and integration with the concerned authorities including the Environment Public Authority. Local journals are looking for support to their efforts in this field. However, communicators such as editors, photographers, investigators, and reporters, need a special training program in the field of environment. This program should be attended by journalists from the local press, KUNA, the Journalists Society, and other interested groups.
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When following environmental issues or problems presented in the different media channels such as TV and radio, it can be concluded that the financial and technical support are not sufficient. Such support is needed to implement the strategies put forward and the distinguished informational programs. TV and radio programs related to the environment need specialized human, financial, and technical resources to handle these sensitive, complex, and accurate issues of the environment. As Environmental information and media has become a specialized industry that requires understanding and conception, TV and radio staff requires training and rehabilitation in this field. Programs related to environment, conservation and rational use of resources should be encouraged and supported through incentives such as the annual rewards for the best TV or radio program. On the other hand, environmental programs should be prepared on good scientific basis before targeting the audience. In addition, the audience should be conferred to using the latest approaches in passing on consistent environmental information. The environmental messages (or programs) should focus on many environmental issues including:

Natural resources conservation. Various environmental pollution problems. All types and fields of sanitation and cleanliness and hygiene. Sand encroachment. Vegetation cover and greening. Waste problems. Different environmental disasters and crises. Environmental awareness varies in terms of according to the various approaches used. Specialized studies indicate that every approach has its own ability to convince people and are different in terms of their objectives and targeted audience. Experiments also shows that the effect of exposure to various approaches is better than being exposed to only one. Therefore, having more than one approach is the characteristic of a successful campaign. The informative media should also support and encourage direct communication methodologies that depend on Face to Face Communication such as interviews, seminars, and all types of personal communication. This will achieve integration between communication methodologies and approaches to achieve the goals of environmental awareness.
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5-3-4 Environmental awareness issues in various education stages prior to university level Environmental awareness programs for school pupils are limited, insufficient, and not in proportion with their percentage in the community which reached above 25%. This is obvious in the programs presented by non-systematic institutions such as the media including newspapers, magazines, radio, cinema, and TV. In addition, the programs presented by media require integration and coordination; whereas it lacks practical rectification not only in the contents, but also in determining its role and influence on children, the future of this country. Programs dealing with important concepts to be introduced to school and university students should include:
Individuals are part of the environment, influence and are influenced by its components. Understanding the components of the environment, its interactions, and its conservation. The importance of environment to man and to the requirements of development. Emphasizing on the importance of environmental ethics, developing skills to solve environmental problems, rational decision-making, cooperation, and critical thinking, with focus on the society that these students live in. How to invest their various environmental resources, renewable and non-renewable, as well as conservation from pollution. This can be carried out through environmental education or by experience. All will lead to raising environmental awareness and provision with information and knowledge so that students can participate effectively in the educational process and direct their behavior patterns. Therefore, educational institutions should cooperate with the Environment Public Authority in organizing meetings, seminars, lectures, environmental activities, and dedicating a school day for such activities. Additionally, this could be achieved through group discussions, camps, and competitions that aim to educate people in Kuwait. On the other hand, the use of information tools and media, such as books, stories, theatre, newspapers, magazines, and radio and TV programs, will convey environmental culture to the Kuwaiti individuals in an integrated and mutual form.
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5-3-5 Issues and problems of concern related to environmental modules and curricula in Kuwait University and the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training The behavior of Kuwaiti youth still requires efforts to increase their environmental awareness and accustoming them to the rational interaction with the environment and abandon inadequate behavior in the different work locations. These efforts are still needed despite the attention given to environmental concerns through environmental courses and curricula in the higher education colleges and institutes in Kuwait. Other important issues were also raised such as the ecological balance, environmental deterioration and its effects on mankind and his welfare. This includes pollution problems, environmental resources exploitation, salinization of soil, desertification, food security and others. In addition to many other issues included in the courses such as environmental science, terrestrial environment, marine environment, environmental analysis, energy technology, control of environmental disasters, environmental engineering, health education, environmental services, environmental culture, oceanography, climatology, field training, environmental education (which includes human-environment relations, environmental balance, unbalance, and preserving the balance). These courses exceed 22 courses in the colleges of Kuwait University and the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. Despite all these efforts by the University and the Authority, these efforts might not lead to their set goals for many reasons. Most importantly, is that the courses modules are not updated and does not reflect the actual needs of the society. Second, the absence of follow up once students have completed the courses and to fulfilled the requirements of graduation. Third, the education methodologies used in presenting these courses, which requires development. Therefore, institutions responsible for youths should focus on educating them by presenting cultural activities such as meetings, seminars, organizing competitions, forming friends of the environment groups to encourage their participation in the conservation of the environment. Youths can also benefit from the series of booklets that serve the environmental culture as well as producing posters and stickers that can be posted in youth clubs, cultural centres, and theaters. 5-3-6 Bolstering environmental awareness of religious clergymen (Imams and mosques preachers) The roots of environmental awareness are as old as history. It is also rooted in the Islamic heritage for Islam regarded the environment greatly
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including conservation. This is evident in many verses of Quran and in m n o t Poht H de (r ci /sayings) that advise people to ay fh rpe s aet pe h g e h a n conserve the environment. Islam advised and urged people to root Islamic concepts and values in the present generations in order to conserve and maintain the environmental system. Despite all these, many occasions and events were not invested effectively in the comprehensive environmental awareness field. Previous studies indicated that clergymen should be trained to include environmental issues and events constantly in their speeches. Also, environmental activities and programs should i l evr sf m t H l Q r , usaadpoht peci , n u e e r h o ua Q dy n rpe s r h g cd s o e y n a n which urge people to conserve and maintaining the environment. On the other hand, Christian clergymen should also be invited and trained to raise the issues of the environment in order to educate Christians as they form a large segment of the people living in Kuwait. T e fr vr s rm t H l Q r , i e poht preaching, and hr oe e e f e , s o h o ua Bb , rpe s e y n l verses from other religions should all be used to support the environmental issues and causes such as:

Cleanliness is part of faith and the strong relationship between them. Interaction between man and the environment should be appropriate. Natural resources conservation including food and water, which should be rationally used. Man and environmental balance. Environmental crises, its reasons and ways to control them. Environmental ethics in Islam. 5-3-7 Environmental awareness issues at the non-governmental and non-profit organizations. The non-governmental and non-profit organizations considers many environmental awareness issues by integrating means and methods of direct communications such as lectures, seminars, media (videotapes, films, newspapers, magazines, books, posters, stickers, and others) as well as meetings to introduce environmental conservation to its members and participants. These issues include:
Combating smoking and narcotics. Paper, metals, and other waste recycling. Preservation of environmental heritage. Environment cleanliness and continuous maintenance.
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Limiting the depletion and exploitation of environmental resources sc a si w t e . uh so , a r t l e c Publishing information related to some environmental problems and investing some of these crises to enforce the communication skills of the leaders in sending education and informative messages in this field. 5-3-8 Environmental awareness issues to reinforce the concept of participation and consultation in environmental conservation This could be achieved through the informative media campaigns via the different media channels. Media campaigns influence people very fast and therefore many of the existing capabilities can be congregated to cag pol s ai ds t a s ev om n lcne ao.T i hne ep tt e o r ni n et osr t n h e tu w d r a vi s should be presented in an attractive and interesting form in order to attract pol saet n T edr i uul r gsf m 3 - 6 months. ep tn o. h uao say a e r e t i tn l n o Finally, these campaigns should present complete information so that they can achieve their goals of strengthening society prc ao i s a ipt n n ti i preserving the environment of Kuwait. Some general issues of concern include:
Disposal of domestic waste Greening and landscaping projects of the city. Protecting wild life in Kuwait. Environmental resources (e.g. water) conservation by organizing workshops. Establishing parks in the different urban areas. Cleanliness and protection of beaches. Protecting desert environment. Use of treated water in agriculture such as irrigation of palm trees and other plants and vegetables). Rational consumption of energy and fuel. Informing people about environmental legislations and explaining them to members of the society. 5-4 Causes of the problems related the environmental awareness and education sector problems Environmental education and awareness are important issues for the success of any environmental strategy. In order for the strategy to reach its goals, all problems and deficiencies should be determined and resolved. Reasons and obstacles related to the sector of environmental
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education and awareness are explained below in order to formulate a comprehensive and integrated vision to implement this strategy. 5-4-1 Institutional causes
Lack of plans, short and long-term policies related to raising
environmental awareness. Efforts in this field are unfocused and spontaneous.

Lack of coordination and cooperation between the institutions and
authorities responsible for environmental education and awareness. This allows repetitions and interference in their activities or disregarding some other activities.
Insufficient
trained and qualified information staffs (editors, producers, directors, cameramen, photographers, lighting specialists, and others) to produce programs to raise environmental awareness. and others) to produce informational programs to raise environmental awareness.
Insufficient equipment and necessary tools (studios, cameras, lights,
Lack of information and scarcity of statistics, numbers, and studies
that illustrates the state of environmental awareness. This could assist in recognizing the current situation and therefore setting future plans.
Insufficient financial support for informative materials, radio and TV
programs that focus on environmental issues and problems. This is reflected by the absence of creative subjects in the environmental media that assists in simplifying information and ideas about the various fields of environment and sustainable development.
Lack of training to people in charge of environmental education and
awareness such as teachers, media men (presenters, editors, photographers, producers, directors, and others). This will deny them from real opportunities to develop and improve their skills and knowledge. The provided training programmes usually halt at certain levels and are not coherent with the current trends in this field.
Lack of clear, planned, and organized policies to train people in
charge of environmental education and awareness.

Many persons in charge of the environmental education and awareness
field are unconvinced about the feasibility of this sector. This is reflected through all their activities including planning, implementation, and reorganization.
The deficiency in researches and studies related to the sector of
environmental education and awareness. These studies can provide much information regarding the types of audience, their
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characteristics, perceptions and reaction towards the programs and activities related to environmental education and awareness. The studies can also propose recommendations and initiatives.
The present methods of communication are traditional, which reduces
their effectiveness.
The efforts and roles of governmental and non-governmental
organizations are divided, despite the fact that they both work in the same field. Cooperation and integration between these organizations will lead to better results.
Absence of integrated and reliable informative and literary policies
that can be utilized in environmental crises. The current policies are disorganized and therefore, the goals of environmental education and awareness cannot be attained. 5-4-2 Technical Causes
The absence of a national database that can be utilized in information
exchange and preparation of environmental awareness programmes.

The insufficient exploitation of scientific expertise and efforts of
specialists in the field of environment.

The contradiction in the responsibilities and duties of the various
authorities concerned with environmental education and awareness as well as lack of coordination and integration between research institutions and executing institutions in this field.
Disregarding many important environmental awareness programs in
radio and TV. Foreign programs are dominant in this field.

The lack of programs produced on scientific basis and related to
environmental awareness. Also the lack of audience participation (readers, listeners, or viewers), which reduces the benefits of such programmes and impedes reaching the set targets.
The shortage in using attractive and creative methods in producing
awareness messages in the field of environment.

Disregarding the use of previous studies in the fields of environmental
awareness.
The imbalance (in both appearance and content) of education and
awareness programmes that deals with environmental issues and problems. In many cases, the appearance rather than the content matters, which does not serve the objectives and goals of the programme.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Conflicts between decisions made in regard to many environmental
issues and problems. Also, the lack of coordination between decision makers might lead to confusion, concerns, and will not create environmental awareness.
The environmental awareness programs are neither scientifically
evaluated nor modified. Modification is not conducted very often.

Lack (or insufficient) financial support allocated for environmental
programs as well as lack of encouragement and incentives provided to producers in this vital field due to low salaries and capabilities.
Shortage of time allocated to environmental awareness programs in
the media (radio and television).

Conflict in programme of the radio and television with the different
published materials such as newspapers, periodicals and books. This will cause difficulties in attaining the goals of environmental awareness.
Deficiency in the number of environmental scriptwriters and
organizers of environmental programmes in both radio and television.

Limited number of environmental programs that requires public
participation and contribution such as competitions, comments, viewpoints, or suggestions.

Lack of diversity and attraction element in environmental programs. Improper timing for viewing environmental programs and not emitting
some uninteresting parts of programmes that might cause dissatisfaction or boredom to the public audience (listeners and viewers).
Insufficient environmental information (or superficially dealt with). The absence of a dedicated committee at the Ministry of Information
to evaluate and plan environmental programs.

Unsuitability of environmental contents of some informational
materials to people of different ages, economic and educational levels as well as their social background. 5-4-3 General causes
Lack or weak public participation in environmental awareness and
education programs.
Lack of human and financial resources required for the field of
environmental education and awareness as well as the irrational utilization of the available resources.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Uneasy access to information that serve the environmental education
and awareness programs as well as superficial contents of the available information and lack of national output in this field.
Insufficient occupational coordination between researchers, experts,
and producers concerned with environmental education and awareness affairs.

The targeted major groups of the society, such as children, women,
yu s tare undetermined or specified. ot e h c

Lack of women and children representations in the environmental
programs in a way that suits their positions in society especially when considering that children represent the future of this country and women represent half of the society in most of the production and service locations.
Lack of technology utilization in communication and information
media that assists in environmental education and awareness programs.

Disregarding Kuwaiti, Gulf, and Arabic heritage in the production of
programs and environmental information. Such programmes are not rooted to history and the lives of our ancestor.
Media is usually influenced by political pressures and people involved
in this field lack environmental awareness.

Inconsistency and coherence between the output of the educational
institutions and the requirements of the environmental awareness media.

The almost total dependence on official and state efforts to raise
environmental awareness. Also, the partial utilization of such efforts in this field. In addition, the dissociation of the private sector and nonprofit organizations from this vital field including production of environmental programs. In other words, there is no actual partnership or cooperation between official and non-official efforts in the field of environmental awareness and education.
Lack of attention given to problems facing environmental education
and awareness programmes and disregarding many of the questions raised by the implementers in all institutions related to environmental education and awareness.
Insufficient research systems and independent research units that
conduct researches related to environmental education and awareness. Also, lack of integration between the completed researches despite their limited numbers. This will lead to lack of comprehensive
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knowledge about the results of these researches and their utilization in the decision-making process.
Lack of prioritisation of environmental issues of concern that can be
addressed by the environmental education institutions and media in raising environmental awareness.
Practitioners in the fields of environmental education and awareness
are not fully convinced about the importance of research in its role in rationalizing the educational and informational policies. Also, the possibility of setting these policies and preparing plans according to scientific basis, which leads to inconsistency between their research and other researchers in the environmental institutions such as the Environment Public Authority, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait University, and The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. This will also create a disparity between researchers, planners, and implementers of environmental education and awareness programs. 5-5 Means and measures required to solve the issues of concern related to the environmental education and awareness sector Means and measures required to solve the problems of this sector play vital and important role in reducing the environmental problems and disasters, if prepared in successful and comprehensive manners. They can also prepare the suitable environment to take rational political decisions prior to the occurrence of any environmental problem or disaster. At the same time, they can prepare the society to accept, adopt, and monitor the implementation of these decisions. The outcome of the preventive measures taken is cost saving and preventing series of adverse impacts the environment have suffered during the last few years. Accordingly, the proper action is preparing a long term environmental educational and awareness program that includes the following main elements:
Allocating the qualified and capable personnel in the field of
ev om n l euao ad a a ns wt n t cut ni n et dct n n w r es i i h on ys r a i e h e r institutions, universities, and research institutes in the private and public sectors.
Priority should be given to preparing training programs to workers in
the information fields (press, radio, television, etc) in order to generate a group of environmental journalists capable of transferring environmental goals into scientific material that begins with information and ends with a change in behavior.
Dividing the society into homogenized segments such as:
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Media people in the press, radio, television and the official institutions. School students and personnel (teachers, inspectors, and school managers). University students, lecturers and environmental researchers working in the official media institutions. Religious clergymen, mosques Imams, preachers, and the Al-Waqf Fund for Environmental Conservation. Non-governmental and Non-profit organizations. Municipality staff working in the field of environment, hygiene, cleaning, food, and health. Youths and sports sector. Children. Women. Security men, Civil Defense workers, and coast guards. Unions. Industry workers. Every segment should be adequately trained according to continuous carefully designed training programs. The programs should include the following:
Organizing scientific programs to develop the capabilities and skills of the national staff in the fields of environment. Organizing exhibitions to increase awareness in environmental issues. Organizing competitions and presenting rewards and valuable prizes. Organizing camps and cleaning campaigns for polluted areas as well as greening campaigns. Preparing cultural seasons through which lectures, seminars, and workshops are organized in order to discover the local, regional, and global environment and their effects on man. Awareness campaigns regarding the laws and legislations related to environmental protection as well as identifying penalties and punishments. Also preparing a guide and educate people on these laws and penalties through discussion groups in all activities related to environmental education and awareness program. Preparing posters and booklets and distributing them in schools, societies, clubs, and public places.
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Providing adequate training programmes on the collection, segregation reuse of waste and forming societies for this purpose. Production of informational and educational materials and distributing them to schools, societies, clubs, non-profit organizations, and people conducting environmental awareness campaigns. Preparing and presenting training courses for preachers and mosques Imams in the methods of environmental awareness and the main issues that should be addressed, in collaboration with the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs and The Environment Public Authority. It should also be emphasized on the use of statements from religious bos epc l t H l Q r ad t Poht pece, ok seil h o ay e y ua n h rpe s r hs n e a especially those verses that urge preserving the environment and its resources as well as the verses that urge to their rational consumption. Creating a mechanism and providing financial support to supply scientific material needed for preachers to be used as environmental lessons extracted from the Islamic religion. The funding can be provided by the Public Authority for Al-Waqf Fund, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science, The Environment Public Authority and The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs. Urging non-profit organization and NGOs, especially those with religious backgrounds such as: Social Reform Society, Islamic Heritage Revitalization, and Bayader Al-Salam Society, to prepare cultural seasons or lessons with religious contents as well as printing booklets and brochures that include information related to the ways by w i t H lQ r ad un (r rpe s ai s n bhv r h h h o ua n S na o poht sy g ad eai s c e y n n o) treated the environment. Benefiting from national, Gulf, or Arabic heritage in the production of attractive educational and awareness materials. This can be conducted by relating traditional patterns of heritage without impeding advancement towards modernization and development. It is also important to achieve integration and cooperation between the direct organized and individual communication groups in all forms, which will lead to protecting and maintaining the environment. Studies illustrated the importance of their integration and the roles they can play in achieving social change for the sake of the environment. This can be achieved using the m d spot b c tf e cm ui t n ei upr d y f eo a o m n ao. a e a c ci
Encouraging local media production of environmental programmes. The national element should also be present in the preparation, execution, and production and capable of producing attractive
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awareness programs that compete with imported materials, especially when realizing that affection does not necessarily mean disregarding values.
Refrain from the propaganda approach that concentrates only on positive issues and ignores the negative. It is also vital to identify the educational and informational institutions in the field of environmental awareness and education and work to cooperate, coordinate, and integrate between these institutions as well as establishing mechanisms for cooperation and integration. Specialized authorities in the fields of education and information studies should conduct applied studies and researches aimed at developing the outline and content of the programs constantly in order to achieve the set goals. They should also study the patterns of human behavior in relation to the environment and identify targeted groups, their perception, attitudes and influencing factors to be utilized to achieve these goals. Relying on media campaigns to raise the environmental awareness, due to their strong influence and fast distribution. It is also necessary to depend on the scientific side and focus on comprehensive periodic evaluation for these campaigns to measure their success and effectiveness. Conducting surveys occasionally to determine the success of these programmes and the people response in order to assess, improve, and modify the process. Present and provide the funds necessary for this program and establishing a special fund for environmental awareness campaigns. 5-6 Information sources AbdulMenem, Mustafa and Ammar, Wafa (1998). Educational Curricula, Environmental Studies and the Importance of Environmental Education in Supporting Environmental Awareness Within the Citizens of the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Ahmad, Fatima (1998). The Role of the Environment Public Authority in Monitoring Water from Microbiological Contamination in State of Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. Al-Faqi, Mohammad (1996). The Media and its Role in Environmental Rehabilitation. ARAMCO, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Al-H r r, hf aT eaa (98. h R l o R l i sad a e S a hbyn 19) T e o f eg u n ey e e io Educational Curriculum in the Gulf Cooperation Council States in
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Preservation the Environment. The Islamic Institute, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Al-Hatab, Ahmad, (1988). Environmental Education in the Preschool Stage. Seminar on Humans and the Environment, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Al-Jadi, Jasim (1996). The Concept of Healthy Cities Projects in Environmental Planning. College of Environmental Designs, King Fahad University for Petroleum and Minerals. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Al-Khalifa, Hayam (1992). Social Directions toward Reusing Treated Sanaitary Wastewater in Bahrain. A Masters Degree Thesis, Arabian Gulf University. Al-Muzaini, Saleh (1998). Environmental Studies and Research and their Importance in Supporting Environmental Awareness. Department of Environmental Sciences Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. State of Kuwait. Al-Qallaf. Eidan (1998). The Role of Environmental Committee at the Science Club in Raising Environmental Awareness. Seminar on the Cooperation in the Field of the Environment among the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Kuwait University. State of Kuwait. Al-Rasheedi, Basheer and Al-Deeb, Fathi. Directions of Kuwait University Students against the Gulf Water Pollution. Arabian Peninsula and Gulf Studies Magazine. Issue Number 38. Kuwait University, Kuwait. Al-Sharah, Ramadan (1996). Environmental Planning: An Economic and Administrative View. College of Commercial Studies, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. State of Kuwait. Al-Sharah, Yagoob (1986) Environmental Education. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, Kuwait. Al-Sharah, Yaqoob. Environmental Education in Science Modules in Intermediate Educational Stage, State of Kuwait. Al-Suwaidi Ali, Duha (1998). Environmental Contents in the Islamic Education Books in the Primary Education in the State of Qatar. College of Education, University of Qatar, Qatar. Al-Tarsheedi Ahmad Kamel. The Role of School Activities in Achieving Environmental Education Goals in Children: A pilot Study, Centre of Childhood Studies, University of Ain Shams, Egypt.
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Ameed, Ammar and Shehata, William (1996). Towards a Better Environmental Education. Faculty of earth science, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Filfa, Mustafa (1996). New Trends in Analyzing Organic Chemical Contaminants in Water and their Role in Assessing Environmental Rehabilitation Processes. Ministry of Health, Medicine Analysis Laboratories. State of Kuwait. Final Report of the Scientific Workshop on the Results of the R/V. Gharabah Samih and Al-Farhan Yehya. Introduction to Environmental Sciences. Dar Al-Shouroq for Publishing and Distribution. Guide on Marine Environment Protection Legislations. Guide on Safety during Oil Spills Response, (1999). Ibraheem Fareed, Manar (1990). Curricula and Environmental Directions in Science Books in Primary and Intermediate Stages in the State of Bahrain. A Masters Degree Thesis. The Jordanian University, Jordan. Ibraheem, Muhammad (1998). The Role of the Arabian Gulf Media in Protecting the Environment. Seminar on the Cooperation in the Field of the Environment among the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Kuwait University. State of Kuwait. Ibraheem, Muhammad (1999). The Role of Gulf TV Channels in Combating the Effects of Environmental Pollution in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Ibraheem, Muhammad (2002). The Role of Media in Combating Environmental Disasters and Crises. Seminar of the Environment Public Authority at the General Secretariat of the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Imam, Salwa. Information and Development Issues. Applied Study in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arab League, Egypt. International Charity Authority (2001). Towards Development. Kuwait Pearls Company, Kuwait. Juma, Mohammad Rida (1998). The Importance of Awareness in Preventing Food Contamination. Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt. Madani, Ismail & Bu-Gahoos, Khalid. The Awareness and Directions of University students in the State of Bahrain Towards Air pollution. Educational Magazine, Issue Number 33. Madani, Ismail & Bu-Gahoos, Khalid. The Influence of Educational Level and Gender on Awareness and Opinions of the Citizens of the
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State of Bahrain Towards House Hold Refuse. Gulf Studies Magazine, Issue Number 69, Kuwait University, Kuwait. Mahmood, Mustafa Ibraheem (1998). Environmental Awareness Levels of Science Teachers before Service and its Influence on their Performance. Faculty of Education and Human Sciences. University of Sultan Qaboos, Sultanate of Oman. Marine Pollution Combat Directory, (1995). Ministry of Housing, Municipality and Environment, (1998). Exploitation of Pearl Oysters Sites in the Arabian Gulf: An Excellent Example of Sustainable Development. State of Bahrain. Motlag Al-Saqan, (1995). An Evaluation and Assessment Study for the Response of the Environmental Awareness Programs for Environmental Problems in the State of Kuwait. A Masters Degree Thesis, Arabian Gulf University. Muhammad Deeb, Mustafa (1998). The Importance of Trees, Shrubs, and objects in Combating Desertification and Treating Environmental Balance. Kuwaiti Society for the Protection of the Environment, Kuwait. Muhammad Mustafa, Bin Al-Neam Muhammad and Ameen Abu Sinna Muhammad. The Use of Treated Sanitary Wastewater in Agriculture and Environmental Rehabilitation. The Institute of lands, Water and Environment. Centre of Agricultural Research. The Arab Republic of Egypt. Murad, Ghalib (1995). Integrated Environmental Awareness and it reflection on the Environmental Behavior in Groups within Kuwait Society. A Masters Degree Thesis, Arabian Gulf University. Muslim, Kamel Zaki Hameed (1998). Community Development and the Advancement of Environmental Research. University of the Arab Emirates, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science. Rashid Al-Reshood, (1992). Assessment of Environmental Awareness Facts in the Saudi Press. A Masters Degree Thesis, Arabian Gulf University. Regional Marine Pollution Monitoring and Research Programs, (1985). Proceedings of the Symposium on Al-Min, 8-11 December 1985. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1978). Kuwait Regional Convention for Cooperation on the Protection of the Marine environment from Pollution and related
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Protocol Concerning Regional Cooperation In Combating Pollution by Oil and Other Harmful Substances In Cases of Emergency, Kuwait. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1986). Report on: Wastewater Discharge From Domestic Sources to the ROPME Sea Area, Kuwait. Note: Information is from the report appendices. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1987). Codes of Practice for the Use of Oil Spills Dispersants in the ROPME Sea Area, Kuwait. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1978). ROPME Intercalibration Exercise on Trace Metal Analysis in Marine Sediments and Biota, Kuwait from 15-19 November 1987. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment. Facts and Functions. National Focal Points of ROPME Member States. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1989). Guidelines for the Preparation of the National Status of the Marine Environment Report. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1989). Manual of Oceanographic Observations and Pollutants Analysis Methods (MOOPAM), Kuwait. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1989). Proceedings of the Second ROPME Workshop on Coastal Zone Management; Kuwait, 12-14 November 1989. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1990). Protocol for the Protection of the Marine Environment against Pollution from Land Based Sources. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1991). Report on ROPME-UNEP Meeting on the Aviation of the UN Interagency Plan of Action for the ROPME Region; Kuwait, 28-30 September 1991. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1992). Environmental Crisis in the ROPME Region: Role of the ROPME in Mobilizing International support for Environmental Rehabilitation. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1993). Report on MT. Mitchell Cruise in the ROPME Sea Area, Kuwait, 24-28 January 1993.
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Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1992). Report of the ROPME-IOC Meeting of the Steering Committee on Oceanographic Cooperation in the ROPME Sea Area. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1993). Protocol Concerning Marine Pollution Resulting From Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1993). ROPME Achievements. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment. Proceeding of ROPME Workshop on Coastal Areas Development. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1997). Oceanography and Pollution Studies in the ROPME Sea Area, Kuwait, 1997. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1998). Protocol on the control of Marine Transboundary movements and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes in the ROPME Sea Area. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1998). The use of Oil Spills Chemicals in the ROPME Sea Area. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1999). Regional Report of the State of the Marine Environment. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (1999). Manual of Oceanographic Observations and Pollutant Analysis Methods (MOOPAM). Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, (2000). Integrated Coastal Areas Management Guidelines for the ROPME Region. Reports on MT. Mitchell Leg 100 Day Cruise, (1993). Sabareeni, etal. (1986). Environmental Education. Royal Scientific Society Press. Amman, Jordan. Shehata, Abdulla (1996). Islam and the Environment. College of Islamic Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University. Sultanate of Oman. The Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (1992). Research and Papers of the seminar on "Environment and Development: Integration and not Collision". Part I. United Nations Environmental Programme. Environmental Media. Series of Environmental Studies Number 9. The Arabic Organization on Education, Culture, and Sciences Press.
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Wahba, Saeed and Murad, Ghalib. A mathematical Model to Measure Variable Values of Education, Comparing Social Groups, Study and Assessment of Environmental Awareness in Educational Groups in the Kuwaiti Society. Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf studies Magazine. Issue Number 38. In addition, the team members provided the following list of publications related to environment, which are: Environmental Characteristics and Marine Pollution in the Marine Area of the ROPME, (2002). Environmental news, in the local press, of the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment Countries. Environmental pollution and the role of the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment in Environmental Rehabilitation. Government Strategies and Politics for Cleaner Production. Marine Environment Publication. Sea Kaps. The National Biodiversity. The National Strategy to Protect the Environment in Jordan. In Arabic and English. The Role of Media in Raising Environmental Awareness, (2000). The Strategy of the Sultanate of Oman. The United States and Strategic Plan.
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Sector Six Industry and Energy
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Members of the Oil and Energy Sector Team Mr. Jamal Hashim Al-R f e e . ai Deputy Assistant Secretary for Technical Affairs, Ministry of Oil. Chairman of the team. Head of the Gasses Pollution Division, Air Pollution Monitoring Department, Environment Public Authority. Secretary of the team. Head of the Indoor Environment Division, Industrial Environment Department, Environment Public Authority.
Ms. Fayza Al-Thuwaini.
Ms. Najat Al-Kandari.
MrMoa m d a f A-Shawaf. Head of the Conservation and . hm e J a l ar Environmental Protection Department, Ministry of Oil. Mr. Mohammad Ismail Mindikar. Supervisor, Conservation and Environmental Protection Department, Ministry of Oil. Head of the Scientific Education Department Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences.
Dr. Jassem Besharah.
Supervision, revision, editing and completion of the scientific material and re-organize it. Dr. Soffian Al-Tal. Senior Advisor, UNDP.
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6-1 Introduction The non-petroleum industry and energy sector is considered as one of largest sector that have environmental impacts after the petroleum sector. With no doubts that both sectors have significant importance on human activities and the industrial structure of the state of Kuwait, since they are directly linked with the largest slices of the population through the following:
The increasingly daily consumption of electricity and water, which are
the most important products of the electricity and water desalination industry that is managed by the Ministry of Electricity and Water. Therefore, the relationship between individuals with this sector is very sensitive and transparent, since the behaviour types of individuals, groups and state institutions will be affected by any changes in these sectors products whether directly or indirectly and periodically in different time frames. The Ministry of Electricity and Water data and information indicates approximately 30 % increase in energy consumption through out the past seven years. This increase leads to the increase in production rate to match the same percentage increase in demand. This reflect the characteristics of the growing civil society in the state of Kuwait as a direct result of urban expansion, increase in land utilization, population increase, and increase in industrial activities in general. The industrial sector, the non-petroleum, in the state of Kuwait usually works within the scope of activities designated for the private sector. Its activities are characterized by low investment and limited contribution to the oil industry or sector which is the main industrial sector in Kuwait. This sector is totally owned by the government i.e. the public sector. The industrial activities of the private sector are considered as either small or medium size. However, these activities greatly differ in products production. These products are directly utilized and used by individuals, groups, or establishments of the community. The private sector activities are directly affecting and affecting the types of the human activities and the economy of the Kuwaiti society. Also, such industrial activities are distinguished by their fast growing which is being influenced by the development in economical activities and the increase in the industrial base especially of the private sector. In addition, this sector include many industrial activities such as aluminium, paper and its derivatives, woods, metal waste and scrap recycling, chemicals, plastics, construction materials, food production, pharmaceutical, cement bricks and building material industries.
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The industrial sector gained special attention and care from the state and many governmental and non-governmental institutions and organizations were supported either through financial, legal, legislation or even logistic facilitation to encourage its activities and development. The main drive behind this was to broad the industrial base in Kuwait since it represent the main strategic choice for the state to diversify its income and it Gross National Product. This supportive action will aid in providing many job opportunities for the local labour force, along side the development of other infrastructure and service providing companies. In addition, encouraging the spending of local capital and funds and investing it in productive industrial project. Also the state has privatized some of the industrial sector; examples include the privatization of the salt and chlorine factories that used to belong to the Petroleum Industries Company (PIC). Further more, it enacts laws and legislation to encourage the employment of the local national labour as happened recently with the National Labour Law. The Public Authority for Industry represent the main central agency that is concerned with developing, protecting, organizing, encouraging, marketing and the local exports, establishing standard specification, and monitoring the industrial facilities to assure its competence and compliance to the safety, security and environmental protection. The total number of processing industries facilities/plants during the year 1997 was 4024 facilities with 65,576 employee and labour. These industries managed to achieve a total addition to the original capital of approximately 117,500,000 K.D. in the 1997 as indicated in the annual statistical report of the Ministry of Planning for the year 1999. In the same context, the Environment Public Authority represents the main and central agency with the responsibility of protecting the environment in accordance with its laws of establishments, i.e. law (21) for the year 1995 and the modified law No. (16) for the year 1996. These laws gave the Environmental Public Authority the responsibility of carrying all necessary actions to ensure the protection of the environment. Further more, the main objectives of the authority are the following:
The establishment and implementation of the general policy for the
protection of the environment.

Preventing, or minimizing, pollution and the preservation of the
quality of air, water, environment, and soil in order to make them suitable for the requirements of: general health, preserving natural resources, and preserving properties. This can be achieved by
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continuous monitoring and inspection as well as assessing the practices and regulations related to the protection of the environment.
Ensuring
the balance and integration between environmental considerations and development processes by making development poessnacrac wt t r u e eto pol s el ad rcs i codne i h e i m n f ep hah n e h e qr s e t avoiding negative effects on environment and properties.
Combating, a cross border pollution problems and intensifying the
efforts to prevent pollution accident by cooperating with state agencies that are responsible for studying problems associated with pollution and recommending and implementing sound solutions. 6-2 Evaluation of the Resources of the industry and energy sectors 6-2-1 Industrial Sector This sector has various industries that vary in size, aspects of work, products, as well as their impacts on the local environment. Some of these industries are:
Aluminium industry: moulding and casting, cutting and assembling
of aluminium. It is worth mentioning, that there are no aluminium refining factories in the state of Kuwait; however, there is a proposal, still being study, from some private sector companies to establish a refinery aluminium factory in Kuwait.
Paper and its derivatives: This industry largely depends on recycling
paper and its derivatives. This reduces the amount of local paper wastes and relieves the local environment from some environmental burdens. This industry also assists in strengthening economic indicators due to the fact that raw materials are locally available at cheaper costs from recycling.
Woods: This industry mainly depends on woods import, treatment,
storage, reshaping, and remanufacturing of wood to be used in different industrial and domestic applications.
Chemical industries: Some private sector companies manufacture
chemical substances that are used in various applications such as solvents, raw material for paints and construction materials industries. In addition, organic and inorganic additives that are used in various oil processes or cooling water treatment in some industrial factories. Chemical industries are one of the most promising industries in the country due to their growth and expansion potential because of the fact that raw materials are available in Kuwait, although at the present time such materials are being imported and then remanufactured locally.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Petrochemical industry: The Petrochemical industry is characterized
as one of the most growing industries, not only in Kuwait but also worldwide. This because of great advancements in technologies related to polymers and plastic industries. This technology enabled the replacement of many metals in many industrial applications. The Petrochemicals Industry Company (PIC) is the main company in the State of Kuwait that work in the field of producing chemical products and in different forms. It is a company that is fully owned by the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation. Both of the companies are owned by the government. However, some smaller private sector companies are trying to work in the petrochemical industry field either separately or jointly through local, regional, or international partnerships. Currently, the most important petrochemical factories, established in the State of Kuwait, are within EQUATE Petrochemical Company in Shuaiba Industrial area. These factories produce plastic polymers. This is joint project owned by the Petrochemical Industries Company, Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), and a local Kuwaiti company called Bubiyan Petrochemical Company. EQUATE produces approximately 650000 tons of ethylene gas every year that can be transformed to polyethylene polymers with a production capacity of 450000 tons annually. The liquid ethylene glycol has a production capacity of 350000 tons annually. There is another plant, in the same area that is owned solely by the PIC. It produces 150,000 tons per year of polypropylene polymers. Although, most of the production is being exported, local plastic factories are also being supplied with these polymers. These are then transformed into other plastic products such as pipes and other industrial and domestic equipment. It is worth mentioning that the products of these plastic industries, especially polyethylene and polypropylene polymers are not hazardous or toxic. Such materials are thermally stable in their solid state and do not disintegrate into their original components in normal weather conditions. However, the stability of these plastic m t is a rl ea waste, after a very long period of time, could reach tens of years. And because such materials do not disintegrate, they pose direct threats to the environmental balance of the environment due to the increase of their use and also, because they replaced other traditional materials. Therefore, many countries are working toward recycling plastic wastes, to reduce the adverse environmental impacts; such wastes include plastic soda bottles, plastic bags, and plastic tissues used for preserving food. In addition, the PIC is planning to expand in the field of petrochemical industries. There is a proposal to establish Aromatic Petrochemical
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Plant (Benzene and xylene) using Naphtha. The expected cost for this project is about $1.7 billion. Another project is also being studied to establish a polyolefin plant that has the same capacity as EQUATE plant. A third project is planned and studied to produce methanol, which is a raw material that can be used in other down stream industries.
Chemical
fertilizers industry: The Petrochemical Industries Company operates the chemical fertilizer plants in the Shuaiba Industrial Area. These plants produce ammonia, with a total production capacity of 550 thousands metric tons. It also produces urea fertilizer, with total production capacity of 750 thousands metric tons. The company exports most of its products to international markets, especially the Asian markets. Currently, the company is restoring its factories to produce granulated urea due to the high demand of the international market. This demand is being requested because of the high chemical and physical quality characteristics of the product. The production of such type of product will also eliminate the problem associated with urea dust, which is considered as a significant health and environmental problem associated with the production of pelleted Urea. The number of workers in the PIC is approximately 1100 worker and from different specialties. The company conducts training programs for its employees to enhance their capabilities. The company is now being restructured through the anahProject, which considers D among other issues the establishment of an administrative organization for environmental protection, i.e. Environmental Protection Unit.
Salt and chlorine industry: This industry is one of the main
industries that were owned, at a certain period of time, by the government and later it was privatized. The Salt and Chlorine Factory, located in the Shuaiba Industrial Area, produces the table salt, chlorine gas, solid caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, and small amounts of hypochlorite. The factory uses seawater as a raw material to produce sodium chloride, which is then converted into other products. Chlorine gas is liquidized and compressed into containers, cylinders, of compressed gas for export and local use. Chlorine gas is used to sterilize distilled water in power and water desalination stations of the Ministry of Electricity and Water as well as in sanitary wastewater treatment plants and other uses. Other down stream petrochemical industries that depend on chlorine as a raw material can also be established. However, the global trend to restrict
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the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons, for their direct impact on the ozone layer, made many investors very reluctant to start such projects in Kuwait in fear of a decline in the demand of the international market.
Construction materials industry: It includes the production of cement,
bricks, ceramics and other building materials. In addition, importing gravel for concrete and different types of steel constructions. This sector is considered as one of the main and active sectors that are continuously developing, due to the increase in construction activities, in the State of Kuwait. The sand and gravel quarrying activities in Kuwait were halted three years ago through a decision by the Environment Public Authority because of their direct impact in destroying the local desert environment. There is a great need to enhance policies and measures related to the reduction of the adverse environmental and health hazards caused by construction wastes. New rules and mechanisms should be placed to provide better storage and recycling methods and in accordance with sustainable development policies. This is needed to be done without violating the main environmental regulations. Due to the variety of industrial activities in the state of Kuwait, in which some of these were explained in the different sectors, there are many governmental and non-governmental establishments that implement their industrial activities and monitor the implementation of the regulations related to them, including policies and regulations related to environment. Therefore, the administrative structures, rules, regulations, and procedures related to environmental protection within the context of sustainable development vary according with each agency. Some of the establishments that deal with this sector are:

The Public Authority for industry. Kuwait Municipality. Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Environmental Public Authority. Kuwaiti Industries Union. Industrial Bank of Kuwait. Ministry of Public Works. Ministry of Electricity and Water. Petrochemical Industries Company. EQUATE Petrochemical Company.
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Others, private sector. 6-2-2: The Public Authority for Industry The public Authority for Industry (PAI) is the most important official pivotal establishment that is concerned with industrial development, especially the legislative and monitorial aspects. Some of the important activities of this Authority, as well as it specialties related to the national strategy for protection the environment, will be briefly discussed. The public Authority for industry was established by the law of industry 56/1996. It is a public and Independent Authority with an independent budget supervised by the minister of commerce and industry. Objectives: The objectives of the authority include the development of the industrial activities in the state of Kuwait as well as supporting and supervising them until the national economic goals are achieved. This includes the following:
Encouraging, developing, and protecting the local industries. Expanding the industrial and craft production base. Diversifying the national income resources. Supporting the development and encouraging the production of
strategic commodities needed for national security and nutrition.

Providing the proper environment to attract national workforce that
have higher technical capabilities.

Supporting, developing, and encouraging industrial crafts. Strengthening industrial awareness among citizens and presenting the
positive role of the industrial development path. Also, preparing, publishing studies and research, supplying the required information system and data and encouraging improvement and creativity.
Coordinating between the existing and proposed industries within the
Gulf Cooperation Council Countries and the Arab League Countries in order to achieve integration and to avoid harmful competition.
Strengthening the industrial Cooperation with all countries and
international organization in order provide the expertise and information necessary for the development of local industry. Responsibilities: The authority is responsible for all aspects related to the development and improvement of industrial activities such as:
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Establishing a plan for industrial development, within the frame of the
general plan of the state. It includes a clear identification of the industrial strategies and industrial development directions.
Recommending locations for crafts and industrial sites within the
frame of the general structural plan.

Planning and preparing the infrastructure for crafts and industrial sites
including the associated industrial and public service facilities.

Preparing, designing, and implementing industrial services projects
that compliment the industry as well as operating and managing them either directly or through cooperation with other agencies.
Reviewing and approving the layouts and designs related to crafts and
industrial facilities including other related facilities.

Allocating crafts, industrial, and service sites within the area
according to rules and regulations.

Signing
contracts and collecting fees from companies and establishments, in return for benefiting from industrial, crafts and services areas or blocks. the authority.
Collecting fees and payments for the different services provided by Managing,
operating, developing, and maintaining crafts and industrial areas as well as providing the necessary services and maintaining them. New industrial areas can also be established in cooperation with the private sector. areas by the responsible authority.
Issuing construction permits for facilities in the crafts and industrial Taking necessary precautions to ensure the safety of public facilities
and properties as well as monitoring industrial safety and the prevention of fire for installations within its jurisdiction.
Implementing industrial inspection and monitoring procedures for
related facilities.
Preserving cleanliness of roads, public squares and courts, and
pavements from industrial and public shops wastes in industrial areas.

Coordinating with the concerned security authorities in industrial
areas to ensure the safety of lives, properties, and other production elements.
Preparing rules, regulations, and procedures to regulate the process of
granting and cancelling industrial permits.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Monitoring the implementation of the international, gulf, and Kuwaiti
specifications and standards that are set by the laws and decisions related to all imported and local goods as well as coordinating with specialized entities to combat fraud.
Ensuring the compliance of industrial projects with all international
and local regulations related to the protection of the environment and the compliance of the products with these regulations.
Preparing specialized studies for the industrial activity and methods of
support as well as ways to protect the local products. The Authority is supervised by a board of directors, chaired by the Minister of Commerce and Industry, and includes three main sectors. These are the financial and administrative affairs, industrial development and licensing, and industrial services and specifications. The latter sector has the industrial Safety and Environmental Monitoring Department (Refer to Fig. 6-1). 6-2-3 Industrial areas On the 15th of January 1997 the authority began, and in accordance with its law of establishment, managing industrial sectors in the State of Kuwait. The industrial areas of Kuwait can be divided into the following:
The southern sector
Shuaiba Industrial Area, which is located in the eastern area with a total area of 10.37 million m2. Shuaiba Industrial Area, which is located in the western area with a total area of 12.61 million m2. Therefore, the total area of the Shuaiba Industrial Area, including both sectors, is about 22.98 million m2. This area includes 42 factories owned by 37 companies i.e. 24 in the western area and 17 in the eastern area. The area provides the following services:
Preparing and allocating industrial blocks for long term or temporary use and storage. Providing seawater for cooling and fire fighting purposes. Environmental monitoring. Roads and related services. Industrial safety and security. Public relations. Supplying information and data.
268
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The Minister of Commerce and Industry Chairman of the Board of Directors Board of Directors of the authority
The Director Genral
Information and Decision Support Center
Internal Auditing and Performance Evaluation Department
Industrial Planning Department
Legal Affairs Department
The Office of the Director Genral
Administrative and Financial Affairs Sector
Industrial Specifications and Services Sector
Industrial Development and licensing Sector
Department of Stores and Reception
Admin. Affairs Department
Admin. Development Department
Financial Affairs Department
Marketing and Industrial Support Dept.
Career Planning and Projects Follow up Department
Industrial Licensing and Records Department
Integral Services Centre
Cooling Water Stations Department
Technical Services Department
Environmental Monitoring and Industrial Safety Department
Quality Control Laboratories Department
Standards and Specifications Department
Fig. 6-1 Shows that the Industrial Safety and Environmental Monitoring Department is part of the Industrial Specifications and Services Sector in the Public Authority for Industry.
269
The authority also provides other services in collaboration with other agencies such as:

S ui prad a n f itssri s ha a otn m r ea li e c . b i cie ve Gas. Distilled and fresh water. Mail and telecommunications. Public security. Health services. Customs services at Shuaiba Commercial Port. Weather forecast services. The total number of employees in these industrial facilities exceeds 15,000 employees. Fahaheel Industrial Area: This area includes a mosque, petrol station, and a bus stop. The activities of this area are mainly for car repair workshops, Aluminium workshops, furniture workshops, carpentry workshops, and stores. The total are used is 129000 m2, 135 service blocks and 17 industrial blocks. The area has a sewage network facility, with total length of 2745 meters, and rainwater drainage network, with total length of 3790 meters, as well as roads, electricity, and fresh water. East Ahmadi Industrial Area: The area includes services such as mosque, super market, and fire department. Activities in this area include contracting, car garages, and food and construction industries. The total area utilized is 874500 m2 with 239 service and 106 industrial blocks. The area has sewage network facilities, with a total length of 2960 meters, storm water drainage network, electricity, and fresh water supplies. West Assafar highway crafts area: This area is currently without infrastructure, though a study to establish this infrastructure will be implemented soon. The large blocks (real estates) are owned by the Public Authority for Industry, the Kuwaiti Port Institute, and the Public Stores Company. The current activities in the area are mainly for storage, bricks manufacturing, and metal machining.
The central sector
Sabhan Industrial Area: Most of the activities in this area are related to food, engineering, and metallic industries as well as contractors and storage.
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The total area utilized is 458251 m2. It has 19 service and 531 industrial blocks. The area has a sewage network, which was constructed by the Ministry of Public Works and will be connected to the main network as soon as a new waste treatment plant is established. Also, the area includes a rainwater drainage network, modern roads, electricity, fresh water, distilled water, and natural gas supplies. Bank branches, mosque, and a supermarket are also available. Area 11 is still unoccupied and under review. Sulaibiya Industrial Area: The main activities of this area are manufacturing of bricks, aluminium, enforced plastic, printing, refrigeration, tiles, carpentry, car bodies and frames, and storage. The total area utilized is 1529605 m2. It has 181 industrial blocks. The total length of the sewage network in the area is 832 meters. Future expansion will increase the length to 3496 meters. The number of workers is estimated to be 3000 worker. The area has modern roads, and few temporary unpaved roads. There is a proposal to install storm water drainage network with a total length of 12417 meters. Electrical and fresh water services as well as a mosque and a super market are also available in the area.
The northern sector
Amghara Industrial Area: It includes chemical and construct industries. The total area utilized is 1546000 m2. It has 105 service and 603 industrial blocks. The area has electricity; however, the installation of a sanitary wastewater network is being proposed with a length of 3310 meters. The total number of workers in the area is about 1000 worker. Amghara Area (The Scrap Yard): This area has various metallic industries and scrap storage areas. The total utilized area is 521486 m2. It has 161 service and 64 industrial blocks. Al-Kassarat Area (Al-Mul a: total area utilized is 445000 m2 t )The a with 91 industrial blocks. Ships Repair Area of Al-Doha: The main activities in this area are ship repair, nets and robes manufacturing, storage as well as ice and wood industries. The total area utilized is 48494 m2, including 41 service blocks and 3 industrial blocks. The area has also telephone, electricity, fresh water, gas, roads, storm water drainage, and sewage network facilities.
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The following two tables show the number of industrial and craft installations for the year 2000 including the industrial activities based in their type. Table 6-1 The existing industries as in the year 2000. Industrial activities Utilization of mines and quarries Food products Textiles, clothing, and leather industries Wooden products Paper and related products, press, and publishing Chemicals and oil derivatives Non-metal industries Basic metal industries Metal products Other manufacturing industries Total Table 6-2 The existing crafts as in 2000. Industrial activities Foodstuffs Wooden products Paper (& its products), press, and publishing Textiles, clothing, and leather industries. Chemicals and oil derivatives. Non-metal industries. Metal products Other manufacturing industries Total Quantity 167 657 163 432 77 98 905 16 2515 Quantity 29 96 18 98 77 106 198 253 11 9 895
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Fig 6-2 The location of the industrial areas in Kuwait.
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Fig 6-3 Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA), the eastern and western sectors.
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Fig 6-4 Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA). Plan for Shuaiba "East" Area. Note: SIA is situated 50 km to the south of Kuwait City along the gulf coast.
275
Fig 6-5 Amghara Industrial Area. Note: This area is located between Al-Jahra Road "North" and the Six Ring Road "South". It is bounded by desert from both the east and west.
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Fig 6-6 Al-Amghara Industrial Area. Note: This area is located between the Fifth Ring Road and the Popular Housing Area. It can be approached from the Fifth Ring Road east of the junction with AlFirdous Road.
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Fig 6-7 Sabhan Industrial Area. Note: This area is located east of Kuwait International Airport. It can be approached through King Fahad Road. The area has two entrances, the southern and northern entrances.
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6-2-4 Energy sector The Ministry of Electricity and Water is solely and directly responsible for this vital sector which is aimed to provide electricity and fresh distilled water to the entire population of the State of Kuwait. The ministry provides these services through the main power stations in the country. The following is a brief description about the current situation in the various power generation stations:
Shuwaikh Station, with a capacity of 208.2 MW: This station was
totally destroyed during the Iraqi invasion and, thus, the electrical generation units had to be taken out of service.
Shuaiba North Power Station, with a capacity of 400 MW: This
station is currently out of service due to damages it received by Iraqi regime during the invasion period of the country. A study is now being carried-out to investigate the feasibility of reconstructing and renewing it. The station has 5 steam units and two gas units.
Shuaiba South Power Station, with a capacity of 804 MW): The
station is operational and includes 6 steam units.

Doha East Power Station, with a capacity of 1158 MW): All units
are operational. The station includes 7 steam units and 6 gas units.
Doha west power station (total capacity of 2400 MW): This station
is operational and includes 8 steam units.

Al-Zur South Power Station, with a capacity of 2511 MW: This
station is operational and includes 8 steam units and 4 gas units.

Subbiya Power Station, with a capacity of 2400 MW: The station is
operational and includes 8 steam units. These power stations are dual purpose. This means that they can produce electricity and water by using "Flash Distillation" method. The ministry also operates large electric networks and substations that are distributed all over the State of Kuwait. There are around 7000 employees in the ministry from all disciplines. The ministry also runs a training centre specialized in training and developing human resources in the ministry. The power generation sector has seen a tremendous development during the past forty years. The Ministry of Electricity and Water was able to meet the increased demand of electrical supply in Kuwait.
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Table 6-3 The maximum increase in electricity demand. Year Maximum electrical demand (MW) 516 2100 4500 6450 Generation capacity (MW) 694 2578 7283 9273 The annual average growth for ten years 15.6% 8.0% 5.3%
1970 1980 1990 2000
Table 6-4 A comparison between energy per capita and the annual average electricity consumption. Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 Energy per capita (KWH) 2864 5686 12305 The annual average growth in per capita consumption 6.3% 3.2%
Table 6-5 The increase in electricity generation from power stations and the increase in consumption. Parameter Generated (GWh) Electrical (GWh) 94 95 electricity 22.802 23.724 Consumption 19.537 20.376 Years 96 25.457 21.846 97 26.724 22.977 98 29.984 25.836
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The Minister
Deputy Undersecretary Follow-up and Coordination
Undersecretary
Public Relations and Information Department Customer Service Department Miie ns r t s Technical Office Management Minist O f e e s fc r i Management
Deputy Undersecretary for Consumers Affairs
Legal Department
U drertr n esce ys a Office Management

Deputy Undersecretar y for Water Projects
Technical Department
Consumers Affairs Department
Deputy Undersecretary for Monitoring and Info. Systems
Deputy Undersecretary Planning, Training, Control And Monitoring Centers
Deputy Undersecretary Administration
Deputy Undersecrt.
Technical Services&
Workshops Affairs
Deputy Undersecretary for Transmission lines Networks

Underground Cables & Overhead Transmission lines Maintenance Dept.
Electrical Network Projects Construction Dept.
Deputy Undersecretary for Distribution Networks

Electrical Installations Department
Electrical Distribution Networks Dept.
Information Systems Center Training & Quality Control Control & Monitoring Centers General planning And Studies
General Records Dept.
Human Resources Dept.
Technical Services
Water Network Projects Dept.
Environmen. & Engineering Programs

Dept.
Deputy Undersecretar y For The Operation And Maintenance Of Power and Distillation Stations
Operation & Maint. Of Power & Distill. Stations (South of Kuwait)
Deputy Undersecretary for Power and Distillation Stations Projects
Deputy Undersecretary for Operation and Maintenance of Water

Water Facilities Operation & Maint. Dept. Ground Water Production Dept. Chemical Processes Dept. Assist. Water Distill Dept. Water filling Stations Dept. Water Networks Operation & Maint. Dept.
Deputy Undersecretary for Financial Affairs

Budgets Dept.
Technical Follow-up Dept. Distillation Units Projects Design Dept. Execution Dept.
Electrical & Instrumentations Dept.
Purchasing & Receiving Dept. Contracts & Tenders Dept. Stores Dept
Statistics Department
Admin. Services Dept.
Jobs sorting Dept.
Technical Services Dept. Main Workshops
Water Facilities Projects Dept.
Engineering Drawing Department
Admin. Devlop. & Train. Dept.
Wireless Commun ication Dept.
Control Equipment Maintenance Dept.
Development Follow-up Dept.
Ground Waters Projects Dept.
Streets Lightings Dept.

Distribution Networks Emergencies Dept.
Operation & Maint Of Power & Distillation Stations (North of Kuwait).

Shuwaikh Distillation Station Dept.
Power Stations Projects Mech. Works Dept. Civil Works Dept. Elect. Works Dept.
Planning & Follow-up Dept. Computers Center Dept.

Financial Auditing & Monitoring Department
Technical. Monitor. Dept. Monitoring Department

Water Resources Dev. Center
Planning & Studies Office for Control Centers
Production Dept.
Water Projects Design Dept.
Main Substations Maintenance Dept.
Shuaiba Station Dept.

Azzor South Station Dept. Azzor North Station Dep. (Under Design)
Control Centers Operation Department
Maintenance Department
Testing and Measuring Tools Dept.
Electrical Network Design Dept.
Planning And Follow-up Dept.
Doha East Station Dept. Doha West Station Dept. Subbya Station Dept.
Control Computer Depat.
Follow-up & Research Department
Planning and Follow-Up Dept.
Emergency Services Department
Instrument Works
Dept.
Accounting Dept.
Fig. 6-8 Organizational chart of the MEW.
Programs Planning & Follow-up Dept.
Fuel Networks Operation & Maint. Dept.
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Fig 6-9 The locations of power stations in the State of Kuwait.
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The power stations, in Kuwait, uses mainly steam turbines. However, some of these stations also use gas turbines, which contribute to about 4% of the total generation capacity during emergencies events and during peak electrical demand only due to the high operating costs associated with this. The stations use fossil fuels that are available in Kuwait through a local source i.e. Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC). For example, natural gas, crude oil, heavy fuel oil, gas oil all can be used to operate the stations. This depend on the design of the boilers within the power station it self. The modern power stations are capable of combusting all the above mentioned fuels. The power stations are located along the coastal areas of Kuwait at the north, centre and south. These stations are located facing the Arabian Gulf. The stations uses seawater in their different processes e.g. for cooling water. One of these stations is located along Kuwait Bay i.e. Al-Doha station. The other power station is located at the tip of Al-Subbiya Area, which is located at the northern part o K w is a. h too e s t n a l a dat the southern parts f u abyT e w t r ti s r o t t h ao e c e of Kuwait along the southern coast i.e. Shuaiba and Al-Zur stations. There have been attempts to produce water by Reverse Osmosis (RO); these attempts, however, are still under research and development. There is an experimental station that produces small quantities of this type of water. However, this station was not designed for commercial purposes, but only for testing and experimental use. Based on the statistics the Ministry of Electricity and Water and by analyzing the consumption patterns in Kuwait, it can be concluded that the industrial sector is the least sector in electricity consumption i.e. 1.2% as shown in Table 6. However, the domestic and investment consumptions make 87.7%. Thus, it can be concluded that the current status of the industrial sector does not pose a massive stress on the electrical network. However, the planned future expansion in industry, especially in heavy industries, could sharply increase those rates in the future. This will require the need to strengthen the infrastructure and the distribution network. Table 6-6 The types and percentage of electricity consumers in the State of Kuwait, based on sectors and as in the year 2000. Sector Domestic Investment Commercial Government Industrial Percentage 34.3 % 53.4 % 11 % 0.1 % 1.2 %
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6-3 Environmental issues related to Energy and Industry sectors Energy and Industry sector face many environmental issues that represent serious challenges. These challenges require the preparation of short and long term planning, taking into consideration the changing global trends in the field of environmental protection. The main environmental issues related to these two sectors can be summarized as follows: 6-3-1 Issues related to the equilibrium between industrial development and environmental conservation Legislations concerning environmental protection are developing in many countries around the world among governmental and non-governmental authorities and organizations. Perhaps, the most important industrial sector that interacts with those legislations is the energy sector, especially the ones related to crude oil and various petroleum products. The integrative relationships among the three elements; environment, development and socio-economic and industrial activities will be discussed below. Attaining a positive equilibrium among these three major elements has to represent a framework to all countries in order to obtain and to keep a safe environment in our planet. This has to be achieved without breaching the requirements of development for communities that require boosting and encouraging industrial activities to allow them to obtain better revenues. This will enable them to carry the burdens required to achieve development including preserving the environment. It is obvious that losing the equilibrium between the requirements of industrial development and environmental protection is one of the most important problems and challenges that have to be treated on the national level. This problem is mostly due to the non-optimal utilization of the available natural resources, which results in non-optimal usage of these resources for community development. This situation will cause the inability to develop and to adopt efficient mechanisms and systems for the protection of the environment in a sustainable manner. One of the consequences is the presence of an immense gap and a difference between policies and mechanisms adopted by rich, industrial and poor countries. On other hand, crude oil and petroleum or hydrocarbon products, in general, are the most important energy sources in the world. It is known that there is a direct relationship between development rates of countries and their energy consumption rates. While crude oil will remain the main source of energy for at least the next three decades, as most researches and studies indicate, it is the duty of societies to develop this type of industry and to strengthen the technical, economical, and political
284
capabilities of the oil producing countries in order to enable them to produce and supply this commodity to consumers. In addition, to face development burdens in their countries. This will require the utilization of science and technology for the purpose of improving the performance of all the elements within the energy production system, which uses fossil fuel. Consequently, this will reduce the potential environmental risks. This is the case for the improvement in industrial installations related to energy production. Also, improving the performance of transport means including land, air, and sea that uses petroleum products as fuels. This improvement will reduce the emission of gases without resorting to other non-petroleum products, which are usually more costly, complicated to operate, and less safe such as the nuclear or solar energy. Therefore, it possible to reduce the emissions of burnt fuel by 20% through improving the performance of electricity generation from power stations and through raising the performance efficiency of the burners and boilers as well as the usage of substances that prevent the emission of harmful gases to the environment. All of these procedures must be implemented within a system of legislation and policies aiming at the protecting the environment and to limit the negative impact of the industrial activities, without obstructing economical, industrial, and developmental activities. Consequently, the State of Kuwait environmental policies and activities should be in harmony with the industrial and economical policies and at ie wt u ae n ay fhm T e fr is eesr t esr cv i i otlr g n o t . hr oe t ncs yo nue i ts h ti e e , a reaching this required balance between industrial development and environment conservation. This harmony between the requirements of industrial development and environmental conservation forms one of the main guarantees that ensures the cooperation of the industrial sector in adopting and applying the National Strategy for the Protection of the Environment, including legislations and systems that may involve additional financial cost on the industrial sector. However, it will be less expensive on the country than any other remedial measures that may or may not work. It is important to mention the importance of adopting and applying preventive measures to protect the environment, instead of industries continue t pout no od ada rdc , h h h rdco f go n bd pout w i e i s c will result in spending more efforts to curb and reduce the effects of the a rdc . bd pout s 6-3-2 Issues related to industrial development Industry in Kuwait has developed considerably in the last two decades. There are ambitious plans to establish several industries, especially in the petrochemicals field. The Environment Public Authority has recently
285
prepared an ambitious strategic plan to encourage the industry and to protect local productions as well as easing measures that are required to obtain industrial licenses and monitoring and supervising the industrial activities. The main purpose of these efforts is to create an economical base that can contribute to the growth and prosperity of Kuwait. The strategic option for the essential economical development lays in the expansion of industrial activities. This issue will require directing investments towards increasing the export of industries that have high additional values. These industries have great effects on the economical development of the State; however, the uncalculated expansion could lead to:
The possibility of an increase in environmental pollution, which in
turns will affect all the aspects of life if preventive measures are not taken.
The increase in the use of energy and raw materials, which may not be
used properly.
The increase in industrial wastes that require sound environmental
methods to be disposed of. It is important to study the effects of industrial processes on the environment and what types of pollution control measures should be followed and adopted. This issue requires a thorough study in order to determine the suitable sound solutions. 6-3-3 Issues related to Population Development Despite of the countless benefits of the calculated population growth, it is still one of the challenges that should be treated within a comprehensive strategy. The increase in population, also, increases the demand on consumable goods, housing resources, industrial products, and expectations for high living standards and improvement. These demonstrate that population growth and rapid urbanization can lead to the following: An increase in exploiting natural resources, energy use, and an increase in the production of different industrial products, especially the ones related to construction and population requirements. An increase in the needs and requirements of the population. This will put a burden on resources, using more lands, and increases the consumption of energy. An increase in industrial wastes. A continuous pressure on energy and mineral resources, directly or indirectly.
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6-3-4 Issues related to Industrial Areas: The diversity in the geographical distribution of the eleventh industrial areas of Kuwait reflects the diversity and expansion of industrial activities. Shuaiba Industrial area, Eastern and Western Sectors, is considered as one of the most important and dense areas with regards to the numbers and sizes of industrial installations and facilities that are located on it. These industrial facilities are either under the jurisdiction of the Public Authority for Industry (PAI) or under the jurisdiction of the oil companies that are owned by Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC). In addition, Shuaiba Industrial Area is the most integrated area, among all other industrial areas in Kuwait, in terms of its infrastructure and available facilities, which are also linked with the main export ports in the State of Kuwait. Therefore, the most important challenges that require setting future projections, in order to balance industrial development and environmental protection, include the coordination between the development of industrial areas and the growth in manufacturing, along with constructional and residential expansion in neighboring areas. This is very important to be achieved in order to control the adverse effects on the components of the local environment. There is also a need to review the locations of some industrial areas because of their existence near by some sensitive ecological systems. An example of this, is the unjustified pollution, caused by the different processes in Al-Doha Industrial Area, to the marine environment and coast of Kuwait Bay i.e. Al-Doha coastline. It is worth mentioning, that most of the industrial areas, power stations generating and water desalination stations are located along the Kuwaiti coasts. This is causing severe stress on one of the most sensitive local components of the environment. Moreover, the close proximity of some industrial areas from heavily populated residential areas forms a genuine concern that should be addressed in future development plans. For example, the close location of Al-Fahaheel Residential Area to the near by Shuaiba Industrial Area, raises concern about the several industrial processes and facilities that emit gases that could directly affect the residential areas. These include oil refineries, fertilizer plants, ammonia units, and liquidation processes of petroleum gas. 6-3-5 Issues related to Energy Consumption patterns: The population and industrial growth will certainly have a great effect in improving the standards of living. However, this will also inevitably increases the pressure on energy resources and the patterns of consumption. Therefore, the expansion in building modern residential complexes, as is the case in the new residential areas, to meet the increasing demands on residences required a horizontal expansion.
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However, this is leading to a steady increase in energy consumption. Also, the medium and heavy industries often have extensive demand on electricity and specific types of fuel. All these issues make it necessary for the energy sector in Kuwait to take all necessary measures to increase the energy production to meet the growing demand in energy. These demands are estimated to require one new power station every ten years. This in turn will lead to more fuel consumption, in order to operate these new power stations, or to increase the capacities if the existing ones. This will, certainly, increase the stress on the local environmental and may cause the deterioration of the near by environment and natural habitats. 6-3-6 Issues related to technology It is difficult to define accurately the technological patterns that should be followed and used in the various industrial processes. However, it is very crucial to mention that industrial processing technologies has undergone, and still undergoing, continuous improvements and evolutions. These improvements, especially in the performance of industrial units and industries are beneficial to reduce operational cost, solid and liquid wastes emission, and energy consumption. Some industries seek to use efficient technology patterns that go beyond the process stage by recycling some wastes and emissions that can be used, as an example, as raw materials. Therefore, the selection of sound environmental and economical technologies is one of the main challenges that face the industrial sector in Kuwait. Furthermore, this challenge can exceed this stage and reach another advanced and technical stage through the selection of process technologies that could improve the general and companies' environmental conditions. This can transform the industry from the position of merely treating environmental problems, caused by poor and inefficient industrial processes that may have very high cost, into the position of using advanced and environmentally clean technologies. Clean technologies may have a high capital cost but will definitely reduce waste treatment costs after production. This will have a positive impact on operation cost, operation efficiency, and on treating potential environmental problems prior to their occurrences. However, this requires the availability of a technological base and sound knowledge that can generate a technical judgment in relation to the best available technological alternatives, presented by different companies that could be adopted and used. This will also require the availability of technical capabilities to conduct applied research and studies that could improve the performance of industrial units and processes and to develop new products with better specifications.
288
Another requirement to meet this challenge is the availability of trained and qualified human resources. In addition, the availability of specialized research facilities. The cost of research and development may be extensive for small or medium industries; therefore, national research centers can bear part of this cost provided that these industries are compelled to invest part of their revenues and investment in research related to their industrial activities. This could be achieved through proper institutional arrangements and financial and administrative contributions within the national research centers.
The use of inefficient technologies
Inefficient technologies always proved to be harmful to the environment and have a higher social cost. Basically, industrial projects tend to ignore social and environmental costs in order to maximize their profits. This could reach a point in which that environmental damage can slow down or obstruct the progress or development of projects without spending any further massive investments to renew or replace technologies being used. At this point, economic indicators may not encourage the continuation of the projects. This is known as unsustainable development. The entire world is now trying and working toward achieving sustainable development. This reflects the importance of considering environmental aspects from the beginning, in order to preserve the basics of economical development of industrial projects. For example, the trend of most modern factories that produce PVC plastic material is to use a modern technology to produce a new and stable environmentally friendly material i.e. the UPVC. This is due to environmental restrictions imposed on traditional PVC all over the world because of the instability of this type of polymers.
Research and development activities
Research and development activities are considered very important to develop new technologies that can provide solutions to potential environmental problems resulting from industrial and energy activities. These include, especially the ones related to cost minimization, improving product specifications, implementing proper environmental and mechanisms, and importing efficient technologies to treat and limit the impacts of pollution. Hence, there is a great need to develop a general strategy and an action plan for research and development programs along with all the necessary requirements such as human and financial resources, and the necessary research facilities. 6-3-7 Human resources One of the major challenges that must be addressed is the ability to provide highly trained and qualified human resources, both technically
289
and in the field of environment, so they can operate various industrial facilities in a sustainable way in order to ensure clean and efficient operation as well as incorporating scientific solutions. Thus, one of the important challenges is to prepare human resources with environmental sense so they can distinguish between sound and improper environmental activities. 6-3-8 Issues related to industrial wastes and emissions In general, industrial wastes and emissions represent the most important challenges to humans and industrial activities in the country, and in specific to the industry and energy sector. This is because of the great variance of the nature of industrial activities in terms of types, volume, and quantity of industrial wastes generated from them. The required procedures to minimize the impact of industrial wastes differ accordingly with the type of wastes generated by the different industries in the country. However, the most significant issues related to waste, classified according to the type of the industrial activity, include the following:
Issues related to energy and electricity
Gaseous Emissions: Gaseous emissions produced by the burning of fossil fuel used in power plants represent the main environmental problems facing such industry. The emissions of such facilities or industries can pollute the air with a mixture of harmful compounds. It is known that power stations use a mixture of fuel oils that are produced locally by the oil refineries in Kuwait. These oils usually contain high levels of sulphur and carbon contents compared with other, cleaner fossil fuel types, such as natural gas. The result of using such fuels is the emission of gases that carry burning fuel products, whether if complete or incomplete burning took place that could contain sulphur oxides, other sulphuric compounds, carbon oxides, carbon soot, and trace metals that are present in the fuel. Discharge waters returned to the sea: Power plants use large quantities of seawater in their processes and for two main reasons i.e. water evaporation and cooling water. Technically, this means that the remaining waters would be discharged back to the sea after being treated, to ensure its conformance with recycled water specifications. However, due to the large quantities of seawater being used and recycled, stricter monitoring procedures should be implemented in relation to the recycling of these waters in order to ensure the compliance with safety standards and limits. This is very important in order to avoid operational errors, which could result in discharging large quantities of untreated waters into the sea. If untreated waters are accidentally discharged into the sea, the ecology of the marine
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environment, especially in Kuwait Bay, will be directly affected and will threaten the marine biota of the bay. In addition, thermal pollution resulting from discharging cooling water, which is usually higher in temperature than the receiving water body, presents a significant potential source of marine pollution that should be expected and minimized. This requires the adoption and implementation of necessary measures to minimize the impacts of thermal pollution.
Issues related to industry
As mentioned earlier, the diversity in the non-oil sector industrial activities, in Kuwait, lead to the generation of different types of industrial wastes. Therefore, each industrial activity might face a different waste problem. The following is brief information about some of the main industrial wastes generated in Kuwait: Solid waste: One of the most significant problems facing the concerned authorities is the difficulty of sorting solid waste according to their nature, physical and chemical characteristics, and their abilities, or inabilities, to be recycled. Accordingly, there is a great need to implement some kinds of management systems that can be imposed on all industrial activities or on various industrial products consumption patterns in order to assist the encouragement of sorting and segregation of wastes according to their nature. For example, plastics should be segregated from glass, wood and paper items and products. The most hazardous solid wastes, are the chemically unstable ones or the ones that contain chemical substances that can leach e.g. spent catalysts that are used in most chemical processes and also sludge generated from the treatment of paper or aluminium. Liquid wastes: Various liquid wastes are generated by various industrial processes. Some are hydrocarbon base, such as different types of oils; others have aqueous base, such as cooling water and extraction water. Gaseous wastes: Usually in the form of vapours, caused by industrial processes under high temperature conditions. The vapours are released or emitted from p n h ny, rnt fr o by-products from l t ci eso i h om f as m e burning raw materials or fuel. Deficiency, weakness, of pollution control programmes: Thorough and comprehensive monitoring of pollutants generated by industrial activities is very crucial to ensure that the maximum allowable limits for pollutants do not exceed permissible limits. The absence of monitoring programmes in certain industries, especially those of moderate and small sizes, can waste many important opportunities to reduce the level of pollution.
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6-3-9 Establishments structures Many of the moderate and small industrial establishments suffer from the incompleteness of their structures in relation to environmental protection. In some cases, these structures or organizing units are absent. However, some establishment services can be provided for these industries through unions, professional forums, or non-profit organizations such as the Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Kuwait Industries Union. The neutrality of these establishments, which represent most industries, enables them to coordinate with various local industries and with government organizations that are responsible for environmental protection, such as the Environmental Public Authority. This is very important in order to establish sound institutional structures that are capable of implementing environmental standards related to industrial activities in each establishment without obstructing industrial processes. In addition, the administrative organization and structures can play an important role as a technical consultant for any new industrial facility in order to ensure that environmental aspects are considered and that Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is carried-out during the first stages of projects planning. However, in relation to large industrial establishments or government authorities associated with industry or power generation such as the Public Authority for Industry, the Ministry of Electricity and Water and Kuwait Municipality there is a need to have a thorough institutional structures that is greater. In addition, it should also be concerned with preparing long term plans, work procedures, and administrative systems in order to deal with environmental problems. 6-3-10 Legislative issues The regulations and legislations, set by government entities related to environment protection, can minimize the negative impacts of human and industrial activities on the environment, especially in preventing all types of pollution as well as the removal and treatment of them in cases they occur. To ensure the continuous success of the environmental protection legislations, which are usually the main tools to activate the short and long-term plans as well as the strategies related to environment protection, these legislations should be accompanied by other legislations and regulations for the industrial sectors (energy and industry sectors). Thoroughness of environmental legislations Legislations adopted by the Environmental Public Authority, which is the main agency in the country that is related to environment protection in the legislative context and sectors, and those adopted by industrial and energy sector institutions, both private and public, should be in synchronism. These national legislations should also be implemented,
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through detailed process procedures and regulations, within the energy and industry sectors. This could later be applied in an easy manner using simple mechanisms within the administrative structures and organizing units for each institution. This synchronism or integration between the legislations adopted by the Environmental Public Authority and the internal detailed procedures within the industrial institutions will enable the Environmental Public Authority to apply the general policies pertaining to the National Strategy for the Protection of the Environment. This could be done via these industrial institutions through their own internal systems and legislations using the available manpower in order to operate their industrial facilities in proper environmental method. This integration in legislations will also enable the Environmental Public Authority to supervise and monitor the extent of which each institution is applying these policies and can therefore identify and amend problem areas. This will also benefit these institutions in combating any environmental emergency, due to the availability of rules and regulations in these institutions that are being applied by specialized institutional structures and organizing units that can be dealt with easily. Activating and implementing environmental legislations One of the crucial subjects that should be addressed when discussing the legislations of environment protection, on the national and institutional levels, is the ability of the available human resources to implement these legislations through daily practices, operational mechanisms, and organizing structures. This reflects the readiness of these industrial institutions to apply the National legislations for the Protection of the Environment and to activate the National Strategy for the Protection of the Environment. This, however, should be accompanied by adopting qualifying and training programs aimed at raising the performance and capabilities of the human resources. On the other hand, systems to implement rules, legislations, environmental requirements, enhancing the authorities of the Environmental Public Authority in monitoring, inspection, detection, and environmental auditing are some of the main challenges and issues that should be dealt with in order to preserve the effectiveness of these legislations and to achieve their objectives. This will also provide flexibility for companies working in the industrial, energy, and production sectors to deal with these regulations without violating their contents. However, this requires better identification for the role of industries in self-monitoring, record keeping, and providing necessary environmental data.
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Environmental protection policies at the national level

The national vision for the transfer of technology and scientific research.
Environmental protection policies at the sector level

Priorities for each sector for technology transfer and scientific research activities.
Environmental protection policies at the company level

Technical services and scientific research projects activities.
Pollution prevention and combating procedures in companies, at the units level.
Fig 6-10 Environmental protection at different organizational levels.
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6-4 Causes of environmental issues of concern in the industry and energy sector 6-4-1 The balance between industrial development and environmental protection This issue represents a major challenge for every country including Kuwait. Searching for causes and reasons may be time and effort consuming due to the nature of the industrial activities. In general, the main causes and reasons of concern in the industry and energy sector are the following: The improper use of available natural resources. Not reaching the optimal and needed condition for integrating the industry and energy sectors activities and environmental protection. Not considering environmental impact assessment studies when implementing industrial projects. Insufficient understanding of the importance of environmental concepts and methods, in some industrial facilities, before and during the operational stages of industrial establishments. Weakness in monitoring and supervision mechanisms and activities, in some industries. This weakness prevents ensuring the compliance with related environmental regulations. Not considering environmental aspect in the long term industrial development plans or in the development plans of the energy sector such as energy generation and transfer. This situation is creating a gap in the development plans of the industry and energy sector leading to unsynchronized legislations and operating methods. Weakness in coordination mechanisms between the Public Authority for Industry, the energy sector and the Environment Public Authority. Weakness in the roles of the internal organizational units in relation to environmental protection in industrial establishments. The need to enhance the knowledge and understanding of the environmental protection sector in issues related to technical and economic aspects of the industry and energy sector. 6-4-2 Technology The main reasons behind the significant manifestation of technology as one of the main challenges of environmental system in Kuwait are the following: The inadequate ability to select the best technological alternatives that could be adopted in the various industrial activities. These alternatives
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need to consider the best economic operations with the lowest possible adverse impacts on the local environment. The inability to create a suitable environment and climate within industrial establishments that consider the implementation of science, technology, and scientific research activities. These crucial elements need to be emphasized and as one of the main significant corporate values. The weak relationship between industry and scientific research institutions. The inadequate availability of financial resources for scientific research in comparison with other developed and industrial countries. The absence of a general plan for scientific research and technology transfer that takes into consideration the aspects of environmental development within economic development context. The absence of well established organizational structures for scientific research within industrial establishments that can contribute and solves issues related to environmental protection by using scientific approaches. 6-4-3 Industrial wastes, litters, and gaseous emissions Gaseous emissions from power stations The increase in gaseous emission from power stations could be related to the expansion in using fuel oil, which has high sulphur contents, as fuel for power stations due to its low cost in comparison to other alternatives, such as gas oil or diesel. This resulted in the reduction of operation cost of the stations. Another reason for using this type of fuel is the availability of this fuel locally, from oil refineries, and the ease of obtaining it (Table 6-11). Table 6-11Some of the, approximate, physical characteristics of fuel oil. Relative density at 20 Carbon residue type: "Conradson" Trace Metals: - Nickel - Vanadium Sulfur gm/ml % Benzene P.P.M. 10 50 Weight % 3.5 0.967 10.2
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Although that crude oil, which has better physical and chemical characteristics than fuel oil, can be used as a fuel, it also has a relatively high content of primary pollutants and sulphur contents. However, the presence of such pollutants is still less than fuel oil. For example, the sulfur content is about 2.5% (weight) and it also contains trace metals such as nickel and vanadium. However, due to crude oil economics and its high revenue returns, oil companies tend to export and sell it in the international market. This is because the demand is high for crude oil and it will be more beneficial to sell it rather than burning it as fuel for power stations, otherwise it will be considered as wasting one of the important economic resources of the country. In addition, the unavailability, locally, of sufficient quantities of natural gas prevented it to be used as fuel for power stations on the long term and to make the necessary technical adjustments in order to convert from using fuel oil to natural gas, despite of the ability of the power stations burners to use both resources as fuel. Natural gas is considered as one of the cleanest fossil fuel due to low particle contents, especially sulfur compounds, carbon, and trace metals. Also, it almost burns completely at normal operating/operation conditions. It is hoped that the latest agreement between the State of Kuwait and the State of Qatar will have a positive impact towards finding a real and economically feasible solution for this problem. The agreement will enable the Ministry of Electricity and Water and the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation to arrange long term plans and to perform the necessary technical and administrative arrangements to guarantee the supply of natural gas so it can be used as fuel in the local power stations.
Waters discharged to sea
Power stations and major industrial companies in Kuwait, such as Petrochemical Industries Company, EQUATE Petrochemical Company, and other oil companies adopt, follow and apply sound technical systems, strict methods, and tough procedures/precautions in order to treat industrial water before being discharged back to the sea i.e. both cooling and process waters. This enables the companies to control water specifications, before discharging it back to the sea, and to implement continuous monitoring systems. Therefore, the possibility of pollution incidents, related to the discharged water, can only occur because of operational errors or technical defects in treatment equipment. And although that such risk is minimal, it is also important to take all necessary measures to avoid the occurrences of any errors. In addition, it is required to have the ability to combat and deal with these remote possibilities in order to minimize potential impacts.
Industrial wastes 297
One of the main reasons for the growing problem of industrial wastes, especially liquid and solid wastes, is related to the different types of methods adopted and used by the different industries that produce such wastes. Some companies use strict measures and precautions; whereas other companies ignore the problem and will not adopt and implement any precautions. Others may not realize the importance of dealing with these industrial wastes and prefer to refer to government agencies for support. On the other hand, the unsynchronized systems of waste management within most of the industrial sector establishments are either not being in compliance with regulations and standards or the absence of a uniform waste management policy. This situation aggravated the problem, especially among the small industrial establishments that are wide spread and are hard to coordinate with. Also, some industries have a production cost concern for treating industrial wastes through recycling, reuse, treatment, or disposal. This led some companies to dispose of such wastes through unsound methods that harm the local environment and its different components instead of protecting it. At the end, the community will bear the high costs of such practices and in different aspects. In addition, failing to handle liquid wastes can result in the contamination of ground waters, whether or not these wastes are dissolvable or not in water. If this happens, then it would be necessary to treat the ground water to decontaminate it, which is a very difficult, costly, and less guaranteed than preventing the occurrence in the first place. There is a great need to provide proper technical capability to analyze pollutants and to identify their concentrations in order to determine proper treatment methods.
Harmful emissions and leachate standards
The lack of uniform standards, on the national level, in relation to the maximum allowable limits for gaseous emissions and liquids leachate that can pollute the components of the local environment, is one of the main causes that weaken the capabilities to control the sources of potential pollutants emissions. These standards need also to be conformed to other standards used in developed countries. In addition, it is important to be able to adopt any required change and adjustment, in these standards, or in the methods of application. Currently, there are standards being prepared by the Environment Public Authority, but it requires further approval and will then be distributed to all industrial sectors for comments. Consequently, necessary measures can be prepared to monitor the implementation of these standards within specified time framework. The standards will be imposed on various
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industrial sectors and the staff of the different companies needs to be trained on how to apply them. 6-4-4 Establishments structures/units The incomplete internal structure/units of industrial establishments in relation to environmental protection, in small and medium size industries, can be related to several reasons. These are:
The lack of knowledge in some industrial establishments about the
importance of such structures/units.

The additional cost burden associated with forming environmental
protection structures/units by industrial establishments, especially those owned by the private sector. And although it is a fact that these environmental protection structures/units are non-productive, however, they tend to increase the cost of production. However, these structures/units can save tremendous uncalculated or unexpected costs.
The need of scientifically, technically trained and qualified manpower
to manage these structures/units and to implement their programs. On the other hand, the interference in responsibilities between the Environmental Public Authority and some government establishments, such as the Public Authority for Industry, in issues related to environmental protection, combating pollution, and preparing necessary plans slows down the development of an integrated national institutional system. This system should be responsible for issues related to environmental protection and combating pollution, based on optimal utilization of locally available resources including human capabilities. This interference, could also lead to conflicts between some policies and measures, which will obstruct the implementation of management systems and waste the expected benefits, resources, and available capabilities. 6-4-5 Legislative policies The diversity and abundance of industrial activities and establishments, within the industrial sector, are considered the main reasons for the weakness in integrating legislative policies, in government establishments, in issues related to environmental protection, industrial development, and power generation. It is not meant the general frameworks of these legislations, which are highly integrated, but rather the integration of the detailed articles of these policies and their implementation measures, especially the inter-sectoral ones. On the other hand, the absence of proper incentive systems, for the implementation of legislations, makes these legislations an additional burden on the concerned sectors. This encourages companies, in this sector, to abandon
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their responsibilities toward them. Therefore, it is necessary to seriously consider how to handle this issue. 6-5 The required methods and measures to solve the problems of the industry and energy sector 6-5-1 The balance between industrial development and environmental protection It is very important to make a balance between industrial development and environmental protection through the following:
Incorporating environmental dimension in development plans, for the
industry and energy sector, and in their process operations, maintenance, products marketing, and other related services. Previous plans should also be reviewed and revised to include environmental dimensions.
Determining mechanisms to enhance the integration between the
industry and energy sectors and environment protection sector. Also, activating the coordination between them on the lower, middle, and higher management levels. This could be achieved by using many activities and measures such as:

Regular scheduled meetings. Joint scientific activities. Mutual participation, of both parties, in preparing strategic plans for major projects. The participation of the industry and energy sector in the local and international conferences and seminars related to environmental protection. Organizing common training courses and workshops. Creating a coordination unit between these sectors or an advisory committee from these sectors representatives.
Requiring the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
studies during the planning of establishing new industries. EIA for industrial activities is one of the main requirements for a balanced industrial and economical development that consider environmental aspects of industrial activities before and during the implementation of industries. Therefore, it is important on the national and sectoral levels that industries conduct EIA for their development projects. The ability to spread such practice, in accordance with clear organizational foundations, is one of the main challenges for the "National Strategy to Protect the Environment".
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The need to implement environmental management systems, pollution
prevention programs, and environmental auditing programs as well as obtaining the ISO 14000 certification, stem as important measures to be adopted by the industry and energy sector.
Considering environmental dimensions and aspects during urban
planning of residential areas. Necessary measures should be taken to distant residential areas from industrial areas in order to protect people from the potential dangers of industrial activities.
Expanding environmental awareness and media programs to cover all
groups of the society.

Developing industrial activities that provide environmental services. Enhancing sustainable development mechanisms (Fig. 6-11).
Industrial Development
Continuous Conservation of Environmental Components
Economic Development
Environmental Awareness
Fig 6-11 Enhancing sustainable development mechanisms.
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6-5-2 Procedures related to the technology field

A long term national institutional plan should be prepared to transfer
technology and scientific research. Such plan should be dealing with various subjects related to environmental protection. In addition, it should be compatible with the requirements of industrial development. The plan should identify programs and projects, with their goals and time framework that need to be implemented as well as the required manpower and financial resources. The plan needs also to be reviewed regularly.
Working with research institutions toward implementing selected
projects related to environmental problems and protection that are facing and required by the local industry, respectively. The Environmental Public Authority should act as a bridge to encourage the establishment of institutional relationship between industry and scientific institutions in order to execute such projects.
Providing financial support to implement scientific and research
projects related to environmental protection in coordination with the various scientific institutions in the country.
Building capabilities, supporting higher education and training
programs in order to assist in qualifying manpower working in the industry and energy sectors as well as in the field of environmental protection. This will give the man power the proper technical capabilities to deal with environmental protection.
Ensuring the flow and accessibility of available technical data and
information between the industry and energy sector as well as establishments that deal with environmental protection and scientific research.
Enhancing cooperation and relationship between the environment,
industry and energy, and scientific sectors and institutions. This can be achieved through the following means:

Regular and scheduled meetings. Umbrella agreements. Visits. Joint seminars, discussion groups, and conferences. Joint technical committees. Training programs. Scientific and technical papers and articles.
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Aeration Basin
Clarifier Effluent
Influent Return Sludge Waste Sludge
Schematic representation of plug flow type of the activated sludge process
Fig 6-12 Schematic representation of plug flow type of the activated sludge process.
The participation of industry representative, if needed, in meeting related to reviewing scientific and research projects as well as considering their recommendations. Working with reputed external international organizations in projects that have an added value to the environmental sector.
Benefiting from the local and international scientific-financial
assistances to finance scientific and research programmes related to environmental protection.

Encouraging and rewarding distinguished employees in the industry
and energy and environment sectors for their contributions in the field of environmental protection.
Easing the procedures for the preparation and approval of scientific
projects related to environmental protection without sacrificing scientific standards and quality of work.
The need to create al gt m c neadT cnl y Strategy o e Si c n eho g n r e o
which should have three main components. These are the following:
The ability to obtain the "Black Box Technology" from abroad and then modified it in order to be utilized in a sound way.
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The ability to obtain technical and technological capabilities and to tune them in a sound way. However, it is only afterward that it can be indicated that such technologies are suitable to be imported and implemented in accordance with local environmental conditions and patterns. The ability to present local inventions in terms of new products, advanced process and control methods and improving specifications for existing products.
Preparing the implementation of executable and training programs to
assist the industrial sector in studying production structures and methods that are currently being used in order to develop or replace them with new methods that use sound and suitable technologies for the environment. 6-5-3 Procedures for the industrial wastes field There is a great importance to take quick and strict measures, within a joint work system, between the environment protection sector and the industry and energy industry sector, aiming to limit industrial wastes and the adverse impacts on the environment. These measures include the following:
Preparing a uniform policy for waste management
The industry and energy sector include many industrial activities that cover a wide range of industrial processes and establishments that produce various products used in all aspects of human activities. Therefore, mismanagement of these activities or the misuse of their final products may cause several environmental problems that should be combated. The random and unregulated disposal of wastes, which are not in harmony with these different industrial activities, may causes severe harm to the environment and pose a challenge that should be dealt with in a sound manner. This issue of concerns adds an additional financial and economic burden on the country and at the national level. Therefore, there is a great need to prepare a central national policy at the state level. This policy should consider imposing mandatory systems for all parties in relation to the mechanisms and methods that deals with handling wastes, in any form. In addition, methods of disposing of hazardous wastes produced by the industrial sector including administrative, treatment and recycling in a sound way. This also requires that the main and official agency responsible for environmental protection in the State of Kuwait i.e. the Environment Public Authority (EPA) to implement this policy. This is due to the fact that the EPA as a central environmental agency is supported by laws and regulations and
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judicial apprehension, which enables it to implement its regulations and measures on all establishments that generate harmful wastes. The EPA can act as a central agency for waste management, therefore, it should implement this policy and to be supported by proper laws that are enforceable and by legislations that are issued by the high official authorities in the State of Kuwait. The EPA should also be provided with all relevant information, in a direct and transparent way and without delay, about the types, sizes, quantities, sources, and locations of industrial wastes. This should be based on documents from the various industrial facilities in Kuwait. Such information is the main building block to set a central plan and policy that can deal with the disposal of industrial waste. The adoption of clear mechanisms and directions need to reflect priorities in dealing with industrial wastes and in accordance with sound principles. These principles can identify and explain to the concerned parties, in all relevant industrial companies, the importance of adopting and implementing such policy. This will eventually require the establishment of effective information network that links various industries with the central agency for waste management. This agency should have technical and technological capabilities that enable it to select the most suitable technologies and scientific methods to implement it objectives. These methods should yield the best results in managing wastes, according to scientific method that consider the performance and efficiency of the different technology system used as well as their economic cost and the possibility of using it locally, if such technologies conforms with local environment conditions. Other duties of the central agency for waste management can include the study and determination of the synergistic effects of industrial wastes. These are usually not published and need to be accurate and studied in detailed in order to examine its dimensions and proper methods to deal with wastes through consecutive, discrimination, sorting, or unsorting. It is also important to specify a time framework for the implementation of uniform policies for waste management. Also, training manpower that can implements these policies is considered very crucial.
Implementing measures related to sorting of industrial wastes
It is important to implement specific rules, legislations and financial measures on all industrial activities or on sectors that are benefiting from industrial products so they are forced to apply certain methods and mechanisms. This is very important in order to sort and segregate various industrial wastes, according to standards set for this purpose, and in a way to ease efforts of disposing of and recycling it in a safe and sustainable manner.
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The importance of the presence of uniform standards, among various sectors, to sort industrial wastes can now be realized. This requires the creation of written and detailed articles for these standards in order to avoid any variance that could occur during implementation due to misunderstanding.
Creating proper culture
It is important to take a series of measures and to organize activities to create the proper culture within the industry and energy sector to deal with industrial waste. These measures will educate workers in various industries in relation to how to apply a control and reduction policy for industrial wastes. This need to be considered as one of the important corporate values that is needed to be adopted and implemented for any working company or existing plant. This can be achieved through:

Joint seminars, study groups, and conferences. Tailored made or special training programs. Joint technical committees. Directed media programs. Umbrella agreements between the EPA and industrial establishments.
Applying the standard of maximum limits for gaseous emissions
and liquids leachate. This measure requires that the EPA creates uniform standards for maximum allowable limits for gaseous emissions and liquid leachate that could result from industrial or power generation processes. Other standards, used in other countries or approved and accredited by relevant international agencies, could also be used as a guide. It is also important that these standards emphasize on the important of exposure rates of pollutants, including minimum and maximum concentrations. Currently, the EPA is preparing these standards. Therefore, there is a need to speed up the process of approving them in order to distribute them to the concerned parties. This will lay the foundation for the implementation of these standards, and in accordance with a specified time framework. This requires preparing different industries for that purpose. And to properly implement these standards, they should be mandatory for all relevant establishments. The EPA should act as a e r c Agny to investigate possible violations. It can seek the R f e e ec en assistance of all available legal or scientific expertise in the different establishments and authorities.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 T et n o ci esstacks ramet fhmny
As most transforming industries and industrial facilities, related to power generation, use petroleum derivatives as fuel, then, it is a standard to use stacks to exhaust out emissions of the combusted fuel or to collect gaseous wastes produced by various industrial processes, especially chemical processes. Therefore, the stacks are considered as one of the main sources of air pollution. Hence, it is necessary to speed up the issuance of relevant legislations that needed to be imposed on industrial installations and facilities that emit pollutants from such sources. These legislations should force industrial establishments to use modern t ho g s ht r cpb o hnl gs cs emissions before their e nl i t a aal f ad n t k c oe a e e i a release into the air in order to minimize the gaseous or residual pollutants in the emissions. It is also essential to take necessary steps to improve the performance of power stations in order to minimize emission rates caused by the burning of fossil fuel. This could be achieved by various means such as increasing the efficiency of burners and boilers as well as using suppressing materials that prevent the emission of harmful gases to the environment.
Monitoring system for waters discharged into the sea
It is necessary to issue rules and legislations to establish advanced and permanent systems to monitor the quality of discharged water back into the sea generated from industrial installations or power stations, in order to ensure their conformance with approved specifications and standards. This should be imposed on all industrial installations that use and treat cooling or process waters that will be discharged back into the sea. Such monitoring system should be centralized and connected with returned water treatment systems in the various industrial companies. It also should be connected with the various departments of the EPA including the "Central Agency for Environmental Emergencies". The monitoring systems should be provided with manpower and equipment to enable it to perform its task. Data should also be collected and passed on to the responsible department within the EPA and on regular bases. It is also important to adopt a Zero Water Di hre sa c g Policy. Such policy indicate that the industrial process, and in any given industrial installation, should not discharge and water quantities that are exceeding the permissible limits, or less, into the sea. This requires the use of advanced and modern technologies or the addition of recycling and treatment units such as large evaporation ponds. However, in the event of continuous water discharges into the sea, the specifications of such water need to be very strict. This might lead to a new additional investment costs.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The use of clean fuel in power stations
As mentioned earlier, one of the main sources of air pollution in the country is from emissions from power stations due to the use of fuel oil that have high pollutant contents. It is, therefore, necessary to reach an agreement between the Ministry of Electricity and Water and Kuwait Petroleum Corporation regarding the use of cleaner fossil fuels that will create less pollution problems e.g. natural gas. If an agreement is not reached, it is then crucial to consider using some technologies that are capable of filtering the emissions before leaving the stacks of the power stations.
Encouraging the establishment of recycling industries
There is a need to establish such types of industries in the State of Kuwait, especially if they are economically feasible so investment can be poured toward this direction. In addition, there is a need to support such industries, and as an incentive, to improve their economics and operations. On the other hand, industries that produce solid products, which are degradable after a certain period of time, should also be encouraged. This needs the adoption of various scientific research activities related to the development of such products. 6-5-4 Measures related to the structures of establishments These measures include the following:
The
development of structures related to environmental protection within industrial establishments: The EPA should intensify its communications with industrial establishments in order to encourage them to develop their own administrative structures for protecting the environment. This is very important to activate pollution prevention and treatment measures. It is also necessary to find suitable mechanisms to reward establishments that work very hard to complete their establishments' structures within the context of the overall environmental protection policy of the country. For this purpose, training and awareness programmes can be established as well as seeking the assistance of experts to create the required institutional structures within the industrial establishments. Perhaps the most important structure is the "Organizing Units" within the administrative structure of these industrial establishments that are directly needed to deal with environmental protection. These units require proper resources to be directed to them and then to coordinate their activities with the EPA, as well as other institutions. This coordination is very important for the monitoring, detection, combating, and the implementation of programmes related and
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relevant to environmental protection. The main tasks of these units can be the following:
Coordinating with the EPA in relation to the implementation of the approved policies and measures related to environmental protection, as well as working as a liaison office between the EPA and ministries or industrial establishments. Up-dating and following up with new news about environmental policies of the country. Monitoring industrial processes, to be performed by the ministry or institutions, in order to ensure their compliance with environmental protection policies and measures. Collecting information, results, and data. Preparation and reviewing environmental emergency plans. These plans need to be prepared in order to combat any potential emergency, which could result in adverse impacts on public safety and environment. Preparation, implementation, and follow up of training and awareness programmes for workers in the ministry or establishments that deals with environmental protection. In addition, they should also follow up on the implementation of preventive measures and proper environmental operating systems of industrial facilities within the ministry or establishments in order to raise the level of environmental awareness between workers. However, despite of the fact that the EPA was established to be the central agency in the country that is responsible for environmental protection, the environment protection system in Kuwait still needs further integration between the main establishments working in this sector. This includes environmental protection units, within the organization structure, that are working in the field of environmental protection, public safety, and industrial security. This weakness in integration will have negative effects on the integration of internal laws and regulations that are being used within these establishments as well as their compatibility with laws and legislations issued by the EPA.
Limiting the interference in responsibilities and authorities
It is extremely important that the EPA take the necessary measures, at the cut l e t cp wt t i e e nei r pni li ad on y e l o oe i h n r r c n e os its n rs v , h e tf e s b ie authorities among institutions and establishments that implement
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environmental protection programmes and projects. The authority should also supervise and manage environmental issues within the industrial and energy sector. It is also feasible to form joint committees between establishments working to implement environment protection policies and measures. These establishments include the EPA, the PAI, the MEW and Kuwaiti Industries Union, the Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and other industrial establishments. This will lead to the minimization or reduction in the interference between these establishments and to the preparation of coordination mechanisms between them.
Enhancing the capabilities of the EPA
The implementation of the programmes stated in the "National Strategy for the Protection of the Environment" requires that the EPA develops and improves the capabilities of its own resources i.e. human, financial, and equipment. This step is necessary to implement and prepare the required laws and legislations and to ensure their proper implementation. In addition, to do follow up, for this, with various industrial establishments and in a highly efficient manner, with the ability to provide technical, logistical, and administrative assistance for the industrial sectors, if needed, and to deal with emergencies. 6-5-5 Legislative measures The measures include the following:
Speeding the process of issuing the special environmental
protection law: This is a corner stone for the integration of environmental protection system in a sustainable manner that sets the main frames for other detailed laws and legislations that deal with different phenomena. This law should include policies and procedures. In addition, relevant establishments, including the industrial sector, should participate in preparing such law.
Integrating policies and laws: It is crucial for the EPA, which is the
central environment protection agency in Kuwait, to ensure the integration of environment protection laws and policies in institutions, industrial companies, and power generation stations. Measures should be taken to ensure reaching optimal situation for the integration of laws and policies. This requires intensifying communications with these institutions and companies at various levels as well as spreading the required awareness about the importance of this integration. It is also necessary to issue general legislations, at the countryl e that se l v, forces all institutions to coordinate with the EPA to reach optimal integration of laws and policies.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Issuing legislations: It is very important to issue the necessary
legislations related to measures and procedures that should be implemented to achieve environmental protection and to combat pollution. This represents a corner stone for the success of national environmental protection policies. It should be noted that despite the importance of setting policies, the success in their implementation requires setting detailed procedures that transform policies into achievable and specific tasks. This means that laws and legislations should be detailed, as regulations that can be implemented by the law through the EPA, which should be given the judicial apprehension in order to prosecute the violating institutions.
Unifying
environmental specifications and standards: It is necessary for the EPA to adopt a national project to unify environmental specifications and standards and then implement them on all sectors in the country. The EPA should play the role of a central coordinating agency for preparing these specifications within an achievable timetable that enables the cooperation and interaction between the various concerned establishments. the "Term of Reference" of all environmental legislations: There is a great need to unify the legislation related to environmental protection. The EPA should be selected as a reference body for this purpose. Therefore, studies should be conducted to determine the main framework of the process of unifying environmental legislations. information, related to the impacts of industrial processes on the local environment, is considered as one of the main elements for the success of proper implementation of environment protection policies at the national level. To achieve this, necessary legislations and frame works, needs to be established in order to ensure providing relevant information and data at the right time, form, transparency and in its authenticity. It is also necessary to identify the procedures of obtaining environmental impacts information as well linking all responsible establishments with efficient information network.
Unifying
The transparency in providing information: The freedom to obtain
Quality certificates programs: With global trade, obtaining quality
certificates, ISO 9000, for industries is crucial to enhance the competitive position of their products in the local and international markets. This also require from the different companies to obtain quality certificates related to environmental protection, safety and ISO 14000.
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This should be implemented gradually through proper timetable. This enables the EPA to coordinate with the PAI and the MEW in issuing necessary legislations and laws to force companies to obtain these certificates without obstructing industrial activities in order to achieve a balance between industrial development and environmental conservation.
Incentive systems: A study should be carried-out in relation to the
possibility of including, within environmental protection legislative policies, comprehensive and diverse incentives for the different sectors responsible for the implementation of environmental protection legislations. These incentives can include administrative, institutional, financial, tax, or preferred measured incentives.
Financial cost: It is a known fact that imposing new environment
protection policies and procedures on existing or new industries requires additional economic investments. It creates burdens that might reduce economic benefits of projects, especially those owned by the private sector. Therefore, a study should be conducted to determine the best methods to be used to reduce such economic burdens on industries without violating environmental policies and regulations. These studies should be conducted in collaboration with all relevant sectors in the State of Kuwait. 6-5 References and sources of Information Abdul Dayem, Mohammad (1998) Science, Technology, and Development: Significant Contemporary Issues. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. Note: Translated Books Series. Al-Ajmi, Mahdi (1996). Human Factors and Their Impact on Natural Environmental Conditions in the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. University Thesis Series. Al-Awadi, Badriya (1996). Environmental Laws in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Specialized Books Series. Al-Farsi AbdulRazzak (1995). Wasting Energy: The Development and Problem of Energy in the Arab World. Center of Arab Unity Studies. Beirut, Lebanon. Ali Al-Naqi, Khadija (1999). Facing the Fu r sEnvironmental te u Challenges through Teaching Education for Sustainable Development. Environmental Issues Series Publications. The Kuwaiti Environment Protection Society and Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Sciences.
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Al-Sharrah, Yaqoob (1986). Environmental Education. University Theses Series. Annual Industrial Report, (2000). Public Authority for Industry. Third Edition. State of Kuwait. Annual Statistics Book, (2001). Electrical Energy. Ministry of Electricity and Water. State of Kuwait. Annual Statistics Book, (2001). Ministry of Electricity and Water. State of Kuwait. Asfari Ahmad (1996). Treatment of Industrial Effluent Waters. Specialized Books Series. Askar, Kamal (1984). Industrial Investment Environment in the State of Kuwait. Specialized Books Series. Gulf Organization for Industrial Consultations, (2001). Proceedings of the "Industrial Environment Management" Seminar. Public Authority for Industry and the National Environmental Services Company, Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, (2000). Natural Resources and Characteristics of the State of Kuwait. Kuwaiti Industries Union (1999). Proceedings of the First Conferences for Kuwaiti Industries: Idsyadt Challenges of the Twenty nut n h r e First Cet y, Kuwait. n r u Mandour, Ahmad and Ramadan, (1990). Economics of Natural and Human Resources. Al-Dar Al-Jameya, Beirut, Lebanon. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, (1996). Kuwait Industrial Guide. Department of Research and Statistics, PAI, Kuwait. Ministry of Planning, (1999). Annual Statistical Collection (36th Edition), State of Kuwait. Organization of the Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (1982). Proceedings of "Environmental Protection against from Oil Industry Pollution". State of Kuwait. Organization of the Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, (1986). Proceedings of the "Technical Meeting of Industrial Safety Experts in the Arabic Oil Industry". State of Kuwait. Public Authority for Industry, (1999). Annual Information Briefing for Companies and Plants in Industrial Areas. State of Kuwait. United Nations Environmental Programme Environmental Expectations, UNEP. (2000). Global
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Note: Other sources include the following: Various publications from the Environment Public Authority, the Public Authority for Industry, and the Ministry of Electricity and Water. Direct communications with many specialists in the field of industrial environment protection.
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Sector Seven Wild Life, Flora and Fauna
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Members of the Wild Life, Flora and Fauna Sector Team Abdul-Mohsen Al-Qallaf Deputy Manager, Landscaping and Greening Department, Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources (PAAFR). Chairman of the team. Manager, Living Resources Department, Environment Public Authority (EPA). Repertoire of the team. Living EPA. Resources Department,
Ms. Muna Nasser Faraj
Mr. Yarub Al-Yehia
Mr. Khalaf Abdul-Hameed Al- Head of Department of Studies and Landscape Design, PAAFR. Shatti Mr. Mohammd Minqara Preparation Dr. Sameera Sayed Omar Kuwait Institute For Research (KISR). Scientific Haytham Technical Advisor, Environmental Affairs Section, PAAFR.
Supervision, review, editing, completion of the the scientific material and reo-organizing it: Dr. Sufyan Al-Tal Senior Advisor, United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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7-1 Introduction: The natural environment of the State of Kuwait is mainly of two types i.e. marine and desert. Although Kuwait is a small country with limited land and marine areas, there are different kinds of wild and marine organisms due to the variation in the nature of soil, meteorology, topography and ecological systems. Before the oil era, the citizens of Kuwait have long depended on natural resources. In the marine environment, they depended on fishing, shrimp fishing and pearl harvesting. As for land resources, they depended on plants for medicine extraction, grazing and hunting of wild animals; in addition, being essential living resources they have social and economic importance. After the discovery of oil, which is a natural non-renewable resource, a social and economic leap has occurred in Kuwait. This was accompanied by environmental and industrial development, population growth, urban and agricultural land expansion, which resulted in increasing the over exploitation of land renewable resources. Due to the limited number of species living in Kuwait environment and its sensitivity, they were adversely and severely affected by human activities. Environmental problems have also increased, especially after t I q snai ad h G lWa w e the oil well were torched and h r i Ivs n n t u e a o e f r hn others were gushing oil leading to the formation of large oil spills in the desert and the sea. The disaster had a degrading effect on the environment. Natural resources are very important resources at the local, regional, national and international levels. Any change and alteration in the environment, from human activities, is usually accompanied with unbearable loss in natural resources. Rehabilitation of the environment is possible, not only by importing advanced technologies but also through proper management, enforcement of laws, and controlling different consumption patterns. Accordingly, it is important to formulate a national strategy to protect wild life and directing the long-term plans towards sustainable resources management for future generations. According to these aims, the State of Kuwait prepared its "National Biodiversity Strategy" in order to set a plan for the rehabilitation of damaged environments and to protect endangered species. It also aims to put the basis and concepts for regulating the sustainable utilization of the environment and its resources.
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7-2 Available resources for wild life and animal sectors 7-2-1 Non-governmental organizations and governmental bodies There are various authorities and organizations that are involved directly or indirectly with regulating the utilization of natural resources. They include:
The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources
(PAAFR): It is considered as the main body responsible for resource management and its protection from degradation. It therefore, responsible for protecting fish, animal and plant resources and accordingly it introduces the related legislations and laws. The authority is also concerned with the protection of the desert environments by establishing protected areas.
The Environment Public Authority (EPA): It is the main body
responsible for setting and implementing public policies for environmental protection and the formulation of sustainable development strategies. The EPA, therefore, shares the responsibilities with the PAAFR in the conservation of the environment. The EPA proposes legislation through the "Permanent National Biodiversity Committee" to ensure adequate and rational utilization and treatment of different species.
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR): The different
research departments such as the "Food Resources" and "Environmental and Earth Sciences" in KISR, conducts research studies or projects that support the national economy, which has a direct relationship with natural resources and importance in developing the sector. These researches mainly deal with technology improvement, rehabilitation of degraded lands, increase agricultural production and the development of fish resources to reach subjective self-sufficiency in certain important resources.
Kuwait University
(KU): It contributes to natural resources improvement, research publications and scientific research through collaboration of its academic personnel and students in the various scientific and technical faculties. contributes directly in developing environmental awareness regarding wildlife through the "Scientific Centre" which was established in 1999. In addition, the foundation funds projects and research related to the development of this sector and the protection of resources.
Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS): It
Kuwait Municipality (KM): It contributes effectively in resources
development and protection
especially after establishing

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the
"Environmental Affairs Department" whose three main domains of influence are environmental urbanization, wild and coastal environments, public health and environmental cleanliness. Also, there are non-governmental organizations that have environmental at ie,w i a r a d t m r e ogn m po co ad cv i i ts h h r e t o a n rai s rt t n n c e le i s ei prevention of environmental pollution. These organizations are the Kuwaiti Environmental Protection Society, Agricultural Engineers Society, Farmers Unions and the Science Club. 7-2-2 Organizational, human, technical, legislative, capacities available for serving the wild life sector awareness
The educational sector set the cornerstone for sciences that are related to wild life development. Hundreds of students graduate yearly from different majors that are related to biodiversity conservation such as botany, zoology, geography, geology and other sciences. Other related qualified employees that work in the governmental sector hold degrees that range from diplomas in agricultural to doctorate in range management sciences, land and wildlife, marine sciences, and specialized agriculture fields. Although there is an availability in national capacities and resources in "Kuwait Zoo" and fisheries resources, there is still a lack in the number of technician in the "Range and Forestation Department" at PAAFR. As for Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, there is sufficient numbers of researchers and workers and in different fields related to ecological, desert, marine and agricultural studies. On the other hand, the EPA has several specialists in the domain of zoology and botany working in environmental protection and conservation. As for the Department of Environmental Affairs at Kuwait Municipality, it has a limited number of specialists. In general, due to the unavailability of a central organization/structure concerned with the management of protected areas, there are many national cadres and specialist that can be found and distributed in different governmental sectors. All these sectors have sufficient human and financial resources to works on monitoring of environmental crises, research, education and awareness. The Ministry of Information and the press work on delivering information to the public through different media channels. Other channels cover different news related to biodiversity. These include magazines such as c neadT cnl y pb se b K S , Si c Maai b Si c n eho g ulhd y IR c ne gz e y e o i e n Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences,T e ni n et h E v om n r Maai b t K w i E v om n l rt t nS c t ad l gz e y h u ai ni n et Po co oiy n An e t r a ei e Ma rMaai ulhd yh Si c Cu ad t r j a gz e pb se b t c ne l n o e . a n i e e b hs
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The Department of Agriculture Guidance at the PAAFR has the responsibility in distributing information to the public. It has its own radio and television programmes. The Department of Environmental Awareness at the EPA broadcasts its awareness programmes through d f et ei canl A fr h K S ,h por c nead ie n m d hne . s o t IR t rga Si c n fr a s e e m e T cnl y i a obodat o t r i addiscusses results of eho g s l racs d n h a o n o s e e d recent projects conducted by the institute and aiming to aware the public. 7-2-3 Legislations, laws and regulations enacted by the governmental sector for the protection of wildlife Several legislations where enacted by governmental bodies and related to the wildlife sector. These include:
Grazing laws
The Law Decree No. 41 for the year 1988, regarding the control of grazing and allocation of areas where grazing is only permitted and the role of the PAAFR in implementing the law. The Law Decree No. 242 for the year 1989, regarding the legal procedures that need to be taken when violating decree No. 41 for the year 1988. The Law Decree No. 242 for the year 1989, regarding the conditions and procedures required for awarding grazing consents and their durations. The Degree Law No. 9 for the year 1987, regarding the prohibition of all acts that deteriorate public cleanliness and vegetation as stated in the second article of the decree that prohibit damaging plants, flowers, trees in public areas. It also including the prohibition of uprooting of all plants in all public areas.
Cleanliness and public utilities
The Law Decree No. 18 for the year 1978, regarding personal safety rules, the protection of public utilities and public resources. This decree penalizes all who destroys or damages public utilities. The Law Decree No. 56 for the year 1980, regarding the Bylaw of Safety Rules for Individual and Public Property, Utilities and Public Resources. It aims at protecting the infrastructures and natural resources. A law decree in relation to the Bylaw of Public Parks. It specifies the responsibilities of Kuwait Municipality in managing public parks i.e. cleaning and protection of the parks with exception to plantation and irrigation. This is considered the responsibility of the PAAFR.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Agricultural quarantine laws
The Law Decree No. 112 for the year 1976, in regard to agricultural quarantine, which includes regulations regarding plant import in any of its parts. The Decree Law No. 10 for the year 1964, regarding preventive procedures from infectious animal diseases and procedures taken upon the detection of any symptoms of infectious disease on animals. The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources Decision No. 10 for the year 1985, concerning veterinary quarantine. Ministerial Decision No. 6/1997, regarding the conditions to be followed by the scientific authorities willing to import special substances that contradicts with the regulations of quarantine. Ministerial Decision 7/1977 regarding, regarding the procedures of handling imported substances and plants through land transborders. Ministerial Decision 8/1977, regarding procedures of entering plants, substances and produce with incoming arrivals. Ministerial Decision 9/1977, regarding the methods of handling with couriers or parcels that do not comply with the restrictions stated by the Agricultural Quarantine Law and denied access by the concerned authorities. Ministerial Decision 10/1977, concerning the charges of disinfecting imported substances.
Resources protection laws
The draft law of "Protected Areas" was proposed by the "Permanent Committee on National Biodiversity". It aims at regulating the utilization of protected areas, allocating prioritised lands for protection and setting conditions and penalties. The law classifies protected areas into natural closed areas, organized natural areas, natural parks, and scientific areas. In addition, the law sets conditions on the utilization of protected areas and includes the following: Islands such as Warba, Bubiyan, Southern Failaka, Ouha, Umm AnNamil, Kubbar, Qarouh and Umm Al-Maradem. Aloar ft ta i K w isei aw t s lcr e sh f ln u ar o l a r le a l t gn e. Desert and coastal areas including Umm Al-Naqa, Umm Gdair, AlKhuwaisat, Kadma, Mugeera, Nuwaiseeb, Sulaibhikat, Wadi Al-Batin, Al-Khiran, Huwailmiya, Judeiliat, Umm Al-Haiman, Sulaibiya and Eastern Jahra. The law prohibits introducing alien animal or plant species to natural protected areas. It also prohibits any act that
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obstructs the efforts made to conserve natural habitats. The law entrusted the EPA to determine the seasons of activities in each protected area and has the responsibility to constantly monitor and observe wildlife with the assistance of other authorities. The law also proposes initiating a guardianship to protect each protected area and report any breach or violation of related laws.
Draft law proposed by the "Permanent Committee On National
Biodiversity" in relation to hunting: A draft Law regarding the regulation of wildlife hunting. This law will provides and grant the EPA the ability to coordinate with other governmental authorities and the jurisdictions to regulate wildlife hunting to ensure its protection.
Administrative decisions:
Decision No. 18 for the year 1998 of the EPA, concerning the establishment of the "Permanent Committee on National Biodiversity".
Decisions:
A draft law regarding the trade in wildlife endangered species. The law is being prepared by the Permanent National Biodiversity Committee.
International agreements:
International agreements such as the agreements on oil pollution of 1969 and the related Protocol of 1976 which was ratified on 24/1/81 according to Law No. 12/1981 and came into effect on 1/7/198. Kuwait Agreement for the Protection of the Marine Environment for 1987 and the International Agreement for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships for 1973, which was ratified on 24/1/1981 according to law No. 9/1981 which came into effect on 29/9/198. UN Agreement for Combating Desertification in Arid and Semi Arid Zones Especially in Africa. This agreement was signed by Kuwait on 22/9/1995 and was ratified according to the Decree No. 134 for 1997 and issued on 22/7/1997. The Decree became effective for Kuwait on 25/9/1997. Biodiversity Agreement, which adopted by Kuwait on 1997 and signed on 9/6/1992. It was ratified in 1995. Available capacities for implementing legislations and regulations To ensure the implementation of legislations, several committees were formulated. These committees included representatives from different
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concerned governmental bodies. The Ministry of Interior has provided assistance to the authorities concerned with regulating land-use, natural resources, and protected areas. These include the PAAFR, the EPA Authority, KISR and KM. The Ministry of Defence also has a role in fencing the National Park of Kuwait and protecting prohibited areas that fall under its jurisdiction. Whereas, Kuwait Oil Company with the assistance of the Ministry of Interior protects all the oil installations and lands that fall under its jurisdiction. 7-2-4 Achievements in wildlife protection All efforts made by governmental authorities and those who are concerned with conservation of wildlife were successful. These attempts resulted in designating four locations to be assigned as protected lands in Kuwait. These include the National Park at Jal Al-Zur, Al-Jahra Pond, Sulaibhikat Bay (Al-Doha) and Sulaibiya (Kabd). The protected areas in Kuwait reached 3,900 m, which represents approximately 22% of the total area of Kuwait. The EPA is continuing its efforts in ratifying the law related to protected areas prepared by the "Permanent Committee on National Biodiversity". This law will be very effective in maintaining biodiversity in Kuwait. Also, the EPA with the assistance of other authorities prepared the National Strategy for the Conservation of Biodiversity. It aims to maintain biodiversity in their natural habitats and rehabilitating environments and agricultural lands. The "National Biodiversity Strategy" is considered as the cornerstone of all efforts made by the adhering parties to bind with commitments stated in the "Convention on Biodiversity". Efforts also aim to include biodiversity conservation within the programmes and plans of all sectors such as the social, political, financial and other sectors. Therefore, the main function of the strategy is to propose a set of specific recommendations for the national efforts in issues concerning the protection and maintenance of biodiversity and the utilization of its elements sustainably. The recommendations need to conclude adopting mechanisms and methods to assist in implementing the strategy programmes and plans. These include determination of responsible authorities, financial funding, national capacities, legislations and regulations and other mechanisms. The EPA also adopted the means required for the participation of governmental and non-governmental sectors in implementing the strategy. This will ensure the participation of all sectors to reach the goals of sustainable development and proper exploitation of resources. At the level of completion, preparation of the biodiversity strategy, the EPA with the support legislative and governmental bodies to demonstrate the
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importance of the strategy to the public and to prepare for improvement of plans and programmes in the different sectors according to a set time framework. The implementation of programmes will also be monitored and evaluated to measure the degree of success and progress. 7-2-5 Available resources for protection and development Although Kuwait is not rich in biodiversity, there are still several marine and desert organisms of remarkable importance. About 374 of plant species identified; most of which are seasonal and used for grazing. More than 350 of bird species were also had been identified, of which 18 are native habitants and 40 species of reptiles. As for mammals there are 28 species, of which 5 are considered as endangered such as the Fennec Fox, Common Red Fox, Honey Badger, Wild Cat and the Grey Mongoose. As for the marine environment it includes 250 types of species of i e er e, 0 t e o zol k n adpy p nt adm r n r ba s20 y s f op nt s n ht l k ns n oe vt t p a o oa o than 240 types of fish, of which 95 live in coral reefs. The marine environment also holds 105 types of algae.
Mammals
There are 10 types of common mammalians that live in the desert, most of which are rodents such as rats and hedgehogs. The Common Red Fox is considered as one of the rare animals. In addition, the Euphrates Jerboa, Caracal Lynx, Desert Wolf, the Honey Badger also lives in the Kuwaiti desert. The Wild Cat, which encounters between the Euphrates River and the Arabian Peninsula, is also one of the distinctive mammals of the Kuwait desert. In the past, the Arabian Deer and hares were living and distributed through the desert. At that time, hunting of such animals was a renowned leisure pursuit. Most mammals are now endangered due to the deterioration of their habitat and the vegetation cover by overgrazing except for the rodents. Therefore, protected areas are considered the only shelter for such mammals and the mean to protect them from extinction. Mammals such as the Common Red Fox, Fennec Fox and Badger need to be protected. In addition, protected areas can be used for the resettlement of extinct mammals such as the Arabian Deer and hares. On the other hand, the white whales as well as the sea cows, dolphins, and marine turtles can be all encountered in Kuwait and can be considered as rare and endangered mammals due to hunting and environmental damages of their habitat.
Birds:
More than 350 species of birds in Kuwait were identified, most of which are migrants especially during the winter and spring seasons. The weather in Kuwait is considered as one of the suitable and important
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environments for migrant birds, to which some has adapted and resettled and accordingly spent more time in the coastal areas. The Al-Doha Protected Areas is also considered important because of its mudflats, within Sulaibhikat Bay. Also, Al- Jahra Protected Area is considered as one of the important humid areas suitable for marine birds, whereas both Sulaibiya and Talha, in the Desert Park, are of a desert climate and more suitable for birds migrating from the north to the south. As for Kubbar Island, it has an important role in the reproduction of many birds. The birds of the mudflats include the Black-Crowned Heron, Cattle Egret, Glossy Ibis, Shelduck, European Wigeons, Grey Plover, and Spotted red Shank. In addition, many other migrating birds during the winter and spring seasons. As for the passage of migrant birds, during the winter season, that stops over the mudflats include the Great Cormorant, Western Reef Heron, Grey Heron, Avocet, Crab Plover, Great Sand Plover, Red Shank, Green Shank, Sandwich Tern, Black Headed Gull and Herring Gull. However, the birds that prefer desert habitats include the Black Kite, Marsh Harrier, Steppe Buzzard, Kestrel, Caspian Plover, Turtles Dove, Swift, Bee Eater, Hoopoe, Roller, Crested Lark, Shallow, Mouse Martin, Grey Wagtail, White Wagtail, Red Start, Red-Blacked Shrike, Masked Shrike and many other birds. As for the permanent settled birds in Kuwait, there are about 18 species that include the owl, dove, "Bulbul" and House Sparrows. Several birds have become extinct due to the lack of laws or legislations that prohibit their hunting, which is usually carried-out by using pistols and hawks. Other types of birds are hunted and sold in the local market such as hawks and other birds of prey. As for Al-Jahra Ponds, it was drained for construction operations to direct water stream to the sea. This resulted in several birds' species fleeing to other areas. Therefore, the EPA took actions to ensure that the pond remains filled with pumping water from the wells in surrounding areas. This pond has an important role in attracting and sheltering birds especially after draining the marshlands in Iraq.
Reptiles
From the 40 identified types of reptiles in Kuwait environment, the "Dhub" is considered as the most popular and common reptile in Kuwait. Other reptiles include snakes and lizards living in the desert. However, marine turtle are considered as the most endangered reptile in Kuwait due to irrational hunting. It needs to be protected including protecting their nesting sites i.e. the islands.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Vegetation
The plants in Kuwait are classified into 6 major types. These include the Rhanterium, Haloxylon, Cyperetum, Panicetum, Zygophylletum, Haloohyletum (Siedlitzia rosmarinus and Tamarix aucheriana). Ecosystems have also been classified into 4 major groups. These include: Barchan sand dunes ecosystem where Zygophylletum, Haloohyletum (Siedlitzia rosmarinus and Tamarix aucheriana) are dominant vegetation. The second type is the coastal plain and lowland ecosystem, which includes Haloohyletum (Siedlitzia rosmarinus and Tamarix aucheriana). The third type is the Desert plain ecosystem, which includes plants such as Rhanterium, Haloxylon, Cyperetum, and Panicetum. As for the fourth type (Escarpments, Ridges and hilly ecosystems) mostly the Haloxylon grows. There are two major sectors for plant production in Kuwait: range lands (1.7 million hectares) occupying 75% of the total area of Kuwait and irrigated agricultural lands (602 thousand hectares), which include planting crops and trees. Available data indicated that wild flora in Kuwait have increased due to the adaptation of some alien species to Kuwait environment. In 1982, there were 285 types of wild flora, 187 of which are Annual, 94 perennial plants, in addition to 4 biennial plants and one perennial tree. Whereas in 1994, the wild flora number was 374 types belonging to 55 species. As for the annual plants they decreased to 256 types and perennial plants decreased to 83. Trees numbered 34 types in addition to one native tree.
Agricultural production
Realizing the importance of agricultural development and the need to reach self-sufficiency in certain type crops using scientific techniques, and planned strategy, the government started encouraging agricultural activities and allocating agricultural lands for investors in Abdili area and Sulaibiya. The government also, provided farmers with equipment, free services and subsidies. In addition, the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources provided guidance and supportive research on to overcome obstacles facing farmers. These efforts showed simple improvement to the agricultural sector. Data shows that implanted lands occupy 4,700 hectares including the preserves and the farms (Public Authority for Agricultural and Fish Resources, 1989, Annual Statistical Report). This represents 0.3% of the total area. However, Agriculture constitutes a limited percentage of the total Gross National Product, adding to that the inadequate methods used in agricultural s and procedures that lead to he inflation of agriculture
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Fig 7-1 The distribution of the vegetation covers in the State of Kuwait.
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Plate 7-1 Examples of desert vegetations of the State of Kuwait.
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caused many environmental problems including sand encroachment, soil erosion and salinization.
Microbes
The soil contains microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, decomposing organisms, which add organic matter to the soil to be consumed by plants. Several types of bacteria and algae exist in Kuwait that can be distracted and utilized. On the other hand, Fungi play an important role in decomposing organic matter in the soil and consume some types of earthworms such as Nematodes and Protozoa, forming a natural biological cycle and minimize their rapid growth. Fungi also play an important role in improving the soil characteristics by stabilization. Cyanophyta is found in bottom soil layers and creates a topsoil layer in the desert. Other microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through an important process called Nitrogen Fixation. Such microorganisms only require carbohydrates and minerals for their growth and energy intake. Examples include Rhizopium, which is found on root nodules, others such as Azotobacter are aerobic bacteria, where as Clostridium is anaerobic type of bacteria. In addition to bacteria, blue green algae contribute in nitrogen fixation process. These organisms are also capable of photosynthesis and oxygen production during nitrogen fixation. Kuwait soil contains large amounts of microorganisms that are cable of oil decomposition resulting from oil pollution. The activity and growth of such microorganisms depends on the concentration of oil in the soil. Therefore, they are very useful in the Bioremediation process. Therefore, soil is a rich medium for microorganisms, where they become dynamic. Sustaining and protecting the soil, preventing its erosion and destabilization can also protect the microorganisms and makes it possible to study them and make use of the beneficial ones.
Fishery resources
Fish resources in the regional waters of Kuwait are considered as one of the most important potentially renewable resources. Unlike other tropical areas, Kuwait waters are characterized by little fish diversity. The percentage of any type does not exceed 15% of the total fish count. In Kuwait there are 15 types of commercial finfish. The most important are: grouper, silvery pomfret, river shad, crimson snapper, silvery grunt, mullet, yellow finned black porgy, silvery croaker, red finned pig face breem and large scaled mullet. The pomfret, mullet, grouper and red snapper are the most popular types. Silvery pomfret is mainly
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concentrated in northern areas whereas the grouper and the crimson snapper are mainly found in the middle and southern parts of Kuwait waters. There are two types of shrimps found in the regional waters of Kuwait. These are economically important, and they are called Penaeus semisulcatus and Metapenaeus affinis shrimps. The first type is about 6080% of the total reserve, and the nursing grounds are coastal shallow waters. Studies made by KISR indicated that this type of shrimps is isolated from all other types found in the neighbouring countries and is mainly found in the middle and southern regions. The reserve of the second type of shrimps is mainly in the northern parts of the Gulf and its nursing ground is in Kuwait Bay reaching Bubiyan and Warba Islands. It is thought that this type of shrimp is common between countries located on the northern parts of the Arabian Gulf.
Coral reefs
About 35 types of coral reefs were identified. All were suffering from degradation caused by anchoring boats and resulting in the destruction of coral reefs. Several important coral reef locations were identified. These i l e A B d F nis, r f n A-J i a t Ma n n u : l ea , uaee O a j , lla ,h cd a t ia a e r eBases, i Bnaider, Salama, Al-Zur, Bnaiya, Had Hmara, Um Al-Aish, Madeira, West Qarouh Island, and Northern West of Um Al-Maradem Island. These coral reefs are important habitats for several fish types and marine organisms. Natural reserves
Reserves that are established by law include the following:
The National Park of Kuwait: It is located in the North western part of Kuwait Bay between latitudes 29o.40-29.30 and longitudes 47o.40 - 47o.50 approximately. The Park is characterized by its location near Jal-Al-Zur escarpment lying near the coast reaching Um Al-Rimam depression. The park includes three types of species: Cyperetum, Panicetum, and Rhanterium and Zygophylletum. The Park also contains several wild animals such as mammals, birds, reptiles and a several types of insects. The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources was assigned to initiate and manage the conservation areas under Article 15 of the Law Decree No. 9 for 1988. The Authority started fencing the site in 1990 and took several actions for its protection. It completed the Northern part of the fence in July 1990 but all work
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halted during the Iraqi Invasion. The site was completely ruined and the all forms of wildlife expired. In 1992, the Ministry of Defence the aid of experts from different countries succeeded in clearing the site from mines, weapons and munitions. The Ministry of Defence started reconstructing the outer fence, protecting and expanding the site to reach 330 km in area. Yet, the Ministry is still facing many difficulties in protecting, management and the restoring the site. Sulaibhikat Bay Natural Reserve "Al-Doha Reserve": The Municipal Decision No. LSH/28/9/88 dated 2/5/88 was issued to establish Al-Doha Reserve which is located on the Sulaibhikat Bay coast on latitude 29o.21 north and longitude 47o.50 East. The area of the reserve is about 4.5 km and it is a natural habitat for migrating marine birds. This reserve also includes several types of coastal vegetation such as Zygophylletum, Halocnemon strobilaceum and Cornnnulaca leucacanth. The reserve is supervised by the EPA with the assistance of the PAAFR. Al-Jahra Bird Pond Reserve: This reserve is located within the forestation area in eastern Al-Jahra City between latitude 29o.21 North and longitude 47o.41 East. This salt marsh is approximately 2.5km in area and consists of water pond that attracts several migrating birds in different seasons. Some of the planted trees in the area include Hippocerepis bicontorta as well as some annual coastal vegetation. Both the EPA and PAAFR are responsible for the protection of the site. Al-Sulaibiya Reserve, Kabd: Al-Sulaibiya Reserve is considered as one of the major reserves in Kuwait. It is located on an area of 20 km and it is allocated for studies and ecological researches. The Reserve is supervised by KISR since 1975. Sulaibiya Reserve falls in the South western Area of Kuwait between latitude 29o.08 North and longitude 47o.42 East. The reserve is protected by the Ministry of Interior, and therefore, it still contains several types of plant life. The most important types are Rhanterium, Cyperetum and Panicetum. There are more than 800 wild floras, some reptiles and mammals such as snakes, foxes, "Dhab and Jerboa" i.e. Gerbil, and several types of migrating birds.
Reserves for ecological studies
Several areas in Kuwait were fenced for studying wild vegetation. They include Um Al-Qurain, Al-Shegaya, Al-Rawdatain, Al-Mu a ,At l la Manaqeesh, Al-Muw adA-Abdaliya. All these locations fall under qa n l a
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Fig 7-2 The location of the protected areas in the State of Kuwait.
Source: Natural Resources of the State of Kuwait, (200), KISR.
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the jurisdiction of the PAAFR. The reserves are used for land reclamation and land grazing studies. Al-Shegaya site was used from 1998-1999 to evaluate the possibility of reclaiming grazing lands in this area where most fenced areas suffer deterioration of vegetation cover caused by overgrazing. Um Al-Qurain Reserve: This reserve was established in 1989 by the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. It is located on the side of Al-Safar Motorway near Bnaider Centre with an area of 1 million m. Al-Shegaya Reserve: It is located in the North western part siding AlSalmi Motorway. Its area is 1 million m and was initiated by the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources in 1989. Al-Rawdatain Reserve: This old reserve was established in 1974. It is located in Al-Rawdatain area, which is well known by the existence of fresh groundwater. Due to the lack of protection in that site vegetation such as Haloxylon salicornicum, Halocnemon strobilaceum and Nitraria retusa have deteriorated. Al-Mul aR sre It is located in the Northern parts of Kuwait t eev: a with a small area of less than 1 km. The reserve contains limited types of plants since the vegetation cover in general is also limited. Al-Manaqeesh and Al-Mu w R sre: These Reserves are q aa eevs similar to the other reserves. It includes vegetations such as Cyperus conglomerates, Plantago boissieri and Halocnemon strobilaceum. Its area is not more than 1 km. Al-Abdili Reserve: The types Rhanterium epapposum, ceperus conglomerates and Horwoodia dicksoniae are distributed throughout the area including much other common annual vegetation. The Reserve has a total area of 1 km.
Reserves/parks proposed by the "Permanent Committee on
Biodiversity": Kuwait Islands are considered important nesting places for coastal b d ad m r e t ts r rdco.Moto t iad a i s n a n u l e out n r i re p i s f h s ns r e l e surrounded by coral reefs. At present no governmental authority is taking the responsibility of protecting the islands. However, some of the islands are used by the Ministry of Interior for their strategic locations. Bubiyan and Warba Islands: Bubiyan is the largest Kuwaiti island falling between latitudes 29o.58-29.35 North and longitudes 48o.2347o.02 East with a rectangular shape of a length of 40 km. Its southern
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coastline extends to the northeast southwest. The island is characterized by uninhibited shorelines away from human activities, hence maintaining several bird and marine species. No thorough studies have been conducted about the island since it is difficult to reach and due to its location near restricted areas. Several The current direction of the government is to utilize and develop the island through the private sectors. The bridge connecting Bubiyan with Subbiya coastline was reconstructed in 1999, to have an easy access to the island. Warba Island is located in the north and is considered as an important island since it includes wetlands and marshes. Therefore, the island is the location for fish and shrimp nursing sites as well as the existence of mangrove. The Permanent National Biodiversity Committee suggests protecting the Northern regions of Bubiyan to the northern boundaries of Warba Island. Kubbar Island: It is located on latitude 29o.04 and longitudes 48o.30. It is a small island in the Arabian Gulf with an area of nearly 2 km. It is rich with perennial plants such as Seidlitzia rosmarinus and shelters several birds especially in the period extending from May to October. In addition to several coral reefs that surround the island. The government is still studying the protection of the island under several conditions. Some guiding signs were put on the island for people visiting the island o their boats during the summer season for leisure. The coral reefs surrounding the island play an important role in maintaining species and marine resources. Qarouh Island: Qarouh Island is located in the southern area between latitudes 28o.45 North and longitudes 48o.46East. It is uninhabited and has as area of 250 hectares. The island contains several kinds of coastal birds and small animals. Marine turtles reproduce on the island. Um Al-Maradem Island: The island is a slightly larger than Qarouh (300 hectares) and is located between latitudes 28o.41 North and longitudes 48o.39East. It is similarly characterized like Karwa with marine birds and small animals. Failaka Island: Failaka Island is located between latitudes 29o.27 North and longitudes 48o.16East and is one of largest Islands in Kuwait (18 km) after Bubiyan and Warba Island. It was inhibited with citizens until the Iraqi invasion, which limited the utilization of the island. Failaka is characterized by the existence of some archaeological sites and a number of important rare vegetation. There is also an attempt to restore and rehabilitate the island to reoccupy the island.
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Um Naqa: Um Naqa is located in the North eastern part of Kuwait and can be reached through Al-Subbiya. Livestock and camels are distributed on the island because of its rich and diverse vegetation. The most common types are Haloxylon salicornicum, Rhanterium, Cyperetum and some perrineal plants. Al-Khiran: Al-Khiran is located in the South eastern parts of the Arabian Gulf coastline. This area is saline wetland and includes two gulfs that are locally called Khour Al-Mufteh (Open) and Khour AlAmai (closed). The area is at an elevation of 5 m from the sea level and includes several types of plants. It is rich in wild animals and flora. The site is a tourist attraction due to the beauty of its coastline. The importance of protecting this area has been emphasized by many concerned parties as it contains rare plants and salt tolerant vegetation. The Khours are also important nursing grounds for certain types of fish and shrimps. Wadi Al-Batin: This area extends from Al-Shegaya in the southwest of Al-Abraq and is characterized by the extension of Wadi Al-Batin depression, which is considered as one of the deepest depressions in Kuwait. Wadi Al-Batin contains rare wild plants and animals. In addition, to protecting other locations it was proposed other desert areas such as should be include such as Um-Gdair, Al-Khuwaisat, Kadma, Al-Mugeera, Sulaibhikat, Al-Huwailmiya, Al-Judeiliat, Um Al-Haiman, Al-Nuwaiseeb. Coral reefs in the following locations should be also be protected: Al-B d F nis, ea , uaeeOraifjan, Al-Jlaia'a, a t the marine bases, Bnaider, Salama, Al-Zur, Had Hmara, Um Al-Aish, Madeira, west Qarouh Island, North west of Um Al-Maradem Island. Other locations: Access to some areas in Kuwait is restricted due to its military nature or economic sensitivity (oil sites). These areas are safeguarded by the government and include; Al-Rawdatain on the Kuwaiti- Iraqi borders (protected by UNIKOM), Southern parts of Burgan, Kuwait International Airport and other military locations. The role of the authorities responsible for the protection of reserves The construction and protection of parks is undertaken by the Public Authority of Agriculture and Fisheries Resources and the Environment Public Authority. The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is responsible for ecological studies and documentation of information, while the coordination between the different sectors is usually undertaken by the Permanent National Biodiversity Committee. The Permanent National Biodiversity Committee was established to consider international treaties and conventions such as the Convention on Biodiversity and the Convention on Wetlands. The above committee also
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supervises the preparation of the National Wildlife Strategy, which aims at the protection of biodiversity in its natural habitat, reclaimed and cultivated lands. In addition, the Committee aims to conservation of species to ensure sustainability for the benefit of the future generations. Other governmental authorities also contribute in the safeguarding of restricted areas. These include the Department of Vital Developments in the Ministry of Interior and the Department of Military Developments in the Ministry of Defence. The Ministry of Interior protects all vital oil locations, whereas the UNIKOM protects the Kuwait-Iraqi borders. Accordingly, livestock grazing is prohibited and thus wildlife and vegetation cover is protected. Non-Governmental Organizations such as the Kuwaiti Environmental Protection Society and Kuwait Scientific Club also contribute to the protection of wildlife and the environment by organizing awareness programs. It should be mentioned that there hasnt enay eel go ay i s be n r ti f n k d s tn n of animals in the natural habitat except for the Zoo. Kuwait Zoo is supervised by the Public Authority of Agriculture and Fisheries Resources and private farms. On the other hand, Kuwait Municipality is responsible for land use and land allocation. As for Kuwait University, it contributes in the development and training of professionals in the fields of Botany, Zoology, Marine and Desert studies. Also, Kuwait Diving Team makes great efforts in the cleaning of coastlines and the salvation of sunken ships. The Scientific Club, through i G vroa s t oe r e s n t Environment Committee took several steps to initiate a Natural Reserve Team to increase the awareness of youths and encourage them to protect and sustain natural resources. 7-2-6 Current and future directions concerning wildlife The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources plays an important role in the development of the agricultural sector, the management of reserves, pest control, pesticides use and the protection of planted trees and plants. The Authority also regulates the utilization and protection of rangelands, the import and export of animals, the protection of wild birds and animals, fishing, disease control and quarantine. The Authority has an inclusive system working on those issues. The authority also, provides consultancy and information to farmers and supports them through subsidies according to specific regulations in this regard. The Authority plants some wild flora such as Rhanterium to rehabilitate the deteriorated lands. On the other hand, the procedures adopted by the Authority regarding the conservation of habitats still requires more support from other authorities especially in the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws and regulation.
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In year 2000, the Permanent National Biodiversity Committee also proposed a law decree to regulate and prohibit hunting in specific seasons to protect endangered species. The committee also prepared a law for trading and selling wild animals to control mishandling of pets and wild animals. Therefore, the government prohibits fishing of pomfret during the month of May and shrimps for three months starting from April. As for Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), it provides scientific information regarding natural habitats and species. It also plays an important role in species conservation, rehabilitation of deteriorated habitats especially in the Sulaibiya Reserve, the fenced sites for ecological studies and the National Park of Kuwait. The Institute also established the Herbarium for preservation of wild plants. It contains seeds of collected by researchers to be planted using tissue plantation, which succeeded in planting Ochradenus baccatus, Rhanterium epapposum, Lycium shawaii, Nitraria retusa and Iris sisyrinchium. The institute also prepared the Site Master Plan for Kuwait Botanical Garden and Eco-Park, which will be established by the Al-Waqf Fund for the Protection of the Environment, the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. The aim of the project is to protect the different types of local plants and inducing its growth. It also aims to provide an opportunity for study and research in the field of Botany, documentation, increase the cultural and environmental awareness, enhance social activities in addition to experimenting in the fields of insects and genetics to create new species tolerant to salinity and arid zones. The project also aims to provide opportunities for optimum utilization of vegetation with economic revenue and to encourage cultivation of wild plant to be used in gardening. The Al-Waqf Fund for the Protection of the Environment also tries to obtain funds for the project. On the other hand, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research also initiated the BioRemediation Park of initiating the treated soil park in Al-Ahmadi area with the cooperation of the Energy Centre of Japanese Petroleum and the Kuwait Oil Company. This project aims to indicate the preliminary results regarding the suitability of reclaimed oil polluted soil for tissue planting. This Park, which is considered as the first of its kind in the Middle East, consists of a research area and other areas for establishing a Japanese Garden, in addition to recreational activities. Research studies include evaluation and comparisons of trees, bushes, topsoil, and grass, which were planted on reclaimed and agriculture soil. They also gave recommendations for the future utilization of reclaimed soil in landscaping.
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Other sectors make efforts in preparing awareness programs especially during the spring season when camping, picnics and desert trips and during the summer season, when the sea cruises and leisure are common. These sectors include are Environmental Protection Council, Kuwait Institute for scientific Research and The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. The Ministry of Information also contributes in presenting educational programs in this regard. The Environment Public Authority in cooperation with KISR prepared a series of films about wildlife in Kuwait. On the other hand, the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Higher Education plan to prepare courses of related to environmental protection and conservation for different education levels. Participation of volunteers in different related activities such as workshops, seminars organized by the Kuwaiti Environmental Protection Society and the Scientific Club is also noted. Many youths also contribute in programs, organized by the Scientific Club, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences and the Environment Public Authority for bahcat ad ee ev om n l n g ec,os ln dsr ni n et c ai . a t r s e n 7-3 Major issues of concern that are threatening wildlife, overexploiting its resources and obstructing achieving sustainable development Although that there are important accomplishments and achievements for protecting wild life in Kuwait, however, there are some habitats in Kuwait that are still suffering from degradation. The causes are mentioned below and rated according to their importance, where 1 is the most important: 7-3-1 Deterioration of the vegetation cover (1) The Rhanterium species, which were widely distributed in Kuwait environment, have deteriorated due to overexploitation through overgrazing and uprooting. Some species have disappeared and only exists in protected or restricted areas. Also, some types of truffles, which were widely spread in the Dibdiba also disappeared due to the over harvesting and as a result become rare. During the seventies, Kuwait Institute for scientific Research (KISR) implemented some projects to grow truffles in labs. Kuwait University also contributed by providing recommendations in this regard. However, more studies and researches are still required before growing truffles in the natural habitat. Some European and Arab countries such as Morocco, Saudi Arabia export truffles to Kuwait.
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In addition to that, some rare plants became difficult to spot. This is due to deterioration of its habitat such as Al-Khiran, Failaka Island, Jal AlZur and Um Al-Rimam depression. Many of these are important habitats for rare plants such as Iris sisyrinchium. Overgrazing is considered the main reason for the destruction of the vegetation cover, where the number of livestock exceeds the capacity of the rangelands. Also, grazing goats usually causes the destruction of the vegetation cover as it uproots plants and inhibiting its growth. Plant destruction also increases desert areas, soil loss and land degradation. Green bushes are also considered important in soil stabilization and preventing their dispersal in the air causing health hazards. Organic matters remaining from the dehydrated perennial plants during the summer season also assist in stabilizing the soil, circulation of nutrients and preserving soil humidity. 7-3-2 Environmental pollution (2) The State of Kuwait suffers from pollution resulting from industries, sewage systems, improper solid waste disposal and many others. All these activities have negative impacts on the habitats of many living organisms. Therefore, it is important to manage waste by recycling, or disposal using environmental friendly alternatives and techniques. The most serious problem is wastewater discharge to the sea. This issue should be tackled promptly and swift action should be taken to prevent the pollution of main source of drinking water and habitat of fish resource, which has an economic importance. 7-3-3 The extinction of some types of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles (2) The Kuwait habitat has nestled several types of terrestrials and marine organisms. The coastal environment and especially the mudflats are considered one of the important habitats for marine organisms such as mudskipper and for shrimp nursing ground. These habitats are under severe pressures due to coastal developments and wastewater pollution. The Arabian deer also became extinct due to irrational hunting, as well as some birds such as the Houbara Bustard, which became rare. All these animals need to be resettled. On the other hand, nesting sites of turtles have also deteriorated and caused the decrease of their numbers especially in islands due to human activities. 7-3-4 Lack of environmental awareness among individuals and decision makers in issues related to wildlife biodiversity (3) The main reason of environmental degradation and the extinction of certain species is the lack of environmental awareness among individuals
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and decision makers. This is due to the deficiency in educational programs within the academic institutions concerning environmental conservation. In addition, there is a lack of activities, which usually aims to increase public awareness in protecting natural resources. 7-3-5 Incomplete development of natural reserves, rangelands and national parks (3) The natural reserves suffer from problems such as fence destruction, hunting within the protected areas and grazing. Also, the current reserve management is fragmented due to the multiplicity of sectors concerned with wildlife protection. Lack of capacities in implementing protection conditions is another problem. If present, they still lack the legal tools and jurisdiction. Also, lack of research and evaluation studies regarding reserves condition as well as the absence of constant monitoring and observation of species usually result in lack of information regarding the current status of the different species. 7-3-6 Over consumptive patterns that overexploits natural resources and pressurizes wildlife (2) Increased urbanization and over growing population resulted in overexploitation of the natural resources. Also, over consumption patterns led to the overexploitation of several resources especially those of economic importance such as fish and shrimps. Many citizens go to the desert and sea for recreational and leisure. Such activities caused environmental pressures and degradation to the different habitats that many organisms live in. 7-3-7 The negative Impacts of the Iraqi Invasion on flora and fauns Wildlife (3) The Iraqi troops destroyed more than 780 oil wells, which led to the spilling of oil on land and sea resulting in the worst intended environmental disaster man have ever known. The disaster had serious long term negative impacts on both marine and desert environments. The Iraqi invasion also sank many ships carrying hazardous substances as well as the movement of military artillery in the desert caused the damage of topsoil, which added to the desertification and land degradation. 7-3-8 Retreating from enforcing laws and legislations related to the protection of natural resources of the country (1) Most of the environmental laws relating to biodiversity are not strictly implemented because of the absence of a legal body that supervises their implementation. To implement laws and legislation a legal team that supervises controls and enforcement is required. The state support and public cooperation by respecting laws is also vital. Legislations should
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also be reviewed to be more effective and be able to change people behaviour rather than penalizing them. 7-3-9 Lack of coordination mechanisms between governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations concerned with wildlife (3) Habitat protection and conservation requires coordination between the different concerned sectors in all domains especially in regulating land use and enforcement of laws. Hence, there should be complete provision of coordination between all sectors to protect the wildlife. For example, there should be an educational and awareness program prepared by the various sectors concerned with wildlife to alleviate the awareness level within the society. In addition, the different roles of each organization should be determined as well as initiating committees related to the issues of wildlife and providing financial support to accomplish their mission. 7-3-10 Lack of financial support for the protection of wildlife sector and leniency in establishing the Desert Park (3) The National Park of Kuwait suffered from destruction during the Iraqi invasion, overgrazing and animal hunting. The vegetation cover in the Park requires rehabilitation and extinct wild animals require resettlement such as the Arabian deer. To achieve these goals, financial support should be provided as well as determination of qualified personnel to establish the park and implement a long-term protection plan set by KISR with the cooperation of other governmental authorities. 7-4 Direct causes of overexploitation and deterioration of Wildlife resources and their habitats There are several reasons leading to the overexploitation of wildlife resources and their habitats. The factors, which affect wildlife, were identified. Most of these factors are due to the irrational resource consumption. The impacts of projects were not assessed and wildlife habitats were not considered at the different project phases. The following are the direct causes mentioned according to the types of habitats (e.g. land, marine and coastal). 7-4-1 Marine and coastal habitats
Over fishing of fish and shrimps and the use of unlicensed fishing
methods: The actual commercial exploitation of fish resources started in 1965. Many private companies started trawling shrimps using industrial ships. The quantities were at its highest rates (700-900 kg/day). However, the rates started decreasing gradually due to over fishing in the early
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seventies until it reached to 180-270 kg/day by the early eighties. Although fishing laws and legislations were set for certain types of fish and shrimps and determination of the fishing seasons, over fishing remains to be the main reason for the decrease in fish and shrimp catch. The use of commercial ships and nets led to the decrease in fish and shrimp abundance in Kuwaiti waters.
Pollution generated by industries, sewage discharge and the
drainage of the marshes: Seawater quality hsdt i a ddet t d psl f ii ut a e r r e u o h i oa o o n sys eo t e s l d r wastewater, sewage as well as the drainage of the marshes. All these factors increased the problem of the red tide, which reached its optimum level in 1999/ 2000. Harmful planktons increased to a level that caused the kill of tons of fishes including types of commercial value and economic revenue.
Oil pollution resulting from oil tankers and accidental spills from
collisions: Accidents such as metal corrosion and pipe rupture can lead to oil spill into seawater inhibiting the growth of planktons and killing many types of marine organisms. Unintentional accidental are considered one of the major reasons for marine pollution. These accidents can be avoided by proper monitoring of the pipe and tank conditions, in addition to the continuous maintenance of equipment and tools. Coast guards should supervise passing and anchored tankers to ensure their compliance with marine laws concerning the unloading of excessive shipments into the seawater.
Hazardous substances from sunken ships and dumping solid
wastes in the Gulf. Another type of pollution in the Gulf is the sunken vessels especially during the Iraqi Invasion. Some ships contain toxic and hazardous substances and munitions that adversely affect the marine life. Some authorities such as the Kuwaiti Diving Team lift the sunken ships and rebels to be disposed of in an environmental friendly manner. Those who assist the Diving Team include: the Environment Public Authority, the Coast Guard, the Kuwait Petroleum Cooperation and Others.
Anchor Coasting on the Coral Reef
The random anchoring of leisure and fishing boats is one of the reasons for coral reef destruction.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Marine cruises causing the destruction of habitats that are
important for reproduction of birds and turtles. Islands are leisure places for many people during the summer. These islands are characterized by its beautiful beaches and clam waters. Frequent visits to the islands have several impacts for different reasons such as the disposal of plastic bags and domestic wastes, the destruction of nests and eggs of some birds and marine turtles as well as the destruction of coral reefs. In addition, military facilities were founded such as marinas, roads and the placement of some animals without any consideration to their impacts on the environment. 7-4-2 Desert habitat
Quarrying resources utilization
The increasing development activities in Kuwait including urbanization and industrial expansion as well as the reconstruction of many buildings after the Iraqi invasion required the availability of more building materials such as the sand, gravel and building tones. This led to the exploitation of more quarries such as Ras Al-Subbiya, Jal Al-Zur escarpments (North East) and Um Al-Madafei (North West) and around various oil wells. Although the government took some action to control the problem, several private companies still excavates sand and building materials from different locations. Quarrying, leads to sand displacement, erosion and degradation. The benefiting companies should be obliged to rehabilitate the sites and consider the environment by recovering the damaged vegetation cover.
The random driving of vehicles and four-wheel drives in the
desert. This action led to the destruction of the vegetation cover especially during the spring season when most people camp, hunt and drive in the desert randomly. Four-wheel drive vehicles cause soil compacting and erosion of the topsoil necessary for the growth of vegetation. It would be very difficult to restore it unless highly expensive mechanical methods are used. Therefore, specific tracks should be allocated in the desert for driving to minimize the environmental damage.
Urban expansion against wild lands that sustain flora and fauna
wildlife. Coastal development especially in southern regions of Kuwait City has led to the destruction of several habitats especially the mudflats the nursing grounds for shrimp and fish. Land urbanization has also led to the destruction of desert habitats and loss of wild flora and fauna. Therefore, desertification and land deterioration was also increased by oil
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Plate 7-2 An examples of soil degradation as a result of camping activities.
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Plate 7-3 A vegetation cover at a desert area.
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Plate 7-4 Images of ranges and grazing activities in Kuwait.
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exploration and military activities. The problem of sand encroachment and sedimentation has also increased.
Overgrazing in fragile habitats leading to the extinction of some
wild species. Overgrazing of livestock in wild lands is one of the major causes of extinction of some species of flora. Such animals compete with other wild herbivores. Due to the increase in numbers of livestock and easy accessibility to water in such remote areas and as profitable business grazing has become more than a traditional living resource for Bidwins. Grazing is carried out all the year through without legal restrictions for the number or size of herds owned. The Administration Affairs at the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources are responsible for implementing regulations in this regard. Although procedures for imposing the Law of Grazing stated the western areas of the country as the only permitted areas for grazing, this alternative seems to be insufficient for livestock raisers. Therefore, this law was defied and livestock owners must be encouraged to use animal ranches in Kabd and Al-Wafra areas and discontinue the use of wild lands not allocated for grazing.
Camping and promenading
During winter and spring seasons, many citizens find their way to the desert for leisure. Although such places are ideal for relaxation and rest, people inappropriate practices led to loss of the vegetation cover. Berm construction around the camps and vehicles movement increased the loss of vegetation cover, land degradation and biodiversity deterioration. Therefore, camping activities should be regulated.
Wrong agricultural practices leading to the disturbance of natural
balance. The main reason for deterioration of Rhanterium epapposum species in AlWafra agricultural area and Haloxylon salicornicum Al-Abdili area is the utilization of such wild plants in air conditioning greenhouse agriculture. Irrational use of pesticides in controlling pests in Al-Sulaibiya, Al-Wafra, and Al-Abdili led to the destruction of nearby wild plants. Therefore, adopting adequate agricultural practices is a national responsibility for all. Farmers should be educated and encouraged to use safe agricultural alternatives to control pests.
Land use practices in Solid Waste Disposal
Kuwait suffers from several environmental problems mainly related to the disposal of solid wastes. Old methods of disposing waste (landfill) are still being used, which requires massive areas and causes land
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contamination reducing the opportunities for future development plans. Kuwait Municipality studies future projects to create suitable solutions for this problem and minimize its negative impacts on the environment.
Lack of human, technical and legislative capacities in wildlife
management. Capacities working in the field of wildlife protection are seldom, and therefore, they need to be developed. Students should be encouraged to specialize in related studies as well as improving employees' knowledge and technical abilities in wildlife management and protection through proper training.
Expansion of oil exploration activities and its effect on wild life.
Kuwait Oil Company is responsible for oil exploration in oil fields and conducts studies to determine its characteristics. Areas outside the m t pla a aa cni r udrt C m ay at ry Ol e oo t r r os e d ne h o pn u oi . i r in e e de e s h t drilling processes results in the destruction of the vegetation cover in the oil fields. Therefore, Kuwait Oil Company was concerned with fencing the sites to prohibit grazing of livestock in the oilfields. This resulted in the recovery of vegetation in many areas such as Burgan and AlRawdatain. However, considerations should still be taken to ensure that all operations are less damaging to the environment. The company also executes some agricultural activities and researches on sand encroachment and stabilization.
Total destruction of several forms of wildlife resulting from the
Iraqi invasion and oil- well fires. The Iraqi invasion had several negative long-term effects on the environment. In addition to burning and torching of more than 780 oil wells, crude oil was spilled in the marine and desert environments. Air pollution from the fires, movement of artillery, the spreading of munitions, mines as well as the digging of military trenches all had serious negative impacts on soil and lands. They also have long-term negative effects on human health and other environmental damages. Such effects are still being studies by different governmental sectors.
Conflicts and overlapping of decisions regarding land allocation
and use by the different authorities and the unsustainable development. Kuwait Municipality is considered the responsible for land use planning. However, there are other governmental bodies have similar responsibilities such as Kuwait Oil Company and Ministry of Defence. In addition, the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources allocates land for forestation and agricultural projects.
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Most of wild lands in Kuwait are used for grazing livestock. At the same time, decisions and interests in regard to land allocation and use, issued by the different authorities usually overlap. Conflicts between the different authorities over land use issues are continuously increasing due to the increasing economic, social and security demands. This includes oil exploration, waste disposal, housing, natural reserves, forestation, leisure f its t T e im r i uta epni t gnr e o e ad a li e . hr s oe n si xas n o ee t pw r n cie c e d rl o a water desalination as well as oil products. The Ministry of Defence also utilizes land and marine resources for military operations leading to environmental pollution and the degradation of wild and marine life. The Ministry of Public Works also constructs networks of highways and sewage systems in different areas without taking into consideration the effects on the environment. The Ministry of Electricity also that erects ground and overhead power lines, which also have effects on the wildlife.
Lack
of coordination between governmental Governmental Organizations (NGOs).
and
Non-
Biodiversity protection is a responsibility of all stakeholders. Hence, mechanisms should be established to facilitate coordination between the different resource utilizers and specifying the responsibilities of each party to control damage of the environment and wildlife. The current governmental structure should take into consideration the biodiversity issues in all decisions and in the implementation of current and future development projects.
Inventories of living organisms and their habitats are concise.
There is no specific authority responsible for conducting an inventory for the living organisms and its habitats. Kuwait University plays an important role in this domain but the current studies are not comprehensive and include types of plants and animals. Researches on different types of living organisms, their numbers, distribution, types of habitats and their reproduction mechanisms should also be included. KISR conduced several contractual researches for different beneficiary parties. Most projects have scientific and economic benefits. Other importance governmental bodies that contribute in the management of biodiversity include the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources and the Environment Public Authority.
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policy is inequitably
applicable to development projects. Impact Assessment policies for the various development projects is an important tool that can be used to maintain environmental equilibrium and sustaining biodiversity. Retreating from adopting such policies,
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results in lack of comprehensive knowledge of environmental damages resulting from developmental projects. Therefore, it is also important to mitigate the adverse impacts of such projects.
Softness in enforcement of legislations related to the protection of
natural resources. As mentioned before, there are several legislations and decisions issued to protect the biodiversity such as grazing, cleanliness and protection of public utilities. Yet, these regulations are not imposed as required due to the absence of a trained governmental jurisdiction body. Also, other governmental institutions are not providing enough assistance for the full compliance with such regulations. Such regulations are only imposed during specific seasons, when pressure on resources increase. For example, the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources implements grazing laws during summer when livestock raisers and owners are asked to transfer their herds to permitted locations. However, during winter and spring seasons and when grazing is at its maximum levels, the regulation is not fully imposed. Kuwait Municipality also imposes legislations during the summer and retreat from imposing such laws during the long camping season between October and April. This results in soil erosion and inhibits the recovery of vegetation.
Absence of clear policies related to the protection of biodiversity
within governmental and non-governmental involved in the wildlife sector.
organizations
There are no clear policies for biodiversity protection. The Environment Public Authority rarely directs other institutions to take strict actions to protect species, control environmental pollution and take environmental considerations in the various development projects. Each sector works individually in implementing development projects without referring to the Environment Public Authority. Due to the absence of clear policies for biodiversity protection, neither governmental, non-governmental bodies nor the public are eager to conform to regulations and work hard enough to control environmental degradation. Pollution resulting from sewage systems and industries is considered the main reason for the deterioration of fishery resources. Responsible governmental bodies should find quick solutions for these problems to control pollution and conserve marine life.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Insufficient financial resources allocated for the protection of
wildlife. Since it is not considered as a priority on the government agenda, projects aiming at developing wildlife and protection are minimum. The Ministry of Finance does not provide sufficient financial support and usually r ue t aoa fns o t s et . h Mi syo It i dent e sso l ct ud frh sc rT e n t fn r r os f l e i o ir eo allocate funds for jurisdiction of legislation related to the protection of reserves. All projects related to resettlement, observation, and monitoring of wildlife cannot obtain enough financial funding from the different parties.
Over consumption patterns leading to over exploitation of fragile
wildlife resources. Any natural imbalance adversely affects species especially the sensitive. Over consumption such as over fishing or hunting and killing wild animals leads to the extinction of the endangered species affecting its living patterns and part of the food chain. Hence, there should be an extreme caution in disturbing the natural balance and exposing organisms to the dangers of extinction.
Retreating from the ratification of international treaties and
protocols for biodiversity protection that was not certified by Kuwait and the lack of enough support form international organizations. There are several international agreements that were not ratified by Kuwait such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973 and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory species wild animals, 1979. 7-5 Methodologies and procedures required to resolve problems facing the wildlife sector and maintain its sustainability Several procedures and methodologies should be adopted to achieve the general objectives of the wildlife protection in the Strategy. These can be concluded as following: 7-5-1 Institutional procedures Biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources cannot be maintained by natural conservation only. Ministries and institutions decisions have major role in the conservation. Hence, biodiversity should be merged in the national decision-making and through programs and policies of the related sectors. This includes the health, commercial, economic and other sectors.
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KISR prepared strategies for the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fse e R sucsT e itsh ee p et f l t n A i a i r s eor . h fsit D vl m n o Pa ad nm l hi e r e o n R sucs yh A r u ue et T e eod sh t t y o the eor b t gi l r Sc r h scn it Sr e fr e e ct o. e ag D vl m n o Fse R sucs,n t t t y o G en gad ee p et f i r eor ad h Sr e fr r i n o hy e e ag en L nsai o t E v om n . l so po cn nt ar e al adcp g fh ni n et Pa fr rt t g a r e w b n e r n ei uln e resources, human resource utilization, agricultural education, technology transfer and application were also prepared. K S a ocm le t o S re rj t n asc t at ie, IR l o p t h S i uvy po c ad s ie cv i s ed e l e o a d i ts which provide basic information on the land utilization in the development of irrigated agriculture and classification of Kuwaiti soils according to international standards. In year 2000, the Environment Public Authority with the cooperation of other authorities organized an international conference on biodiversity. Group of scientists and interested people in biodiversity issues participated in the conference. KISR organized svr i e aoa cne ne sc a h ee l n r t nl of ecs uh s T e a tn i r International Conference on the Development of Arid Zones in the Arab G lC utew i w s e i K w if m2-26 March 1996. u on i , h h a hl n u a r 3 f rs c d to In order to improve the merging and coordination processes, the following procedures are proposed:
Studying the method by which the governmental organizations and
legislations handles biological resources management. Also, setting a national mechanism to monitor and coordinate policies and governmental actions, which may directly or indirectly affect the biodiversity. Therefore, merging the authorities responsible for the sectors of resources and environmental, i.e. the Environment Public Authority and the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. The establishment of the Ministry of Environment and Agriculture, is therefore, recommended. Through this merge human resource utilization and coordination will be optimum.
Increasing the governmental awareness levels in regard to the
importance of biodiversity and the way their decision affects this sector. This can be done through the following: P b si r a di om t nadi r s gw re w r es n ulh g e t n r ao n n e i okr a a ns i i n le f i c an s e biodiversity issues. Training of technicians and decision makers from different institutions and increasing their awareness on the development, conservation and utilization of biological resources. Also, making optimum utilization of the available capacities to benefit from their experience.
Support of the Permanent National Biodiversity Committee, which
was established by the Environment Public Authority and includes
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representatives from governmental and non-governmental bodies. Providing financial support for the projects proposed by the committee to ensure their effective implementation and its participation in local, regional and international conferences and periodical meeting.
Revising the national strategies related to the development of the
agriculture sector in the domain of animal, plant and fish resources. In this regard, KISR, the Environment Public Authority and the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources prepared national strategies and plans for the development of resources and the ar u ue et . h i l e t aoaPa fr r n g,h gi l r sc rT i n u sh N t nl l o G e i t ct o s cd e i n en e t t yfrh D vl m n o A i a R sucs i ad i t Sr e o t ee p et f n l eor n dio o ag e o m e tn t aoa Sr eyfrBoi rt . l t s sa g shv h N t nl t t e i a g o i v sy Al h e t t i ae d e i e re e attainable objectives aiming at the conservation of renewable natural resources and its development. It is now necessary to implement these strategies and set certain mechanisms for financial and human resource management to ensure its effective implementation as planned.
Continue protecting rangelands from deterioration. Governmental
bodies should consider the importance of rangelands for the different species and as ecological systems. Also, those bodies should develop the land use programmes of rangelands to be based more adequate and rational taking into consideration the development of rangelands wildlife, vegetation cover, and animal production.
Developing and training of human resources and providing financial
support to monitor and protect nursing grounds of marine organisms and to benefit from studies related to fishery resources. Several important sites and coral reefs were located for protection by the Permanent National Biodiversity Committee. The areas include all islands and surrounding coral reefs that fall in regional waters. Concerned authorities such as the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources should work on protecting these areas with the cooperation of the Coast Guard, Ministry of Interior.
Establishing a coordination mechanism between governmental and
non-governmental organizations concerned in the protection of plant and animal wild life. This mechanism is to deal with emergency situations and prevent persistent problems. These are all done through establishing an Emergency Response Team within institutions. This team should have the ability to take fast actions to protect wildlife when endangered.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Establishing a centre for wild animal rehabilitation and resettlement
under the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources with the coordination of KISR. The centre role is to rehabilitate distressed animals and resettle them in reserves or in its own habitat where they were found. The centre can receive all types of wild animals where they can be treated and sheltered. The public can also be educated on the means of protecting wild animals through the programmes and documentaries provided by the centre.
Encouraging the participation of the private sector in funding projects
that aims at increasing environmental awareness, public education and protection of the different wild species. For example, the private sector can be encouraged to participate in establishing the Botanic garden of Kuwait and The Desert Museum of Living Wild Animals, which is proposed to be established within the National Park of Kuwait.
Regulating land and island utilization for agriculture grazing and
leisure purposes. This can be done through allocating areas for such activities and determining restricted sites. In addition, it is important to adhere to the Third Master Plan of Kuwait prepared by Kuwait Municipality and ensure that land use legislations are complied with. It is also recommended to study the possibility of dividing Kuwait into two parts in terms of land use and activities. The northern part is for environmental protection where regulated leisure and hunting are permitted. The southern areas are used for irrigated agriculture, fodder production and raising livestock round the year except for restricted areas under the control of Kuwait Oil Company and Ministry of Defence.
Controlling environmental pollution and setting regulations to
minimize the negative impacts on natural resources. This can done through: Controlling oil pollution originated from oil tankers and industries. Controlling networks. contaminants resulting from sanitary wastewater
Controlling solid waste and implementing a waste recycling law. Supervise development projects and considering environmental issues. Implementing the conditions stated in the of Environmental Impacts studies of development projects. Removal of sunken ships and rehabilitation of affected marine habitats. Mine and artillery clearance, as they are still found in the desert.
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Set regulations and conditions for quarrying and exploitation to ensure the rehabilitation of the sites. Set regulations and conditions to prohibit the use of anchors by fishing and leisure boats to minimize the negative impacts on the coral reefs. Instead, a marina can be constructed in some areas for anchoring boats.
Prepare monitoring and observation systems. Authorities participating
in such activities should also be specified as well as the locations of the observatories, from which wild and marine animals will be constantly observed. Observation can take place periodically round the year. The Geographic Information System (GIS) can also be used to document information and monitor the conditions. This assignment can be conducted by KISR, which has technical and human resources for the task. An information network on wildlife monitoring can be established, where several individuals and institutions can participate to provide required information.
Supporting preventive veterinary programs and quarantine to avoid
the incoming of non-native diseases. This is done by providing sufficient financial and administrative support to the concerned authorities i.e. the Public Authority of Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. Information on diseases and agricultural pests should be provided. Moreover, it is important to ensure that no infected species pass through to the country. Farmers should be encouraged to use biological methods to control pests. It is also vital to train and develop the national capacities to take the responsibility of protecting natural reserves. The camel riders boarder guards are known in Kuwait as "AlHajjanah" and the there is a special department at the Ministry of Interior in charge of protecting important facilities of the state. It also can be trained to implement grazing, the protection of protected areas and cleanliness laws. It is possible to coordinate with regional institutions in order to train local teams in the domain of resettlement of wild animals.
Development and training of the governmental body responsible for
the protection of vital locations.

Encouraging
non-governmental organizations and non-profit organizations to adopt biodiversity issues and develop public participation. Coordination is done in cooperation with the Kuwaiti Environmental Protection Society and Women Cultural and Social Society in order to encourage families to participate in protecting the environment. This can be done through education programmes about
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the importance of maintaining biodiversity and directing their children not to catch fish trapped in the fishing traps and harm wild animals in general. It is also possible to prepare educational programmes to educate students and encouraging youth in participating in volunteer work for the protection of habitats and species through the Ministry of Education and Higher Education.
Establishing the National Park of Kuwait and preparing master plan to
be used according to the specified objectives. Governmental organization should enhance the efforts aiming at the establishment of the Park and educating the citizens about the importance of reserve protection and its role in biodiversity conservation. Governmental organizations should also maintain land use management especially for recreational activities during fair seasons. Also, it should provide financial support for reserve management and rehabilitation and strengthening regulations for the protection of biodiversity. Regional coordination for information and experience exchange. There are several qualified human resources in many Arab countries especially in the Gulf area that were not fully exploited. These resources can be useful in wildlife development and rehabilitation in countries as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain and Qatar. 7-5-2 Legislative procedures
Reviewing environmental, agricultural and other laws related to
biodiversity and updating them to be consistent with the general direction towards the conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable utilization. This can be conducted by the jurisdiction bodies within concerned authorities by providing adequate mechanisms and financial support. For example, laws related to grazing should be reviewed to be more comprehensive and explanatory especially regarding the procedures and actions to be taken during grazing. This includes time of grazing, number of livestock heads permitted to graze during the allowable seasons. Other attainable regulations should also be made including decisions related to camping, promenading in desert and marine areas as well as regulations regarding fishing nets, fishing seasons and other important issues.
Endorsement of forwarded laws for biodiversity protection; Rapid
approval of proposed regulations: the Permanent National Biodiversity Committee has forwarded the Hunting Law, Reserves Law and Trade in Endangered Wild Species Law. It is necessary that these laws are immediately approved by the concerned bodies to allow protecting the
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reserves, regulating trade in endangered wild species and these procedures include: Preparing legislations and bylaws related to establishment and management of protected areas (reserves): Natural reserves contribute in protecting the environment from degradation and interference that affect its components and development. To ensure long-term protection, it is necessary to initiate a comprehensive regulatory system to protect and conserve such reserves. For this reason, the Permanent National Biodiversity Committee prepared the Reserves Law for State of Kuwait. The Law was forwarded to the concerned authorities to be endorsed and ratified through the parliament. The Environmental Public Authority should follow up the process of adoption. Issuing legislations to regulate the hunting activities, seasons of hunting, and determination of species to be protected. In Kuwait, there are no regulations regarding the prohibition of hunting or regulating hunting activities. Therefore, many wild animals are irrationally killed or hunted. The National Biodiversity Committee forwarded a law for regulating hunting activities and control hunting of animals and birds and prohibiting of hunting in specified locations. Therefore, it is suggested that the law is immediately approved and implemented. Setting regulations and conditions on the types of fishing nets and methods and determination of fishing seasons and locations. Issuing decisions concerning spring camps, specifying the permitted areas for camping, conditions for camp construction and permitted seasons. Issuing legislations regulate the export and import of wild animals and plants: In addition to the previously specified laws, the Permanent National Biodiversity Committee forwarded a law for trade in endangered species. The Law is considered as the cornerstone to protect the endangered species and the dealing with violators of international laws concerning this issue.
Controlling over consumption and over exploitation of species and
ecological systems in different environmental habitats: Due to the over consumption of fish, shrimps, migrating birds and rangelands, strict laws should be applied to control over consumption and over exploitation. Control is achieved by providing jurisdiction authority for employees within different institutes such as Kuwait Municipality, Environment Public Authority and the Public Authority for
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Agriculture and Fisheries Resources to take actions and implement environmental laws. Coordination should also be maintained with the Ministry of Interior to take action against and penalize violators. Establishing an environmental court can also be of a great benefit, a proposal forwarded by the EPA.
Developing technical, human and institutional capacities required to
implement legislations and bylaws to protect wildlife: It is the responsibility of governmental authorities to take into consideration the importance of and regulating island and land use and to issue the necessary legislations to stop the overexploitation of living resources. Also it is their duty to implement the Grazing Law, Cleanliness and Protection of Public Utilities. This can be done through the development of technical and institutional capacities.
Instructing the National Biodiversity Committee to review and
evaluate all existing legislations related to biodiversity and the protection of wildlife and to follow-up the endorsement and ratification of international agreements and conventions. Certain conventions and agreements are proposed constantly and therefore, it is important to review such agreements and prepare recommendations to be presented to the concerned authorities in the State for approval and endorsement. Therefore, the Committee should review the valid legislations and international agreements and conventions and forwards recommendations in this regard. The Committee should also review the existing Grazing Law and prepare the conditions for camping activities and other legislations. 7-5-3 Technical, educational and media procedures
Establishing a database and a national information network for
biodiversity in cooperation with concerned authorities. Since KISR has scientific capabilities it is preferred that this network is done using the Geographic Information System available in the institute.
Specifying the endangered species in both the desert and marine
habitats also setting priorities, specifying the methods for its protection and increasing its reproduction rate and rehabilitating.
Specifying wild ranges as a clear classification in land use planning.
This is done by using the studies conducted by KISR, which can be used to specify rangelands, grazing seasons and number of livestock heads grazing during the different seasons. Land use should be also regulated to maintain the protection of rangelands from deterioration.
Supporting scientific researches in the domain of wildlife protection.
There are many applied researches and studies that were conducted by
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KISR. The results and conclusions in this regard are useful. These researches include evaluation of the current situation of some types of wild species and the possibility of rehabilitating such species out side its natural habitat and in contained environments such as the Scientific Centre. There are also studies on the possibility of initiating an artificial habitat for wild animals, and studies on growing plant species and collecting its seeds to be planted using tissue agriculture procedures. Therefore, supporting researches and applied studies related to biodiversity should continue.
Supporting researches in the improvement of native species. Studying the impacts of urban activities on biodiversity. The Urban
development expansion contributes in increasing the demands for natural resources and land use. In addition, there is an increasing demand for leisure activities and promenading in marine and land environments. There is also a need to know the level of demand on food animal and fish resources in addition to knowing the effects of urban and recreational activities on biodiversity. It is possible to benefit from the different establishments such as the Tourist Projects Company to determine the number of cruises organized by the company to the islands. Coordination with Kuwait Municipality is also important to determine the number of camps and camping individuals. Some site visits can be carried out to evaluate the level of over exploitation and the impacts of activities on biodiversity.
Conducting an organized evaluation for plant and animal wildlife to
specify the areas and habitats that requires protection. Several new areas in Kuwait were specified for protection by the Reserves Law because of its natural important characteristics. Most of these areas are in the desert or near borders and some are on islands or as coral reefs. Field survey should be made to evaluate the ecological characteristics for these areas and specify the wild species living in priorities in protection. The reserves can be classified according to its natural characteristics, its environmental importance according to standards set by the IUCN.
Establishing a national genetic bank for the collection of genes of rare
species especially wild animals and plants. KISR Herbarium contains more than 100 plant species seeds collected over 7 years. The researchers scientifically collect, clean, store and classify seeds to preserve seeds as long as possible. The Institute resettles wild plants in reclaimed environments. KISR also works on growing wild plants by tissue culturing. There are still no arrangements for reserving animal genes and it would be possible to expand those activities in KISR.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Prepare national programs to preserve and develop traditional
cultivation and pet care for their protection from alien species. Nonprofit organizations participate in educating the public about farming and pet care. This helps in increasing public awareness and develops responsibility of animal protection and care.
Prepare and implement programmes for the rehabilitation of wild
animals and vegetation affected by the destruction of its habitat during the Iraqi Invasion. This includes resettlement, sheltering and feeding of distressed animals. The project can start by funding the resettlement of the Arabian deer in Al-Sulaibiya reserve. The project aims at establishing the cornerstone in the resettlement of wildlife in natural habitats. National teams will be trained in this domain to assist in future projects such as the resettlement of deers in The National Park of Kuwait in coordination with regional institutes such as the National Authority for the Protection of Wildlife Protection in Saudi Arabia.
Establishing the Botanic Garden and Eco-Park in the State of Kuwait.
KISR forwarded the Master Plan for Botanic Garden and Eco-Park in to Al-Waqf Fund for Environmental Conservation. The Garden will be located at Al-Doha with an area of 1,700 m. This Garden aims at: Preserving and growing different species of native plants. Providing opportunities for education and research in botany and documentation and storing all information using new technologies. Increase environmental and cultural awareness in the field of plant protection and provide guiding information in this regard. Development of social and recreational activities to enjoy the environment without damaging it. Scientific experiments in genetics, insects and genetically modify species to be more resistant. Developing the opportunity to benefit from species of economic revenue. Encouraging wild plant culture to be used in gardening. Financial and human resources should also be provided to establish the Botanic Garden to attain the goals mentioned above.
Regulating population density of wild animal in unit of a given area.
No accurate information is provided about the density of animals in a unit area. Ecological studies in sciences of wildlife management should be increased. This is because of the lack of specialists in this field in the research and academic sectors. One of the important projects being implemented in KISR is the study of density of animals
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in a unit area of lands exposed to contamination with oil in Burgan and Al-Rawdatain. Therefore, efforts should be increased in different institutions to accomplish different studies on wild animals such as Dhab, Wurral, hedgehog, mudskipper and other marine and desert animals.
Developing educational programs in the Ministry of Education and
establishing basics for environmental knowledge concentrating on how to conserve natural resources. This is done at all levels of education in private and public schools.
Development of rangelands and desertification programmes at Kuwait
University and consolidating the program with specialists and academic personnel so that the materials are taught more efficiently.
Making use of mass media such as newspapers, radios and T.V. to
publish environmental awareness concerning wildlife and its conservation. Presenting continuous special programs is preferred to arise the interest of the public and enjoyment in watching animal behaviour.
Preparation of awareness programs for families and youth to illustrate
the importance of wildlife in Kuwait and the means of conservation. Youth should be encouraged to participate in protection activities. Therefore, it was proposed that a Reserve protection Team within the Scientific Club should be formed with representatives from different governorates. These teams are taught and trained on the basics of environmental protection. The team will start its work in 2001. Also, the Kuwait Diving Team works on protecting coral reefs and cleans the marine environment. Such activities should be supported.
Participation in international and regional conferences as well s the
periodical meetings of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN) to represent Kuwait in all activities aiming at developing international and regional relations in the domain of biodiversity. 7-6 References and sources of material Arab Oil & Gas Directory, (1996) Published by Arab Petroleum Research Centre, Kuwait. Carbenter, K., Harisson P., Al-Safar A., and Al-Hazeem S. (1998) The Corals and Coral Reefs Fishes of Kuwait. KISR, Kuwait. Centre of Kuwaiti Research and Studies, (1995) Destruction of Oil Wells in Iraqi Documents: The Environmental and Economic
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Damages and the Kuwaiti Efforts in to Conserve Oil Resources. Centre of Kuwaiti Research and Studies, Kuwait. Clinton, D. and Bletcher, C. (1983) The Natural History of Kuwait. The National Petroleum Company, Kuwait. Fikry, K. and Omar, S. (1993) Environmental Management in Kuwait. A report submitted to National Assembly, KISR, Kuwait. Food Resources Department, Soil Salinization Problems in Kuwait. KISR, Kuwait. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (1993) Land Reclamation Projects in the State of Kuwait. A proposal submitted by the Advisory Committee of the Project Department. KFAS, Kuwait. Maysak R., Omar, S., Al-Salem, A., Al-Muzaini, S., Al-Rashed, M. Al-Shayji, Y., and Al-Matar S. (2000) Natural Resources and Environmental Characteristics of Kuwait. KISR, Kuwait. Omar, S. (1996) Range Land Management in Kuwait. KISR, Kuwait. Omar, S. (2000) Vegetation of Kuwait. Published by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Kuwait. Omar, S. and Al-Shuaibi, F. (1986) Criteria for the Development and Maae et f u a Fr N t nl a /a r R sre. G ngm n o K w is it aoa Pr N t e ee s A t s i k u v 51, Vol. III. Summary and Recommendations. KISR Report Number 2164, Kuwait. Omar, S., Taha, F., and Al-Shuaibi, F. (1991) The Suitability of Establishing a Natural Park/Nature Reserves in Kuwait Desert. In: Bishay, A. and Dregne, H. (Ed.) (1991) Desert Development. Part I: Desert Agriculture, Ecology, and Biology. pp. 545-556. Taha, F, and Omar, S.(1982) The Selection and Criteria for the Development of a National Parks/Nature Reserves in Kuwait. AG 40. Final Report Number 729. KISR, Kuwait. The Annual Statistics Book, (1996) Ministry of Water and Electricity, Kuwait.
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Annex Wild Life, Fauna and Flora Sector
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Table A-1 Corals of Kuwait.

Species Stylophora pistillata Madracis kirbyi Acropora clathrata Acropora arabensis Porites compressa Porites lutea Goniopora lobata Siderastrea savignyana Anomastraea irregularis Psammocora superficialis Psammocora contigua Coscinaraea columna Pavona explanulata Pavona decussata Culicia tenella Polycyathus marigondoni Paracyathus stokesi Acanthastrea echinata Acanthastrea maxima Hydnophora exesa Favia speciosa Favia pallida Favites pentagona Platygyra daedalea Plesiastrea versipora Leptastrea transversa Cyphastrea microphthalma Cyphastrea serailia Heterocyathus aequicostatus Turbinaria peltata Turbinaria reniformis Heteropsammia cochlea Dendrophyllia gracilis Tubastraea coccinea Tubastraea tagusensis Family name Pocilloporidae Acroporidae Poritidae
Siderastreidae
Agariciidae Rhizangiidae
Mussidae Merulinidae Faviidae
Caryophylliidae Dendrophylliidae
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Table A-2 Reptiles of Kuwait likely to be encountered in a park area.

Species Uromastyx microlepis Uromastyx loricatus Agama blanfordi Agama Pallida Phrynocephalus maculatus Eremias brevirostris Acanthodactylus schmidti Acanthodactylus boskianus Acanthodactylus scutellatus Acanthodactylus opheodurus Bunopus tuberculatus Stendactylus sleveni Scincus skincus Deplometopoon zarudnyi Varanus griseus Eryx Jayakari Lytorhyncus gaddi Malpolon moilensis Psammophis schokari Coluber ventromaculatus Cerastes cerastes Uromastix microlepis Uromastix loricatus Acanthodactylus boskianus Acanthodactylus scutellatus Acanthodactylus opheodurus Bunopus tuberculatus Stendactylus sleveni Scincus skincus Diplomentopon zarudnyi Varanus griseus Eryx jayakari Lytorhyncus gaddi Malpolon moilensis Psammophis schokari Coluber ventromaculatus Cerastes cerastes Common name Dhub Dhub Blue-throated Agamid Pallid Agama Toad-headed Agama Short-nosed Desert Lizard Fringe-toed Lizard B sSn Lzr oc ad i d s a Lizard Lizard Stone Gecko Skink Arabian Worm Lizard Wirral Sand Noa Lead-nosed Snake Arabian Rear-fanged Snake Hissing Sand Snake Rat Snake Sand or Horned Viper Dhub Dhub B sSn Lzr oc ad i d s a Lizard Lizard Stone Gecko Skink Arabian Worm Lizard Wirral Sand Boa Leaf-nosed Snake Arabian Rear-fanged Snake Hissing Sand Snake Rat Snake Sand or horned Viper Remarks Very Common Rare Occasional Occasional Rare Common Very Common Occasional ? ? Very Common Occasional Very Common Rare Occasional Common Occasional Occasional Occasional Rare Very Common Rare Occasional ? ? Very Common Occasional Very Common Rare Occasional Common Occasional Occasional Occasional Rare
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Table A-3 Birds of the mudflats, ommon passage migrants during the autumn and spring seasons.
Species Nycticorax nycticorax Ardeola ralloides Bubuleus ibis Egretta garzetta Ardea purpurea Plegadis falcinellus Tadorna tadorna Anas Penelope Anas crecca Anas clypeata Porzana porzana Fulica atra Haematopus ostralegus Himantopus himantopus Recurvirostria avosetta Charadrius asiaticus Pluvialis squatarola Calidris alba Calidris minuta Calidris ferruginea Calidris alpina Philomachus pugnax Gallinago gallinago Limosa limosa Limosa lapponica Numenius phaeopus Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus Tringa stagnatiliss Tringa nebularia Tringa ochruros Tringa glareola Xenus cinereus Actitis hypoleucos Arenaria interpress Sterna sandivicensis Sterna hirundo Sterna albifrons Larus ridibundus Larus genei Larus fuscus Larus argentatus English Name Black-crowned Night Heron Squacco Heron Cattle Egret Little Egret Purple Heron Glossy Ibis Shelduck European Wigeon Teal Northern Shoveler Spotted Crake European Coot Old World Oystercatcher Black-winged Stilt Avocet Caspian Plover Grey Plover Sauderling Little Stint Curlew Sandpiper Dunlin Ruff Common Snipe Bar-tailed Godwit Bar-tailed Godwit Whimbrel Eurasian Curlew Spotted Red Shank Redshank Marsh Sandpiper Greenshank Green Sandpiper Wood Sandpiper Terek Sandpiper Common Sandpiper Turnstone Sandwich Tern Common Tern Little Tern Black-headed Gull Slender-billed Gull Lesser Black-backed Gull Herring Gull
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Table A-4 Birds of the mudflat and common winter visitors. Species English Name Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Calidris alpina Gallinago gallinago Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Tringa nebularia Xenus cinereus Arenaria interpress Sterra sandvicensis Larus ridibundus Larus genei Larus fuscus Larus argentatus Dunlin Common Snipe Eurasian Curlew Redshank Greenshank Terek Sandpiper Turnstone Sandwich Tern Black-headed Gull Slender-billed Gull Lesser Black-backed Gull Herring Gull
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Table A-5 Birds of the open desert, hills and gullies.

Species Milrus migrans Circaetus gallicus Circus aeruginosus Circus cyaneus Circus macrourus Buteo buteo vulpinus Falco tinnunculus Glareola pratincola Charadrius asiaticus Pterocles alchata Streptopelia turtus Apus apus Apus pallidus Merops superciliosus Merops apiaster Coracias garrulous Upupa epops Calandrella rufescens Galerida cristata Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Hirundo daurica Delichon urbica Anthus campestris Motacilla cinerea Motacilla alba Irania guthuralis Phoenicurus phoenicuruss Saxicola rubetra Saxicola torquata Oenanthe siabellina Ocenanthe oenanthe Oena, deserti Ocenanthe xanthoprymna Oenanthe lugens Monticora saxitalis Sylvia nana Sylvia curruca Sylvia communis Phylloscopus sindianus lorenzii Phylloscopus collybita Phylloscopus trochilus Muscicapa striata Lanius isabellinus Lanius collurio Lanius minor Lanius excubitor Lanius senator Lanius nubicus English name Black Kite Short-toed Eagle Marsh Harrier Hen Harrier Pallid Harrier Steppe Buzzard Kestrel Pratincole Caspian Plover Pin-tailed Sand Grouse Turtle Dove Swift Pallid Swift Blue-cecked Bee Eater Bee Eater Roller Hoopoe Lesser Short-toed Lark Crested Lark Sand Martin Swallow Red-rumped Swallow Mouse Martin Tawny Pipit Grey Wagtail White Wagtail Persian Robin Redstart Whinch Stonechat Isabelline Wheatear Pied Wheatear Desert Wheatear Red-tailed Wheatear Mourning Wheater Blue Rock Thrush Desert Warbler Lesser White Throat Lesser White Throat Caucasian Chiffchaff Chiffchaff Willow Warbler Spotted Flycatcher Isabelline Shrike Red-backed Shrike Lesser Grey Shrike Great Grey Shrike Woodchat Shrike Masked Shrike
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Table A-6 Resident birds of Kuwait.

Species English Name
Gallinula chloropus Dromas ardeola Cursorius cursor Sterma caspia Sterma hirundo Streptopelia decaocto Athene noctua Ammomanes deserti Alaeman alaudipes Eremophila bilopha Corvus ruficollis Passer domesticus
Moorhen Canb Plover Cream-coloured Courser Caspian Tern Common Tern Collared Dove Little Owl Desert Lark Hoope Lark T m i ks ond a e m n H re L r c k Brown-necked Raven House Sparrow
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Table A-7 Rodents likely to be encountered in the desert. Species Common Remarks Gerbillus cheesmani C es aG ri hs ns e l m b Common Gerbillus dasyurus Wanr G ri ge s e l b Common Gerbillus nanus Baluchistan Gerbil Occasional Meriones lybicus Libyan Jird Common Meriones crassus S neaJd udvlsi q l r Common Jaculus jaculus Lesser Jerboa Common Alactaga euphratica Euphrates Jerboa Rare Mus musculus House Mouse Occasional Hemiechinus auritus Long-eared Hedgehog Common Parechinus Ethiopean Hedgehog Rare aethiopicus Vulpes vulpes Common Red Fox Occasional Canis domesticus Feral Dog Occasional
Table A-8 Mammals likely to be encountered in the desert. Species Common Remarks Gerbillus cheesmani C es aG ri hs ns e l m b Common Gerbillus dasyurus Wanr G ri ge s e l b Common Gerbillus nanus Baluchistan Gerbil Occasional Meriones lybicus Libyan Jird Common Meriones crassus S neaJd udvlsi q l r Common Jaculus jaculus Lesser Jerboa Common Alactaga euphratica Euphrates Jerboa Rare Mus musculus House Mouse Occasional Hemiechinus auritus Long-eared Hedgehog Common Parechinus Ethiopean Hedgehog Rare aethiopicus Vulpes vulpes Common Red Fox Occasional Canis domesticus Feral Dog Occasional
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# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Table A-9 List of flora families in the State of Kuwait. Family name # Family name Aizoaceae 25 Juncaceae Amaranthaceae 26 Labiatae Amaryllidaceae 27 Leguminosae Angiosperms 28 Liliaceae Asclepiadaceae 29 Monocotyledoneae Boraginaceae 30 Orobanchaceae Caryophyllaceae 31 Papaveraceae Chenopodiaceae 32 Plantaginaceae Cistaceae 33 Plumbaginaceae Compositae 34 Poaceae Crassulaceae 35 Polygonaceae Cruciferae 36 Portulacaceae cucurbitaceae 37 Pteridophyta cuscutaceae 38 Resedaceae cymodoceaceae 39 Rubiaceae cynomoriaceae 40 Rutaceae cyperaceae 41 Scrophulariaceae dicotyledons 42 Solanaceae dipsacaceae 43 Tamariaceae ephedraceae 44 Thymelaeaceae euphorbiaceae 45 Typhaceae fumariaceae 46 Umbelliferae geraniaceae 46 Valerianaceae hydrocharitaceae 47 Verbenaceae Ridaceae 48 Zygophyllaceae
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Sector Eight Urban Environment and Heritage
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8-1 Introduction Ever since it was founded three centuries ago, Kuwait City was known for its openness to the sea and for having a long seafront. At the same time, close contact with the desert was maintained via a wall that surrounded Kuwait City from sea to sea, where contact with the desert was obtained through gates each of which opens to different parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The city districts were formed as functional areas, each with its own special traits and characteristics. The city was a typical Islamic city with its main components being:
G vr r haqa e ad d i sao oe o edur r n am n t t n n s ts ir i The main mosque Closely spaced residential suburbs Adjacent markets Walls and gates
And three functional districts where formed, which were:

The sea district including the sea front with its sea related activities. The commercial district close to and facing the coast. The residential district which was further inside, away from the coast. Furthermore, three different lifestyles evolved in the city which were: The urban lifestyle which appeared inside the city wall where
commerce and sea related activities where the predominant activities.

The rural life style, which included the coastal villages such as Abu-
Hulaifa, Al-Fintas, etc where people involved in agriculture and sea related activities.
The Bidwins or semi-Bidwins lifestyle where tents and huts
represented the basic residential units and people lived around the city wall, whether inside or outside, and desert related activities such as transport and animal production were the predominant activities.
This form of life lasted in Kuwait City since it was founded in 1694
until the development of the First Master Plan, which extended the city tbyn t cy a dr gh 15 o eodh i w l ui t 90s e t l n e . One of the most important consequences to the discovery of oil was the evolvement of urban planning which became a vital motivation to the urban form of life. During this period, Kuwait City evolved into a different city than what it used to be before the discovery of oil, and the effects of this period on the city appeared rapidly due to the following elements:
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First: the monetary income was dissipated to the Kuwaiti families with the land acquisition plan, which was in its basic form the government obtaining ownership of land inside the old Kuwait City wall and compensating land owners by granting them land outside the city wall in addition to presenting them with lucrative sums of money. Second: the development of metropolitan plans, which addressed the country on broader terms as follow: The First Master Plan in 1952, which extended the city to the far end of the Second Ring Road. The Kuwait Municipality Metropolitan Plan in 1967, which extended the city to the Fourth Ring Road and the edges of the Fifth Ring Road. The Second Master Plan of 1970, which extended the city to the Sixth Ring Road and south along the coast. The First Review of the Second Master Plan of 1977 up to the Seventh Ring Road. The Second Review of the Second Master Plan of 1983, which extended further inside the city. The Third Master Plan, which extends to 2015, which took the country to new dimensions and horizons. Third: The change in population structure and the dissipation of Kuwaiti families in the new city contrary to the previous civil system inside the old city wall. In our discussion of the urban environment and the heritage sector as one of the sectors in the environmental strategy for Kuwait, we will try to shed some light on the resources and components of this sector, which include the residential units, residential areas, buildings, facilities, utilities, infrastructure, and the evolvement of metropolitan planning. We will also address the public authorities and corporations that work in this sector. After that, we will pinpoint the issues and problems that accompanied the rapid development of the country. Then, we will try to determine the causes of these issues and problems in order to enable decision makers to recommend the proper solutions and apply the necessary procedures to avoid the mistakes of the past and prevent similar mistakes in the future. 8-2: Resources of urban environment and heritage sector: 8-2-1 Residential units: A residential unit is the basic element when studying the relationship between buildings and the environment. In addition to being one of the
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basic needs for individuals providing them with safe environments to live in, a house is closely tied to the various social, economical, and human values in a society. This fact stems from the fact that a residential unit in any society can be considered as a true reflection of the social and environmental conditions of that society. The various elements affecting a residential unit interact simultaneously to determine the character of the residential unit. The main goal for studying residential units is to monitor the many changes that houses has been exposed to during the second half of the last century due to the economical and social changes that resulted from the discovery of oil and the corresponding increase in individual and family incomes. The evolution of the residential units in Kuwait was influenced by positive and negative factors. These factors will be addressed when we discuss issues related to the resources of the building sector. Residential buildings can be categorized according to the area in which t y a l a d I l h y pple sbrs t ia i t h e r o t . n i t ou t uub, h v l s h e ce gl ad e l e predominant residential unit. These villas can be built by the public or the private sectors, with individuals and private companies and firms representing the private sector and the Public Establishment for Housing Care representing the public sector. Other residential units include multistory residential buildings which is a building composed of many residential units. There are also the residential complexes, which are made up of various multi-story buildings tied together architecturally and investment wise. 8-2-2 The Residential Area: A residential area is composed of many residential units, where the space occupied by each unit is governed by the area in which it is located and the regulations of the Kuwait Municipality as shown in the Master Plans. Great variations exist in Kuwait between the many residential areas. Some residential areas consist of ideal residential units only, whereas other residential areas consist of ideal residential units in addition to investment and commercial complexes having various modern and old fashion architectural designs. The most important elements of the residential area can be categorized according to their functions as follows:
Permanent, private residence: this is the unit dedicated to house one
family in lightly populated areas. These units are constructed by individuals, the private sector, or the public sector through residential care programs. Units constructed by the public sector may have similar or different architectural designs.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Investment complex: these buildings are developed to house multiple
families in a housing complex.

Commercial complex: buildings falling under this category are
dedicated for commercial shops and stores, personal services, and private offices providing housing services.
Temporary, private residence: these units are remarked by their
temporary use during separate periods. Some of these units are used for recreational purposes such as beach houses, while others are used for production and investment purposes such as farms.
Labour housing: these units are intended to provide temporary or
permanent accommodation for workers according to the nature of work they do. These units must provide comfort for the tenants and should contain the necessary services such as water, electricity, telephone lines, etc. 8-2-3 Facilities and Services: The State of Kuwait has given great attention to providing the necessary facilities and services in residential areas to insure the comfort and well being of individuals residing in such areas based on their needs. The State of Kuwait looks forward to further increase the amount of attention given to these facilities to cope with the projected increase in the population in the next few years. Some of these public facilities that provide various services include:
Religious facilities: these include mosques, religious institutions, and
charities
Educational facilities: these are comprised mainly of schools,
institutions, colleges, universities, and public libraries to fulfil the right of individuals to learn.
Health care facilities: those include clinics, health centres, and
hospitals that provide individuals with the proper health care.

Social facilities: which consist of youth centres, parental care centres,
and child care centres that would emphasize the role played by women and youth in an effort to rise a more conscious generation and to build up the proper citizen who may benefit the country.
Public facilities: such facilities provide various services to individuals
and include police centres, non-profit organizations and societies, cooperative societies, public corporations, and ministries.
Recreational facilities: these facilities allow individuals to perform
many outdoor activities to entertain themselves and their families and include parks, sporting clubs, beaches, and public coastal areas.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Commercial facilities: these facilities provide various goods and
accessories to individuals and include commercial complexes and markets. 8-2-4 Infrastructures: Described under this item are the basic services that must be provided for residential units, residential areas, and public facilities such as electricity, water, communication services, storm water disposal networks, and sewage disposal networks, pavements for interior and main roads. The road and storm water networks: The road network in Kuwait is a very well planned and highly efficient. It was designed and constructed in compliance with the universal standards and specifications for road construction. This was done to insure that the goals of establishing the network, namely the safe and efficient transport of individuals and goods, were met. Along with the road network, a storm water disposal network was also constructed to remove excess water that may accumulate during rainstorms away from roads. These networks require periodical maintenance to insure efficiency and operation. Sewage disposal network: In addition to treatment and purification stations, this network includes pumping stations, pipes extending to all residential and public buildings. These pipes link to the purification stations where sewage undergoes triple treatment and the resulting water after treatment is disposed of to the sea. The government of Kuwait is pushing for new trends in dealing with sewage that would prevent the disposal of any untreated water into the sea and installing a quadruple treatment system in place of the triple treatment system currently in use. Also among the new trends is to reuse the water resulting from the treatment for agricultural purposes and forestation for residential buildings or public buildings, which would have the benefit of increasing plantation and green land. 8-2-5 The evolution of urban planning in Kuwait: The development of building construction and urbanization in Kuwait can be divided into two main stages:
The stage of the Arabic-Islamic city prior to the discovery of oil
(before 1952).
The modern stage of construction and urbanization (from 1952-
present). During the first stage, the majority of the population lived inside Kuwait City, which took an oval shape. Kuwait City was enclosed by a wall that extended from sea to sea with several gates to allow for entrance and exit
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to and from the city. The architectural nature of this stage was characterized by buildings constructed closely tied to each other and narrow roads in order to provide some shade for walkers and to avoid direct exposure to the sun while commuting. The residential unit during the first stage was built to cope with the natural, social, and economical circumstances prevailing in the country at the time. Residential units were made up of an open space surrounded by the rooms and other components of the unit. Ventilation and cooling was achieved thog t ueo t age to overcome the weather ruh h s f h B der e e cniosT e B der ia large hand-moving tool that acts as fan. od i . h age s tn The basic materials used to construct buildings were sea rocks, mud, and other materials such as stone and timber, which was used for roofs. The old architecture, which was made up of the residential unit and the residential area, was a true representation of an environmental architecture. The modern stage of urbanization and construction went through various urban planning studies. The earliest of these studies was called the First Master Plan in 1952, followed by the Metropolitan Plan of the Kuwait Municipality in 1967. After that, the Second Master Plan was developed in 1970. In 1977, the First Review of the Second Master Plan was done and then the Second Review of the Second Master Plan was accomplished in 1983. Finally, the Third Master Plan was prepared in 1997. Each of these studies played a vital role in the evolution of urbanization in Kuwait. The final result of these studies was the current status of Kuwait City as a modern city where the entire necessary requirement for a modern, comfortable life is available. 8-2-6 Historical buildings and structures: During the second half of the last century, Kuwait underwent an architectural revolution that introduced modern buildings and construction methods in Kuwait City. This architectural revolution, however, was not accompanied with appropriate care for the architectural heritage of the old Kuwait City that tied the past with the present and the future. This lack of care and consideration for the architectural heritage was magnified during the establishment of the new economical and social structure of the country. Various historical landmarks and buildings were removed such as the Kuwait City wall and the character of the old city vanished as a result. During the planning stages for the new city and prior to the execution of these plans, had the old city received proper attention, many architectural and historical treasures could be found in Kuwait nowadays. The great
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value of these historical buildings stems from the spontaneity with which they were constructed to represent the natural interaction between architecture and the environment. Had these historical landmarks been maintained, we would have had a great architectural heritage to present to future generations to serve as a reminder for the accomplishments of the founding fathers and to link their present with their past. As a result of the lack of attention and care for the national heritage, w i s r ddr gt 15 adr ce i pa i t peett h h t t ui h 90s n e hd t ek n h r n h c ae n e a s e s ,e majority of these historical landmarks were demolished and very few of them remain standing. Evaluation of the current status for national heritage buildings in Kuwait: The evaluation of the national heritage buildings led to identifying 122 buildings in Kuwait city as historical buildings. These buildings are classified as follows:
Privately owned buildings. Buildings owned by the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs. Buildings
owned by the Ministry of Finance through the Administration of Public Utilities and Services. Information.
Historical buildings and landmarks owned by the Ministry of Buildings owned by the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Education,
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Electricity and Water. These historical buildings have been documented and identified photographically and the rightful owners of these buildings were determined. This was done via surveying each building separately. The historical buildings were then classified and analyzed through the Public Planning and Development Program for Kuwait City and its suburbs. Many facts were discovered that are worth noting which are:
The field and documentary search found that 12 of the 122 buildings
were officially marked as historical buildings and thus must be maintained as such. Furthermore, 24 of the 122 buildings were publicly owned but were not marked as buildings that must be maintained as historical buildings, despite the fact that these buildings are still standing and are not in danger of being removed in any of the plans or future projects.
The rest of these historical buildings, which represent 72% of the 122
buildings, were in danger of being removed as a result of the approved
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or proposed governmental execution plans or due to the unregulated development plans undertaken by the private sector. 8-2-7 Public corporations and authorities working in the construction sector: Kuwait Municipality: The Kuwait Municipality is considered one of the oldest governmental agencies that were established in the country. It was founded in 1930, which was the year of its first law. That law had among its goals improving the health and social standards of the country. The Municipal Council is specializes in monitoring the application of laws and regulations related to the public health, buildings, dispossessing ownership, and land division. The Municipal Council also has among its responsibilities deciding whether to approve of construction projects and city, village, and island improvement projects and designating the proper location for these projects. Furthermore, the Municipal Council is consulted for approval of the urban plans for the country. The Council is made up of 16 members, 10 who are elected by the public and 6 members are appointed. The Council selects one of its members to serve as the Council president. The Kuwait Municipality is made up of various departments. Many of these departments are concerned with the construction industry such as the Organization Department, Construction Department, the Department for Development of Urban Projects, and the Environmental Affairs Department. The Organization Department proposes the general and detailed urban plans, and it also improves and modifies these plans as part of preparing the Master and Metropolitan plans for the country. This department is m d u o oe ot adge hl rt e m s r dge hl r 5 ae p f n dc r er o e h e at s er o e , 9 ol e d,r e e ds engineers, 3 engineering assistants, 27 technicians, 5 geographical planners, 33 drafting specialists, and 4 civil technicians. The Construction Department specializes in issuing building licenses after studying all the plans with regards to architecture, structures, and health. The department consists of 65 engineers, 4 technicians of different fields. The Department for Developing Urban Projects emphasizes the public trend of motivating the private sector to participate in improving governmental construction projects. This department is made up of 19 engineers and 2 technicians. The Environment Affairs Department is concerned with laying environmental policies related to the responsibilities of the municipality, and coordinating with the various
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agencies working in that field. The Environmental Affairs Department also reviews all the planning projects and architectural designs and the various architectural improvement plans to insure their compliance with the environmental standards and limitations before granting approval for these plans and projects. The Environmental Affairs Department consists o oem s r dge hl r 1 eg er 1 t hias ad 3 f n at s er o e 9 ni e , 4 e n i , n e e d, n s c cn bachelor degree holders specializing in science. In 1967, Kuwait City, represented by the Kuwait Municipality, joined the Arabic City Organization. Kuwait City was one of the founding members of this organization, which selected Kuwait as its headquarters. The Public Establishment for Housing Care: The Public Establishment for Housing Care, which was known as the Public Authority for Housing during the period from 1974-1993, is the governmental agency responsible for providing housing for citizens. Its responsibility starts when the land dedicated for construction by the Kuwait Municipality is handed over to the corporation. The corporation then undertakes the tasks of organizing and planning the land dedicated for building houses, and then the appropriate designs for the proposed housing units are prepared along with the infrastructure and public facility plans. The corporation then supervises the execution of the housing units and distributes the houses or realty to the qualified citizens. The construction of these housing units used to be undertaken by the Ministry of Public Works prior to the establishment of the Public Authority for Housing in 1974. One of the departments with relevance to this sector is the Planning Department, which has among its responsibilities preparing plans and programs for developing projects and supervising these projects through out the stages of execution. In addition, this department holds the task of preparing architectural plans for residential areas and public plans for projects relevant to the corporation in addition to coordinating with the various ministries and other governmental agencies with regards to public facilities and services. The staff of this department is made up of 29 engineers and drafting specialists. Another department with high relevance to this sector is the Organizing Department, which is responsible for establishing the basic requirements for design in accordance with the highest international standards and specifications. The Organizing Department also prepares architectural, structural, electrical, and mechanical plans required for buildings. The crew of this department is made up of 65 engineers and drafting specialists.
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Ministries administering public services: The Ministry of Public Works is responsible for constructing all the facilities that provide services for the public such as hospitals, schools, in addition to its responsibility for constructing roads and other elements of the infrastructure network. The Ministry of Electricity and Water and the Ministry of Communications shoulder the responsibility of providing water, electricity, and telephone lines for the public. Ministry of Planning: The Administration of Urban Planning of the Ministry of Planning coordinates with the Kuwait Municipality and other governmental agencies to develop five-year plans that show the relationship between population growth and urban development. The developing projects sector of the Ministry of Planning is responsible for approving the various projects and conducting studies about the projects or selecting the consulting firm that can conduct the necessary studies. This sector also represents the Secretary for the Higher Committee for Master Planning. The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: The various scientific and research departments of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research present valuable recommendations about the most appropriate methods to produce environment friendly buildings. One of the examples of the contributions of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is the work that was jointly achieved by the institute and the Ministry of Electricity and Water to set forth regulations for preservation of energy through the use of insulating materials in buildings. The National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters: This council is liable to maintain, preserve, and protect the national heritage. As such, the council would be responsible to preserve the architectural heritage and archeological discoveries. In doing so, the council attempts to preserve what is left of the old buildings and to accentuate the architectural features of these buildings. The public and private sectors: The various governmental agencies and ministries, along with companies where the government owns more than 51% of the shares such as the Recreational Projects Company and the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, contribute to the architectural progress in the country. Many examples of such contributions exist such as the progress made in recreational and entertaining construction achieved by the Tourist Projects Company and the construction of the Scientific Center funded by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences.
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The private sector contributes to the progress of the construction field through the involvement of individuals in constructing private houses and investment residential units. Private companies also participate in constructing investment projects. New Cities Authority: The New Cities Authority was established in accordance with Decree No.2 of 1999 to develop plans and recreational programs for the establishment and execution of new cities via entrepreneurs. The authority is also responsible for supervising the execution of all the necessary projects and hospitals along with the execution of any other service facilities that are required for these new cities. All the projects must be achieved by the local and international private sectors with the government not sharing the responsibility for any of the costs for establishing these new cities. The Cabinet of Ministers determines the location for each city along with its suburbs and boundaries. Land allocated for the establishment of these new cities is handed over to the authority free of any obstructions that may cause problems during construction. The Cabinet of Ministers responsible for appointing members of the board of directors for the New Cities Authority and it also appoints the general manager of the authority. The board of directors is responsible for laying the general policy for the authority and supervising the execution of that policy. The board of directors is also called upon to approve the metropolitan plans for the new cities and to establish the necessary programs to execute these cities and approve of the projects required by these cities. In addition, the board of directors has the authority to dt m n t pi i e r u t gh pi tsc r prc ao i t e r i h r c l e li t r a et a ipt nn h e e e n p s g an e v e o s ti i e execution of projects in the new cities. The board of directors invites the various companies and corporations, whether local or international, to present their bids for the establishment of the new cities. The Environment Public Authority: The Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment Department evaluates the environmental impacts of the various development projects undertaken by the public, private, and joint sectors by conducting the necessary studies before execution of such projects begins. Construction of residential and other types of buildings is included among the projects for which the environmental impact must be studied and analyzed. The environmental impacts studies are conducted by engineering consulting firms, while the Department of Development Projects within the Planning and Environmental Impact Department evaluates these studies to set forth the proper regulations and conditions.
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When conducting the environmental studies, the location of facilities with gaseous emissions and the prevailing direction of wind are taken into consideration along with the possibility of pollutants affecting residential areas. This is done in coordination with the Air Pollution Monitoring Department of the Environment Public Authority. Furthermore, the Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment Department works with the Department of Waste Control of the Industrial Environment Department of the Authority to allocate the proper sites for the disposal of waste during the execution of proposed residential projects. The Public Authority for the Environment also coordinates its work with various governmental agencies such as the Kuwait Municipality, the Public Authority for Industries, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and the Public Establishment for Housing Care in studying the suitability of proposed sites for establishing residential projects and new cities. 8-2-8 Legislations concerning the urban environment and heritage: The environmental legislations and laws relevant to this field contain many administrative and regulative legislations aiming to organize the works of the execution sector and to establish new administrations, authorities, and corporations. In addition, these legislations also include regulations and decrees to apply the proper limitations on faulty practices and actions, in an effort to protect and preserve the components of the infrastructure and therefore to protect the urban environment. These legislations also include many laws that aim to protect and maintain historical buildings, sites of heritage, and archeological sites. Some of the most important legislations and laws are shown below.
Legislations and regulations of the Kuwait Municipality: Law No. 15 of 1972 about the Kuwait Municipality Decision No. 30 of 1985 regarding regulating construction works Law Decree No. 9 of 1987 regarding the prevention of some of the
harmful acts that affect the general cleanliness and plantations

Law Decree No. 18 of 1978 regarding safety regulations and the
protection of public facilities and the public resources.

Law Decree No. 56 of 1980 to modify some of the terms of law
number 18 of 1978 regarding safety regulations and the protection of public facilities and public resources.
Administrative Decision No. 2/90/2001 to form a work team to
monitor and update the data of the third Master Plan project for Kuwait.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Administrative Decision No. 20 of 1993 to organize the Department of
Environmental Affairs.
Administrative Decision No. 18 of 1993 to organize the Construction
Projects Development Department.

Administrative Decision No. 17 of 1991 regarding the classification of
the committee for licensing buildings of special nature.

Administrative Decision No. 13 of 1991 and decision number 21 of
1992 to form a committee for licensing buildings of special nature.

Administrative Decision No. 18 of 1991 to form the front committee-
Kuwait Municipality.
Decision of the president of the Kuwait Municipality No. 30 of 1999
to form the Technical Committee for Construction Affairs.

Administrative Decision No. 333 of 1988 Kuwait Municipality about
the rehabilitation and visual enhancement of buildings.

The proposed system to merging and splitting realty located in areas
dedicated for private residences (lightly populated areas) containing the decision of the Municipality Committee No. (MB\F\17\131\95) issued on the 6th of November 1995.
Ministerial Decision No. 10 of 1992 to form a subcommittee for
public facilities and services.

The Cabinet of Ministers Decision No. 886 of 1996 to reorganize the
committee of public facilities and services (the Main Committee).

Laws related to the Public Establishment for Housing Care:
The State of Kuwait has given great attention to the issue of housing s c t bg n go t 15 T eI pr neo t hui i u i e h ei i fh 90s h m ot c fh os g s e n e nn e . a e n s led to the establishment of the Public Authority for Housing in accordance with Law No. 15 of 1974. The authority has attained many achievements with the completion of large housing projects within the framework of comprehensive construction plans, which has provided safe houses for a large number of Kuwaiti families. One of the major developments regarding residential care was issuing law number 47 of 1993 and Law No. 12 of 1995, which adopted the establishment of the Public Establishment for Housing Care with an independent budget. The corporation was given all the authority needed to help provide suitable residences for citizens in short periods of time.
The legislations and regulations regarding the Environment Public
Authority.
Law No. 21 of 1995 to establish the Environment Public Authority.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Law No. 16 of 1996 to modify some of the terms of Law No. 21 of
1995 to establish the Environment Public Authority.

Decision No. 9\90 concerning organizing the required Environmental
Impact assessment Studies for construction and industrial projects.

A proposal for a new decision to modify Decision No. 9\90 to conduct
studies of the environmental impact of development projects which was published in the official newspaper and which will be active as of October 1st, 2002. Other public authorities and corporations:
A decree concerning the Ministry of Public Works: in accordance with
the Amiri Decree No. 2 of 1962 concerning reorganizing the ministries and all other decrees related to it and modifying it and the decree of forming the government issued on the 16th of February 1978.
Decree No. 22 of 1994 regarding the National Council for Culture,
Arts, and Literatures and transforming authority over some units from the Ministry of Information to the National Council of Culture, Arts, and Literatures.
Amiri Decree No. 11 of 1960 regarding archaeology law. Law Decree No. 111 of 1976 modifying some of the terms of law
number 11 of 1960.
Law No. 9 of 1994 modifying some of the terms of the archaeology
law.
Decree No. 2 of 1999 regarding the establishment of the New Cities
Authority.
Decision by the Cabinet of Ministers approving the formulation of the
higher committee for the Master Plan and the large scale construction projects in accordance with Decree No. 169 of 1999 regarding forming the government. 8-3 Issues related to the urban environment and heritage sector: The State of Kuwait has undergone tremendous progress since the d cvr o o i t 14 H w vr t s por s w s nt i oe f i n h 90s o ee h rge s y l e . , i s a o accompanied with the required studies. Job opportunities became abundant in Kuwait while there was noticeable lack of expertise and labor force. This led to the migration of many citizens of other countries, Arabs and non-Arabs, to Kuwait. This migration resulted in added pressures on the available natural resources of the country. Consequently, various issues unknown previously to the Kuwaiti Society were introduced. Some of the more notable of these issues are discussed below.
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8-3-1 The loss of the architectural character: The discovery of oil in the Arabian Gulf resulted in a tremendous architectural break-through, where many imported architectural styles appeared. These imported architectural styles did not have any ties to the domestic environment and were not relevant in any way to the architectural character that predominated the period before the discovery of oil. The unique architectural features of the old Kuwaiti houses vanished, and new houses unsuitable to the nature of the domestic environment replaced them. Consequently, many of the buildings and residential complexes that were constructed after the discovery of oil were quickly demolished since they were deemed unsuitable for the domestic environment of Kuwait. Another reason for demolishing these buildings was the poor representation of these buildings to the modern architectural rise, which was apparent in many parts of the world. This stage also saw the introduction of new forms of architecture for houses and other buildings that obtained some of their features from the Kuwaiti environment. This stage was named estage of reviving the Arabic house or Arabic t h a h et e. o e fh m r f os u d g t t e t pout r ic r S m o t oe a u bi i sh w r h rdc ct u e m ln a e e of this stage are: The project of Al-Seef Palace (along the coast) which was reorganized according to the Arabic-Gulf style. The project of Bayan Palace had many apparent Arabic features. The project of Sharq Market on the sea front. The project of the Closed Market in Salmiya, which has not opened yet but is proposed to be the largest market in the Middle East. Complete residential projects according to the Arabic style can be seen in Al-Qurain Market. Revival of the old mosques while maintaining their old styles. The project of the closed Arabian suburb, which was applied in complete residential projects as seen in Al-Andalus and Khaitan. The projects of maintaining some of the old Dewans along the coast. T e r isbr po c MaiMa po ca n t cat f bh A a c uub rj t b e g c l rj tl g h oso A u l e o e Hulaifa and the beach houses projects. Despite all that, the architectural appearance still shows obvious lack of cohesiveness in the character of houses in some of the new suburbs such as Um Al-Haiman.
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There are some projects that were motivated by heritage such as the wooden ship Al-Hashemi 2 which was constructed on the beaches of the Radisson SAS hotel and which is considered the largest wooden ship in the world. Another of these projects was constructed away from the sea, which is Al-Muhallab Mall in Hawalli. This mall took the form of a giant ship, even though it was not built in close proximity to the sea. Had it been constructed in the appropriate location near the coast, it would have added another landmark related to the sea heritage in addition to the wooden ship Al-Hashemi 2. In general, it can be said that an architectural identity is missing for buildings in Kuwait due to the failure to connect with the architectural heritage of the country and also due to the lack of cohesiveness between the designs and colors of the urban environment. 8-3-2 Urban pollution: Visual pollution: The rapid progress of the building construction sector was accompanied with a visual pollution that resulted from the lack of architectural cohesion. This visual pollution can be seen in many forms. Buildings and housing units were unrelated in any form to the surrounding environment with regards to size, shape, height, openings, and the loss of the skyline. Another form of the visual pollution is the varying colors of buildings located in a single area, which led to the loss of cohesion between buildings in residential areas. As a result, each element of the urban environment became an independent unit unrelated to the surrounding environment, and that was the main reason of the lack of architectural harmony. Other factors contributing to the visual pollution are traffic congestion, lack of maintenance for recreational buildings, vandalizing many components of recreational parks, the absence of light colors that interact with the environment in a manner that pleases viewers, the lack of water fountains in parks and other open spaces, and the lack of walking tracks with proper plantations. All that created a negative impression among viewers, and imposed a feeling of irritation and nervousness among the public in general. Noise pollution: Sound pollution or noise has many negative effects on the health of citizens and on the type of daily life of citizens since noise imposes a feeling of anxiety and irritation on the public in general. Various samples can be found that exemplify this problem such as the presence of Kuwait airport in close proximity to residential areas, or the presence of car repair
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shops in residential areas such as the case in Jleeb Al-Shiyookh. Other examples of this kind of pollution are the closeness of many residential areas to highways such as the case with Al-Fayha suburb which oe ok Kn Fi l Hgw yw e hue ad hir i n sf r vr os i a a s i a, hr oss n t re d t uf l g s h e e ses e from the noise, vibrations, and polluted air stemming from traffic congestion on that highway. Air pollution in the urban environment: There are many examples where residential areas are directly exposed to polluted air. Many residential areas are located near stations for burning fuel, and these areas suffer from the gases that result from burning fuel since these gases have negative effects on the health of human beings. Other suburbs such as Al-Ardiya suffer from the rise of Hydrogen Sulfide gas from the purification plants, since this gas is known for its offensive odour and its negative effects on the health of individuals in addition to its effects on air conditioning units in adjacent buildings. This gas also causes the corrosion of exposed pipes in adjacent areas. Soil pollution: Liquid waste can leak from the collection tanks or corroded pipes to reach the soil and pollute it. This pollution is apparent in the Sabhan Industrial Area, Um Al-Haiman residential area, Southern Surra area, Subbiya farms, the beach houses, and spring camping areas. In addition, oil lakes and the leakage of oil from oil pipes have contributed to polluting the soil. Pollution and interference resulting from communication towers: The Public Authority for the Environment has laid conditions and regulations for companies working in the communications field to obeyed by the conditions included in the GSM system regarding the capacity of radiation emissions, closest distance to any building, the height of aerials, compliance with international standards, informing all people working in operation and maintenance of transmission and reception stations to the dangers of being exposed to non-ionized radiation, performing periodical testing for all workers in that field, and enclosing all advertisements with the proper warning of the dangers of using mobile telephones and the dangers of being exposed to non-ionized radiation. However, the current status of this industry must be investigated to determine the extent of pollution and interference and their reflections on the public health. Many governmental agencies and ministries should participate in this investigation including the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Health, and the Environment Public Authority in addition to seeking the knowledge and expertise of the International Society for Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Institute for Testing which have
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combined to set the international standards and specifications for that field. 8-3-3 Inadequate application of the urban plan and the weakness in architectural planning: Various aspects of applying the architectural planning needed additional care and enactment especially during construction of some of the projects such as the recreational and coastal projects; the projects concerning the establishment of new cities; the projects of constructing new residential areas; and the projects of constructing vital facilities such as seaports, airports, universities, hospitals, hand labor areas, commercial areas, and industrial areas. There was also a noticeable lack of care for the environmental, social, economic aspects of executing some projects. Furthermore, the environmental impact studies regarding some projects were not afforded the proper attention to avoid the negative effects of these projects and to protect the environment and the developing projects to insure a sustainable development. Some of the more important issues that illustrate the weak role played by the architectural planning with regards to environmental aspects are: Licensing residential and other buildings down/up wind to activities of hazardous emissions: The predominant direction of wind was not given thorough consideration when selecting locations for some industrial facilities having pollutant emissions, and that has left many residential buildings exposed to these hazardous emissions. For example, Al-Doha residential area and Al-Sulaibikhat are both affected by the emissions and gases that rise from the plants for electric generation and water desalination, which are located north of these suburbs. This has led to the exposure of residents of these suburbs to many health hazards. In addition, the presence of oil refineries, which emit large amounts of pollutants and hazardous gases in close proximity to northerly-located residential areas such as Al-Fahaheel, Um AlHaiman, and Al-Ahmadi, exposes residents of these suburbs to many pollutants dispersed by wind. Urban expansion over the natural environment: The poorly planned expansion of construction has invaded the natural environment including the coastal areas, natural reserves, and agricultural areas. As a result, many of the areas of agricultural nature lost their identity, which could be seen in Al-Jahra, Al-Fintas, Abu-Hulaifa, AlMangaf, and Al-Wafra.
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The offenses on the coastal environment: The Kuwait Municipality has improved the coastal area facing the old Kuwait City in an improvement project made up of various stages. Four stages have been completed and work on the fifth stage is underway along a strip of the sea front extending 7 kilometers. Despite these efforts by the municipality, there are still many assaults on the coastal strip. Many of these assaults are pointed out in the coastal and marine environment sectors. Many of these assaults continue to take place in the form of establishing residential buildings directly looking over the sea by taking over land adjacent to the sea. This has prevented citizens from being able to access the beaches extending from Al-B d R udbu ea onaot a to the Saudi borders except very small areas that were designated as public beaches. Commercial seaports and harbors suffer from the disposal of waste in the sea and on the coastal areas by ships and boats. These seaports also lack the necessary facilities to deal with oils and waste. Neglecting the natural topography: Many cities and suburbs were established without studying the natural topography, which had affected building foundations, the environment, and human health. In the Kaifan residential area, many concrete foundations of houses were laid to obstruct the natural path of running water existing in this area. This has led to obstructing the running of water to the sea, which resulted in raising the water table. Consequently, many problems appeared that had economical, environmental, and even human damages. Some of these problems appeared in Al-Dhahar where many building collapsed due to the presence of natural geological holes at oil reservoirs. Another area affected by these problems was Al-Jahra, where many buildings and facilities constructed in the natural path of running water were damaged. The increasing number of waste landfill sites and irrational management: Waste landfill spread randomly in Kuwait, and they are not being dealt with according to the sanitary landfill method. The number of these waste disposal sites has reached 18; some of which has been closed and some continue to operate. Since the sanitary landfill method is not applied, many gases rise from these sites affecting the surrounding environment. One of the most obvious cases in that regards took place in Al-Qurain, where gases have continued to rise years after closing the site and after residential areas were built around it. The residents of these areas complained about the suffering they endure due to the rise of these gases.
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The Environment Public Authority took the responsibility of repairing the site and extracting the gases via a network of pipes and reusing these gases in generating necessary energy to serve the public park that was established at the site. Another case was the waste landfill site in the Sabhan industrial area next to the Medical Warehouse Department building and some factories. The site releases offensive odors to the surrounding areas. This site, along with the other sites, needs to be treated thoroughly to prevent them from turning into gases and fires that would lead to the depreciation of the real estate value which may lead to developing surrounding areas. The following table shows waste landfills of the Kuwait Municipality and the sites that are still in operation and those that were shut down. Table 8-1 Locations of the landfill sites
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Site Name Jleeb Al-Shiyookh Site (8091) Al-Miseela (Middle Army Area) (86-91) Al-Sulaibiya (1984-present) Mina Abdulla (91-present) South of Seventh Ring Road (92-present) North of Seventh Ring Road Al-Jahra Al-Qurain South of Sabhan (84-86) Al-Wafra site (very old) Al-Oqeela (old and closed) Mina Al-Zur (not in use yet) Site Status Closed Closed In operation In operation In operation In operation In operation Closed Closed Closed Closed Not used yet Household and Construction Waste. Household Construction Waste. Household Waste. Proposed site, not used yet, undefined, unfenced. Waste Type Household waste Household waste Household waste Household and Construction Waste. Household Waste. Household Waste. Household Waste. 2.35 Km2 2.35 Km2 3.0 Km2 5.34 Km2 21.7 Km2 Est. Site area based on aerial photographs 3.6 Km2
13 14 15 16 17 18
Amghara (very old) East Sulaibiya Kabd Al-Shuaiba site (83-91) Failaka Site Al-Shuaiba industrial site
Closed Closed Some waste is dumped Closed and is in the vicinity of a gas station Closed due to the invasion Closed, not used yet
Household. Construction waste.
Construction waste
Site not licensed by Kuwait Municipality
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Insufficient parking spaces in some residential areas: Many residential areas and public buildings such as colleges, universities, institutes, schools, nurseries, private schools, hotels, and hospital were not provided with sufficient parking spaces for vehicles. This led to a wrongful. Attempts to solve this problem by constructing metal carports along the sidewalks, where these sidewalks served as parking spaces. Improper planning of some industrial and crafting sites: Many of the industrial and labor sites in Shuwaikh, Al-Ray, Sharq, AlAhmadi, and Al-Fahaheel were not afforded the due attention they deserve during the planning stages regarding the Environmental Impact Assessment Studies and categorization of industries or crafts according to their contributions in polluting the environment, which could be categorized as slightly, moderately, or highly pollutant of the environment. In the Shuwaikh Industrial Area for instance, used oils are disposed of to the sewage disposal network. Furthermore, polluting professions and activities such as car washing and greasing stations and restaurants were not separated from each other and were allowed to coexist side by side. In addition, many highly volatile materials or combustible materials were stored in the vicinity of shops accommodating fire aiding activities such as steelwork and machining shops. Many neighboring residential areas such as Al-Khaldiya, Al-Omariya, and Al-Yarmouk are affected by the pollution resulting from the activities taking place in this area. Many fires have taken place in Al-Shuwaikh industrial area, which were not controlled easily and have destroyed many shops and storage spaces located in that area. There are many aspects to the problems in Al-Shuwaikh Industrial Area. One of which is the license itself, which lacks the required conditions for safety, protection, and fire fighting. Another aspect is the use a particular site for purposes other than the purpose that it was licensed for such as using showrooms as storage sites. Yet another aspect is the deterioration and wear of buildings and metal structures or the faulty construction of these shops and buildings. Moreover, the poor supervision of the activities taking place in this area is another aspect to the problems occurring in that area. Some of the proposed solutions would be to reorganize Al-Shuwaikh industrial area; re-evaluate the conditions and criteria for granting licenses; acquire approval from all agencies dealing with the issue of safety and well being such as the Kuwait Municipality, the Environment Public Authority, and the Public Fire Brigade Department; apply the studies conducted regarding the environmental
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impact of the various activities; determine the proper usage of the various locations; and establish a highly active system for supervision and punishment of violators. In Al-Sulaibiya industrial area, another problem appears in the form of rising smoke, sand, and dust from construction materials factories, stone crushing factories producing aggregate and concrete plants. Al-Sulaibiya residential area has been affected by all these pollutants. Oil collection stations are randomly located without proper planning, which may create a problem in the future if these areas are chosen for future residential expansion. Oil refineries have been built in Al-Shuaiba industrial area next to AlShuaiba residential area. This has had many negative effects on residents of that area which led to moving the residential area entirely, which confirms the lack of compliance with the principle of sustainable development. Since it is anticipated that oil refineries will be expanded and/or new refineries will be established, it is to be expected that many existing residential areas will be affected or some residential areas will be even more susceptible to pollution such as Al-Fahaheel and Um Al-Haiman. 8-3-4 The presence of harmful and polluting utilities and services: Many car repair shops in residential areas dispose used oils directly to sewage disposal network. These shops also cause discomfort to the public through the noise created by such shops. An obvious example of this can be seen in Jleeb Al-Shiyookh area. Moreover, enormous amount of energy gets wasted due to irrational practices such as excessive lighting. This can be seen in the University, sporting clubs, and some residential areas. 8-3-5 The increasing pressure on available resources of the environment: The discovery of oil, and the accompanying increase in job opportunities, has led to a rise in population, which resulted in increasing the pressure on the natural and vital resources such as water, electricity and sand and gravel quarries. The pressure on these resources has risen due to the trend of overspending and the exaggeration of luxurious construction, which has led to the presence of building components unrelated to the Kuwaiti environment. 8-3-6 The influence of natural phenomena on the urban environment: Many naturally occurring phenomena were not given proper consideration and were not studied thoroughly when preparing urban
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p n. hne s r s l ko n s Sr a ;l l sT udrt m a o nw a a yt f a o s a oods; sand storms; and earthquakes have great influence on the urban environment. T e Sr a saoa r ncue a i i t w t l e m c h hr h a yt esnla ass re n h a re l uh i e a i s e e v g than can be accommodated by the storm water network. This causes many damages, and some times human casualties result from these phenomena. Sand storms may damage residential units, public buildings, and roads, and in many instances traffic accidents were caused by these storms. Earthquakes have not been given the due consideration in building designs with ground floors resting on columns or using elevated columns, which can not resist strong earthquakes if one strikes Kuwait. 8-3-7 Insufficient maintenance archeological buildings: of heritage, historical, and
The heritage, historical, and archeological sites were not afforded the care and attention they deserve. The old Kuwait City was discarded including its old wall, and also many valuable historical buildings that should have been protected, rehabilitated, and maintained were lost. The lack of awareness of the importance of these sites and their relevance to the history of Kuwait prior to the discovery of oil and the strong desire to merge in modernization have contributed to the eradication of many buildings and landmarks. These buildings could have served as outstanding landmarks of Kuwait to be visited by younger generations to help them understand their past and link the past with the presence and future. 8-3-8 The absence of a housing strategy: The failure to create a clear policy to distribute the population on the various suburbs and cities, new and existing, or the improper application of such policy, in the event one existed, led to the creation of many environmental, economic, and other problems in addition to the social affects. The increased pressure on resources and infrastructures available in the region (which in many cases is limited in size) and the increased pressure on the available facilities in the region led to sustainable traffic congestion. This traffic congestion resulted in air pollution from vehicle exhaust systems and also resulted in an increase in noise and shortage in parking spaces, which is the case in Al-Salmiya, Hawalli, and Al-Jabriya. 8-3-9 Lack of Environmental Awareness: The environmental awareness among the public remains to be weak or nonexistent in many cases especially with regards to interacting with city
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elements, residential areas, and public facilities. This can be attributed to many factors such as the great variation among the many segments of the society, the lack of cohesion among these segments of society, the low level of education in some segments of society, and the various languages used by these segments, which makes it difficult to address all these segments using a single language. This has resulted in many improper behaviors that affect the general appearance of the city. Many examples of these behaviors exist in the form of vandalizing some of the public facilities that were provided to serve the public such as walkers resting areas, chairs of bus stations and parks, light poles, signs, trash cans, memorial monuments, and greeneries. Other forms of these behaviors are littering of streets, recreational parks and beaches. Unacceptable ways of interacting with vehicles is yet another example of these behaviors, which has led to many traffic accidents. Despite all these behaviors that ruin the general image of the city, an obvious weakness remains to exist regarding monitoring these actions, enforcing laws addressing these matters, and applying the proper punishment. This weakness led many to believe that these behaviors are part of daily life in the city and must be accepted and coped with. All this confirms the need for emphasizing environmental awareness and education programs to all segments of the society. 8-3-10 Expanding Projects of Enhancing and Improving the Environment: The existing parks and recreational places require more care, maintenance, and protection. Constructing new parks and recreational areas must be expanded to make use of the open spaces available and transform them into greeneries or parks. This will not only improve the general appearance of the city and help entertain the public, but it will also reduce the effects of sandstorms by working as natural purification stations in addition to contributing to weather improvement and reducing the heat. Water is available to execute these projects, since only 30 to 40% of water produced by sewage treatment is currently being used for agricultural and irrigation purposes while the rest gets disposed into the sea. A point worthy of mentioning in that regard would be the need to stop the removal of some of the parks in order to use them for other purposes which was the case with the Green Belt Park next to Al-Dasmah residential area. There are many proposed projects for aesthetic agriculture and a project to enhance the treatment method of sewage by using the quadruple treatment method, which would provide more water for aesthetic agriculture. Plans for aesthetic agriculture projects must be prepared in
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advance to make use of the treated water that gets wasted or the water which will result from the new treatment method. 8-3-11 Compliance with Environmental Legislations and Laws: Many governmental and non-governmental corporations should work to enhance their compliance with the legislations and laws related to the protection of the environment. The environmental impact principle must be applied and the laws regarding building facades must be followed. The environmental conditions related to urban planning need more elaboration and determination. Kuwait remains to lack the appropriate laws that would fine or prosecute those who mistreat the environment and pollute it. Furthermore, the criteria for the percentage of pollutants and emissions generating from industrial areas and their danger to the surrounding residential areas need to be approved and applied without undue delay. Many governmental and non-governmental corporations must enhance their compliance with laws and legislations concerning the protection of the coastal environment such as building slipways for beach houses without obtaining the required license. There is also a need to protect the natural and agricultural environments since they have been deteriorated by the unplanned building expansion such as that in Al-Wafra area and some forestation areas. Moreover, the Environment Public Authority Decision No. 9 of 1990 regarding conducting Environmental Impact Studies for all construction projects must be complied with thoroughly, since that would limit some of the negative effects that result from undertaking these projects and would enhance the principle of sustainable development. Some decisions such as decision number (MN/F/17/131/9/95) dated November 6th, 1995 regarding splitting many realty lands in some residential areas have imposed added pressure on the infrastructures of these areas since they were originally designed to house and serve a limited population. 8-3-12 The Freedom to Access Information: The difficulty of obtaining information, despite the abundance of this information, is a large obstacle facing researchers and study conductors. Various studies and reports have been prepared and must be appraised by some of the public corporations to avoid having multiple reports addressing the same problem and to insure the proper coordination between the various corporations. These reports and studies are kept from the specializing agencies, whether public or private, who endure great hardships when attempting to retrieve these studies. In addition, much of the data and statistics published in official reports lack precision due to
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the lack of required means for accurate data collection or due to the poor supervision and monitoring which gets reflected on the precision of these studies. 8-3-13 Financial and Economical Issues: The relative weakness in raising necessary funds to conduct environmental impact studies for all construction projects. Poor dedication of funds to preserve the urban heritage and the architectural identity of the country through preserving buildings and areas of historical significance, whether public or private. This has caused loosing some of these buildings that represented an era of the history of the country and its past. Insufficient funds to finance balanced and comprehensive architectural planning research, studies concerning the architectural character of the country, and environmental impact studies of constructing new suburbs and cities. Insufficient funds for the execution of greening the country and transforming it into a green oasis. When such funds are provided, 60 to 70% of treated water can be used in the expansion of greening Kuwait. At the same time, this will protect the gulf from the harmful effects of waste disposed in the gulf and serve to enhance the coastal and marine environment. 8-4 Causes of problems and issues of concern in the Urbanization and Urban Environment Sector: After displaying the issues related to the construction sector and the urban environment and discussing the various aspect of this problem, we will discuss the reasons that led to the presence of these problems in the following subsections. 8-4-1 Reasons for the lack of cohesion in buildings and the loss of architectural identity:
The absence of obligatory laws and studies that determine the
architectural identity has led to the loss of architectural cohesion, which is currently observed in many locations.
Inadequate planning and designs related to the architectural heritage of
the country.
Failure to comply with the Islamic architectural identity.
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8-4-2 Reasons for urban Pollution: Urban Pollution includes visual pollution, noise, soil pollution, air pollution, and pollution resulting from communication towers. The reasons for each of these types of pollution will be stated below.
Visual pollution:
Use of imported styles in the design and construction of buildings Extensive use of glazing in buildings Building owners not complying with the laws of the Kuwait Municipality regarding building facades Lack of consideration of the existing status in the area when designing new facilities Triumph of individual taste on the general taste and the aesthetic appearance of the city
Noise (sound pollution):
The inefficacy of the separation belts around noise generating areas. Insufficient use of trees as a noise-reducing source. Lenient application of the work law. Failure to employ new technology to prevent the spread of noise. Permitting many commercial activities to exist in residential areas.
Air pollution in the urban environment:
Lenient application of the law on vehicles violating environmental requirements. The poor control on emissions coming out of purification stations, oil facilities, and heavy industries. Burning medical gases and waste. The nature of fuel used for burning in furnaces of industrial facilities and power generation stations.
Soil Pollution in city suburbs:
Improper design of the sewage disposal network and the notable weakness observed in maintenance, periodical protection, monitoring, and supervision. Unsuitable methods used to dispose of sewage and the poor execution of the existing methods.
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Soil pollution due to the wrong methods of dealing with hazardous and dangerous waste and burying this waste in areas of proposed residential expansion. The large number of waste landfill sites and not complying with the principles of sanitary landfill. Increased cases of oil leaks due to deterioration of pipes or pipe blasting. Oil lakes. 8-4-3 Reasons for the inadequate application of the Urban Plan and the poor architectural planning: The poor architectural planning issue includes many aspects as the obstacles associated with the establishment of new cities, incursion of construction, neglecting the natural terrain, constructing residential building on or around waste landfill sites, and the assaults on the coastal environment. Poor architectural planning can be attributed to the following reasons:
Failure to account for the environmental impacts of constructing
houses and residential suburbs during the planning stage.

Insufficient conduction of environmental impact studies for some
coastal facilities.
The poor inclusion of the social and economic aspects in the urban
and architectural designs.

Mediocre long term strategic planning Weakness of the chronological programs that determine periods of
execution of the urban plans for new cities.

Failure to allow the New Cities Authority, which was established
according to decree number 2 of 1999, to assume the role it, was established for.
Failure to avoid some of the negative aspects of the existing
residential areas when constructing new cities and suburbs.

The closeness of some of the residential areas to heavy industry
facilities that generate harmful odours and gases and failure to give due consideration to the prevailing direction of wind.
Failure to solve problems of waste disposal and failure to select the
proper locations for waste landfill sites in urban plans.

Failure to reveal some of the new urban plans to the public for
discussions by parties benefiting and suffering from these plans. These discussions may lead to pinpointing some of the mistakes that can be
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avoided during the planning stages and before granting final approval to the plans. A prime example of this case can be seen in the proposed plans for the new city of Subbiya, where the residential area is located on the windward side of the industrial area in that city. This will definitely allow the wind to carry pollutants emitting from the industrial area to the residents of this city. This can be avoided if the industrial area is moved from its current north western location of the city to the eastern side of the city or parallel to the harbour overlooking the coast, which would allow it to serve two purposes: The first is to protect the residents from pollutant emissions The second is the resulting ease with which goods and products can be transported through the sea.
The same principle can be applied to the proposed plans for
developing the Island of Failaka and making them open for discussion by the public and other related parties before granting final approval. Reasons for the insufficient car parking spaces in residential areas:
Scarcity of space available in front of and to the side of residential
units due to reducing the size of realty (splitting realty) and the corresponding desire to build the largest allowable portion of the realty.
The poor planning of some of the residential areas regarding parking
spaces which forced residents to build metal car ports on sidewalks and use them as parking spaces. Reasons for the poor planning of sites for some of the industrial facilities:
Some of the industrial and hand labour dominated areas did not
receive proper planning and the consequent proper execution that insures the safe operation of these sites without being susceptible to fires and environmental disasters that would pollute the surrounding areas.
Deterioration of old facilities and the corrosion of metal pipes in some
of the industrial and hand labour dominated areas.

The poor organization of activities in these areas led to overlapping
uses, which in turn increased pressure on the surrounding environment.

Failure to comply with the designated uses of each facility. Improper supervision of the execution of conditions and granting
permits.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Reasons for licensing buildings and residential suburbs on the
windward side of facilities with dangerous emissions:

The absence of Environmental Impact Studies prior to licensing. Wrong selection of sites for residential construction and lack of
coordination between involved parties such as the case in Um AlHaiman sites, which are located within the insulated belt of AlShuaiba industrial area.
The leniency in operating filters in some industrial facilities of dense
emissions and failure to maintain them periodically which weakened the vitality of these filters. 8-4-4 Reasons for the presence of harming facilities and services:
The poor selection of locations for some industrial and hand labour
shops.
The lenient application of laws related to waste disposal. Lack of public awareness regarding energy conservation.
8-4-5 Reasons for increased pressure on available resources:

T e u a sc t s oe cnu p o o w t ad e c it h r n oiy vr osm t n f a r n l tcy b e i e e ri
resources due to their low prices (2 Fils per kilowatt of electricity, and 178 Fils per cubic meter of water).
Population density in some residential areas exceeds the planned
numbers. This occurred due to the inability of the residents of these areas to spend on their large houses causing them to rent their houses to multiple families in an effort to increase their income.
Failure to use the available water resources properly. The realty splitting system in residential areas causes increased
pressure on resources available to these areas since realty splitting results in higher number of residents that exceeds the accommodation ability of the area.
Inadequate search for alternative resources of energy. Exaggeration
and boastfulness in constructing buildings, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and also the exaggeration of ceiling heights of rooms in buildings.
8-4-6 Reasons behind the influence of natural phenomena on the urban environment:
The storm water network was not designed in a manner that enables it
to accommodate the seasonal rain, which led to many floods that caused financial damages in the urban environment.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Absence of the suitable methods to limit sand encroachment on open
roads.
The storm water network works according to the principle of natural
flow towards the sea. And since the land elevations approximates sea elevation during the high tide, seawater can flow in the network during high tides causing floods in many parts of the city, especially during r n t ne t m ko n s S r a . a yh dro s nw a a yt i u sr a
The absence of earthquake standards and codes in designing buildings
and facilities. 8-4-7 Reasons for lack of maintenance of heritage, historical, and archeological buildings:
Absence of a general policy to protect and maintain historical
buildings, whether public or private.

Weak application of legislations protecting and preserving historical
buildings.
Lack of clarity of the specific responsibilities given to the various
parties caring for historical sites and buildings.

Failure of the media to accentuate historical buildings. Absence of a general policy to organize historical and archaeological
tourism.
Incompetent building rehabilitation plans which results in eradicating
the identity of historical landmarks. 8-4-8 The reasons necessitating a residential strategy:
The population growth of Kuwait exceeded projections made by
planners, which led to the spread of residential areas beyond the limits of urban plans.
Leniency in applying private residence rental system. Failure to provide the necessary services and facilities for some
residential areas and the deficient infrastructure.

Proximity of residential areas to industrial facilities or entrance ways
(airports, harbours,..etc).
Kuwait still lacks a clear vision regarding the needed skills,
qualifications, and labour on the domestic and imported levels and the manners of training and housing the needed workforce. This requires the presence of a clear housing strategy that relies on the economical and social development plans. This strategy would produce a clear plan concerning land use and the corresponding city and residential
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area distribution that would accommodate the numbers adopted by the residential strategy. 8-4-9 Reasons for lack of environmental awareness:
Absence of a general program for environmental education and
awareness countrywide and not drafting those who work in the environment sector to perform constant awareness campaigns.
Inadequate awareness to the importance of preserving water and
electricity and reducing noise.

Lack of awareness among citizens and leniency in applying the
standards and specifications of constructing the residential unit.

Absence of a general policy to improve the public taste and promote
the improved taste.

Lack of awareness in dealing with waste.
8-4-10 Reasons for leniency in expanding environment beautification projects:

Inadequate maintenance operations required in agricultural and
irrigation services.
Failure to plant or pave some of the open historical sites and sidewalks
in some areas.
Failure to utilize 60 - 70% of water resulting from sewage treatment
for landscaping in the country rather than dumping it into the sea. 8-4-11 Reasons for the inadequate compliance with laws and legislations concerning the environment:
The inadequate application of regulations, decisions, and laws and
failure to enact them properly.

Inadequate compliance of facility owners in applying Kuwait
Municipality laws regarding designs, facades, and other building affairs.

Leniency in applying laws, regulations, and decisions regulating the
proper methods for waste disposal.

Failure to enact the legislation that protects and preserves historical
buildings.
The uselessness of some regulations and laws due to their ineffective
application.
Absence of an environmental court monitoring the application of laws
and punishing violators of these laws.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Failure to provide prosecuting authority to a larger segment of
employees of governmental corporations and agencies in order to enact laws and decisions. 8-4-12 Reasons for improper coordination between corporations:
Failure to grant the Governorates Council the proper role in the
country.
The
widespread phenomenon governmental corporations
of
administration
drooping
in
Lack of clarity of the specific responsibilities given to the various
parties caring for historical sites and buildings.

The inadequate role played by committees coordinating between the
various public corporations having similar responsibilities. 8-4-13 Reasons for inadequate monetary and economic spending on urban development projects:
I poe p ni o t cut ubndvl m n p j t t m rpr l n g fh on y ra ee p et r e s h a n e rs o o c, e
absence of clear five-year plans and strategies for construction development projects of all kinds, and the lack of coordination between these projects regarding their locations and natures. 8-5 The proposed solutions and procedures to the issues and problems of the urban environment sector: 8-5-1 Proposed solutions to counter the lack of cohesion of the architectural fabric of the country:
Encouraging researchers and specialists in this field to conduct studies
and research and create models related to the architectural nature of the country, with emphasis on addressing factors contributing to the decline of the general taste. The Public Authority for the Environment should be given the assignment of involving all concerned agencies, corporations, and individuals in such research. Adequate funding should be provided for such researches and studies.
Forming a permanent committee representing the various sectors
working in this field to define the Islamic architectural identity, taking into consideration the entire social and climatic aspects in urban plans and architectural designs. The committee should seek the expertise of researchers and specialists in that field. The committee should be given the authority to approve of licenses that are in harmony with the architectural identity.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Providing all academic majors related to the fields of architecture and
heritage in an effort to utilize them in defining the architectural identity.

Training technicians in all the sectors of the country in a manner that
enables them to avoid the problems resulting from the weak architectural designs and plans.
Raising the awareness among consulting firms of the need to give due
consideration of the architectural identity and nature of the country when laying out architectural designs and construction plans. 8-5-2 Proposed solutions to control urban pollution:
Setting standards and conditions regarding building types and colours
by concerned agencies and obliging facility owners to follow the instructions issued in that regard with proper clarification of the damages resulting from excessive use of glass and glazing in buildings in an effort to reduce the pressure on electric energy and since the excessive use of glass is not suitable for the prevailing climate.
Enacting the role of the Technical Committee of Building Affairs to
include the missions of the Facades Committee and the Special Nature Committee branching from the Construction Administration of the Kuwait Municipality.
The
concerned governmental agencies should give proper consideration to the current status in the area when designing new facilities.
Noise pollution:
Conducting a comprehensive study to determine the types of
separation belts suitable for the nature of the domestic environment and climate around residential and noise generating industrial areas. A great emphasis must be placed on the separation belts, which in addition to reducing noise serve the purpose of stabilizing soils and provide shade. These separation belts will make great use of treated water that is disposed of into the sea.
Give due consideration to the results of prepared and approved studies
regarding the types of separation belts and including these results in the urban plan of the country when establishing new cities.
Using modern technologies that may reduce the rapid spread of noise
especially around existing residential areas. These residential areas have grown closer to highways after the expansion of these areas, which has made noise a worrisome issue for the residents of these areas.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Defining working hours for construction work that generate irritating
noise, especially in residential areas, and obliging all concerned agencies to follow related instructions and guidelines.
Banning practices that lead to noise generation commercial activities
in purely residential areas, and designating the proper locations for these activities. Air pollution:
The
need for tight monitoring by the Technical Inspection Administration of the Ministry of Interior of vehicles violating environmental requirements and assigning the proper punishment for each violation. to reduce air pollution.
Encouraging the use of catalysts converters in transportation vehicles Tightening supervision on electric generation and water desalination
plants and oil refineries in addition to asphalt and cement production plants and forcing these plants to install, operate, and maintain filters that reduce the emission of dust and dangerous gases.
Withholding licenses from industrial facilities established in the
vicinity of new cities and suburbs.

Studying and encouraging the use of new sources of energy as an
alternative to vehicle fuel. Soil pollution:

The need to perform periodical maintenance on the sewage disposal
network to insure the proper operation of the network in addition to the need for monitoring the network.
Since the area of farms and beach houses was not connected to the
sewage disposal network, the use of new methods to purify sewage in these areas and use the treated water for agricultural purposes must be encouraged.
The need to enact and apply the criteria for supervising industrial and
hand labour facilities to insure that waste of these facilities that can corrode and damage the pipes of the sewage disposal network and affect the efficiency of purification stations is not disposed of into the sewage disposal network since that may pollute the surrounding soil through the leakage resulting from damaged pipes.
Improving the methods of dealing with waste and reducing waste
through recycling and selecting the landfill sites properly. Furthermore, the principles of sanitary landfill must be applied to
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avoid repeating the problem that occurred in Al-Qurain. Currently, 18 landfill sites exist were waste is randomly dumped, and these sites will form dangerous polluting centres on any urban expansion in their vicinity, especially since land available for residential expansion is very limited in Kuwait. 8-5-3 Proposed solutions to augment urban planning:
The need to prepare a clear strategy for housing based on the
principles of social and economical studies and development plans, and the need to designate uses of land to insure the separation of new cities and residential areas from highly pollutant industrial development areas.
Greater enforcement of the various agencies to conduct environmental
impact studies when constructing the different facilities and buildings.

Considering the environmental aspects when preparing urban plans
and utilizing experts in the environmental impact field when studying the environmental scope of the urban plans and the urban projects.
Seeking the knowledge and expertise of the New Cities Authority in
laying long-term strategic plans having chronological programs defining the precise time for executing the urban plans of new cities based on the population growth and the expected needs of residential units, and avoiding the errors committed in existing residential areas and finding proper solutions to treat these errors.
Finding a suitable, highly efficient mechanism and the proper location
to help ships in discarding waste to protect the marine environment and other sea facilities such as commercial harbours from pollution.
Insuring proper planning for residential areas and selecting the proper
locations for elevated buildings and facilities and their complementary services, and providing sufficient parking spaces for cars taking into consideration the growth of demand for these parking spaces.
Assessing the plans of some of the industrial areas and areas
dominated by hand labour activities which may generate recurrent fires and pollution such as Al-Shuwaikh industrial area through finding suitable alternative locations or through reorganizing these areas and assigning uses in a manner that would reduce its pollution of the environment.
Place the necessary conditions for uses and safety rules and insuring
the execution of these conditions.

Establishing strict rules for supervision, monitoring, and censure.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Re-evaluating the urban plans for new industrial and hand labour areas
regarding their consideration of environmental aspects to avoid the errors present in existing industrial areas.
The need to find proper treatment for buildings and residential suburbs
located on the windward side of facilities of harmful emissions, and that could be done on two stages: First: treating the existing status, this became a reality, since it is impossible to move industrial facilities or residential areas to a different location. The treatment will be through controlling pollutant emissions coming out of industrial facilities, and controlling the source of these emissions through filters and proper maintenance, and establishing separation belts around residential buildings. Furthermore, there will be a need to train residents of the surrounding areas to evacuate when necessary. Second: laying out a land use plan to include the entire area of Kuwait, where industrial, residential, and oil locations will be marked. The plan should take into consideration separating pollutant facilities from residential areas and thoroughly studying the direction of wind to prevent it from carrying any prospected emissions to the public. 8-5-4 Proposed solutions to the presence of harming and polluting facilities and services:
Stressing the important role played by the various concerned agencies
in properly planning the sites of these facilities and services, with emphasis on establishing locations for hand labour services in residential areas on the condition that they are not included in the residential units. 8-5-5 Proposed solutions to reduce the pressure on electricity and water:
Encouraging the private sector to establish large projects for treatment
of sewage using modern techniques in a way that would make it possible to use the resulting water for irrigation and forestation while preventing the pollution of the marine environment and marine facilities at the same time. This will also lead to reducing the pressure on available water resources as was done in the sewage purification plant in Al-Sulaibiya.
Producing an educational program to raise the awareness among
citizens of the proper way of dealing with water, and using modern technology, which can reduce water consumption.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The need to ban realty splitting systems in existing residential areas
due to the increased amount of pressure this system imposes on the infrastructure.
Enacting the proposal regarding the grouping system and the principle
of ascending pricing of water and electricity.

Searching for alternative resources of energy.
8-5-6 Proposed solutions to limit the pressure imposed on resources and raw materials in construction:
Using architectural designs that contribute to reducing the pressure on
the resources of construction materials, especially the domestic materials.

The need to conduct studies and research to find new construction
materials that reduce the high cost of importing aggregate, including conducting studies on construction waste and rebels to transform them into materials suitable for constructions use. The use of recycled materials in construction should also be encouraged. 8-5-7 Proposed solutions to the influence of natural phenomena:
Updating the designs of strom water networks to avoid the errors of
the past, and updating the network and preventing misuse of the network, which takes the form of using it to dispose liquid waste into the sea.
The need to limit sand encroachment from open spaces and roadsides
onto the roads, and thus into storm water networks and sewage disposal networks, and that can be done through paving or planting.
The lack of proper periodical maintenance for storm water networks,
since establishing these networks, is a major cause for floods in addition to the inability of these networks to accommodate and discharge of storm water. This makes it necessary to engineer a campaign for maintaining and thoroughly cleaning this network frequently to prevent the settlement of sand and soil in the network. This campaign will insure the proper functioning of the network to meet the goals it was designed for. Furthermore, the network must be managed and supervised properly and constantly to insure the prevention of abuse of the network.
Producing reasonable engineering solutions such as paving sidewalks
and open spaces to prevent sand intrusion into the network.

Installing valves that prevent seawater from intrusion into the
network.
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8-5-8 Proposed solutions to maintain historical resources:

Instructing the media and the press to bring more attention to
historical areas and the need to preserve these areas since they r r et pro o t cut h t y e e n a ot n fh on ys io . ps i e r sr
Obliging
all concerned agencies to cooperate to produce a comprehensive plan and a general policy to protect and maintain public and private historical facilities through creating well studied, scientifically sound rehabilitation plans. Furthermore, the expertise of qualified personal working in this field must be utilized. In addition, materials resistant to wear and weathering must be used. need to form a committee representing all concerned governmental agencies to study all areas and resources of historical value, administer heritage affairs, and develop proper solutions to overcome obstacles withholding maintenance operations and registering private properties. Work must be coordinated between the committee and all concerned agencies. The committee shall be responsible for all matters of historical nature. Efforts must be made to turn this committee into an independent authority in the future. facilities, with the need to create a small sample of the historical Kuwait City (a small village) to attract tourists and stimulate the economy, and also to serve as an exhibition for younger generations to remind them of their ancient history.
The
Encouraging tourism through maintaining historical buildings and
Instructing schools to increase their tours to tourist areas, and directing
tourist corporations to organize festivals and galleries in tourist areas and historical sites. Encouraging the establishment of private non-profit societies engaging in all the affairs of the urban heritage. 8-5-9 Proposed solutions for dissipating the population:
There must be a well-studied plan and a clear policy to spread the
population and face the problems resulting from population growth in residential areas and especially in new cities in addition to properly selecting the locations for residential areas to keep them away from all the different sources of pollution.
Providing all necessary services and entertainment facilities in all
suburbs to reduce the need of residents of these suburbs to make long trips.
Establishing suitable residential areas to house marginal labour.
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8-5-10 Proposed solutions for lack of environmental awareness: Preparing programs to inform the public and raise their environmental awareness, where these programs must cover all environmental aspects related to construction and the urban environment. This program must address all segments of the society, citizens and residents. This program must emphasize the following:
Conscious consumption of water and electricity. The importance of reducing glare and noise pollution. Preserving public facilities and protecting them. Preserving plantations and encouraging general greening of the
country.
Rehabilitating and maintaining historical buildings and preserving
them.
Raising the awareness of the public of the importance of using
unleaded fuel.
Stressing the importance of obliging with the architectural identity,
wt c ry g t a h et a s l sib frt cut i l i i h r ic r t e u al o h on ys h af n e c t u l y s t e e r climate and social environment.

Educating the public of the proper methods to deal with the different
kinds of waste.
Increasing traffic awareness among the public, and seeking the
expertise of trained personal in that field.

Informing the public of the proper methods for applying standards and
criteria regarding constructing residential units on economically and environmentally sound basis through short courses and through producing radio and television programs.
The need to introduce environmental education and architectural
heritage courses into the curriculum of the Ministry of Education.

Enacting the role of existing non-profit societies, especially the
Kuwaiti Society for Protection of the Environment, in raising the awareness of the public through launching contests, participating in festivals, and other ways of raising the environmental awareness among the public.
Promoting the establishment of non-profit organizations tending to
architectural and urban heritage and the environmental architecture.
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8-5-11 Proposed solutions for the expansion of environmental projects:

Directing more attention to establishing more public parks as
beautification projects due to the vital role of these parks in enhancing and purifying air in the region. Major emphasis must be laid on the periodical maintenance of these parks.
Demonstrate greater interest in paving and planting open sand squares,
flat land, and roadsides to limit the problem of sand encroachment and its damaging effects on buildings and facilities. 8-5-12 Enacting legislations:
Enacting laws, regulations, and decisions regarding the resources of
the urban environment sector through publishing brochures that guide citizens and inform them of the laws dealing with construction of residential units including design and faade laws, public facility protections laws, plantation protection laws, and any other related laws.
Enforcing the law addressing the preservation and protection of
historical buildings.
Legislating laws regarding the requirement to oblige with the adopted
architectural identity of the country.

The need to enact laws dealing with the disposal of waste from ships,
which is one of the major pollutants of the coastal facilities and marine environment.
The need to enact laws dealing with polluting the urban environment,
including visual pollution, noise pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. Violators of these laws must be punished swiftly. There is also a need to establish an environmental court in an effort to support this trend.
Merging some of the regulations into a new law to increase their
vitality such as regulations on leasing private residences. 8-5-13 Insufficient monetary and economic funding for urban development:
Allocating funds for preparing architectural studies to include long
term expansions, taking into consideration the architectural identity and the social and historical aspects of Kuwait. In addition, projects preserving the architectural heritage and beautification and plantation projects must receive the necessary funding. 8-5-14 Proposed solutions to enhance the coordination between various corporations:
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The need to revive the role of the Governorates Councils. Clear distribution of responsibilities among the various agencies
responsible for the historical sites and facilities.

Forming committees to coordinate between concerned corporations,
and revitalizing the role of these committees.

Establishing a database that contains all information related to this
sector, and to facilitate access to the database to all concerned corporations.
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Plate 8-1 Kuwait City, before the oil era.
415
Plate 8-2 The old gates and the protective wall of Kuwait.
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Plate 8-3 Entering Kuwait City through one of the gates, before the oil era.
417
Plate 8-4 A close shot of one of the old gates, note the construction material.
418
Plate 8-5 Street lanes in Kuwait City, before the oil era.
419
Plate 8-6 Delivering water by "Al-Kandari", before the oil era.
420
Plate 8-7 Entrance of an old house.
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Plate 8-8 A walking lane in an alley, note the design and the resting area.
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Plate 8-9 The design of houses in old Kuwait, before the oil era, was influenced by Islamic and Arabic architecture.
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Plate 8-10 Demolishing the Third Wall. It was used, before the oil era, to protect Kuwait. The wall was demolished in the fifties.
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8-6 Sources of information: Abdul-Baqi, O. (1999). The Mobile Phone and its Effects on Health and the Environment. The article was published by "The Environment" Magazine, Volumes (165, 166), and February and March 1999 issue. Kuwait. Al-Duaij, O. (2000). Present Architecture in Kuwait. An article published by the Engineers Magazine, Volume No.8, April-June, 2000. Mr. Al-Duaij is the manager of the Environmental Affairs Department at Kuwait Municipality, Kuwait. Annual Statistics Report, (?). Energy and Electricity, Ministry of Electricity and Water, Kuwait. Annual Statistics Report, (1999). Ministry of Electricity and Water, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (?). Special Conditions for Labor Housing in Kuwait. EPA, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (1999). An official letter by the EPA Number (EPA/274) dated January 24th, 1999 regarding the installation of transmission and reception stations of mobile phones in Kuwait. The project was supported by the National Company for Mobile Telecommunications in state of Kuwait. Environmental Protection Council, (1989). Booklet of the "Ideal Governorate Week", Hawalli Governorate. Building Facades and Environment Beautification. The booklet is prepared by the Environmental Awareness Committee. Kuwait. Note: the booklet contain the Administrative Decision Number (233/88) in relation to Rehabilitating and Beautifying Buildings, Kuwait Municipality. Hesham, H. (1999). Visual Pollution. An article that was published by Al-Qabas Daily Newspaper, Volume No. 9466, October 25th, 1999. Kuwait. Kuwait Municipality, (1988) Preserving Historical Buildings in Kuwait. Part One of the studies: The Old Kuwait City, by the Architectural Design Department, Kuwait. Kuwait Municipality, (1988). Preserving Historical Buildings in Kuwait City. A Summarized Report by the Architectural Design Department, KM, Kuwait. Kuwait Municipality, (1996). Report on Visual Pollution in the Urban Environment, Part One: Analyzing and Evaluating the Current Status. Report by the Environmental Affairs Department, Kuwait Municipality, Kuwait.
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Kuwait Municipality, (1997). The Third Urban Plan for Kuwait. Three parts; Urban Plan for Kuwait City, Original National Strategic Plan and Urban Plan for the Urban Area. State of Kuwait. Ministry of Health, (2000). Ministerial Decision No. 257 of 1993 regarding organizing the import, handling and use of devices that emits non-ionized radiation. Note: The decision was published by the official "Kuwait Today" Gazette, year 39, Volume No. 122, pages 1415. In addition, the general recommendations and guidelines related to protection criteria from radiation emitting from mobile telecommunication stations, issued by the Radiation Prevention Department, Ministry of Health, October 19th, 2000. Kuwait. Ministry of Planning, (2000). Basic Features of the Population and the Work Force in Kuwait. Report by the Planning and Monitoring Sector, Human Development Department, Published in the 30th, of June 2000. Kuwait. Ministry of Water and Electricity, (1999). A Report on the Construction Specifications in the State of Kuwait, rpre Poe i tsand A p ct no Isli Ma r lfr u d g i K w i. W, plao fnu t g t is o B i i sn u a ME i i an ea ln t Kuwait. National Museum of Kuwait, (1992) Kuwait, Civilization and Heritage. Published by the Museums and Archeology Department, Kuwait. Our Arabic Environment, (1999). An article entitled "The Arabic Seminar on Tourism and the Environment: Encouraging Declaring Civil Heritage Areas as Protected Areas". The article was published in the "Our Arabic Environment" Magazine. Volume No.4, Part Four, October-December Issue. Suleiman, M. (?). Architecture and National Cultures. An article published by the Identity Magazine, Volume No. 20. Al-Diwan AlAmiri, Kuwait. World Health Organization, (1990). Health Indicators Report, Using Liquid Waste in Agriculture and Growing Marine Organisms. A Report by a group of Scientists, Technical Reports Series, Number 778. Other resources include the following: Communication Towers. Data Concerning Tertiary Water Treatment and its use "Water Pollution".
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Different reports obtained through the internet. The Environment Public Authority. Kuwait Municipality Memorandum regarding the technical response t t C uc o Mi s r nt o pi t r idence construction o h oni f n t s o s n r a e e l ie e ve s system rendered by the Kuwait Municipality. Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, (1996).
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Sector Nine Agriculture and Land-use in Kuwait
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Members of the Agriculture and Landscape Sector Deputy General Manager for Abdul Mohsen Al-Qallaf Landscaping and Greening, The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. Chairman of the Team. Manager of Department of Living Mona Nasser Faraj Resources, The Environment Public Authority. Repertoire of the team. Department of Living Resources, Y rbA-Yahya aaa l The Environment Public Authority. Manager of Department of Studies Khalaf Abdulhameed Al-Shatti and Designs of Landscaping, The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries. Technical advisor for Mohammad Haitham Menqara Environmental Affairs, the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries. Prepared by: Department of Earth and Dr. Rafat Mesak Environmental Sciences- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Supervision, review, editing and completion of the scientific material and organizing it: Senior consultant, United Nations Dr. Sufyan Al-Tal Development Programme (UNDP).
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9-1 Introduction Agriculture is considered one of the basic human needs regardless of the nature of the land and climate condition. In Kuwait, despite the difficulties in climate conditions, scarcity of water, and poor soil nutrients, there are some areas used for agricultural purposes such as AlWafra, Al-Abdili, and Al-Sulaibiya covering an area of 24,000 hectares. The agricultural soil in Kuwait is sandy in texture of not less than 85% in content. There is also an impermeable layer incorporated in the soil cm oio cld a hT il e ifud t dp o m r t n o psi ae gt . h a rson aa et f oeh tn l c s y h a 100cm in Al-Wafra. The thickness of this layer is higher in Al-Abdili whereas, in Al-Sulaibiya this layer is found at depths of approximately 100 cm. In general, Al-Sulaibiya is considered the best agricultural area for its soil type, water salinity, and drainage system. Kuwait has encouraged its citizen, by issuing the Law No. 94 for 1983, to practice agricultural activities. Agriculture has been known in Kuwait long time ago. People used to plant wheat, barley, and alfalfa as well as some vegetables, though basic and primitive methods were used that suited their life conditions. Before 1953, farming were practiced in some small farms located at the coastal areas in Shuaiba, Fahaheel, AbuHulaifa, and Failaka Island. These farms used ground water for agriculture purposes. The salinity level of these waters increase as more water is pumped out, which makes these waters not suitable for irrigation. In 1953, the government started to give special attention for agriculture by creating an agriculture department within the Ministry of Public Works. The activities of this department were limited to landscaping roads and streets, public parks, and nursing plants. In the same year, the government built a station for agricultural experimentation in Al-Rabia area. The aim of establishing this station was to initiate an agriculture scientific centre for conducting experiments and researches on crops and animal resources. This has encouraged many Kuwaitis to practice more agriculture activities including fishing, which was one of the most important activities for Kuwaitis for years. More attention was given to the establishment of public parks, forestation areas, and green belts in many areas. Later, as more attention was given to the agriculture sector in the country, more investors and farmers started to be involved in the various agricultural activities using advanced and organized methods. This has led to the establishment of the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries (PAAFR) that became the responsible authority for the development and improvement of the agricultural sector, including greening and productive farming, as well as the animal resources. The Authority is also responsible for the development of natural rangelands,
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combating desertification, and establishing reserves and desert parks. All these activities will maintain food security in the country and prevent resource deterioration. The authority also encourages and supervises land allocation, crop farming, poultry and cattle breeding, provides agriculture guidance and adequate assistance and subsidizes the local market as well as other activities in the agriculture sector. The National assembly (or parliament) has given the Board of Directors of PAAFR indispensable authority to establish and implement programmes and development plans for fauna and flora resources and forward related laws and legislations including land allocation and distribution and subsidies. Responding to the direct and indirect support for the sector during the past decades, the number and range of organized and advanced agriculture activities have also increased. Accordingly, investments of farmers, breeders, fishermen, and other specialized companies in this business also increased. Besides, many non-governmental organizations were also established such as unions and cooperative societies in the field of agriculture and animal production. This led to the increase in the production of food products and more self-sufficiency and achieving remarkable accomplishments in landscaping and greening domain. This reflects the importance of this sector making it one of the important sectors within the organizational structure of the state. The agriculture and landscape sector includes a structure responsible for the management and organization of the sector including embodied by PAFFR, other governmental organizations, and many NGOs (such as unions, cooperative, and agricultural societies). The sector is facilitated by an infrastructure, including Lands in Al-Wafra, Abdili, and Sulaibiya, agricultural quarantines, landscapes, reserves, fenced sites, rangelands. It also includes companies working in the field of fauna resources, poultry, and fisheries. The sector also includes research centers, which conduct applied researches and studies to support the development and improvement of the sector. In 1997, the total area suitable for agriculture reached 1,548,490 thousands m2 whereas the area of unsuitable land was 16,279,510 thousands m2. The distribution of lands suitable for agriculture was as follows:
Lands that were suitable, but not cultivated: 121,829 thousands m2. Tree planted and rangelands: 1,362,210 thousands m2. Lands planted with crops and vegetables: 54,451 thousands m2 of
which 10%-15% is greenhouse cultivation.

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Some natural and human barriers are obstructing the development of the agriculture and landscape sector. Some of the natural barriers include the harsh climate conditions, scarcity of water resources, weak soil capacities and limited vegetation cover. The human factor includes the inexperienced workforce in this domain, insufficient technical manpower, poor range and farm management and drawbacks in laws and legislations. Therefore, long and short term planning is essentially needed to overcome these obstacles. 9-2 Comprehensive evaluation of the agricultural and landscape sector resources 9-2-1 Structures of institutions working in the agriculture sector The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources (PAAFR) The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries (PAAFR) is the main official authority in the sector of agriculture and landscape. PAAFR was established on 23/8/1988 by Law No. 94/1983 and Decree No. 9/88. It is administered by the State Minister of Cabinet Affairs. Accordingly, PAAFR is entitled of supervising all agriculture properties and affairs in the country. PAAFR consists of the following sectors and departments:
Animal resources departments (animal health and production,
fisheries resources and animal resource researches)

Services and agricultural areas (Agriculture Departments of both Al-
Wafra and Al-Abdili)

Agriculture development departments (agricultural economics and
statistics, agriculture guidance and information, agricultural lands, external relations, and botanic researches).
Landscaping and greening includes departments of Implementation
and Maintenance of Landscaping Projects, Zoos, Rangelands and Forestation Areas, Studies and Designs of Projects and Follow up and Documentation of Landscaping Projects). Administrative and financial affairs (administrative affairs departments, financial affairs, subsidies and marketing, information system) PAFFR is headed by the Director General deputed by five deputy managers, each of whom manages one of the above-mentioned sectors. PAFFR is the official authority responsible for the development and improvement of the agriculture sector, both cultivation and animal, in order to achieve food security and prevent the deterioration of the existing resources. The authority has the following tasks and duties:
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Supervising land and water utilization for agriculture and fisheries
purposes.
Increasing the cultivated lands in Kuwait through land reclamation
and distribution.
Conducting studies and providing guidance in the fields of animal,
plant and fisheries resources.

Providing services in the field of plant protecting and establishment of
agricultural quarantines.
Strengthening the relation between the authority, the scientific
research centres and Kuwait University in scientific research domains.

Supervising
the implementation of productive cultivation and landscaping across the country with the collaboration of Kuwait Municipality.
Supervising the development and improvement of rangelands Establishment and administration of parks and working on combating
desertification by coordinating with other concerned authorities according to Master Plans prepared by the Municipality. Kuwait Institution for Scientific Research (KISR) KISR represents the main scientific figure for conducting many scientific activities, as indicated by the Law Decree No. 28/1981, including:
Conducting scientific researches and studies related with the
advancement of national industries as well as studies that facilitates environmental conservation.

Encouraging Kuwaitis to conduct scientific research and develop their
research capabilities in the new generations.

Studying and exploring the natural, energy, water resources as well as
their proper utilization. Furthermore, it studies methods to improve the means of agriculture and marine resource exploitation.
Providing research services and scientific and technical consultations
for governmental and private institutions.

Pursuing
and modifying new scientific and advancements them to suit the local environment.
technological
Establishing, strengthening relations and conducting joint researches
with higher education institutions, scientific and technical centres in Kuwait and all over the world.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Participating in studies related to methods of diversing the national
economy through industrial investments based on results of scientific and technological researches.
Contributing in attaining the goals of development in the Gulf and the
Arab region. The institute implements its research programmes through five-year plans to develop strategic researches programmes. These programmes include environment, food resources, water resources, petroleum resources, and technoeconomics. There are 150 specialists and researchers, 181 staff, and 68 technicians working in the institute. Kuwaiti Farmers Union It is a non-profit organization established by Law No. 38/1964 and declared in 1974. It is forms a link between farmers and the PAAFR, the ministries and authorities related to agriculture activities including the Ministry of Electricity and Water, Ministry of Public Works, and Kuwait Municipality. The tasks of the Union include:
Protecting and supporting agriculture resources. Protecting the interests of the members, advocate their rights and work
to improve their conditions.

Working to establish commercial cooperatives. Establishing genuine cooperation between farm owners, technicians,
and specialists in concerned government authorities. The outcome of the mutual efforts between the Union and PAAFR is the increase in crop production and the development of agriculture sector in the previous years. 9-2-2 Authorities and institutions responsible for environmental issues and sustainable development The Environment Public Authority (EPA) The main role of this authority is to protect and manage the environment to achieve sustainable development in Kuwait. This is done through collaboration with other governmental authorities and private sector institutions. The authority should be competent to carry all activities stated in the Law No. 21/1995 and its amendment No. 16/1996, which inclue r a ad apy pb c ply fr po co o t d pe r n pl ul o c o rt t n f h pe i i ei e environment and prepare strategies and Action Plans to achieve sustainable development including appropriate scientific, health criteria for human beings and industrial and urban development and exploitation of natural resources to ensure the safety of all installations and working
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environment, the health of the workers and protection of the environment ad osrao o t ev om n la nen ee l n cne t n fh ni n et bl c ignr . vi e r a a a The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries (PAAFR) The policies adopted by PAAFR in agriculture development fields, in the animal resources development fields, and landscaping consider environmental aspects, directly and indirectly. The sectors concerned with environmental aspects within PAAFR include:
The agricultural development sector. Landscaping and greening sector. Animal resources sector. Services and agriculture areas sector.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences in KISR is specialized in studying and assessing the environmental aspects in the marine, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments. In addition, the Department of Food Resources studies some of the important environmental issues such as greening, landscaping, rehabilitating deteriorating environments, and remediation of oil-polluted soils. Kuwait Municipality Some of its tasks include protecting and cleaning beaches taking necessary measures to maintain stability of the desert environment through the application of Law Decree concerned with activities harmful to public cleanliness and plantation in addition to decisions regarding the prohibition of disposing wastes and litters in non-designated places. It is also entitled to take actions against violations on state property in coastal and terrestrial areas. On the other hand, the Municipality adds to other efforts towards achieving sustainable development as emphasized by Agenda 21 aiming at the conservation of the terrestrial environment through the establishment of Kuwait National Park and forestation areas. 9-2-3 Existing human, technical, institutional, and legislative capacities to control, and conserve environmental issues The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries (PAFFR) The authority contains a specialized staff in various agricultural fields. There are 14 PhD holders, 15 Master degree holders, 356 Bachelor degree holders, and 326 diploma and high school degree holders. Regarding landscaping sector, which is responsible for environmental aspects, there are 3 Master degree holders, 56 Bachelor degree holders, and 51 diplomas and high school degree holders. Whereas the agricultural
435
development sector, which is responsible for sustainable development and conducts many activities to protect and maintain the environment, there are 4 PhD holders, 5 Master degree holders, 87 Bachelor degree holders, and 73 diplomas high school degree holders. In the animal resources sector, there are 9 PhD holders, 2 Master degree holders, 52 Bachelor degree holders, and 82 diploma and high school degree holders. Finally, there are 38 Bachelor degree holders and 19 diploma and high school degree holders in the agricultural regions and services sector. PAFFR implements the programmes related to environmental protection and conservation through a number of specialized departments including:
Agricultural Quarantine Department: Examines the incoming
agricultural packages coming by air, sea and land to ensure their clearance from diseases and compliance with specifications. The total number of packages examined reached 3,541,392 tons in 1997/1998, including vegetables, fruits, transplants, seeds, chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, flowers and artificial soil as the import of natural soil is prohibited.
Control of agriculture blights: The concerned departments controls
blight in house and schools gardens, government properties, and farms. The total number of control and spraying operations in 1997/1998 reached about 24,966.
Feedstock Laboratory: It analyzes feedstock samples to determine its
nutritional values by assessing the moisture, protein, fibers, fat, Aflatoxin, ash, and other contents. The total number of samples examined in 1997/1998 reached 1,421.
Soil and Water Researches Laboratory: Analyses samples from
soil, water, fertilizers and nourishing solutions. The number of samples analyzed was about 4,100 in the year 97/1998.
The Department of Landscape Project Implementation and
Maintenance (landscaping and greening sector): Responsible for the management and implementation of all landscaping projects. Achievements of this department will be illustrated later.
Animal Health Department: Contributes to the protection of man
and environment through its vital role in eliminating epidemics.

Animal Production Department: protect the environment from
pollution by the appropriate and continuous disposal of animal waste and dead animals. It also succeeded in gathering animal production farms in specific allocated areas away from cities and residential areas.
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9-2-4 National environmental conservation legislations and procedures pursued by the agriculture sector Legislations related to grazing and the protection of plants and procedures for agriculture quarantine.
Issuing Law Decree No. 41/1988 regarding organizing livestock
grazing and identifying specific areas for grazing.

Issuing Law Decree 9/1987 regarding the prohibition of some harmful
activities towards the general cleanliness, plants, trees, flowers, and fruits in streets, squares, and public parks. It also prohibits removing trees and desert plants where ever found in the public lands.
Issuing Law Decree 112/1976 regarding agriculture isolation. The law
addresses regulations related to flora import.

Issuing Law 10/1964 regarding the preventive measures against
contagious animal diseases and the procedures that should be followed in case of such incidents.
The Decision issued by the Public Authority for Agriculture and
Fisheries Resources (10/1985) regarding the procedures of veterinary quarantine. Ensuring safety of imported transplants, shoots and seeds
The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources works
to:
Preventing the entrance of transplants and shoots from other countries
without certificate of origin and health certificate verifying their clearance from diseases.
Prohibition of transportation of transplants and shoots with their soils
to prevent transferring any pest wastes, weeds, or other undesirable matter.

Prohibition the entry of seeds of any botanic type from abroad until an
analysis to samples of these seeds is conducted. These include biological, growth and purity analysis in addition to the routine tests to examine their clearance from undesirable matter. Monitoring pests and diseases
Intensifying campaigns on farms in agriculture areas to determine and
control dangerous cases that might create problems at the national level such as Red Palm Weevil, which started to spread in Al-Wafra agricultural area. The authority conducted intensive campaigns to eliminate this pest. Another campaign is underway among the Gulf countries to determine and discover such cases. Kuwait contributes to
437
many of the activities of these projects, which administrated by the Arab Organization for Agriculture Development. Management and control of pesticides use
PAAFR encourages reducing the use of chemical pesticides as much
as possible. It also encourages the use of biological pest control methods through the joint project between PAFFR and KISR in which bacteria is used to eliminate pests attacking some vegetable produce. The first phase of the project was completed and the second started in June 1999, which lasts three years to find a solution to eliminate Red Palm Weevil using biological methods. In addition, there is cooperation between the Arab Organization for Agriculture Development and PAAFR in a project to biologically control of the Red Palm Weevil and larvae using fungi extracts. 9-2-5 Achievements in the field of environment preservation and protection Expanding in landscaping and greening projects With collaboration and coordination between the PAAFR (landscaping and greening sector) and KISR (Department of Food Resources), the national plan (1995-2015) for greening and improvement of the environment of the Kuwait was prepared. It had the following objectives:
Creating a distinguished aesthetic identity for Kuwait. Improvement
of
welfare
standards
through
environmental
improvement.
Energy conservation and weather conditioning. Encouraging environmental conservation for present and future
generations.
Increasing economic revenues by encouraging local agriculture and
increasing agricultural industries.

Inducing the status of Kuwait by attracting investments.
By the end of agriculture season of 1998/1999, the accomplishments of the landscaping and greening sector were as follow:
Gardens: 120 public gardens with total area of 1,874,367 m Streets and roads: 486 streets with length of 1,415,567 m. Roundabouts and intersections: 358 roundabout with total area of
2
608,055 m2
Squares with planted trees: 327 square with total area of 400,632 m
2
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The total number of planted trees reached 435,135 whereas the number of shrubs reached 326,314. The total green covers reached 817,521 and the length of fences and climbers reached 351,915 meters. The total number of Date Palms was 4,550 and regular palm trees reached 5,153. The area of flowering reached 142,178 m2. The volume of water used for irrigation reached 26,560,950 Imperial gallons/day. Implementing forestation projects The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources executed many forestation projects in different areas in Kuwait with a total area of 42,940 thousands m2. The total number of trees reached 648,520. Some of the most important forestation projects are:
Jahra Road Forestation Project (area of 750 thousands m
2
with
approximately 1,000 trees)

Sulaibiya Forestation Project (area of 5,500 thousands m with 45,000
2
trees).
Al-Shdadiya Forestation Project (total trees around 7,000). Spring Camps Forestation Project (area of 10,000 thousands m with
2
5,000 trees).
Northwest Jahra Forestation Project (area of 1,600 thousands m with
2
5,000 trees).
Subahiya Forestation Project (area of 3,200 thousands m and around
2
70,000 trees).
Ardyia Forestation Project (area of 1,700 thousands m and 48,500
2
trees)
Rigga forestation project (area of 900 thousand m and 15,000 trees). Behind the Airport Forestation Project (area of 5,000 thousands m
2 2
and 7,000 trees).

Um Al-Haiman Forestation Project (area of 1,500 thousands m and
2
30,000 trees).
Al-Safar Motorway Forestation Project (500 thousands m with 12,000
2
trees).
Meshref area forestation project (area of 190 thousands square meters
and 2,000 trees).

New Shedadiya Forestation Project (area of 2,000 thousands m and
2
38,500 trees)
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Establishing natural reserves (protected areas) Within the efforts exerted to protect and maintain the environment and improve and develop natural resources, the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, with collaboration with other responsible entities, has established a number of natural Reserves sites such as:
National Park of Kuwait (330 km ) Ecological studies fenced Reserve including Um Al-Qurain Reserve
2
(one million m2), Al-Shigayia Reserve (one million m2), Al-Rawdatain Reserve, Al-Sulaibiya Reserve (20 km2 administrated by KISR), AlMu a R sre ( s t n 1 k 2), and Al-Manageesh and Alt ee la v ls h e a m 2 Maw R sre ( st n k ). g a ee sl sh 1 m a v e a
Coastal protected areas including Doha Reserve (4.5 km ) and Bird
2
Pond Reserve in Al-Jahra (2.5 km2).

Expansion in the biocontrol programmes to eliminate some pests and
reduce the environmental impacts associated with the use of chemical pesticides. Biopesticides were also developed to control agricultural blights.
Rehabilitation of Al-J dnPr w i hs o l r o 58 0 ua a a , h h a t a a a f 0, 0 i k c t e 9
m2. The park was polluted with oil gushed from destroyed oil wells during the Iraq Invasion.
Studying the problem of rising water table in some areas and
providing proper solutions.

Determining the most important causes for blights and diseases in
greenhouses and farms and supervising their control.

Developing the DNA fingerprinting to examine Brucella bacteria
related to the Malta disease.

Alerting farmers to the proper methods for safe use of chemical
pesticides. Also, encouraging farmers to implement the comprehensive and integrated methods in controlling pests and agricultural blights, and using high voltage light terminators to eliminate pests instead of using pesticides.
Continuous and effective monitoring of desert grasshopper fleets and
limiting their troubles.

Expanding researches related to propagation of date palms and desert
plants through tissue cultivation.

Improving researches related to the existing saline tolerant plants and
introducing new plants tolerant to irrigation by brackish water.

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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Planting mangroves to protect and develop Kuwaiti coasts. Rehabilitation of areas affected by war operations in Jal Al-Zur area. Prepare Master Plan for Kuwait Botanic Park. Develop a product that consists of sulfur and an oxidizing bacterium
to improve desert soil quality.

Conduct a soil survey and classification for Kuwait. Prepare a new botanical map for the State of Kuwait. Assess mechanisms for land deterioration and methods of control
using Remote Sensing technology and field surveys.

Prepare a comprehensive environmental database system that includes
the existing information and data about marine, land, and air environments in The State of Kuwait. 9-2-6 The importance of the agriculture sector for the national economy and its role in providing partial food security The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources tries to improve and develop the agriculture sector through increasing its productivity by all means. Therefore, PAAFR has determined a clear strategy for food security and agriculture development based on the following:
Increasing land productivity (number of fertile lands). Increasing the area of agricultural lands. Ideal utilizations of human resources.
The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources has asked Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to prepare this strategy in 1990 and was completed in 1995. Emphasis was placed on sustainable agricultural development within the context of preservation natural resources and the environment. The main objective for this plan was to properly utilize sustainable agriculture development systems in order to achieve the following targets:
Expanding greenhouse agriculture processes and intense animal
production.
Improving
economic revenue for products by applying new technologies. enhance its infrastructure.
Improving management capacities for the agriculture sector and Encouraging the participation of the private sector in more national
projects.
441
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Improving water management and conservation methods.
In the agricultural development sector, many measures are taken to achieve food security such as:
Selecting and importing good quality crops and vegetables that
tolerates the conditions of Kuwait and have high productivity. Also, using modern methods for irrigation, fertilization, and control required to achieve highest possible productivity.
Increasing in the number of agricultural land possessions between
1992/1993 and 1996/1997 seasons that led to the partial achievement of food security. The increase in possessions are as follows: Al-Wafra Agricultural area from 557 in 1993 to 878 in 1997. Al-Abdili Agricultural area from 101 in 1993 to 279 in 1997. Other agricultural areas from 843 in 1993 to 1845 in 1997. Therefore, the total agriculture land increased from 1,501 in 1993 to 3,002 m2in 1997 resulting in an increase of cultivated lands from 19,801 thousands m2 in 1993 to 54,451 thousands m2 in 1997. According to statistics of 1997, agricultural production from these lands reached:
Vegetables produce: 89,397 tons (approximately 44% of selfsufficiency). Leaf vegetables: 30,242 tons (approximately 100% of selfsufficiency). Onions: 44, 783 tons. Peas: 1,108 tons. Seeds: 3,616 tons. Fruits: 7,507 tons. Dates: 6,662 tons (approximately 80% of self-sufficiency).
Regarding livestock and poultry production, they were produced by private possessions in Al-Wafra, Abdili, Sulaibiya, Funaitees, Shigaya, and other areas. According to the statistics of 1997, production was as follows:

Milk: 33,872 tons (approximately 20% of self-sufficiency). Beef: 444 tons (approximately 4% of self-sufficiency). Mutton: 2,901 tons (approximately 6% of self-sufficiency). Poultry: 31,727 tons (approximately 38% of self-sufficiency).
442
Table eggs: 12,618 tons (approximately 56% of self-sufficiency). 9-2-7 Coordinating measures and cooperation between the land and agriculture establishments and the various governmental and NonGovernmental Organizations working in the field of environmental management and natural resources conservation There is an existing cooperation between the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources and a number of institutions in the field of environmental management and conservation of resources. Some of these institutions are: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, The Environment Public Authority, Kuwait University, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, Kuwait Municipality, and other responsible ministries such as The Ministry of Electricity and Water and The Ministry of Public Works as well as a number of private societies and Unions such as Kuwaiti Farmers Union, Agriculture Engineers Society, and Kuwaiti Environmental Protection Society. The cooperation between the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Due to the various and diverse cooperation between these two institutions, the coordination and cooperation fields between them will be illustrated that include: Strategic plans
The Major Plan to develop agriculture sector for animal and plant
production in the State of Kuwait from 1995-2015.

The National Plan for Greening and Landscaping of Kuwait from
1995-2015. Joint Research projects:

Performing soil surveys and classification and associated activities in
Kuwait.
Developing biological pesticides to control agricultural blights. Planting mangroves to protect and develop the coasts of Kuwait. Udder infections (diagnosis and treatment). Field and laboratory detection of dead calves in Kuwait. The use of tertiary treated sewage water in irrigating vegetables.
Conferences and seminars

The First International Conference on Greening and Lanscaping in
Arid
Zones
(Kuwait
443
20-24
November
1999).
Plate 9-1 Sheep grazing at a desert area.
444
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The International Seminar on the Biology and Ecology of mangroves
(Kuwait 25-27 April 1998). 9-2-8 The importance of the agriculture sector in supplying animal feedstock and rangelands The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources supplies feedstock and conducts research studies related to the utilization of the tertiary treated sewage water in producing some feedstock crops. In 1997, the quantity of green feedstock produced reached about 210,094 tons, of which 206,670 (or 98%) is alfalfa only. The remaining 2% (3424 tons) is other feedstock. The percentage of self-sufficiency from green feedstock reached 85%. 9-2-9 Assessing agricultural lands Agricultural areas in Abdili, Al-Wafra, and Sulaibiya cover 24,000 hectares, of which 5,000 hectares are cultivated lands. These lands produce radish, cucumbers, tomatoes, and onions in the winter season and watermelon in the summer in addition to continuous products such as alfalfa. In Al-Wafra area, there are 370 farms (both greenhouse and field) with total area of 119 km2. The soil in Al-Wafra is deep and sandy with a h l e adp o m r t n 0 c ad os to hm gnu gt a r t et f oeh 10 m n cnis f o oeos c ys h a s loose sands with respect to mineral composition and mass ranking. In Abdili area, there are 156 farms with total area of 315 km2. Its soil is de ad ad wt a h l e m r t n l ep n sny i gt a r oeh A-Wafra area. This soil is h c ys a characterized by having Calcium Carbonate, Gypsum, mud, and silt making it more nutrient than Al-Wafra soil. In Sulaibiya area, there are 33 cattle farms and two other farms belonging to the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources and the pi tsc rS lb a o isny i a h l e adp s fes r a et . u i y si s ad wt gt a r t et o l ve o ai l h c y h s than 100 cm in some locations. This area is considered one of the best agriculture areas in Kuwait due to soil nature, sewage discharge practices and salinity levels. Soil and number of farms
Al-Wafra Agricultural Area: de s d siwt gt l e ep a y o i a h a r n l h c ys
at depths of more than 100 cm. It consists of loose sand that is homogenous in mineral composition and grain size. There are 370 farms (both greenhouse and open fields) with total area of 119 km2.
Abdili Agriculture Area: de s d siwt m r a h l e ep a y o i oe gt a r n l h c ys
than Al-Wafra area. This soil is characterized by having Calcium
445
Carbonate, Gypsum, mud, and silt making it more nutrient than AlWafra soil. There are 156 farms with total area of 315 km2.
Sulaibiya agriculture area: the soil in Sulaibiya is sandy with
a h l e a dp s feshn10c i sm l aosT i gt a r t et o l t c ys h s a 0 m n o e o t n. h ci s area is considered one of the best agriculture areas in Kuwait due to soil nature, sewage processes, and salinity level. In Sulaibiya area, there are 33 cattle farms and one model farm belonging to the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources and another farm owned by the private sector. Classifying and distributing animal resources The annual statistics for 1997/1998 published by the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources shows that there are 470 cattle possessions (with 210 cows heads), 2,358 sheep possessions (with 410916 sheep heads), and 2,036 goat possessions (with 12,319 goat heads). Arabian horses In 1865, during the rule of Sheikh Sabah bin Jaber Al-Sabah, the British traveler Lewis Bally reached Kuwait and stayed at Jahra castle located at to the north of Kuwait City. He met many horse traders, gathered information and documented their races and breed. At that time, Horsetrading between Kuwait and Bombay was flourishing and the British army depended on it greatly. Kuwait used to export 600 Arabian horses every year, with a price of 300 Rupees each. They used to be shipped from Kuwait port. In 1816, about 1,500 horses were exported and the cost of transporting each head to Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta was 200 Rupees. There were special ships for horse transportation with capacity of 80-100 horses for each ship. The total revenues from horse-trading in Kuwait ranged from 750 to 900 thousands Rupees. The Arabian horse was sold in Bengal for 1,000-1,500 Rupees. In 1919, after the end of World War I, Sheikh Salem Al-Mubarak was deputed by Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber to visit the King of Britain and peet a u ai osa ag tK w ii cni r oeo t r n d K w i H r s i. u a s os e d n fh s e t e f t de e first states in the Gulf region to establish equestrian clubs. Kuwait Oil Company built an equestrian club more than 30 years ago. There are currently many equestrian clubs in Al-Ahmadi, Farwaniya, and Jahra many of them are owned by Sheikhs from Al-Sabah family.
446
Fig. 9-1 Land use patterns in the State of Kuwait.
447
In 1990, the Arabian Horse Centre was established in order to breed Arabian horses and preserve their thoroughbred and authenticity. Seventeen authentic Arabian horses and one hybrid horse were purchased from a German Club. In less than two years, the total number of bred and collected horses reached 37. The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources estimates the present total number of horses is 1,100 most of them are in private indoor stables. Camels The total number of camels in Kuwait, based on statistics of the World Food and Agriculture Organization in 1976, was estimated to be 5,000; whereas the same statistics estimated the number of camels in neighboring Saudi Arabia and Iraq by 614 thousands and 232 thousands respectively. The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources currently estimate the number of camels by 10,000, this number varies according to conditions on the borders between neighboring states. Due to the closure of the border with Iraq and even Saudi Arabia (because of the appearance of some animal diseases), the number of raised camels in Kuwait increased. This has led to the over consumption of ranges, which are scarce in nature. This will lead to change of soil condition. Camels are usually raised in an almost closed environment, which affects their condition and makes them more susceptible to diseases. Environmental consideration Current and future indicators and directions suggest the following:
Agricultural areas are towards of being polluted by pesticides. Salinization of soil resulting from excessive irrigation practices
without washing the soil to remove the accumulating salts.

Many
indicators verified that increase of areas affected by desertification. This includes the increase of wind drifting processes, sand encroachment and accumulation in the northern parts of AlWafra and Sulaibiya agricultural farms. A deterioration of vegetation cover, the decline in its density, solidification and compression of soil in the surrounding areas.
Irrigation resources Agricultural areas depend on three main irrigation sources. These include:
Ground water (total production is about 274,000 m /day) and
3
represents the main source for about 60% of agriculture activities in Kuwait. The salinity level ranges from 3,000-7,000 ppm.
448
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Fresh water (desalinated water): the total production is about 791,000
m3/day. Some of these waters are used for irrigating greenhouse plants (from 6.5-8 million gal/day in Al-Wafra agricultural area only).
Tertiary treated sewage water (total production is about 491,000
m3/day). Some of this water is used for landscaping and feedstock cultivation. The salinity level of water reaches 2,500 ppm. 9-3 Environmental issues for the landscape and agriculture sector The environmental issues related to the landscape and agriculture sector can be categorized into six major categories. They are ranked according to their relative importance (i.e. 1 is very important, 2 is important, 3 is less important, etc): 9-3-1 Water resources deterioration (1)
The decline in ground water table.
The decline of ground water table is caused by over pumping and exploitation of ground water aquifers in agricultural areas. The average ground water pumped for irrigation in Al-Wafra and Abdili agricultural areas is estimated to be 40-45 million gal/day. If this continues, water table in Al-Wafra is expected to decline sharply with a sharp increase in salinity of water and the soil. This could lead to a critical point when agriculture production and efficiency is affected. Salt accumulation in soil and an increase in salinity of ground water in Abdili area are also expected, although this could be less than that of Al-Wafra.
The increasing salinity of ground water.
Prior to the Iraqi invasion in August 1990, more than 50% of the wells in the Al-Wafra area were pumping water with salinities exceeding 7,500 ppm. It is expected that about 85-90% of the total number of these wells will pump this type of water within 2002. In Abdili area, 25% of the manually drilled wells and 55% of the deep wells pump their waters with salinity higher than 7,500 ppm. It is also expected that the number of manually drilled wells pumping this type of water will increase to 70% by the year 2000. Regarding deep wells, their percentage is expected to increase to 90% in the same year.
Contamination of ground water by fertilizers and pesticides.
It has been proven than about 65-70% of irrigation water returns again to underground aquifers. As irrigation water in most agricultural areas is polluted with pesticides, these pollutants will contaminate the ground water aquifers and thus deteriorating their natural and chemical characteristics.
449
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The increase in water table levels in residential areas.
Some residential areas suffer from the increase in water table levels caused by excessive irrigation of gardens and irrational use. The affected areas reached 98 km2. This resulted in soil salinization and deterioration of landscapes. Building foundations were also affected. 9-3-2 Low soil capacity (1) Kuwait agricultural soil is loose and permeable in texture, therefore, it is unable to retain water. It also suffers from deficiency in organic matter and nutrients, which allows its drift by wind or water. The presence of the i pr eb a h l e wt n c s poi ie o si sr c m e al gt a r i i l e rxm ts f o uf e m e c y h o i l a impedes the growth of plant roots and prevents water from reach the deep soil. This causes an overlogging of soil, increase in salinity and difficulty in drainage. The use of brackish water with salinity of 5,000-7,000 ppm for irrigation will cause an increase topsoil salinization, which is also enhanced by the high evaporation rates. The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers will also cause soil contamination and in some cases, agricultural soil is subjected to oil contamination from oil spills originated from oil operations (as in some cases at Al-Wafra farm during 1998). 9-3-3 Sand drifting and accumulation problems (2) Large number of farms in the northern parts of Sulaibiya and Al-Wafra areas as well as some farms in Abdili area face many problems due to sand encroachment and accumulation. Al-Wafra agricultural area is the most affected by sand followed by Sulaibiya and Abdili. This variation is due to different natural conditions and land utilization practices. Sand encroachment destroys newly cultivated lands and obstructs irrigation processes when sand accumulates in channels and around the wells. They also affect mechanical equipment, especially the sensitive ones. Camel and sheep farms at Al-Wafra and Kabd Areas also suffer from acute problems caused by sand accumulation covering roads and attacking farms. 9-3-4 Harsh climate conditions (1) Harsh environmental conditions such as high temperature, spread of dust and sand storms, high evaporation rates during the summer, scarcity and irregular rainfall and years of drought all affects agriculture production and outdoor cultivation. In Kuwait, the climate is a desert type with limited rainfall (seasonal average is 110mm) and varying quantities between 28.1 mm in 1963-1964 and 260.2 mm in 1975-1976. The variation in rainfall adversely affects the soil. The high amounts of rain falling within few hours followed by long periods of drought increase
450
erosion and water drifting of soil, as occurred in February 1993, March 1996 and November 1997. There is also an obvious fluctuation in temperature, which can reach below zero Celsius in winter time and can exceed 50 degrees Celsius in summer time. This will negatively affect outdoor cultivation and the growth of vegetable produce and crops. Low temperature in winter (frost) also causes the loss of many vegetable produce that are intolerant to low temperatures. High temperature during the summer causes dryness and looseness of soil. It also encourages soil erosion and decreases moisture content. This will cause dehydration and withering of plants. High temperature associated with high-speed northwesterly winds causes an increase in sand and dust storms and form flat patches of sand. Some of the most important effects of winds are the increase in water evaporation in crops hence, increasing the water consumption. It also causes flowers and fruits to fall, destruction of trees and shrubs (such as the case in October 1999), and destroying agriculture equipment. 9-3-5 Oil spill incidents (3) Some farms, especially those located in the southern parts of Al-Wafra agriculture area, are under continuous threat from oil pollution caused by crude oil spills from elevated storage tanks. About 17 farms have been exposed to oil spill incidents in 1998 causing the destruction of the infrastructure of these farms as well as an extreme soil and plant pollution. 9-3-6 Irrational uses of pesticides and hormones (2) Acquiring diseases, blights, and weeds growth are serious problems that severely affect agriculture productivity and quality. The irrational use of pesticides will reduce the efficiency of harvesting operations and irrigation systems and causes livestock poisoning. In most cases, traditional control methods rely on chemicals, which impose hazards on human, wildlife, soil characteristics, and water quality. Also, the use of hormones and growth inhibitors although increase productivity it has many side effects on fruits and consequently affecting human health. 9-3-7 Diseases and blights (2) Acquiring diseases and blights are serious problems in crops production in both greenhouse and outdoor cultivation. For example, the Red Palm Weevil started to spread in Al-Wafra and became problem at the national level. Other important issue is the spread of diseases affecting cattle and poultry production.
451
Fig. 9-2 Soil types of the State of Kuwait.
452
such as udder infection, foot and mouth disease, cattle-plague Anthrax fever. 9-3-8 Decrease of vegetation cover and the increase of deteriorated lands due to the irrational land exploitation (1) All open desert areas in the State of Kuwait, which represent more than 75% of the total area of the country, suffer from premature and overgrazing. These activities continue all year round and are concentrated around water wells in Abdili, Um Gdair, Al-Rawdatain, Al-Wafra, and other areas. They are also concentrated near agriculture areas in AlWafra, Abdili, and Sulaibiya as well as around construction centres in Ahmadi, Salmi, and Jahra. This abuse has many negative environmental impacts such as:
Eliminating vegetation cover leading to wind and water erosion of soil
and thus increasing dust and sand in the air.

Disappearance of valuable grazing such as Rhanterium epapposum,
which will be replaced by spine plants with lower grazing value such as Aizoon canarience plant.
The spread of plane fallow patches around water wells. These areas
lost all their vegetation cover and living animals soil deterioration. Furthermore, spring camps, which start in October and end in March of every year, contribute to soil drifting and the deterioration of its characteristics. They also terminate vegetation cover of more than 5% of the total area of the Kuwait ad is increasing every year. Economic revenues from camels People usually exploit animals that exist in their environment. Some pol bnf f m w a m a w i o e bnf f m Al a r ep ee t r e i o hl et h e t r ee t r e l hs i o lgt s i o meats or Kangaroos. After the wave of diseases that swept Europe such as the Mad Cow Disease, Foot and Mouth Disease, and Salmonella, westerners started to divert their diets and look for other alternatives such as ostrich, turkey and crocodile meats and establish specialized farms to raise them. Until now, camel meat has not been fully exploited and exchanged in the international trade market, in Kuwait or even at the regional level. The Arab World owns about 10 million camel heads making 62% of the total count of camel heads in the world.
453
Fig. 9-3 The distribution of the vegetation cover in the State of Kuwait.
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9-3-9 The Second Gulf War (1990-1991) (1) The Second Gulf War had many adverse effects on the land and agriculture sector. These include:
Destruction, dryness, or burning of 15-25% of forestations in and
around Kuwait City and different desert areas.

Destruction of areas of green belts surrounding Abdili, Al-Wafra, and
Sulaibiya agriculture areas.

Dryness of agriculture soil and withering of grasses and cultivated
crops caused by halting agricultural activities for at least one year. This also caused the erosion of most soils in Al-Wafra and Sulaibiya agriculture areas.
Severe oil pollution of soil and vegetation resulting from torching and
destruction of oil wells. Oil spilled on the soil surface forming oil lakes with an area of 50 km2. The oil leached into the bottom soil layers to depths of around 1.5 metres.
Covering more than 60% of Al-Wafra agriculture area with oil soot
and mists generated from oil well fires in the Greater Burgan oil field located in the north western part of Al-Wafra Agriculture area.
Deterioration of natural soil characteristics and the destruction of
vegetation cover due to the installation of defensive fortifications such as sand berms and trenches as well as during the mine clearance operations (around 1.7 million mines and 111,750 tons of ammunitions).
Destruction the infrastructure of the agriculture sector (animal and
plant production). 9-4 Reasons of irrational exploitation and deterioration of agriculture and land sector resources There are various reasons that could lead to the deterioration and abuse of land and agriculture sector resources. These reasons (or factors) can be referred to natural factors, human factors, and the Gulf war. 9-4-1 Natural factors They include harsh climate conditions such as drought. High temperatures, high evaporation rates, high wind speed, geographic location, low soil capabilities, limited plant sector, limited water resources, and increase of ground water salinity.
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Drought Kuwait is a part of the arid zones, which is characterized by the drought. Rain is scarce, irregular and variable in quantities. After years of drought, rain falls heavily for few hours causing floods, harming soil and the vegetation cover. This incident occurred in February 1993, March 1996, and November 1997. Kuwait was subjected to three periods of droughts between 1958 and 1999. These intervals ranged from 3 to 5 years as follows:
First period (1962-1966) average rainfall was 65.6 mm (40% below
average).
Second period (1983-1985) average rainfall was 75.8 mm (31% below
average).
Third period (1987-1989) average rainfall was 70.7 mm (35.7 %
below average). Drought causes many environmental problems such as: Increase of rate of soil erosion and loss of organic matter and nutrients. Increase in sand accumulation on vital installations such as farms, roads, military camps, sea bases, and oil installations. Deterioration of the vegetation cover and total loss of annual plants due to the loss of soil moisture and effects of high-speed winds. High temperatures High temperatures in summer time could exceed 50oC during the month of July. It heats the sand that covers about 30% of Kuwait surface. Soil temperature reaches 75 oC making the soil vulnerable for weathering and causes loss of organic matter, mud, and silt. This in turn will lead to loss of soil fertility and vegetation cover, due to the drought and high temperatures and will contribute to the consolidation of topsoil. This impermeable layer will prevent rainwater from penetrating to the lower soil layers and reducing its capacity. High temperatures also increase evaporation rates from agriculture soil considering that most vegetable produce are more susceptible to water stress and therefore cannot grow under high temperature conditions. High temperature also affects animal resources. High evaporation rates Evaporation rate for agricultural soil is estimated to be 21 mm/day (in July) and 3mm/day (in January). High evaporation rates increase soil
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salinity (under the conditions of submersible irrigation with brackish water). High evaporation rates due to high temperatures in summer, cause soil dryness and deterioration of plants once the rain season ends. High wind speed during the summer season During the summer months, northwesterly winds dominate, at a percentage of 60%. These active dry and hot winds have a speed of about 30 meters/second. Coinciding with drought season (May-September), the northwesterly winds increase the effects of wind erosion causing the deterioration of vegetation cover and loosen sand particles. Some of the most important effects of winds on agriculture activities in Kuwait are as follows:
Increase in evaporation and transpiration from crops resulting in an
increase in water consumption.

Falling fruits and flowers. Sand encroachment and accumulation on the northern edges of Al-
Wafra and Sulaibiya farms and some farms in Abdili. The average soil encroachment on Al-Wafra farms is about 164,850 m3/year according to studies conducted by the Earth and Environmental Sciences Department at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
Sandy soil erosion in the northern parts of the farms. Destruction of trees during heavy storms. Damage to the respiratory systems of cattle.
The geographic location of the State of Kuwait Since Kuwait is located at the southeastern part of the Flood Plain of Mesopotamia. The geographic location of Kuwait enhanced the conditions needed for wind weathering processes. This made Kuwait suffer from sand and dust encroachment, and accumulation. The northwesterly winds, which dominate during the summer season, transfer sand and dust towards Kuwait forming sand and dust storms. They also contribute to the accumulation of sand dunes and flat plains. The drainage of the marshlands in the southern parts of Iraq is also increasing sand storms. The following effects could result from the drainage process:
A sharp decline in water table near the surface in the marshlands
(wetlands and swamps).

Desiccation of the topsoil in the marshlands area due to the decline in
water table levels.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Wind erosion of the topsoil due to hot north westerly winds and
drought. As a result, additional quantities of sand will be transferred in the south eastern direction towards Kuwait. Low soil capacity The nature of Kuwaiti soil does not allow the flourishing of wild plants due to its weak structure, lack of organic matter and nutrients as well as t sao ns o t sil e de ot peec o a h l e a h hl w es fh o a r u t h r ne f gt a r t e l e ly e s c y depths not exceeding 150 cm. Furthermore, the sandy nature of soil helps its erosion by wind in the summer and by water in the winter during rain storms. Weak vegetation cover helps in increasing erosion rates. Weak and limited vegetation cover The vegetation cover in Kuwait is weak, limited in productivity and variable in growth rate (according to rainfall rates). Also, drought conditions for long intervals that could reach years (as in the cases of the sixties and eighties) led to many adverse effects on the vegetation cover such as:
Deterioration of Productivity and loss of biological diversity. Disappearance of vegetation cover especially in sandy topsoil. Covering some desert vegetation by sand dunes. Uncovering of roots of some wild vegetation (such as Stipagrostis
plumose) leading to their uprooting and removal by winds.

Damage of northern parts of wild shrubs facing winds such as Nitraria
retusa due to north westerly winds carrying coarse sands.

Movement of sand that usually accumulates around some shrubs such
as Nitraria retusa and Lycium shawii. This is usually caused by high temperature, looseness of sand and lack of ground moisture. The migration results in withering and dehydration of these shrubs, which highly depends on such sand accumulations for water supply.
Uprooting of some weak wild vegetation (such as Stipagrostis
plumose and stipagrostis plumose) due to high winds. Limited water resources and increase in salinity levels of ground waters Kuwait is located within the arid zones that suffer from scarcity of natural fresh water. The capacity of ground water in Kuwait is limited due to the irrational exploitation from the aquifer without allowing its natural recharge. Ground water in Kuwait is generally brackish with salinity from 3,000-6,000 ppm. The fresh ground waters are also limited and exist in Al-Rawdatain and Um Al-Aish fields. These waters are used for drinking
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purposes and have an estimated reserve of 40 billion gallons for both fields. 9-4-2 Human factors Poor management of agriculture areas This includes the following:
Excessive irrigation and inadequate drainage system: Ground
waters are currently used irrationally due to the inadequate ground water management programmes (such as determination of allowable safe pumping rates). Therefore, ground reserve is being continuously exploited and soil salinization is increasing specially because soil is not being washed drainage system is not very efficient.
Irrational use of pesticides and fertilizers: No guidelines or
regulations exist to regulate the use of pesticides and fertilizers having adverse impacts on soil and ground water.
Lack of skilled workforce: Agriculture in Kuwait depends on
expatriate workforce that usually lacks technical and administrative experience and deficient in Arabic language. This impedes communication and understanding and adversely affects work performance and quality of products (such as decline in milk production and quality).
Insufficient environmental awareness and guidance programmes:
Most farmers and breeders lack environmental awareness and technical efficiency. Also, staff in the field of agriculture guidance are limited and not properly trained on information transfer methods regarding agriculture. Therefore, The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources initiates agriculture guidance programmes through publishing periodicals about greenhouse cultivation and outdoor farming in order to convey the technical knowledge in the fields of crop agriculture and animal production. These efforts however need more coordination.
The declining role of scientific research and absence of modern
technologies: In many instances, the mechanisms to support and finance agricultural researches and technology transfer programmes are confronted with some administrative and financial difficulties. This led to the decline in the role of the scientific research in developing the agriculture sector. Besides, the use of modern technologies is still in the early stages, production equipment is small and insufficient and Pests and Diseases Control Department technologies are limited.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Leniency in preparing effective plans and programmes to limit
sand encroachment: Al-Wafra and Sulaibiya farms as well as camel and sheep rangelands and folds in Kabd and Al-Wafra face serious problems due to sand encroachment and accumulation. In 1993, an initiative to prepare a comprehensive plan to protect these installations from sand encroachment was started but no advancement is recorded. Poor land management and wrong human practices outside agricultural areas
Range resources:No clear plans and laws regulating the use of lands
according to their production capacities. Also, rangelands are not under the authority of any specific institution to maintain its protection and regulate their utilization.
Absence of strict laws related to rangelands to be applied for the
rational use of rangelands or penalizing illegal actions. Decree No. 41/1988, which deals with the designation of rangelands are not being complied with despite all the efforts by the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources.
Lack of qualified technicians in the field of rangeland management
and development and combatement of desertification as well as the absence of a range guiding system.
Spring camps: The designation of camping and recreational sites in
desert areas between 5-6 months (between October to March) has been disregarded. These activities contribute to the deterioration of soil characteristics and reduce rangeland productivity.
Weak technical and administrative supervision and lack of
guidance regarding the use of desert areas for camping and recreation. This can be sensed through the absence of penalties on violators such as setting sand berms around camps causing the loss in average of 400 m3 of soil for each camp (a legislation has been forwarded). Also, the period of spring camping set by Kuwait Municipality is not being conformed to. 9-4-3 The Gulf War In section 9-3-10, the effects of the Gulf war on the infrastructure of the ar u uesc r ar u ua adfr ti a a, t w r bi l gi l r et ( i l r n oe ao r s c e r f ct o gc t l s t n e e ) e e y discussed. In this section, the environmental damages in the desert areas, outside the agricultural areas, caused by the Gulf war will be discussed. These damages include oil pollution caused by:
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Burning and destruction of 750 oil wells. The quantity of spilled oil in
the desert areas is estimated to be 24 million barrels. Oil percolated to up to depths of 2 metres.
The Iraqi forces spilled oil in open trenches for defensive purposes in
the southern parts of Kuwait. The quantity of spilled oil in these trenches is estimated to be 3.5 million barrels, these oils percolated to depths of 3 metres.
Destroying the desert topsoil and vegetation cover by the installation
of defensive fortifications in the northern parts of Kuwait. The total number of fortifications reached 195,564 or 32 fortifications per square kilometres. Most of the soils in different areas of Kuwait have been compressed, due to the movements of heavy military artillery decreasing soil permeability and reducing it by 30-100%.
Soil contamination by mines and ammunitions clearance operations
and explosions. The number of anti personnel mines destroyed in various areas of Kuwait reached 1,032,972 (about 1 million kg of explosives) and 518,908 anti tanks mines (about 4 million kg of explosives); whereas the quantity of ammunitions reached 68,894 tons. 9-5 Procedures and measures required to limit the problems of the sector These measures and procedures can be categorized into: environmental monitoring programmes, desertification combatement, sand encroachment, soil erosion, rangeland management and development, landscaping, green belts, water resources management and development, and sustainable development for agriculture and animal activities. 9-5-1 Implementing environmental monitoring programmes There are certain existing programmes for environmental monitoring. Manpower and proper equipment are necessary to implement these programmes, which are: Soil and water
Periodical monitoring of ground water quality used in irrigation and
the variation in their depths through sample collecting and analysis from monitoring wells.
Monitoring soil salinity levels at the surface and at various depths (at
least 2 meters) by collecting samples regularly for laboratory tests.

Monitoring pesticides and fertilizer levels in the topsoil, at different
depths (at least 2 meters) and in ground water aquifers through periodic sample collection and laboratory testing.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Determining the percentage of pathogens in all water tanks, reservoirs
and in the different soil layers.

Monitoring
petroleum products residues and associated toxic pollutants in ground water aquifers and soil sections.
Monitoring Boron concentration in soil and ground water.
Vegetation cover and desertification conditions

Monitoring the type and density of vegetation cover (compared to
aerial photographs, satellite images and surveys).

Monitoring soil erosion by wind and water in some areas. Follow up on grazing activities in different seasons and other landuse
patterns.
Monitoring sand dunes encroachment and the growth of sand flat
patches.
Monitoring the changes in oil lakes areas and oil-polluted soils.
Diseases and pests

Monitoring
and testing agriculture packages transported from agriculture to ensure their safety.
Discovering and identifying cases in agricultural areas. Conduct feedstock sample analysis to determine their specifications
and absence of Aflatoxine and others. 9-5-2 Designing desertification a comprehensive national plan to combat
Bases and characteristics of the plan

Comprehensiveness: It should be applied at the national level (and not
on the area or sector levels) according to certain phases and set priorities.
Comprehensive review of environmental legislations and issuing
necessary laws for desert environment management and the proper use of lands and natural resources. Also, it is important to issue a law to prevent desert soil erosion and other legislations that designate camping areas, which should not exceed 10-15% of the total area of the country.
Developing the natural vegetation cover and improving greening
programmes to cover desert areas outside Kuwait City and its vicinities.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Establishing natural reserves starting with Um Nigga Reserve (in the
north eastern part) and Wadi Al-Batin (in the western part) as well as other proposed reserves.
Conducting pilot projects for soil stabilization and land reclamation in
many areas such as stabilizing the soil around Al-Wafra and Kabd farms.
Efficient
coordination between institutions responsible for development and maintenance of desert areas (Kuwait Municipality, Municipal Council, The Environment Public Authority, The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, and others). Also, it is important to reactivate the role of the National Committee for Combating Desertification in order to prepare a national strategy to combat desertification. decision makers as well as informing the public about the importance of preventive projects that aim at combating desertification. This could be done through informative programmes, training courses, and seminars shared with NGOs and non-profit societies.
Increasing the level of environmental awareness among citizens and
Following a clear policy to utilize lands rationally and proper use of
natural resources.
Preparing a time framework to rehabilitate deteriorated areas and
estimating the financial cost.

Monitoring desert environment, determining and assessing changes in
order to determine the required programmes to control sand encroachment and deteriorated areas.
Studying the social and economic aspects and their correlation with
desertification issues.
Urging the local residents to participate in preparing plans and
programmes to combat desertification. The private sector should also be involved in implementing parts of the action plan programmes (such as greening and resort establishment).
Providing financial, technical, and administrative support to execute
the programmes of the plan after endorsing their budgets officially. Plan implementation mechanism
Comprehensive assessment for the current condition regarding
desertification and determining the actual size of the problem as well as its geographic extent. New maps should be prepared, showing different levels of desertification, affected areas, levels of deterioration, and future affected areas utilizing landuse maps
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available at the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries resources.

Designing an executive programme to combat desertification. This
programme should consist of many technical, legislative, and regulating measures in the form of decisions, plans, short-term, midterm, and long-term programmes that aim at: Regulating grazing operations and following a regular system for grazing. Increasing the efficiency and improving the capacities of natural resources as well as the full utilization of storm water and torrents in maintenance programmes. In addition to stabilizing the soil and developing the vegetation cover. Rehabilitating deteriorated rangelands and oil-polluted areas according to time framework. Preserving rangelands that are have not, or in the process of being, deteriorated by regulating land utilization. Protecting vital installations from sand encroachment by designing an integrated control system with high efficiency and suitable economic cost. Expanding in greening processes as well as planting grazing vegetation in open desert areas using on brackish ground water (in areas such as Abdili, Al-Manageesh, and Um Gdair). Regulating camping and recreation activities in desert areas by setting a comprehensive plan to manage such activities taking into consideration the protection of the vegetation cover. Reviewing and amending environmental legislations to regulate the utilization of land and rationally use natural resources. Legislations should also consider preservation of soil condition and quality. Focusing on scientific research and relying on modern technology in programmes that aims at developing and rehabilitation of deteriorated environments (such as information technology, tissue culturing, and genetic engineering). Preparing national capacities in the field of desertification combating. Environmental and economic assessment for projects concerned with desertification combatement in order to determine the feasibility of such projects. This will assist in persuading decision makers to financially support programmes and plans to combat desertification.
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9-5-3 The sand encroachment and soil erosion control programme

Determining the geographic extension and nature of the sand and their
dynamic, morphologic, and biological characteristics based on the Remote Sensing technology, field measurements, mathematical modelling, and laboratory analyses.
Designing an integrated executive programme to stabilize soil. This
programme should consist of many elements such as erecting sand depositing fences, planting green belts, and others such as the comprehensive project to protect oil installations in Burgan, Manageesh, and Al-Rawdatain areas (joint project between Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Kuwait Oil Company in 1998).
Reducing soil erosion rates in farms by taking the following steps:
Avoiding deep plowing of soil during the summer and using lightplowing equipment instead. The use of plant remains (especially roots) in soil stabilization in order to inhibit the effects of wind. Organizing training programmes for agriculture technicians and farmers in the field of prevention of sand encroachment as well as teaching expatriate workers the basis of Arabic language, which will ease information transfer. 9-5-4 Developing and management of natural rangelands
About 75% of Kuwait area can be categorized as natural rangelands,
which are considered as an important source for breeding camels, sheep, and goats. It also provides a habitat for wild life by providing protection, shade, food source, and reasonable temperatures for wild animals and birds.
Natural rangelands suffer from severe deterioration due to harsh
climate conditions and human pressure resulting from the nonconformity to laws and legislations that regulate the use of rangelands (law decree No. 41/1988). Also, the absence of environmental awareness and the effects of the destruction of range vegetation during the Gulf War contributed to this problem. It is also expected that the population growth in the future associated with the increase in number of livestock heads will also worsen the problem (population in 2015 is expected to be 3.8 million compared to 1.7 million in 2000). To reduce the deterioration of these rangelands, efforts should be compiled between government, research, and public organizations to develop, manage, and rehabilitate these rangelands. The following are suggested to develop rangelands:
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Prepare a long-term national plan aims at protecting and developing
rangelands and utilizing them according to a scientific systematic approach. The plan should contain a coherent grazing programme that specifies grazing periods with a control on the number of livestock heads grazing at a time).
Implementing the conservation grazing system as a pilot project. This
approach has proven to be successful in Syria and many parts of the Arabian Peninsula.
Reducing the load on natural rangelands through the following: Encouraging the irrigation of cultivated feedstock and obtaining
subsidies from the government. The plan should consider marketing feedstock locally in agricultural areas, especially when considering that a large percentage of treated sewage water is not utilized but discharged to the sea.
Planting grazing vegetation such as Atriplex (using brackish ground
water and drip irrigation in the first years). These plants are very successful in conditions where drought, sand and dust storms prevail.
Establishing a guidance grazing authority to raise public awareness
regarding the conservation of rangelands and the benefits of their proper utilization and appropriate behaviour patterns during camping and recreation activities in desert areas.
Involving citizens and local people in the projects presented by the
government to develop rangelands in order to benefit from local expertise in supporting future projects.
Assessing the effectiveness of current
laws, legislations, and regulations as well as amending of some the existing ones in order to protect rangelands. There is a need to strictly implement laws and legislations and issuing new laws regarding the prohibiting of erecting berms around spring camps in order to protect soil and the vegetation cover. areas to designated sites in Kabd and Al-Wafra. More folds could be built if needed. In addition, camels breeding and bred improvement should be encouraged.
Transferring camel and sheep folds that spread randomly in many
Preparing local and regional studies about camels including their
habitat, grazing areas, natural breeding, fertilization, and nutritional value of their meat, fat and milk as well as the cooking instruction. Sui sol a o i l ei om t n o t cm l ait t t e hu l n u n r a o n h a e b i o ds d s cd f i e s ly transfer protein free spines they eat into animal protein. Other studies
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to be considered include studying the possible market opportunities for the consumption of camel meat and methods of marketing while benefiting from the current trend prevailing in many countries around the world regarding meat consumption of animals and poultry infected with Mad Cow Disease, Foot and Mouth Disease and bacteria such as Brucella.
Developing national capabilities and staff in the field of rangeland
protection and management (training courses, seminars, scholarships, e ) a w l a seg ei t r ao wt r i a ad t s e s t nt n g h e t n i e o l n c l r h n e li h gn international organizations.
Encouraging studies and researches related to the development and
improvement of rangelands and optimizing the utilization of studies conducted by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research in the fields of rangelands, plantation vegetation, feedstock production experiments, application of proper grazing regulations, and others.
Improving technologies used in improving rangelands (plowing,
swn, ii t n clvt n e ) ad cni r g t oi g rg i , u i i , r ao t ao t c n os e n h di e establishment of up to date database about natural rangelands.

Coordination between PAAFR (which is the official authority
responsible for graze lands sector) and other related authorities such as the Environment Public Authority, Kuwait Municipality, and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research in preparing plans for the rangeland utilization and encouraging projects that aim at the rehabilitation of the vegetation cover, soil treatment, and maintaining range resources.
Rehabilitation of deteriorated rangelands by taking the following
steps: Recovering the vegetation cover by planting good and desirable types including shrubs and perennial vegetation especially in areas where brackish groundwater is available such as Sulaibiya, Abdili, Manageesh, and Um Gdair. Effective protection should also be provided for the new cultivated lands for a period of not less than three years. A plan to reclaim and cultivate these areas by the private sector should also be prepared with the supervision of the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. Encouraging experiments on plants irrigated by brackish water. Improving specifications of soils subjected to severe compression or consolidation by shallow plowing (10-15 cm). This will fragment the solid parts of the soil and open the clogged pores to allow the percolation of water to the roots and stimulate soil capacity to retain and percolate water. New maps, prepared by Kuwait Institute for
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Scientific Research in 2000 for areas of compressed soils can be utilized for this purpose. Reclamation of abandoned sand and gravel quarries with the remaining and added soil. The site can be planted with wild vegetation and shrubs before the rain season. Reclamation and desalinzation of soil subjected to excessive irrigation with brackish water though soil washing and proper drainage of wash water to prevent it from leaching to the groundwater. Increasing land reclamation programmes of oil contaminated soils. 9-5-5 Expanding the landscape and green belts application To improve landscape and the green cover, the following is suggested:
Promoting a greening plan at the different state levels in order to gain
necessary support to implement the associated programmes on the medium and long terms (until 2015).
Phase expansion in planting heat and salinity tolerant trees and shrubs
in desert areas near ground water sources. During the first stages, these plants will be irrigated. Priorities should be given to Abdili, Burgan, Um Gdair, Tal Al-Quarin, Al-Manageesh, and Al-Abraq.
Commencing the experiments on dry forestation for heat and salinity
tolerant plants such as Atriplex, Tamarix aphylla, Prosopis juliflora, and Acacia sp. in deep soil areas (more than 2 meters) in the north western and south eastern parts of Kuwait. This can be conducted in coordination with PAAFR, Kuwait Municipality, Ministry of Public Works, and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
Landscaping and greening the coastal line by planting mangroves.
Priorities should be given to suitable areas for such plants to grow and flourish such as the northern parts of Kuwait Bay and the western coast of Khor Al-Subiyah.
Improving and developing current greening projects around military
sites and air bases as well as the expansion in green areas through coordination with the PAAFR and Ministry of Defence.
Organizing national campaigns for forestation involving NGOs and
non-profit organizations, the private sector, school and college students, governmental sector and the public to perform the following tasks: Prepare an intensive awareness programmes to urge citizens and residents to actively participate in expanding green areas and maintaining the existing ones.
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Encouraging the private sector to participate in the implementation of greening projects. Organizing exhibitions for gardening competitions for the most attractive project. Raising funds for greening projects. Organizing competitions to select the most attractive garden or green area and rewarding winners. Forcing companies and plants constructed at the desert boundaries and on the outskirts of Kuwait City to plant trees in their surrounding areas. They also need to provide technical support to implement treeplanting projects using the best plants and propagation, irrigation, methods and maintenance programmes. Considering the concluding statement and recommendations of the First International Conference on Greening Arid Zones Areas, held in Kuwait from 20-24 November 1999. Absolute coordination among authorities responsible for forestation such as PAAFR, the EPA, Kuwait Municipality, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and Ministry of Public Works in executing greening and tree planting projects. Applying new technologies in new landscaping projects such as new irrigation, agriculture, protection and maintenance methods. Reliance on organic matter as fertilizers and soil conditioners using domestic organic wastes in landscaping projects and environmental conservation. Providing PAAFR with financial and human capacities to play a better role by setting central nurseries with large capacities. This will enable the Authority to supply citizens and companies with shoots and transplants at reasonable prices as well as providing them with guidance and technical support for their projects. Building national capacities in the field of landscape implementation and management through proper training and development. Avoiding damage of forestation areas caused by fires, deliberate destruction or waste disposal through the amendment of law No. 9/1987 related to the prohibition of damage to plants, trees, flowers, and fruits and imposing immediate penalties on offenders including the costs of re-planting them. Continuing scientific research in the field of exploring new plant types tolerant to heat and salinity that grow and bloom under the harsh and landscaping and
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conditions of Kuwait. Special attention should be given to the plantation and improvement of salt marshes and wetlands (Sabkhat). Relying on new technologies (e.g. tissue cultivation and genetic engineering) in producing shoots in large quantities and reasonable prices. Supporting the efforts of establishing a botanical garden in Kuwait as a leading project from an environmental, aesthetic and cultural points of view. This could be done in collaboration with Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, Kuwait Municipality, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, and the Al-Waqf Fund for the Conservation of the Environment. Formulating a strategy for optimum utilization of all waters generated from waste water treatment plants in greening and agricultural activities instead of discharging it nto the sea and according to the needs of the agriculture sector. The strategy should also consider the preparation of irrigation networks to be constructed for this purpose. Expanding the utilization of ground water that exists within Kuwait City and its outskirts in irrigating green areas, which will lead to considerable decrease on the demand for brackish water. Research projects conducted by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research indicated that such waters are suitable for irrigation in terms of quantity and quality. 9-5-6 Water resource management and development Ground waters
Conducting a comprehensive hydrological assessment for ground
water aquifers in agricultural areas of Al-Wafra, Abdili, and Sulaibiya to determine the safe pumping rates from the wells. This will prevent over exploitation of water reserves in agriculture areas.
Tackling the problem of high water table in residential areas of
Kuwait in order to conserve the soil used for greening and gardening. Programmes to reduce water table can be implemented by regular pumping of ground water from specially designed wells as in the joint project between Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Ministry of Electricity and Water in some residential areas in Kuwait City. These waters (about 7,200 m3/day in one experimental area in Kuwait city) can be utilized for more greening projects.
Expanding in researches and studies regarding the artificial recharge
for ground water aquifers to achieve water security and be able to
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respond to emergency crises benefiting from recent studies by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research in this field.
Issuing laws and legislations related to water use. Meters can be
installed to measure the rates of water consumption from wells. Conform to regulations regarding the allowable pumping limits is also vital. Such limits can be determined according to the results of the hydrologic assessment of aquifers.
Monitoring oil pollution in fresh ground water fields in Rawdatain and
Um Al-Aish.
Developing a hydrological database of ground water sources in
ar u uaa a ( a ral qat pm i r e, t . gi l r r sw t t e uly u p g a s c ct l e e b , i, n t e )

Training national cadres in the field of water resources management
and development as well as the recent irrigation methods.

Preparing awareness programmes for farmers about the importance of
water conservation and the serious consequences of high consumption practices and how it could affect their future.
Designing an ambitious programme for ground water exploration and
assessment in new areas. Priority should be given to Wadi Al-Batin and the coastal area from Ras Al-Subiyah to Um Qaser. Tertiary treated sewage water
Increasing the utilization of tertiary treated sewage water in irrigating
vegetables, especially after the success of the experiments that were supervised by a joint team from The PAAFR, KISResearch, Ministry of Public Works, and the EPA. The results of these experiments indictaed the absence of hazardous substances in vegetables irrigated with treated water. The vegetables were proven to be suitable for human consumption and compliant to international standards (The World Health Organization).
Conducting researches and studies aims at improving the quality of
treated sewage water using appropriate technologies such as treatment by soil above the aquifer. This technology was proven to be successful according to studies conducted by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Desalinated water
Continuing researches that aims at reducing production costs and
improving and upgrading current technologies used in seawater desalination plants. Technologies such as the Reverse Osmosis are considered as a promising alternative as it sharply reduces the costs
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and therefore, contributes to more expansion of greenhouse agriculture, which depends on fresh water. Storm water and torrents
Optimum utilization of storm water and torrents by erecting low cost
dams and surface reservoirs to collect these waters to be utilized in plantation programmes of heat tolerant trees to stabilize the sandy soil and develop animal resources. This should be done in the context of a comprehensive hydrological study of the existing surface gullies. Priorities should be given to Jal Al-Zur Escarpment, Um Al-Rimmam depression, and eastern tributaries of Wadi Al-Batin. 9-5-7 Sustainable development of agriculture activities and animal resources Agriculture activities
Expanding in greenhouse cultivation using fresh water to provide
more choices of crops, optimum productivity and avoid the problems of soil salinization and ground water contamination. To achieve this goal, research activities regarding the means of reducing production costs of desalinated water and improving and developing the existing technologies to maintain an economicly feasible option for fresh water irrigation.
Washing salized soil in open agriculture areas with ground water to
eliminate accumulated salts and improve soil quality. Wash waters can be discharged through a bottom coated open drainage system using impermeable materials to prevent drained water from percolating to ground water aquifers. This should all be done within a comprehensive programme to improve and upgrade the existing drainage system in agricultural areas to preserve agricultural resources.
Conducting field studies to determine actual water needs for various
crops in agricultural areas. This will prevent high water consumption in irrigation and the adverse impacts on soil and flora. Reliance on modern technology to improve and support agricultural activities
Genetic Engineering: Modifying the genetic structure of agriculture
crops in order to increase their resistance and immunity to biological or environmental stress such as high salinity, drought, heat, agriculture blights and diseases. It also aims to improve food quality and extending the expiry dates of food products.
Tissue Cultivation: it is concerned with producing large quantities of
plants free from diseases (especially viruses) but preserving the
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features of species. It also aims at genetically modifying important crops to produce plants that can resist cold, drought, salinity, and diseases as well as producing different types of palm trees in commercial quantities and studying their genetic fingerprint to be compared with the original trees.
Information technology: Designing and implementing an advanced
information systems consisting of database management system and Geographic Information System capable of managing information related to agricultural resources resembling the landuse information system designed for the soil survey and classification project, a joint project between KISR and PAAFR.
Remote Sensing: Relying on Remote Sensing technology in
monitoring growth rates of crops and landscapes as well as early detection of diseases or blights.
Development of palm tree researches: Encouraging the regional and
international cooperation in this field and expanding the plantation of palm trees in agricultural areas. It is also important to explore new researches and advanced technologies in the development of palm tree production utilizing information networks such as the network prepared by the Arab Centre for the Studies of Dry and Arid Zones in 2000-2001.
Blight Control: Using the biotechnology techniques in combating
blights biogenetically by improving crops to gain immunity against some pests and diseases.
Proper
agricultural practices: following proper agricultural practices in open agriculture areas such as planting windbreaks, protected cultivation of trees to provide shade for plants to grow such as planting fruit trees like olives and citrus trees between palm trees to provide partial shade and protect against weather conditions in both summer and winter. Palm trees reflect ground radiation in winter and thus provide suitable temperature for growth. During the summer, plam trees reduce sun radiation underneath and thus provide lower temperatures in the summer for the plants available between palm trees. suitable cultivation cycle and increasing nitrogen in soil by planting nitrogen-fixing crops. Further more, farmers should use the different methods to improve soil conditions by planting nitrogen-rich crops and turning and plowing them with the soil.
Soil reclamation: Rehabilitating the agriculture soil by following a
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Animal resources:
Rational management of resources: In order to compete against
imported animal products in terms of price and quality and increasing the efficiency of animal production, proper fold management including cattle, sheep, and poultry should be maintained. As an example, a proper management for a cattle farm should include the following: At the Antenatal stage: by adequate and balanced feed of the mother especially during the first two months of pregnancy. Birth stage: by supervising the feed of the new born calf through udder feeding for three days to gain the Colostrums, the secretion produced by cows after birth and rich with vitamins, proteins, and antibodies. Drove stage: by following proper technical and healthy means in feeding, sheltering, and caring for the droves in order to improve productivity in terms of quality and quantity as well as taking necessary measures to maintain hygien and temperature of the fold.
Providing veterinary health care: to preserve the health of animals
and maintain disease control, proper veterinary health care should be provided to immune animals against diseases such as the Foot and Mouth Disease, Brucella, Cattle Plague, Anthrax Fever and others. Necessary measures should be taken to isolate sick animals and refer them to veterinary clinics for diagnostics and treatment. Special care should be given for record keeping of immunizations, health cases, and others.
Laws and legislations: Issuing legislations related to animal resources
such as the prohibition of slaughtering young females until they reach suitable age for slaughtering.
Training, guidance, and awareness programmes: Raising the
awareness within cattle breeders and raisers to pay special attention for hygien and disinfection of the fold in order to avoid diseases. Furthermore, it is important to guide cattle raisers towards the best practices in animal sheltering and monitoring animal behaviour and recording observations, which could be beneficial for raising production.
Supplying feedstock: Expanding in planting green feedstock such as
alfalfa (clover) and barley using treated swage wastewater. Amounts of water designated for agriculture areas can also be used to plant more clover and green feedstock during winter when water is less needed by plants. The private sector should also be encouraged to
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provide feedstock and other animal production needs in reasonable prices as well as implementing projects to convert agriculture wastes into feedstock.
Scientific Researches
Studying the major problems facing the animal production sector such as food, stress effects, climate, diseases, diagnostic services, productivity, line improvement and finding practical and solutions for them.
Focusing on projects to increase the production of lambs by improving
geneticcapacities, nutritional treatment, enhancing nutritional values of untraditional feeding matter and early ablactating. Also, more focus should be given on projects to produce range sheep using local lines in addition to special projects to minimize heat stress on the local and imported sheep.
Application of the findings of successful researches in the field of
increasing animal productivity by reducing the mortality rates of young calfs (such as the field and laboratorial project to determine the causes of mortality of calves in the State of Kuwait). The death rates declined after implementing this study from 90-100% to 42%. Other po c i l e nr s gt pout i o t A ai e i i rj t n u i e i h rdcv y fh r a N m e s c d c an e it e bn a sheep through foetus transfer technique. Once applied technique will resulting more economic revenues in the sheep production sector.
Analysing and studying the recommendations of the main plan for the
development of the agriculture sector in Kuwait (1995-2015) Executive summary for the plan as well as the agricultural strategy for the State of Kuwait was prepared by The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. 9-5-8 Proposed legislations Legislations regarding soil conservation and maintenance
Prohibiting soil exploitation and erecting sand berms around camps. Prohibiting the disposal of construction wastes in undesignated areas.
Landuse legislations
Designating areas for camping during spring. Prohibiting the establishment of permanent camps without prior
consent from the responsible authorities. Legislations regarding plant protection

Imposing instant fines on people causing damage, destruction or
burning of plants.
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Legislations regarding animal resource protection:

Prohibiting the slaughtering of young female animals.
9-6 Sources of Information Al-Rashid and Al-Ghawas (1999) Rationalization of ground water utilization in irrigating Abdili farms, Report WH009C. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) Al-Rashid and Al-Senafi (1995) The effects of ground water in the inorganic pollution of soil in Al-Wafra farms, Report WH005K. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) A a dA-Fares (1999) Arabian horses in the diaries of travelers and s l a tourists. Al-Takaful Fund for the Employees of the Arab Centre for Educational Researches in the Gulf Countries. (In Arabic) Department of Monitoring of agriculture data (1998) Annual Statistics Census (1997/1998). The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) Eng. Abdullah Al-Sn (94 A ai cm l K w iF udt n ae .18) r a a e . u a onao a bn s t i for the Advancement of Sciences, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (2000). The natural resources and environmental characteristics of the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries resources (1995) Master plan for the development of the agriculture sector in the State of Kuwait (19952015). Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources (1995) The National greening plan for the State of Kuwait (1995-2015). Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) Landscaping and Greening sector (1998-1999) The journey of greening. The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries resources, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) Mesak R. and Al-Sederawi : controlling some deteriorated lands in the State of Kuwait, Report VD006C. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic)
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Omar, S.A., Madouh, T., El-Bagouri, E., Al-Mussalem, Z. and AlTelaihi, H. (1998) Land Degradation factors in arid irrigated areas: The case of Al-Wafra in Kuwait. Jour of land Degradation & Development. 9,283-294. Sameera Omar, Dhari Al-Ajmi, Rafat Mesak (1997) The use of remote sensing technologies in determining rangelands and monitoring desertification case in the State of Kuwait. National paper presented to coordination meeting between desertification experts regarding the use of remote sensing technologies- Syria 12-16 October 1997. The Environment Public Authority (1999) The environmental strategy for the State of Kuwait- the draft report for the action team for the biosphere. The Environment Public Authority, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) The Environment Public Authority (2000) Terms of reference for the Water and Agriculture Sector. The Public Authority for Environment, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) The Ministry of Municipal, Rural and Environmental AffairsDepartment of Environment and IUCN (1991) The National Strategy for the Protection of the Environment in Jordan. The Ministry of Municipal, Rural and Environmental Affairs- Department of Environment and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. (In Arabic) The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources (1995) Draft copy of the agriculture strategy of the State of Kuwait- The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources (2000). Agriculture between destruction and rebuilding. The Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic) The Public Authority for Environment (2000) The current environmental status in the State of Kuwait. The Public Authority for Environment, State of Kuwait. (In Arabic)
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Sector Ten Coastal and Marine Environment
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Members of the Coastal and Marine Environment Sector Team Eng. Adel Abdul R h a I a l Adviser, Sanitary Engineering am n s m e Affairs, Ministry of Public Works. Chairman of the team. Ms. Ibtisam Al-Obaid Manager, Soil and Arid Lands Department, Environment Public Authority. Repertoire of the team. Tamah Hussain Manager, Environmental Protection Section, Treatment and Water Resources Department, Ministry of Public Works. Mr. Ali Haider Manager, Marine Pollution Monitoring Department, Environment Public Authority. Mr. Baqer Darweesh Manager, Al-Ardiya Sanitary Water Treatment Plant Section, Treatment and Water Resources Department Ministry of Public Works. Eng. Mahmoud Karam Manager, Treatment and Water Resources Department, Ministry of Public Works. Fatima Mohammad Al-Qahtani Soil and Arid Lands Department, Environment Public Authority. Preparation: Dr. Yahia Marmoush Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Supervision, review, editing and completion of the scientific material and re-organizing it: Dr. Sufyan Al-Tal Chief Advisor, UNDP.
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10-1 Introduction The coastal areas of Kuwait represent the north western corner of the Arabian Gulf. The surface area of Kuwait territorial waters is estimated to be 822 km2. It approximately represents 3.5 % of the total surface area of the gulf surface waters. Kuwait coastline length is estimated to be 500 km including its islands coastline. Kuwait has nine islands. These are Warba, Bubiyan, Miskan, Failaka, Ouha, Um Al-Namil, Kubbar, Qarouh, and Um Al-Maradem. The estimated length of the coastline of these islands is about 200 km. There is a morphological, sedimentological and morphological difference in the coastal areas of Kuwait. In general, these coastal areas can be divided into two main zones. The first is the northern zone which is characterized by its muddy sediments. It s extends for about 200 km and starts from the northern borders of Kuwait with the Republic of Iraq to Ras Al-Ardh. The second is the southern zone which is characterized by its sandy sediments. This zone extends from Ras Al-Ardh to the southern borders of Kuwait with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Kuwait territorial waters are characterized by it shallow waters and the depths increases towards the southeastern direction in which the maximum depth can reach to 30 meters. The dominant pattern of currents in Kuwait territorial waters is the tidal currents that result from low and high tides. Their speed does not exceed 50 cm/s inside Kuwait Bay and about 100 cm/s along the parallel path of the coastal areas and around the islands. The water level changes approximately every 6 hours during the low and high tides. The water level changes about 250 cm and 450 cm in the southern and northern coastal areas, respectively. The waves' heights can reach about 200 cm in front of the southern coastal areas and about 50 cm inside Kuwait Bay. State of Kuwait lacks agricultural natural resources such as the fertile soil and fresh water such as rivers, lakes and rain due to its geographical, climatological and hydrological location. As a result, the territorial water of Kuwait is considered of high significance to Kuwait because it is used to provide fresh water through the desalination stations. In addition, providing sustainable fishery resources that can support the country food security. Also, the territorial waters provide means for transporting oil through oil loading terminals, as oil is the main source of the country economy. For all these reasons, most of the urban and developed areas are restricted to the areas that are near by the coastline. During the last few years, Kuwait went through rapid changes and development in aspects related to greening, industry and trade. This led to a change in the life style and its wants and needs. The state activities are concentrated on the utilization of the coastline for many of its
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development projects such as residential, industrial, agricultural and leisure projects. In addition, several power and water desalination plants and commercial ports were constructed along the coastline and consequently impacted it. Kuwait's islands, and till this moment of time, are not fully utilized in aspects related to coastal developments, as most of the islands are not inhabited with exception to Failaka Island. The population of this island was estimated to be 3500 inhabitants, before the Iraqi regime invasion of Kuwait. The southern coastline of the island was utilized as a resort and as a recreational area. However, the resort was totally destroyed by the Iraqi armed forces during the occupation period. 10-2 Coastal and marine resources 10-2-1 Marine organisms: Kuwait territorial waters are characterized by their relatively high productivity of its marine organism. This is because of their relative closeness to the river mouths of the northern parts of the Arabian Gulf. Shat Al-Arab is considered as one of the main organic and inorganic deposition sources. The fresh water flow, results in high rates of muddy deposits around the northern coastal areas of Kuwait forming basins in areas located between the high water level during high tide and the lowest water level during the low tide. The rate of sedimentation decreases towards the southern direction of Kuwait's territorial waters. The fresh water flow and its dissolved organic and inorganic contents have positive effects on decreasing the water salinity and increasing its productivity of micro-zooplanktons and phytoplankton, respectively. This condition created a very favourable situation for the presence of a variety of marine organisms' species at the northern part of the Arabian Gulf. These organisms represent similar organisms that can be found near by river mouths. The marine resources of the state of Kuwait are considered as one of the main essential resources. Fishing and pearl harvesting are one of the oldest professions that Kuwaitis practiced before the oil era. The marine resources of the country can be divided into the shrimp and fish fishing grounds and pearl oyster harvesting grounds. Other marine resources include coral reefs which are still not fully exploited. It is considered that the shrimp fishing grounds of Kuwait marine environment as one of the richest catchments areas in the world as there are not less than 7 different species of shrimps that can be found in such areas. The most important two species, in terms of economic value and revenue returns, are the Penaeus semisulcatus and the Metapenaeus affinis shrimps. The shrimp fishing fleet consists of licensed trawling
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ships that comprise of 35 metal ships loaded with double nets and 35 wooden ships. The estimated annual shrimp catch is approximately 2200 ton during the fishing season. However, for fishery resources, which are considered as a natural renewable resource, it is characterized, as with other semi tropical areas, with the presence of a variety of fish species. There are about 15 fin fish species of economical importance such as the grouper (33%), mullets (11), sniper (9%), pomfret (6%), red sniper 5%), silver silago (4%), river shad (35), yellow-finned black porgy (2%), and the red/orange finned pigface bream (1%) and the large-scaled mullet (15). The commercial fish stock is fully exploited and used, especially for the pomfret, mullets and grouper. The fishing practice is carried by using d f etye o fh gm as uha t a or which is a semi ie n t s fi i en sc sh G r u fr p sn e g rudm t nt i i cm a m n I ad i , L i s a ue on e l e fh g o pr et n dio e h r sd a sn t . tn k e w i a a a i l t e f oe fh gnt I ad i ,H da h h r prc a y o w vn i i e .n dio ar c e tu r p sn s tn s are used. These are fishing traps that depend on trapping fish during the low and high tide water movement cycles. Line fishing and side fishing by shrimp trawlers are other types of fishing means that are practices in Kuwait. The number of speedboats that are licensed to fish, by using the a or adntiaot 0 ba . hr a a o17 i traps, the G r u n e s bu 70 ot T e r l 3 fh g s s e e s s "Hadras" that are distributed along the coastline of Kuwait. There are also thousands of speedboats that are used by amateur fishermen that are using standard fishing lines to fish. The total fish catch for the year 1996 was 900 ton. This amount was not enough for local consumption and the authorities had to import from the near by countries. The gap in demand and supply was considered by the decision makers and investors through the establishment of aquaculture projects. Along the coastline of K w it r a 1 a a t t r ko na i t i. u a h e r 7 r sh a nw s Hr . te e e a e a e pearl harvesting areas. The density of oysters differs from one area to another. The average mean density is 41 oysters per 200 m2. The density increases with the presence of brown algae. The quantities of oysters that are marketed annually are 330 ton. This is estimated to represent about 7 million oyster that worth 330 Kuwaiti Dinars. 10-2-2 Water and energy: Water is of great importance to the State of Kuwait due to Kuwait geographical, climatological and hydrological location. Water of a paramount importance to Kuwait as it is located in an arid land in which fresh water resources are scarce and the available quantities cannot be continuously utilized to supply the demand. This situation created an obstacle to the development of Kuwait and for many years. However, the availability of financial resources, from oil revenues, made it possible to
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use desalination technologies, which are expensive to use and operate, in order to provide fresh water in quantities that are enough for local consumption. The Kuwaiti government constructed and operated several power and water desalination stations along the coastline such as Doha East and West, Shuwaikh, Shuaiba South, Ras Al-Zur South and AlSubbiya. Currently, there are plans to construct and operate new stations in the country. The Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) is charge of operating and maintaining these stations in order to provide the needed fresh water demand for consumption and other utilities. The fresh water production capacity of these stations is estimated to be 234 Imperial Gallons per day (1.1 Million m3/day). The desalination is carried-out by using the "Multi Stages Flash Technology". The maximum water consumption quantities recorded in Kuwait were 203 Imperial Gallon/day in the summer of 1995. The recent statistics showed that there is an increase in fresh water consumption and demand due to unsustainable practices. The MEW is responsible for the generation of electrical energy by using different by using different types of fuel such as fuel oil, liquid petroleum gas and other gases. The ability to use these plants is not exceeding 70-80% of the total consumption, thus, these units are enough for the current demand of fresh water and electricity. 10-2-3 Storm water discharges: As with other desert regions, the rain fallout is low and differs in time and location. The rains of Kuwait are of two types; the first is the "Front Rain" which rain during November to March. The second i l a yt s A Sr a a Rain" which rain during October and November and at the end of the raining season i.e. during March to May. The average annual rainfall is approximately 110 mm. To prevent the exposure of urban and residential areas to large quantities of rainfall out, the Kuwaiti government constructed several storm water networks to cover all urban and residential areas. As a result, all rainwater is directly discharged to the sea via these networks. It is presumed that storm water, inside these networks, is not being exposed to any type of pollutants. 10-2-4 Transportation and trade: Oil and gas are considered the most important natural resources on local and international levels. These two resources are the foundation of K w is cnm . rd o r e es are estimated to be approximately u aeoo yCue i e r t l sv 11% of the total world's reserves according to 1994 statistics. The current production rate is approximately two million barrels per day. This reserve can last for 132 years. The oil and gas revenues are the foundation of Kuwait economy. As a result, the Kuwaiti government began to construct
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export ports and loading terminals such as Al-Ahmadi, Al-Shuaiba, Mina Abdulla and Al-Zur ports and several transportation fleets to keep up with urban development and population increase commercial ports were constructed. 10-2-5 Industry Most Kuwaiti industries, such as petrochemical industries, fertilizer industries, or energy for power stations, rely on oil and natural gas derivatives as raw materials. Many industrial areas were built alongside the coast. Oil, petrochemical, and other related industries are located mainly in the industrial areas of Shuaiba, Mina Abdulla, Mina Ahmadi, and Wafra. Heavy industries such as architectural and constructional industries were established in Western Shuaiba area. Converting industries were established in Sabhan Industrial Area. Other areas, such as Shuwaikh Industrial Area, Sharq, Fahaheel, Amghara, Rai, and Doha, house many industrial activities including crafts for local and commercial needs. Industrial activities rely on seawater for cooling purposes and also for liquid waste disposal, after being treated to eliminate hazardous industrial wastes that are harmful to the marine environment being discharged into it. 10-2-6 Urban development Kuwait, and by using oil revenues, has accomplished fast development during the past six decades. Oil revenues were utilized to finance the comprehensive economic and social development. Construction activities in Kuwait are concentrated on the coastline, especially in the area that extends from Al-Doha, in the southwest of Kuwait Bay, to the southern borders with the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In these areas, many residential areas and facilities, such as power and desalination stations, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and ports, can be found. In addition, the coastline is still the only recreational location in Kuwait. For example, the sea front is being continuously developed from Shuwaikh to Ras AlSalmiya. Private sea chalets occupy the southern part of the coast. In addition, there are two sea resorts in Al-Dhubai'iya and Al-Khiran areas. 10-2-7 Touristic and recreational activities Due to the fact that Kuwaiti citizens are attached to sea life, many marine clubs, which are very popular, were established for recreational and cultural purposes. In the eighties, the government commenced the sea front project, which is considered as one of the largest recreational projects alongside the Kuwaiti coastline with 12 km of artificial beaches. The sea front project is visited by 3,000-4,000 persons per day and could reach as high as 10,000/d during the summer months and holidays. Many commercial activities, such as restaurants, cafes, and children
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playgrounds, can be found within this project area. Many hotels were constructed on the southern coast of the State of Kuwait. Many factors were taken into consideration when the sites were selected e.g. distant from city, coast condition, and population density. One of the successful sea resorts projects, in this relation, was built by the Kuwaiti Hotels Company. It attracts more than 35000 people and contains over 230 chalets. After the success of this, the Touristic Project Company built many recreational projects on the coastline such as Failaka Island Recreational Project and Al-Khiran Resort Project. Both projects accommodate 472 and 345 sea chalets, respectively. The success of these po c r l tt ci n ed o cu e er t nlisn re t rj t e e sh iz sne t aqi r e i ase i odro e s f c e te r c ao t strengthen social and family ties. In addition, The Touristic Projects Company and other private investment companies built many hotels and resorts alongside the southern coastline such as Al-Mangaf Hotel and Resort, Messilah, Abu Hulaifa, and Al-Fahaheel Resort. 10-2-8 Environmental establishments and authorities There are many government and non-government establishments and authorities in Kuwait that invest in the marine and coastal resources. The importance of these marine and coastal resources can be seen by recognizing the vital role they play in meeting water requirements for desalination, cooling, and power generation processes for the MEW and the PIC in Shuaiba Industrial Area. In addition, on these marine resources facilities for oil export such as port and loading terminals can be constructed ad built. There are several government establishments that benefit from these facilities such as the Ministry of Oil and the Ministry of Communication. Also, there are commercial ports for local imports and exports which are working under the authority of the Public Authority for Kuwaiti Ports and the Ministry of Communications. Finally, these resources provide fishery resources as a continuous and a permanent nutritional source in which the PAAFR is in charge of such resources. Therefore, many government institutions, ministries, and authorities have established specialized departments and centres to conserve and protect the marine and coastal environment. These include the following: Ministry of Health The Ministry of Health, through the Environmental Health Section of the Occupational and Environmental Health Department, inspects coastal seawater for pollutants. Also, inspect many selected sites such as the ones near by power and water desalination stations as well as some swimming and recreation sites. Pollution levels can be determined based on bacteriological analysis. The monitoring and assessment of coastal
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seawater for pollution is considered as an environmental monitoring programme to continuously monitor diseases. Ministry of Electricity and Water The Ministry of Electricity and Water, through the Water Resources Development Centre and the Engineering and Environmental Programmes Department, protects water resources by monitoring water quality through conducting bacteriological and chemical analysis to detect and identify bacterial and chemical pollutants i.e. bacteria and trace metals. These tests are required to verify the suitability of water, produced through the water desalination processes in power generation and distillation stations from Al-Shuwaikh, Al-Shuaiba South, Al-Doha East and West, Al-Zur South, and Al-Subbiya. They are necessary to detect any bacteriological pollution as well as the extent and source of this pollution in order to eliminate it. Ministry of Public Works The Ministry of Public Works, through the Irrigation and Environmental Protection Department, monitors beach waters on regular bases to ensure the absence of sewage wastewater, or to take necessary actions if needed in case of pollution incidents. Ministry of Planning This ministry tracks all administrative and financial affairs of international, Islamic, regional, and Arabic organizations in which Kuwait is a member. They include many organizations and authorities specialized in environmental affairs. Ministry of Oil The Ministry of Oil, and through the current strategy of Kuwait Oil Company, tries to implement issues of concern related to the conservation and protection of the environment from all sources of pollution through various activities related to the field of environmental protection. This is also done through projects and operations that the ministry performs. The PIC has emphasized on environmental protection issues and tries to comply with laws, legislations, and standards set by the concerned establishment within Shuaiba Industrial Area, which is the Environment Protection Centre. For example, industrial water treatment units are considered as essential components of operation processes. Ministry of Education The ministry puts great efforts to educate students through the inclusion of environmental concepts in curricula and by organizing environmental competitions, seminars, and exhibitions.
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Kuwait Municipality Kuwait Municipality has several responsibilities and activities related to the environment. These activities are performed to conserve the general health of human and the cleanliness of the environment as well as limiting some activities that causes disturbance in the marine. It, also, works to implement safety regulations and protecting properties and public resources. Environment Public Authority This authority plays a very significant role in monitoring the environmental situation in the Kuwait through cooperation with other government and private establishments. This type of activity is aiming to document all available environmental data that can be found in various establishments and documenting it in a clear and easy way in order to be used, discussed and commented on. The aim of this is to establish indicators about the current environmental situation and then prepare the required policies and measures that should be implemented either immediately or in the future. The role of this authority is important in combating environmental problems and their impacts. Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources This authority, represented by the Fisheries Resources Department, supervises and regulates fishing practices in order to achieve the development of fisheries resources and prevent the depletion of fish reserves due to unsound fishing practices. Public Authority for Applied Education and Training This educational institution exerts great and specialized efforts in the field of environmental education and research through the Environmental Health Department, College of Health Sciences. The authority has also participated in many scientific conferences and seminars in the field of the environment. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has come a long way towards implementing the tasks it was established for. They include, within the strategic programmes of the Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, hydraulics and coastal engineering programmes. The Institute conduct many environmental studies aiming at identifying the current situation of the marine and coastal environments in addition to the scientific specifications for the sustainable development of Kuwait coast's and preventing adverse environmental effects of coastal development.
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Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences This establishment is focusing on the environmental field in many of its activities such as funding scientific research and conferences, workshops, seminars, prizes, and other cultural activities. General Fire Department/Fire Brigade Department This department participates, with the EPA, in all fields and activities related to environmental protection such as combating marine oil pollution. The Kuwaiti Environment Protection Society This society is considered as on of the non-profit societies that belong to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour. The society and since its establishment, played a large role in environmental protection by organizing many seminars, campaigns, discussion groups, lectures, workshops, activities and programmes in addition to participating in many environmental exhibitions. The Waqf Fund for Environmental Conservation This Islamic fund is considered as one of the funds that were established lately by the Public Waqf Funds and aiming at supporting environmental research and awareness. This fund has financed many research projects related to environmental and coral reefs protection. The Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment This is a regional organization that was legally established in 1979. It is based in Kuwait. The members of this organization are the State of Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Republic of Iraq, the State of Kuwait, the Sultanate of Oman, the State of Qatar, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabi and the United Arab Emirates. It is aiming to cooperate to establish rules, regulations, and guidelines to avoid, minimize, or combat marine pollution from all sources e.g. intentional or accidental spills and disposal from ships and oil tankers during transportation and loading and unloading. 10-2-9 Environmental laws and legislations Within the context of Kuwait legislations, there are many laws that are aimed to protecting the marine and coastal environment. The main ones are the following:
Law 12/1964, and it amendments 105/1976 and 1/1980, regarding the
prohibition of polluting navigation waters with oil.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Law 9/1981 regarding the approval of the 1969 International treaty for
civil responsibility against damages caused by oil pollution and its 1976 protocol.
L w 4/ 7 r a i t ap vl f u a r i a 5 98 e r n h pr a o K w is e onal treaty for 1 gdg e o t g
the protection of the marine environment from pollution and the protocol related to regional cooperation in combating pollution by oil and other harmful materials.
Law 10/1981 regarding the approval of the 1971 International treaty
for the establishment of an international fund to compensate for damages caused by oil pollution.
Law 46/1980 regarding the protection of fisheries resources. Decision 21/1985 regarding the protection of live marine resources; in
addition to the ministerial law by the Minister of Public Works regarding regulating shrimp fishing in the regional waters.
Law 669/2000 banning the use of nets as a fishing method. International and regional treaties related to the marine environment The 1969 International treaty related to the right of interference in the
event of an accident that causes oil pollution in high seas. The joining this treaty was approved in 24/1/1981, through law 12/1981, and it was effective in 1/7/1981.
The 1979 International treaty regarding the civil responsibility of
damages caused by oil pollution and its 1976 protocol. The approval for joining was given in 24/1/1981, through law 9/1981, and was effective with respect to Kuwait in 1/7/1981. The protocol was effective in 29/9/1981.
The
1971 International treaty regarding the establishment of international fund to compensate for damages caused by oil pollution. The approval for joining was issued in 24/1/1981, through law 10/1981, and was effective for Kuwait in 1/7/1981. Kuwait joined the treaty in 19/11/1961 and became mandatory to Kuwait in 27/2/1962.
The 1954 international treaty for preventing sea pollution by oil.
The 1972 international treaty for preventing sea pollution by dumping
wastes and other materials. Kuwait signed the treaty in 1/3/1973.

The 1963 treaty banning nuclear weapons experiments in air, space,
and underwater. Approved was granted in 30/3/1965, by law number 16/1965, and became effective for Kuwait in 12/5/1965.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The 1992 convention on biodiversity. Kuwait signed the convention in
9/6/1992.
The 1982 United Nations treaty for the law of the sea. It was approved
in 6/3/1986, by law 15/1986, and became effective for Kuwait in 16/11/1994.

The 1978 principles of the International Union for the Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources. Law 10/1986 was issued in 24/2/1986 to approve it. Kuwait became a member in the Union in 1994. MARPOL "1973/1978" Treaty The Government of the State of Kuwait has approved this 1973 international treaty, including its appendices, attachments, and protocols, to prevent pollution from ships. This treaty states the need to prevent pollution from ships and interfering in high seas in cases of marine pollution with non-oil materials as well as preventing and combating marine pollution. The first item in this treaty states that member countries agree to apply its rules and appendices in order to prevent marine environment pollution caused by discarding harmful materials that violate the treaty. It also emphasized on the importance of conserving human environment in general and in specific marine environment as well as not discarding oil and other harmful materials from ships intentionally or accidentally. Members need to agree and implement the general rules, appendences, protocols, applications, and decisions related MARPOl Treaty. Reception facilities The 1973/1978 MARPOL Treaty indicated the need that governments, signatory members, comply with the establishment of reception facilities, especially if their coast is adjacent to specific or sensitive areas i.e. areas that requires mandatory action to prevent and protect it from oil pollution. The governments are required to provide sufficient reception facilities in all ports within this special area. These facilities should contain all possible needs and facilities to deal with ships and tankers arriving to ports and carry oil wastes and without delay. All parties should notify the International Marine Organization of incidents or issues of concern in order to inform other related members of the treaty. The treaty, also, urges governments to provide sufficient facilities to receive grey and sanitary waste and refuse from ships. Countries should become members as soon as possible in order to prevent pollution to the marine environment caused by discharging harmful materials that violate the treaty.
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Due to the fact, that Kuwait marine environment is of special importance to the Arabian Gulf, the EPA amended the Law 12/1964 in order to face violations and pursue tankers that discharge its polluted wastes into the regional waters of the State of Kuwait. Also, applying local and international legislations as well as other regulatory treaties for related violations. The EPA, and through its pursue to join the MARPOL Treaty 1973/1978, has established a national committee, which is the National Committee for the establishment of facilities to receive wastes from ships and to join MARPOL Treaty 1973/1978. This committee has concluded its work by reviewing and approving the comprehensive view for the establishment of reception facilities. This view included the recommendation for establishing three reception facilities to receive ship wastes in Al-Ahmadi, Al-Shuaiba, and AlShuwaikh/Doha ports in addition to treatment units for solid and liquid wastes. The committee has also reached a work plan based on applying programmes for the establishment of such facilities in the marine area, through the coordination between ROPME and regional countries in order to implement this requirement and to join this treaty as soon as possible. 10-2-10 Technical capabilities In Kuwait, there is a sufficiency in technical capabilities in many government establishments such as Kuwait University, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, and many other environmental departments and centres that belong to several government ministries and authorities. These capabilities include local and expatriate expertise, laboratorial and measuring equipment, field data, recording and analysis equipment. It should be noted that the laboratories of KISR, the MEW, and the EPA are highly sophisticated and employ qualified staff. 10-2-11 Environmental achievements The State of Kuwait focused on the protection of the environment, combating pollution, and the conservation of the natural resources in achieving sustainable development. This was obvious, especially in the period after the United Nations Conference on Environment that was held i Soko , w dn17, n t E r sm ii Rod Jni , n t hl S ee 92 ad h a hs u m tn i e ae o c m e t r Brazil 1992. Kuwait issued many legislations aiming at protecting the environment and many ministries and authorities participating in the efforts to protect the environment in all fields. The State of Kuwait has also signed many international treaties related to the protection and conservation of natural resources. Moreover, Kuwait has set a combined environmental policy in relation to enhancing cooperation and
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coordination with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council through the ROPME. The major achievements in the field of protecting marine resources
Issuing legislations and imposing seasonal ban on shrimp fishing, for a
specific period of time each year, in order to regulate this process, lead to the improvement in shrimp stocks. This was important after the stock reached a dangerous stage of depletion and deterioration. The implementation of this policy led to obvious improvement in the stock based on the positive indicators that are observed every year.
Issuing decisions aiming at regulating fishing practices and the
development of marine resources, fish and shrimp, by providing sufficient periods, for lobsters and fishes, to perform their basic biological process including reproduction and growth away from fishing activities. Some of these decisions include banning fishing inside the Kuwait Bay area and around the islands as well as the areas within three miles of the coast.
The suspension of issuing new fishing permits. This is considered as
one of the significant controlling factors that prevented the over exploitation of environmental and marine resources and the loss of large quantities of non-commercial fishes. In addition, protecting the fish stock though controlling and stabilizing the number of fishermen.
Banning finfish fishing by using back drag trawling. The ban resulted
in positive results for the marine environment. It reduced the hazards and problems encountered by benthic marine organisms and coral reefs, which are directly effected through heavy trawling activities during fishing practices/seasons. This decision prevented further unintentional shrimp fishing in the nets designed for fish fishing. Furthermore, shrimp fishing was limited only to licensed ships. Therefore, the final environmental impact for the implementation of this policy was the prevention of depleting benthic fish and other economic/commercial fish as well as protecting the underwater environment and coral reefs.
Carrying-out a policy review and adopting new measures and
recommendations in relation to the types means used in shrimp fishing. These were necessary as a result of the continuous decline and deterioration of shrimp stock and fishing quantities. This will lead to rehabilitate their nursery grounds and their grouping in order to increase their stock. Many studies related to this phenomenon led to conclusion that the number of ships working in shrimp fishing should be reduced to 75% and 50% for both the craft and commercial fishing
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sectors, respectively. The current indicators show positive results after applying these recommendations.
The PAAFR and through collaboration with KISR and the EPA,
carried-out a project aiming at conserving and developing pearl oysters. This was conducted through a study by KISR. It was based on data and information collected in relation to pearl oysters harvesting areas as well as determining the quantities of the important and commercial types and their reproduction season. The authority issued its first seasonal legislation on banning harvesting oysters for four months in order to regulate such practice. The results were very encouraging for the marine environment and in particular in regulating the exploitation of marine resource.
The ban on using floating nets, nylon type, in fishing. The use of such
mean, lead to the increase in fish mortality and the reduction in fish development rates. There are many serious attempts by the PAAFR to replace these nets by other types that are made from special fibres that have minor effects on the marine environment.
The attempts that are made to designate the southern Kuwaiti islands
i.e. Kubbar, Qarouh, and Um Al-Maradem as protected marine areas. These attempts were thought of due to the fact that they are inhabited by coastal/marine birds and marine turtles as well as being surrounded with coral reefs. The islands are also rich in plants. The main achievements in the field of establishing special establishments for environmental protection
The establishment of the Environmental Protection Centre, within the
General Department of Shuaiba Industrial Area in 1970. It was established to conduct studies, research, monitor activities in order to protect the marine environment.
The establishment of Kuwait Municipality (1972) in order to conserve
the national wealth. It was followed by the establishment of the Environmental Studies Centre within the Department of Environmental Affairs in 1992.
The establishment of KISR to conduct studies and research related to
environmental pollution (1981).

The establishment of the PAAFR in order to supervise regulate and
conserve fishing activities and fishes, respectively (1983).

The law that was issued in 1980 in relation to the establishment of the
Environment Protection Council (EPC) that was part of the Ministry of Health. This law needed plenty of enforcements in order to be
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implemented. As a result, the EPA was later established with judicial authorities to protect the environment and preserve its resources from pollution i.e. Law Number 21/1995 and its amendment Law Number 16/1996. These two laws established the EPA. It is chaired by the First Deputy of the Prime Minister. The articles of these laws stated the duties, regulations, and tasks that should be carried-out in order to implement the environmental protection policy. Achievements of the Kuwaiti Committee for Voluntary Work The committee was formed within the activities of the Kuwaiti Environmental Protection Society (KEPS) in October 2000. It has the following goals:
Removing harmful wastes that are impacting the marine environment
and protecting marine and coastal species.

Incorporating public, government and private efforts to achieve
complete and outstanding voluntary work.

Spreading
environmental awareness by showing serious and significant examples of voluntary environmental participations with the different sectors of the society. implementing projects.
Saving financial costs that could have been paid by the government in
The committee was successful in coordinating voluntary work between government and private sectors and in performing important activities in the field of marine environment despite the fact that it was recently established. This coordination included many establishments such as the Ministry of Interior, the Security Committee of the Ministers Cabinet, Kuwait Municipality, the PAAFR, The Public Authority for Sports and yu sK w iU i rt K w is otA t ry t D pr et f ot , u a n e i, u a P r u oi,h ea m n o h t v sy t s h t e t Marine Survey in the Ministry of Communication, the General Department of Coast Guards, the UNDP, The Waqf Development Fund, Communication and Navigation Institute, Fishermen "Dewanyia" or gt r gp cst Ma y s fc,h E usi Cu,pr c b, a e n l e,h hi a e r r O f e t qeta l sot l s t i e rn b s u and the Kuwaiti Diving Team. As a result of this coordination, many environmental activities were achieved and completed. These include:
Participating in beach rehabilitation and the removal of 20 sunk
marine ships and 90 tons of sunken nets, waste, and debris from Oshairij beach in Al-Doha Area.
Cleaning Al-Seef "Nega'a" or marina and the removal of sunken boats
and
40
tons
of
nets
and
sunken
wastes.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The removal of wastes and ships from "Al-sager Nega'a". Carrying-out a comprehensive survey for the "Removal of Ships and
Sunken Boats at Kuwait University Coast near by Shuwaikh Port Project".

The removal of sunken nets, wastes, and debris from Al-Khiran Boat
Ramps, a total of 21 tons.

The removal of Iraqi sunken ships from the Al-Subbiya coast, one-
month operation that are weighing 300 ton as well as removing 5 military boats weighing 40 tons.
Organizing two marine tours for various government and volunteering
establishments and groups working the field of marine environment in order to witness the efforts put forth to remove the sunken ships from K w isB y ad t wt s t P A R e ot t po c t u a a n o i es h A F f r o rt t h t n e f s e e fisheries resources.
Organizing a trip to Oshairij Island location to witness the
environmental damage in the island and to support recommendation to make the island a natural protected area.
Plate 10-1 Cleaning activity for a coastal ecosystem. Many environmental protection projects are organized within the youths' sector. In addition, the establishment of the "Friends of the Environment Teams" in many youth centres. Also, organizing many environmental protection volunteer weeks.
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10-3 Marine and Coastal environment sector issues The discovery of oil during the Forties led to the concentration of construction and industrial activities and population along the coastline of Kuwait. This in turn has lead to the creation of new circumstances that directly affected the existing environmental balance in the coastal and marine environment of Kuwait. There are many factors that lead to such situation. The following explain the main environmental issues that are facing the marine and coastal environment of Kuwait: 10-3-1 Issues related to the pollution of coastal waters In Kuwait, there are three water resources i.e. seawater, ground water, and sanitary and industrial waste water. Seawater is the main source of drinking water, in Kuwait, after being desalinated in the desalination stations. The pollution of coastal waters is considered one of the most difficult problems facing workers in the desalination and distillation plants due to its effects on the quality of the drinking water. The main issues related to the pollution of coastal water are many. These include the following: The issue of oil pollution from oil industries The Arabian Gulf area, in general, and Kuwait in particular are facing dangerous oil pollution problems due to the fact that most of the oil industries stretch alongside the coastal area. Many of them rely on oil refining industries, in addition, to power and water production stations. These industrial activities initiated adverse impacts on the marine environment because portions of the industrial pollutants are being discharged, directly or indirectly, to the sea. The absence of strict monitoring on such industrial industries and installations are increasing their negative effects on the marine and coastal environment. The issue of oil pollution from marine navigation activities The Arabian Gulf is considered a very important waterway in which thousands of ships and marine transport means pass every year. There are 26 oil ports and 20-30 oil tankers that pass through the Strait of Hormuz everyday. These transportation means affect the marine and coastal environment. The dangers are represented by the following sources:
The possibilities of oil spillage during shipping and transportation. The possibilities of accidents that may occur to large oil tankers.
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Fig. 10-1 Oil spills volumes in b/y.
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Fig. 10-2 Storm and cooling water discharges in Kuwait Bay.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Disposal of ballast water. This is used to balance the empty oil
tankers. The water is then disposed of when the tankers reach the shipping ports. The ballast water contains oil residues that can pollute the waters of the marine environment that are near by ports and coastal waters. The issue of oil pollution that is caused by wars and regional conflicts The wars and regional conflicts that occurred in the region threatened the marine environment. The beginning was with the Iraq-Iran war, in which a new type of war affairs were used i.e. the war of attacking oil tankers and the destruction of the oil fields. Then the violations of the Iraqi regime, during the invasion of Kuwait, when it spilled millions of tons (i.e. more than 10 million barrels of oil) into the Arabian Gulf. The issue of pollution by trace metals Trace metals are considered as major environmental pollutants. These metals are extremely hazardous to marine living species. Some scientific studies showed that there are high concentration levels of such metals in the waters of Kuwait marine environment. Some of these metals are copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, and mercury. The issue of thermal pollution Industrial installations and facilities such as power generation stations, and oil refineries need seawater for cooling purposes. Such cooling water is used for a predefined period of time and then is discharged back into the sea. The discharged cooling water is high in temperature. It can cause great damage and deterioration to the coastal environment and marine life living within the impacted area. This is because of the high temperature associated with these waters compared to the receiving body water as well as the contents of such water. The contents of these waters have high concentrations of heavy metals and salts that increase the chemical reactions in the tissue of the fauna and flora of the marine environment as well as increasing the growth of harmful algae. In addition, the reduction of the level of dissolved oxygen in water. The result is endangering the life of marine organisms. One of the direct impacts resulting from the increase in water temperature is the change in the average nutrition transfer. It causes deaths to marine organisms and negatively affecting sustainable development. Therefore, there is a great need to prevent such kinds of thermal pollution. The issue of sanitary wastewater pollution With the increase in the numbers of the population and construction development in Kuwait, the quantities of sanitary wastewater also
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Fig. 10-3 Sanitary wastewater treatments stations and outlets in the State of Kuwait.
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Plate 10-2 Fish kill near Kuwait Towers' coastline.
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increased. It reached 70% of the total drinking water that it is being consumed. These two types of water generation and consumption i.e. sanitary and drinking waters are increasing every year. Drinking water consumption is estimated to be 130 million gallons/day. However, sanitary wastewater generation for the same quantity of drinking water reached up to 90 million gallons/day. All areas in Kuwait are connected to sewage network systems that transfer sanitary wastewater to modern sanitary wastewater treatment stations. In spite of the presence of such system, there are still many environmental problems that could occur due to increase in hydraulic loads on lifting stations. This is leading to diverting excess sanitary wastewater and discharging it back into the marine environment without being treated. The estimated volume of sanitary wastewater disposed of into the sea without treatment is 4 million gallon/day. This situation is leading to the pollution of the marine environment due to the contents of such water as it may contain human wastes contaminated with organic materials that can contain contagious coliform bacteria. Such pathogens could result in many epidemics that affect human health if disposed of into water resources without treatment. The disposal of untreated sanitary wastewater into the marine environment can lead to the transformation of organic materials into inorganic by micro-organisms, through degradation, that are present in such environment, thus, consuming the dissolved oxygen. This can cause the presence of low dissolved oxygen in the water and consequently killing fish (the Red Tide phenomena). The issue of pollution by chemical substances There are some chemical substances that are used in various industrial processes that can reach seawater by one way or another. These substances include pesticides, which are the most hazardous, and can reach the sea through ground water. Other substances include sterilizing agents such as chlorine that passes through cooling pipes in industrial installations in order to prevent the growth of algae and fungus. There are also chemical fertilizers, phosphoric salts that could reach the sea directly from factories. Some oil tankers discharge, intentionally or accidentally, some chemical pollutants. The increase in the concentrations of these chemical substances in the sea will eventually lead to environmental unbalance through the increase of pollutants that would damage environmental elements. This will result in the loss of some plants of the marine environment and thus reducing plants diversity. This will ultimately lead to affecting some food chains.
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The issue of Kuwait Bay pollution and fish kill Kuwait Bay is considered, naturally, as a sedimentation area. Its shallow waters are very suitable environment for nursing many fish and their larvae, and shrimps, especially at its northern and western coasts. The water circulation direction in Kuwait Bay is counter clockwise. There are also currents in its eastern zone, clock wise, a Khadma Bay. The bay is suffering from serious pollution as a result of the increase in the numbers of the population. In addition, the increase in discharging sanitary wastewater, treated and untreated, construction and civil activities, power generation and water production, seaports, industrial installations, oil export activities and ballast water. These factors have all lead to the loss of the environmental balance in Kuwait Bay and lead to the mortality of mullets through a fish kill phenomena during August and September of 2001. The total quantity of lost fish reached 2600 tons. Later, experts were invited, three English, three Japanese, one from the International Committee for Oceans, One from UNEP, and some from the Gulf Cooperation Council and the Arab league in order to follow up on this phenomenon. They concluded that the reason for this phenomenon was related to streptococcus bacteria. The experts disregarding the idea that chemical substances were the possible cause. Kuwait Bay suffers from harsh environmental stress along its coasts. This lead to the increase in the environmental load and consequently lost its environmental balance. This is due to the fact the bay received various kinds of direct and indirect pollutants and wastes generated from treated and untreated sanitary wastewater. In addition, industrial wastewater from power and water desalination stations, discharge from ports, harbours and small boats marina and wastes from fishing traps "Hadra". The bay, also, received polluted waters from mariculturing farms, illegal connection with stormwater network, ballast water, oil spills. Other pollutants are brought into Kuwait Bay by the northern water currents as a result of the act of drying the southern marshes of Iraq by the current the Iraqi regime. These factors and their consequences contributed to the loss of Kuwait Bay balance and immunity, making it vulnerable to any change in the atmospheric or oceanographic conditions. For example, on the 10 th of August, 2001 the temperature increased above its normal average/range. The seawater temperature reached 35-36 degrees Celsius. It was combined with high relative humidity that reached as high as 97% and the day before it reached 90%. However, it declined to 70% on the 11th of August 2001. It was, also, noticed the decline in the contents and levels of dissolved oxygen in the seawater.
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The level of nutrients was also tremendously high. In addition, there was a calm weather and water conditions, weakness in deep currents that are parallel to the coastline, as well as the absence of waves. It was, also, observed that there is an increase in the level of turbidity in the water column during the movement of water during the low and high tide. All these factors caused a stress on the mullets, reduced their immunity and making them more vulnerable to the streptococcus bacteria and consequently lead to a fish kill. Sources of streptococcus bacteria Scientific research and studies shows that the possible sources of such bacteria in the seawater are the following:
Sanitary wastewater. Mariculture farms. Feedstock, wastes, for poultry, fish, and cattle. Ol ne aat a r it kr blsw t . a s l e Commercial ships, especially the ones that transport cattle and poultry. Discharging hospital wastes into the sea. Swamps and still waters. Natural drainage from rain fall-out and stormwater culverts/outlets.
Streptococcus bacteria could have, also, been originally found in the marine area and in the bottom sediments; and the current environmental circumstances as well as the mortality of fish lead to the spread of such bacteria within the bay. The bacteria might also had been transmitted by fish i.e. originally in the fish it self, before entering the bay. It also appeared in the Bay due to the oceanographic circumstances. 10-3-2 The issue of the violating the sound use of the coastline Human beings activities, whether in terms of development activities, tourism, or commercial fields, affect the natural balance of Kuwait's coastline. There are several and important issues related to the illegal use of such significant coastal strip. These include the following: The issue of building sea slipways Sea slipways are man made structures that have great and obvious impact on sediments movement. Slipways obstruct the movements of sediments due to the effect of sea currents that are parallel to the coastline. This situation is leading to the accumulation/accretion of portions of these marine sediments on one side of the slipways and the decline of sediments on the other side. Eventually, this will cause the coastline and
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in large parts to be eroded or drawn back and, consequently, leading to deterioration of its natural balance. The issue of the spread of Niqa'as "Small Boats Harbours" These are coastal structures that are erected in the high and low tide areas. Such structures can have negative effects on sediments movements and waves due to the morphological changes they make on the coastline. Local people use these structures as designated sites for their boats in order to protect them from sea currents and waves. Most of these structures were built using concrete and other construction wastes that vary in shapes, but mostly they are circular or rectangular. The issue of beaches reclamation and landfill Random landfill is one of the most hazardous negative issues that can pollute the coastal environment and endangering its balance. This random landfill, by construction wastes i.e. reinforced concrete, steel, other cemented materials, and sands are affecting the food chain of the intertidal zone. There are many locations that were landfilled by many government establishments in order to construct and build industrial, development, and recreational projects. Also, to protect installations and roads that are parallel to the coast; this was carried-out by using construction wastes. Waves and sea currents helped in disclosing the contents of these landfilled areas, making it unpleasant to view by the public. The issue of constructing concrete barriers Large quantities of concrete blocks are being used as barriers between real estates owned by different citizens. These blocks are also used to protect their properties from sea waves and currents causing many negative impacts on the beach balance by accumulating large quantities of sediments. They also can lead to the deterioration of the beach after a certain period of time. The longest vertical concrete block on the coastline is ranging between 200 to 350 meters. The issue of erecting cement walls These are walls that are erected by people to protect their sea chalets from waves and to conserve the sediments in front of their chalets. Most of these walls are designed in vertical shapes along the coastline or tilted to absorb the force and the forward movements of the waves. The total lengths of these walls along the coastline can reach 46 km. In general, these walls were not designed properly making them inefficient and weak structures in facing natural changes. The issue of removing coastal rock the transfer of beach sands
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There are still some people who are unaware of the importance of marine sand/sediments and rocks of the intertidal zone for marine organisms that live in such sensitive areas. Many people still remove rocks and sands in order to be transferred to the sea chalets to be used for interior decoration or renovation purposes. Some times, the purpose could be to leveling up the ground to make it suitable for swimming. The continuation of such activities might/can lead to the elimination of groups of marine species that live in the intertidal zone due to the disturbance of their living and reproduction habitats. In addition, the process of transferring beach sand and rocks for construction purposes will damage the areas facing the beach. The estimated quantities of beach sands that are being transferred is about thousands of cubic meters/year. This requires a comprehensive study to investigate the dimensions and negative impacts of such activity on the marine environment. The issue of wave breakers Wave breakers are hydrodynamically engineered designs and structures that are constructed on the intertidal zone. These wave breakers are constructed in order to protect coastal installations and facilities from the destructives energies of waves. Wave breakers tend to absorb the wave/s energy while it approaches the coast. However, some times these breakers are designed without considering environmental conditions and changes and consequently would have adverse impacts on surrounding coastal areas. Most of these breakers were built using construction wastes and were designed in an improper way making them inefficient and weak. The issue of piers and wooden and metal facilities/installations Piers can be built on wooden or cement foundations with lengths ranging from 200 to 300 meters. However, the wooden and metal installations are built on high foundations i.e. about 2 to 3 meters in height above the sea level. There are various types of such installations. They differ in terms of their sizes, dimensions, locations and their built area that can range from 100-150 square meters. In general, most of these installations are built on the areas of the high tide; therefore, they tend to have no direct impact on the balance and the movement of marine sediments. However, the unorganized construction and spread of these installations along the coastline are negatively impacting the marine environment. 10-3-3 The issue of fisheries resources depletion There are indicators that show that the fishery resources are being depleted i.e. there is a continuous decline in fish or shrimp stock that was noticed in many years and reached to low levels in comparison to previous fishing rates. Other indicators include the sizes of the fishes
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Fig. 10-4 Water current movement during a 24 hour in the State of Kuwait marine environment.
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Fig. 10-5 Water current movement during a low tide cycle.
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captured. The fishes are becoming smaller than before. In addition, the absence of large size fishes in comparison to the previous fishing rates. 10-3-4 The issue of absence of environmental awareness Lack of environmental awareness is one of the challenges that face the marine and coastal environment sector in the State of Kuwait. Wrong practices and the inappropriate use of environmental resources, lead to the deterioration of the water quality; the depletion of marine resources. It is mainly attributed to incompliance with environmental laws and legislations as well as the lack in environmental awareness among citizens and residents. The absence of environmental awareness in Kuwait towards issues related to the conservation of marine and coastal environments requires great efforts at the national level. 10-3-5 Issues related to environmental laws and legislations
The full incompliance with laws and legislations, related to the
protection of the marine and coastal environment, by some governmental and non-governmental establishments.
The unclear and undefined specifications and conditions within the
laws and legislations related to coastal and marine environment. Most of these laws and legislations do not clearly indicate the mandatory standards, limits but tend to urge the concerned establishments to adopt general basis and means to conserve the environment. 10-3-6 Institutional issues
Undefined
policies and improper distribution of duties and r pni li e os its given to the various environmental authorities. This s b ie leads to conflicts and interference between policies and responsibilities of the different authorities within the government ministries and institutions. the environmental authorities to ensure the authorities perform their duties as expected.
Lack of continuous monitoring and absence of an auditing system fro
10-3-7 Economic and financial issues

Lack of financial support required to implement major projects
concerned with some of the environmental problems facing this sector e.g. constructing a sanitary wastewater treatment station in AlSulaibiya to overcome the shortage in the capacity of the existing stations. This situation leads to the direct discharge of untreated sanitary wastewater to the sea.
Lack of financial support to maintain and renew sanitary wastewater
system networks and their associated main pumping stations. This is

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required to avoid sudden technical or mechanical failures that could lead to the discharge of untreated sanitary wastewater directly into the sea.
Lack of sufficient financial support for research on fish mariculturing
and studies related to the marine environment. 10-4 Reasons that caused the deterioration of the marine and coastal environment Over the years, Kuwait marine environment has been influenced by the surrounding economic, cultural, and social changes. The pre-oil economy relied on fishing, pearl diving, and trade. The daily activities were suitable to conserve the natural environment at that time because of the limited number of the population living in Kuwait. However, after the discovery of oil in the Forties, the number of the population and development projects increased and radical economic changes had occurred. Population activities were concentrated on coastal areas. Many commercial and oil ports as well as power and desalination plants were constructed and sanitary and storm water networks were installed. All these factors contributed to the creation of new conditions that directly impacted the existing environmental balance of the Kuwaiti marine environment. 10-4-1 Reasons for the deterioration of coastal water quality The results of the continuous field measurements, conducted by the Environmental Public Authority to monitor coastal waters quality, showed a noticeable increase in the levels of harmful pollutants in the regional waters of Kuwait. The following are some of the observations and causes: Regional wars and conflicts In 1990-1991, the Kuwaiti marine environment was subjected to the worst crisis and stresses that man has ever known. The Iraqi regime invaded Kuwait and destroyed the Kuwait marine environment; these actions included:
Unloading of shipments of five oil tankers ducked at Al-Ahmadi port
directly into the coastal waters (about 500 thousands tons).

Spilling 1,100 thousands tons of oil by opening the oil valves at the
artificial island located 12 km from the coast of Al-Ahmadi Port.

Oil from oil tanks, tankers, and refineries was spilled into the marine
environment during and after the invasion.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Placing marine and landmines along the Kuwaiti coast. This lead to
the disintegration and weakening of the coastal sediments during the detonation operations after the liberation of Kuwait.
Digging trenches filled with crude oil and erecting fences along the
coast in order to prepare for the war from the seaside.

Due to the fact that water circulation between the Gulf waters and the
Indian Ocean is weak (it is considered a semi closed environment), the harmful impacts will persist for tens of years and will not be easily eliminated. Disposing untreated sewage waters into the sea The measured levels of the total coliform, the coliform and other types of bacteria were much higher than the allowable levels for sea waters set by the international standards. The presence of these types of bacteria indicates that the coastal waters are contaminated with sewage water due to the following reasons:
The sewage wastewater treatment plants (Rigga, Ardiya, and Jahra)
receive volumes of sewage water exceeding their designated capacities. This results in the discharge of excessive amounts of untreated water directly into the sea through the outlets distributed across the coast. For example, the installed capacity for Ardiya Treatment Plant is about 150,000 m3/day, but currently receives more than 170,000 m3/day. The difference is being discharged without treatment into the sea through the emergency outlets between Kuwait University (Shuwaikh) and Shuwaikh Port.
In the event of mechanical or other technical failures in the sewage
network or treatment plants, the main pumping stations directly discharge sewage waters into the sea without treatment through the emergency outlets.
The direct discharge of untreated sewage waters for some residential
constructions, private chalets, and industrial areas into the stormwater drainage network to be discharged into the sea through outlets.
The estimated quantities of untreated sewage waters discharged into
the sea are around 15% of the total sewage water quantities in Kuwait. For example, if the total sewage water quantity is about 90 million gallons a day, the average quantities of untreated sewage water discharged into the sea is around 13 million gallons per day.
The increase in the primary nutrient levels for phytoplanktons
(nitrogen compounds, phosphorous, and silicate) causes reduction in dissolved oxygen in water and the spread of algae. Recently, Kuwait
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suffered from the Red Tide phenomenon and the loss of enormous quantities of fish, especially small sized fish (Mullet). Oil spills and ship wastes The Kuwaiti regional waters are being polluted with petroleum hydrocarbon substances, of high concentrations especially in Mina Abdullah Port and medium concentrations in Shuwaikh Port). The level of oil pollution in the Arabian Gulf waters is among the highest in the world. The high pollution level in the Kuwaiti regional waters can be attributed to the following reasons:
Oil spills during the oil exporting process in Kuwait oil ports (Al-
Ahmadi, Shuaiba, Abdulla, and Al-Zur).

The disposal of engines and grease wastes from tankers and ships, oil
directly into the sea without being monitored.

The disposal of untreated liquid oil wastes from the industrial areas in
Doha, Shuwaikh, and Shuaiba into the sewage and stormwater drainage network. This was proven by the large concentrations of oil in the sewage waters reaching the treatment plants. This also proves that large quantities of such oils reach the sea through the stormwater drainage network.
The disposal of ballast waters from the oil tankers directly into the sea
and the absence of onboard treatment plants for balancing waters and reception facilities at the Kuwaiti oil terminals.
Oil spills from sea accidents from oil tankers and pipelines.
The disposal of untreated industrial sewage waters into the sea

The contamination of the Kuwaiti regional waters with trace metals
such as copper (high concentration levels) and Nickel (medium concentration levels) compared with international standards for saline seawaters. This could be attributed to the following reasons:
The disposal of untreated outlet waters from petrochemical industries
as well as cooling waters from power stations that include traces of metals contents.
The spillage of oil from commercial and fishing ships, private boats,
and ship building pools. 10-4-2 Reasons for the deterioration of the reproduction capacities of marine species The coastal waters of Kuwait are characterized by high temperatures, shallowness, and high salinity due to high evaporation rates and lack of surface waters drainage into the sea. They are also characterized by
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relatively high productivity caused by the availability of nearby rivers outlets in the north of the Arabian Gulf such as Shat Al-Arab, and the associated organic and inorganic sediments, silts and dissolved matter. These characteristics made the area one of the most diverse and rich areas in marine species with relatively high sensitivity in terms of the effects of pollutants on the economic and urban development in the area. The discovery o o i t G lr i t bcm oe fh w r l d g f i n h u e o o eo e n o t ol se i l e f gn e d an areas in oil industry makes the region more vulnerable to oil pollution and thus intensifying the problem. The increasing demand for new lands near the coast created another pollution problem caused by landfill and solid wastes from residential, industrial, recreational, and commercial development activities. The decline in productivity capacities of marine organisms could be attributed to the following reasons:
The destruction of the nursing grounds of marine species, such as fish
and shrimp, by the random landfill of the intertidal zones for ee p etpo c . dvl m n rj t o es
The increase in the number of unlicensed fishing boats and the
weakness of the inspection and penalty systems.

Incompliance with the decisions banning commercial fishing in
Kuwait Bay and for 3 miles offshore.

Incompliance with the decision banning shrimp fishing during
reproduction seasons (March to September) every year.

The sharp increase in fishing some popular types of fish such as
Pomfret.
The use of nets as fishing tools by some fishermen. This method is
prohibited because of its ability of capturing large amounts of fish in little time compared with other methods.
The irrational fishing practices and lack of monitoring system on
fishing methods and the catch size permitted for each type of fish.
The shortage in local fish supply increased their prices and hence
encouraging fishermen to increase their catch. This will lead to the exploitation of fish reserves.
The large increase in consumption due to population growth. The decrease in the size of pearl oysters leads to the decrease of the
sizes of commercial pearls. This is caused by the incompliance with the Decision banning harvesting oysters during specified periods, starting from beginning of November until the end of April of every year.
513
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The adverse impact of thermal pollution caused by cooling water
discharged into the sea from power stations (Doha, Shuaiba, Al-Zur, Shuwaikh, and Subbiya).
The leakage of Chlorine into the sea during the disinfection process of
seawater in the desalination plants (Doha, Shuaiba, Al-Zur, Shuwaikh, and Subbiya). Chlorine then combines with organic pollutants in the environment to form Hydrochlorocarbon compounds, which are highly toxic and harmful to the marine organisms.
The increasing levels of organic pollutants, petroleum hydrocarbons
compounds, and tracemetals in seawater decreased fish productivity and fish reserves.
The reduction in fresh water flow from the north, which usually
includes primary matter and nutrients (e.g. nitrates and phosphates) resulting from the different activities such as building dams and the draining of the marshlands. 10-4-3 Issues of concern related to violations to the coastal line The coastal areas in Kuwait, like any other coastal area, are considered an integral part of the environment. They are in a dynamic equilibrium influenced by natural factors until man intervenes with various projects thus changing the natural balance. This interference can be direct, such as building ports, power stations, recreational areas, and residential areas. It can also be indirect through the exploitation of resources such as offshore oil exploration and production, pumping ground water or other projects that adversely affect the environment. The violation to coasts is one of the important factors that lead to the destruction of the natural coastal environment. They inflect severe damages to the coastal balance. In Kuwait, many environmental problems resulted from this practice. These include:
The change in speed and directions of the sea currents impacts the
rates and directions of sediments resulting in the loss of environmental balance for the coast and causing erosion and accretion of beaches.
Draw backs of coastal areas, due to erosion, towards the existing
coastal developments and leading to the destabilizing of the beach sediment and affecting buildings.
Some beaches extended towards the sea, which is caused by accretion
processes leading to the reduction in the water depths. This affects the inlets of power and water desalination stations, as well as ports and navigation channels leading to the increase in maintenance costs and reduction in the efficiency operations.
514
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Losing the overall coastal balance due to erosion and accretion of the
beaches, which leads to the destruction of nursing grounds of fish. The increasing problem of violations to coasts and disturbance of coastal balance in the previous years are also caused by the following:
Random landfill and reclamation using sand and construction wastes
along the coast to expand the front beaches of the private chalet. Examples can be seen in the southern coast of Kuwait.
Some private chalet owners built their own private ports or slipways
using construction wastes.

The removal of beach rocks from beaches in front of some private
chalet for aesthetic reasons and improve accessibility to the beach.

Erecting concrete barriers to maintain the privacy for the chalets. The random erection of concrete or rock slipways extending from the
high tide level to the low tide level in order to launch boats at any water level. This impedes the movement of the sediments along the coast, leading to accretion on one side of the slipways and erosion of the other. The random distribution of these slipways and the impacts on sedimentation can be detected by aerial photographs and satellite images.
The
implementation of coastal development projects without conducting environmental studies to avoid the adverse impacts on the environment. Although some environmental studies were conducted for some projects, they only consider the short-term effects on the project area and disregard the long-term impacts on the entire coast. negative impacts on other areas. An examples of this practice is illustrated as follows: A bre w s u tfres f e r o t nr e s e f K o a i a bi,o t o m t s n h ot r i o hr rr l n e e hn d Al-Me t ( pnIl)i A-Khiran resort area to prevent the fe O e n t n l ah e entrance of sediments (beach sands) inside the bay. This impeded the transfer of sediments in front of Al-Khiran area and thus resulting in sedimentation in front of the barrier (northern side of the Inlet) accompanied by erosion on the other side of the barrier (the southern side of the Inlet). The erosion process resulted in more threats to the foundations and structures of the chalets in the area to the extent of falling. This has forced the owners of these chalets to use their own outdated protection methods. The continuation of accretion in front of the barrier and erosion on the other side resulted on massive sedimentation.
Some authorities protect their own space without regarding the
515
The example shows that such practices not only did not solve the problem, but also resulted in more deterioration and damage to the beach profile. It also increased the distance from some of the Khiran chalets (those located on northern side of the Inlet) to the sea and reducing the distance, and threatening the structures, of others (those located at the southern side of the bay) from the sea. 10-4-4 The reasons for the lack of environmental awareness Environmental awareness has become one of the important challenges facing our world today. Success in these efforts will create a positive generations whereas failure will result in adverse consequences. Education, awareness, and media play very important role in enhancement of the positive attitudes towards the environment and eliminate or reduce harm caused by the irrational exploitation of environmental resources. To achieve effective environmental awareness programmes, three main components must be integrated: environmental education, environmental awareness, and environmental information. Environmental education builds political, technical, economic, and scientific capacities capable of coping with various environmental problems. Environmental awareness creates public awareness, usually directed towards both the public and educated people, whereas environmental information and media include all segments. In Kuwait, all environmental awareness efforts focus on the first type, which is the environmental education. The absence of environmental awareness and information led to the absence of the general awareness on environmental issues. 10-4-5 Issues of concern related to environmental laws the incompliance with
Absence of jurisdiction to the concerned staff that allows them to
implement the existing environmental laws and legislations of the various related authorities such as the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources, Kuwait Municipality, and the Environment Public Authority. All of these institutions work to conserve the marine and coastal environments.
Leniency in prosecuting violators to the marine and coastal
environment protection laws and legislations.

Absence of deterring and forceful legal punishment for violators of the
marine and coastal environment protection laws and legislations.
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10-5 Recommended solutions 10-5-1 Recommended solutions to prevent deterioration of coastal waters quality Technical and regulating measures
Applying strict monitoring procedures by Kuwait Municipality and
the Ministry of Trade and Industry, regarding the implementation of laws, regulations, and decisions related to the conservation of the coastal water quality and the impact of various installations (constructional, residential, sewage system, industrial and industrial sewage waters).
The coordination between the Ministry of Oil and the Kuwait Port
Authority to prepare technical and practical solutions to limit oil spills during loading of exported oil via oil export piers.
The coordination between the Ministry of Oil and The Public Fire
Department to prepare an emergency response plan to control oil spills caused by sea accidents from oil tankers and pipelines.
The coordination between the Ministry of Oil and the Kuwaiti Port
Authority to provide treatment facilities for the ballast waters on all Kuwaiti oil piers (Al-Ahmadi, Shuaiba, Abdulla, and Al-Zur).
The coordination between the Ministry of Electricity and Water and
the Ministry of Trade and Industry in preparing technical and practical solutions to limit the leak of chlorine and metal contaminants from power stations and cooling waters of different industries.
The coordination between the Ministry of Oil, The Environmental
Public Authority, and the Ministry of Electricity and Water to put and regulate all offshore exploration operations under control in order to reduce pollution resulting from these operations. Legislative measures
Speeding the approval and issuance of regulations related to the
establishment of the Environmental Public Authority regarding the standards and specifications suitable for the State of Kuwait.
Forcing ships and tankers to implement law No. 12/1964 and its
amendments (105/1976 and 1/1980) regarding the prohibiting of polluting navigation waters with oil.
Reactivation of the political regional role through the Regional
Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) to force member countries to comply with The Kuwait Regional Agreement for the Protection of the Marine Environment from
517
Pollution and the Protocol concerning the regional cooperation in controlling pollution by oil and other harmful substances.
Reactivating the international and regional political role in applying
the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to limit the draining of the marshlands and the building of dams in the north countries. Economic measures
Providing financial support needed to execute important projects that
aids in the preservation of water quality such as sewage water treatment plants (Sulaibiya) to overcome the problem resulting from shortage of capacity of the existing plant and the construction of ballast water treatment facilities.
Providing financial support for the maintenance and renewal of
sewage networks and main pumping stations to avoid any future failures that will lead to the disposal of untreated sewage waters directly into the sea. 10-5-2 Recommended solutions to limit the deterioration of the reproduction capacities of the marine species Technical and regulating measures The Public authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources has an important role in monitoring and regulating fishing operations in order to ensure the development of fisheries resources and discontinue the depletion of fish reserves. Therefore, the authority is recommended to take the following actions:
Increasing the marine patrolling and inspection on fishermen to ensure
the implementation of the laws issued by the authority regarding the protection of the fisheries resources.
Using new technologies in monitoring violators of laws related to
fisheries resources protection.

Enhancing the natural reserve of shrimp and economic fish by keeping
larvae in designated ponds

Expanding in establishing artificial reefs to enrich the different types
and quantities of commercially economic fish.

Limiting the overexploitation of fish resources by controlling shrimp
trawling activities to prevent side-catching using modern technologies. Identifying the number of amateur fishermen as well as setting regulations to protect fisheries resources from amateurs.
518
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Preparing a clear vision for fish mariculturing as a source for the
production of fresh fish. Also, regulations should be set to limit the increase of pollutants within the fish farm zones. This could be achieved through research and studies to determine the best production method. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research can also assist in these studies. It should also be emphasized that the levels of the environmental impact assessment should be improved, regarding fish mariculturing.
Limiting the increasing stress on harvesting pearl oysters and
encouraging their mariculture.

Preparing survey maps that shows the distribution and production
capacities of the different marine species in the regional Kuwaiti waters. These maps could be used for the environmental impact assessment studies related to coastal development projects. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, in collaboration with the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, should perform the following research activities:
The general direction should be towards regulating and the protection
of the marine environment through conducting studies and researches aimed at preparing these regulations.
Studies and research activities related to determining the best methods
and quantities of fish allowed for each licensee. In addition to the determination of the allowable sizes of fish that could be caught.
Studying the possibility of improving the current fishing methods
according to regulations of the fishing procedures, such as the dvl m n o a or t r ue h ps b i o l i ii t ee p et f G r uo e c t os it fo n tn h o g d e i ly sg e sea and reducing the quantities of small fish captured. Kuwait Municipality should play a bigger role in preserving Kuwaiti coasts, especially in the Kuwait Bay zone because it represents an area for fish and shrimp nurseries. The municipality should also have a bigger role in the conservation of the coral reefs in the islands of Kubbar, Qarouh, and Um Al-Maradem to conserve the habitat of many marine species such as turtles, fish, sea urchins and algae. The Ministry of Planning, in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, should coordinate with other Gulf Cooperation Council countries to encourage fishing in the countries that have the bigger marine zones and fish reserves such as the Sultanate of Oman. They should focus on fish mariculture in other countries such as Kuwait, where the main capabilities for this activity exists.
519
Measures for the protection of Kuwait Bay and its fisheries resources
Working to prohibit the discharge of treated and untreated sewage
waters in the Bay.

Regular check on the fish safety, feedstock, and bottom sediments in
of the mariculturing farms to ensure the absence of harmful bacteria.

Banning trawl fishing in the Bay to limit the dispersion of sediments
in the water column and the increase in dissolved oxygen demand.

Ensuring that wastewaters from oil and desalination plants are not
discharged into the sea even in case of emergencies.

Re-evaluating the proposed future development projects on the coast
of Kuwait Bay.
Working to solve the problem of Al-Ghazali and other outlets, which
discharges waste water into Kuwait Bay. Sunken ships in Shuwaikh coast and north of the Bay should also be removed.
Urging research authorities to conduct necessary studies to protect
Kuwait Bay.
Establishing a specialized center in the field of fish diseases as well as
building capacities.
Improving water circulation in the Bay. Raising environmental awareness of citizens and residents about the
i pr ne f u aB y ni n et m ot c o K w is a ev om n a t r .
Assessing the mariculturing and fish traps sites. Preparing a strategy and action plans to rehabilitate the bay.
Legislative measures
Issuing legislations that aims at the gradual implementation of
conservation of fish reserves and marine species. This can be done by banning fishing during reproduction seasons. Similar actions were taking such as regulating shrimp fishing inside the regional waters.
Reviewing and amending the existing laws related to the protection of
the fisheries resources in order to suit the current situation. A new legislation could also be issued containing all other decisions related to the regulation of fisheries resources, which then becomes a reference.
Revise legislations so they include deterring fines for ships that do not
comply with rules regulating fishing procedures.

Speeding the process of issuing a legislation to preserve coral reefs
islands and convert them to reserves.
520
Economic measures
Providing financial support for the mariculturing researches as a
resource of fresh fish.

Providing financial assistance for studies and researches related to the
marine environment in order to identify the effects of local and regional human activities on the marine ecology. 10-5-3 Proposed solutions to cope with the effects of illegal use of the coastal line Technical and regulating measures Kuwait municipality has a primary role in controlling activities that could result in the unbalance of the coastal environment. Therefore, the following actions could be taken by the municipality:
Greening and landscaping the coastal line by planting mangroves
plants, especially in areas in which erosion causes major problems to the coastal balance. Mangrove plants can provide reasonable protection against waves and helps the accumulation of sediments.
Increasing the monitoring actions on all activities that impede the
movement of sea currents and the sedimentation.

Mandating comprehensive environmental impact assessment studies
before permitting the establishment of any coastal development projects. These studies should include the environmental impact during and after the construction phase, short and long-term environmental impacts.
The use of the available technical capabilities of the Kuwait Institute
for Scientific Research in conducting environmental studies for coastal projects.

Supporting the establishment of a center for training staff specialized
in environmental pollution control. This center is run by the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. Also, human and logistical capabilities of the coast guards- Ministry of Interior can be utilized in this field. Legislative measures
Revised the legislations so they include deterring penalties against
activities that cause harm to the Kuwaiti coasts.

Issuing new legislations stating that environmental studies must be
performed for coastal development projects as a precondition for the issuance of permits and approvals.
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10-5-4 Proposed solutions for sustainable development Technical and regulating measures Forming a high committee for the marine and coastal environment, supervised by the Environmental Public Authority that includes representatives of all governmental ministries, authorities, and institutions that invest or work in the field of marine and coastal environmental protection. This committee must include decision makers and specialists in the environmental field and should have the following tasks:
Identifying policies and distributing the tasks, responsibilities, and
authorities for every environmental authority, based on their specializations. This will prevent interference and conflict between these authorities.
Continuous follow up of the performance of the various environmental
authorities in order to verify the implementation of assigned tasks as well as determining auditing procedures for these institutions and authorities.
Integrated planning for the management of the coastal areas in order to
ensure that coastal development is done based on sound scientific and environmental principles. The Environment Public Authority should form a technical team specialized in the marine and coastal environment and has the following duties:
Technical follow up on the performance of different environmental
authorities in implementing the tasks assigned by the higher environmental advisory committee for the marine and coastal environment.
Providing technical consultations and periodic reports to the high
advisory committee for decision-making.

Coordinating with Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, the applied
technical colleges, and Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences to develop the technical and human capabilities of the national staff to implement the duties assigned by the high advisory committee for the marine and coastal environment.
Field
monitoring and inspection for the marine and coastal environment by the various environmental entities, based on their specialties and according to the tasks and authorities given by the high advisory committee for the marine and coastal environment: pollutants on regular basis and in specific locations along the Kuwaiti
522
Monitoring water quality by measuring the levels of harmful
coasts. These locations should be identified by their coordinates of sample collection point as well as the time and date of the sample.
Identifying all sources of liquid pollutants (sea outlets for sewage,
rainwater drainage, and industrial sewer networks). Type and rates of discharge should also be specified for these liquid pollutants.
Watching and monitoring the coastal balance by regular seasonal
measurements of the vertical longitudinal sections along the coast line and at regular distances of the Kuwaiti coasts. The coordinates of these sections should be known as well as the time and date. These should be compared with aerial photographs and satellite images.
Regular distribution of the monitoring towers to monitor changes in
water surface levels, waves, and sea currents to determine the hydrodynamic factors that dominate the Kuwaiti regional waters. These towers shall also be identified with coordinates (longitudes and latitudes), water levels, and height of measuring equipment.
Establishing a database for the monitoring and inspection of the
marine and coastal environment. The center of this database should be within the Environment Public Authority and linked with all environmental authorities for easy information access.
Using quantitative programs to predict water table levels affected by
tides, sea currents, waves, sedimentation, and dispersion of pollutants. The results of these programmes can be verified by comparing them with field measurements. This could help in predicting environmental problems such as the movements and the spread of oil slicks in the event of oil spillage. The high advisory committee for the marine and coastal environment should conduct environmental planning for the State of Kuwait. It should have the authority to review the constructional and economical development plans in order to put them within a proper environmental context. The decisions of this committee should be mandating. Economic measures
Providing financial support for field monitoring and inspection
activities related to the marine and coastal environment.

Providing financial support for the establishment of a database and
information network.
Providing financial support for studies that conducts quantitative
programmes.
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10-5-5 Proposed solutions to increase environmental awareness Environmental awareness Environmental awareness means creating a general awareness, for the entire public. It can be implemented through the following:
Studying, planning, and implementing an environmental awareness
programme for the protection of the marine environment.

Publishing books, leaflets, and simple scientific articles that aim at
activating the public participation and to raise the awareness about the importance of preserving fisheries resources as a potentially renewable resource.
Organizing seminars and lectures that aim at increasing conservation
of people in the field of biodiversity (fish and other marine species).

Exploiting the
environmental occasions, national, regional, or international, for public participation for the beneficiary groups from the marine environment such as fishermen, chalet owners, resort hotels, yachts owners, and others. to participate in the activities related to the protection of the environment.
Encouraging different society groups, especially women and children,
Encouraging and supporting the establishment of volunteering
societies in the field of marine environment. Environmental media Environmental media, include all groups of people, to present ideas in different methods to suit all levels of people, it can be implemented as follows:
Preparing special training programmes to assist building capacities of
the media.
Preparing educational programmes directed to all groups of society,
through various information media. These programmes should explain the wrong practices that adversely affect the marine environment such as the collection of coral reefs and some rare species.
Preparing environmental awareness programmes directed to the
untrained expatriate workforce using their mother language.
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Clark, J. (1996). Coastal Zone Management Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers. Dames and Moore. (1981). Hydraulic Studies, Vol. II. Studies for Subiya area, Kuwait Bay and Development of Electrical Network. Ministry of Electricity and Water, Government of Kuwait, Report No. MEW/cp/pgp-113-80/81, Kuwait. Duback, H.W., and Wehe, R.J. (1967). Descriptive Oceanography of Kuwait Harbors. U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, TR-55, Washington, D.C. Environment Public Authority, (1993). Annual report of environmental measurements during 1993, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (1994). Annual report of environmental measurements during 1994, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (1995). Annual report of environmental measurements during 1995, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (1996). Annual report of environmental measurements during 1996, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, (1997). Annual report of environment measurements during 1997, Kuwait. Environment Public Authority, Kuwait. Evans, G. 1970. Coastal and nearshore sedimentation: A comparison of clastic and carbonate. Proceedings of Geological Association, London 81, 493-508. Ghobrial, F.; Samhan, O.; Al-Harmi, L.; and Elimam. (1986). Appropriate Technology for Sludge Dewatering in Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR1980, Kuwait. Gopalakrishnan, T., Muralidhar, M. and Al-Madani, N. (1988). Study of Circulation in Northern Kuwait Coastal Waters Dominated by Tidal Flat Motion. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR2737, Kuwait. G pl rha, .. R ,L;L ,Jn oa ki nn TC; a d . o e-Men; and Al-Salem, A. a s a (1985). Analysis of Wave Data from Ras Al-Zour. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR 1760, Kuwait.
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Annexes
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Annex 1 The Objectives and Goals of the Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait
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The Objectives and Goals of the Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait
main objective behind the initiation of the environmental strategy of The the State of Kuwait is to protect, preserve, and develop the environment and the natural resources. In addition, caring for human health and the w l r o t cut . e a fh on y fe e r Hence, this strategy has several goals, which were discussed and unanimously agreed upon in the first discussion session held on the 23rd of November 1998. These goals are the following: 1- Preserving the natural environment, its diversity, and natural and energy resources as well as working toward sustaining its development. Preserving the elements of the natural environment such as water, air and soil. In addition, avoiding their contamination. Furthermore, preventing their deterioration due to the unsound exploitation of the natural resources and the spread of pollutants caused by various development activities in the environment. Rehabilitating wild life, which disappeared from the Kuwaiti environment, and providing proper environmental conditions required for its growth, reproduction, and the preservation of its biodiversity. Preserving the marine environment, seawater quality, and the coastal ev om n s a r ca c rtics and balance as well as protecting ni n et nt a hr t i r u l a es and developing the islands and the fisheries resources. Preserving and developing water resources. In addition, the reuse of waste waters. Optimal exploitation of oil resources and developing renewable energy resources. 2- Sustaining development for agricultural and animal resources activities. Developing the agricultural and animal resources activities through linking the agricultural policies with the environmental policies of the State of Kuwait. Working on the reduction of contaminants in imported and local food resources to ensure the safety of public health.
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3- Compliance of the urban, architectural, and residential development with environmental conditions: Considering the local environmental conditions, circumstances and nature of the Kuwaiti society when planning, designating and distributing urban areas and in architectural designs. Protecting archaeological and historical sites and buildings from the environmental degradation factors. 4- The proper use of safe technologies that do not have negative effects on the environment and human health. Adopting environmentally safe, or less damaging, technologies that also conserve natural resources. Reducing the negative impacts, on humans and environment, of industrial and constructional development operations that use advanced and sophisticated technologies. 5- Encouraging research in the field of human resources development for the protection of the environment and its resources Training, developing, and improving the skills and capabilities of the local workforce in environmental fields in order to be updated with the latest local and global environmental changes. Providing data related to the various environmental fields as well as establishing an up-to-date environmental database accessible to individuals and institutions. Providing digital maps through the Geographic Information System (GIS). Providing data and information, via specific mechanism, and to let decision makers have easy access to such data. Ensuring complete confidentiality of original documents, Raw Data, according to regulations and conditions. 6- Supporting environmental awareness and education as well as the development of human environmental interaction in order to achieve the protection and sustainability of the environment. Introducing individuals to environmental concepts and local environmental needs and sensitivity as well as methods of environmental protection.
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Increasing environmental awareness in the community, to change life styles and practices incompatible with the local environment, as well as urging for conservation. Encouraging public initiatives to improve the environment as well as the efforts of the governmental and private institutions related to environmental protection. Supporting environmental education through the interaction of Kuwaiti citizen, students and youths, which could be accomplished through the support of school curricula and media programmes. 7- Contributing to the protection of the global environment through the protection of the local environment Strengthening regional and international cooperation in fields of environment and development as well as the maximizing the utilization of the available resources in regional and international organizations. Coordinating and following-up with different and relevant implementation programmes, in the government, and in accordance with the regional and international treaties related to the protection of the environment. 8- Making Environmental Impact Assessment as one of the main considerations for deciding on developing policies and projects related to resources development and in various aspects. In a dt n dt miigtecu t pa nn a d dvl met d io , e r nn h o nr s l ig n ee p n i e y n o priorities. Emphasizing on environmental dimensions while determining policies and priorities of the various sectors in the country. Assessing the environmental impacts of various development projects before approving them. 9- Minimizing the risks of environmental disasters on human health and safety and on the environment. Identifying risks and impacts associated with natural and environmental catastrophes such as earthquakes, floods, oil sis t pl c le .
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Providing proper methods to cope with catastrophes as well as determining proper measures to minimize the risks of environmental and natural catastrophes. 10- Activating the roles of laws and legislations for environmental protection Awaring the public about the importance of laws and regulations, related to the protection of the environment, as well as their importance and also the negative impacts that might be initiated when violating them. Awaring the public about penalties and punishments that could be imposed on violators of environmental protection laws and regulations. Identifying a follow-up mechanism to ensure the implementation and compliance with environmental laws and regulations as well as the possibility of revising and improving these laws. Other notes Proposing the use of schedules for work plans. Increasing the coordination with Kuwait University and its academic centers such as the Department of Civil Engineering, the Department of Chemical Engineering, and other departments in the Faculty of Science. Also, increasing the cooperation with the Kuwaiti research centers through forming work teams to implement the articles of the strategy.
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The General Directions of the Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait To achieve the optimal balance between the natural and environmental resources and the requirements of development. To ensure the role and position of human beings, which is the ultimate goal of development. To emphasize on the integration between the different governmental sectors in the country in exploiting resources and protecting the environment. To use economical measures in identifying and framing the priorities of environmental plans. To consider the time factor in activating sectorial action plans to achieve their objectives. To provide alternatives and options for development and environmental programmes for better selections. To use of clean and advanced technologies in the implementation of sectorial programmes, including the reuse and recycling of resources. To observe international and regional considerations in relation to environmental and natural resources protection. To have a preference in using renewable resources over the use of non-renewable resources.
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Annex 2 Research projects sponsored by the EPA, Kuwait

(for five years and until the year 2000)
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Research projects sponsored by the Environment Public Authority, for five years and until the year 2000.
Preparing a mathematical model for pollutants and the cost of
control processes. Dr. Jaafar Abbas Haij, Kuwait University This study aims at preparing and building a balanced, sectorial, and economic model to handle environmental pollution resulting from industrial wastes generated from different production sectors of the Kuwaiti economy. The study will also attempt to make an effort to measure technological costs of environment protection and ways to redistribute these costs at the production sectors levels of the national economy. This study also aims at building an accounting system in order to estimate the costs of dealing with environmental pollution resulting from industrial wastes. It also proposes strategies and accounting, managerial, technical, and economical measures, within an integrated system, for environmental pollution resulting from industrial wastes.
Evaluation
the toxicity of heavy metals contamination, hydrocarbon wastes, and radioactive pollutants in the surface sediments of the Kuwaiti southern islands.
Dr. Adel Refaat, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training This study aims at identifying geo-chemical and the radioactive characteristics of the newly formed surface sediments of Kuwait southern islands i.e. Kubar, Karooh, and Um Al-Maradem. The main objective of this study is to determine the behaviours of the components that form the surface sediments of the islands. In addition, to reach an accurate description of the extent off pollution by the toxic heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and radioactive materials in the event of their presence in the sediments of these three islands
Establishing
experimental
complexes
for
artificial
fish
reefs/colonies The Kuwaiti Diving Team, Kuwait Science Club The main aim of this project is to rehabilitate the marine ecosystem of Kuwait marine environment in order to make it regain its basic elements that were lost and impacted. Moreover, the project aims at increasing. In addition, compensating for the destruction that was inflected on the Kuwaiti marine environment due to the unsound and illegal fishing practices. The idea of the project, is to install treated concrete structures,
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five structures to be positioned at different sites and depths, so that they can be exposed to different environmental conditions in order to achieve and obtain different results and then selecting the preferd ones/options. Marine Buoys anchoring and coral reefs protection The Kuwaiti Diving Team, Kuwait Science Club This project aims at the protection of coral reefs that can be found at the southern coasts and islands of Kuwait. It, also, aims at training Kuwaiti personnel in aspects related to environmental rehabilitation in order to carry-out their required environmental role in underwater activities. The idea of the project is to anchore metal cables in the bottom of the sea, at sites where coral reefs can be found, then connecting buoys, of certain sizes and colour, to the end part of the free cables. Once completed, these anchorging facilities can be used to anchore boats and yachts instead of using their own anchors that can damage the coral reefs.
Factors affecting the photo-degradation of oil pollutant in the
Kuwaiti seawaters. Dr. Lolwa Naser, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research This study deals with the photo-degradation of Kuwait crude oil in Kuwait's seawater under climate conditions that similar to Kuwait conditions. This study examines the effects of temperature, light intensity, amount of dissolved oxygen, and the presence of substances that increase the effect of light on the rate of photo-degradation of crude oil polluting the seawater. The results of this study are expected to further assist the understanding of the photo-degradation process of Kuwaiti crude oil in climate and environmental conditions similar to those of Kuwait.
The comprehensive coastal environmental management for the
State of Kuwait, Phase One: Environmental sectors of the coasts Dr. Yehya Marmoush, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research The work in this study will attempt only to complete the first phase of this study in which the dominant environmental conditions, which represent the required data, will be collected in order to commence the comprehensive management programme of the coasts. This will lead to achieving a coastal development that is based on scientific principles. The study will provide the decision maker and the planner with an inventory of administrative and environmental problems associated with the current coastal development programmes.
The waves of the Kuwait regional waters resulting from winds.
Dr. Khaled Al-Salem, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Strong waves are considered the main dynamic force, which affect coastal and marine installations and facilties and also the movement of sediments, marine currents, and the spread of contaminant in coastal areas. Moreover, waves affect most biological and chemical processes in coastal areas, which are the main sources of fresh water and fisheries resources. This study will rely on a new mathematical model that can be implemented on the waters of the Arabian Gulf. Afterward, the results will be compared with field readings of waves within the regional waters of Kuwait. This model, which is considered one of the best available new models, will forecast the wave energy at any time and location.
The dynamic changes of the rigid asphalt layer in Kuwait by using
mathematical models. Dr. Raymond Disany, Boston University. USA This research aims at studying the dynamic changes and the natural weathering rates impacting the rigid asphalt layer, which is formed due to the oil ponds and soot fall-out. This will be achieved by using cell-based modeling.
Enhancing biological degradation of petroleum oil and the
possibility of implementing this method for the treatment of contaminated sites, with the possibility of setting a special strategy to be used during emergencies. Dr. Marzouk Al- Ghunaim, PAAET The study aims at treating contaminated soils by petroleum oil through biological degradation for aromatic compounds, especially the slow or hard to degrade compounds. In addition, the study aims at planting some crops on the treated soils, recording the morphological characteristics, and analysing parts of these plants to determine the amount of accumulated petroleum compounds within specific parts of these plants.
Range Management in the State of Kuwait
Dr. Samira Alsayed Omar, KISR This study aims at evaluating the current situation of range land and grazing activities in Kuwait including identifying the required load. Furthermore, preparing a plan for range management. The objectives of this plan are to reduce stress on the various parts of the range lands, to revise and assess the effectiveness of the various existing laws and legislations, to rehabilitate the deteriorated range lands through the recovery of the vegetation cover, and finally to recommend methods of re-planting these range lands.
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The control and management of degraded lands in Kuwait Dr. Raafat Maysak, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Signs of land degradation are spreading throughout the State of Kuwait. These signs include soil erosion due to the effect of wind and water, soil hardness, and other signs. Hence, the main aim of this study is to evaluate land degradation in selected areas in Kuwait i.e. Al-Ahmadi, Al-Dhahar, Al-Sulaibya, Northwest Al-Jahraa, and Ras Al-Subbya by using remote sensing technology and field studies.
The effects of air pollutants emitted from hospital incinerators on
h si l surrounding air environment. opt s a Dr. Ahmad Eesa, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research This study aims at evaluating the effects of air pollutants i.e. cadmium, lead and dioxin emitted by hsil i inerators on hospitals op a n ts c surrounding air environment. Samples wil be taken directly from the incinerators using special instruments.
Criminal law and environment protection: a comparative study
Dr. Nour Eddiene Hindawy, Kuwait University This study aims at reaching for an optimal method to protect the environment and the possibility of the intervention of laws to protect the environment from any type of violation. This could be achieved by searching for the answer to the following question; are criminal law legislations sufficient to achieve environmental protection? And what are the practices used in other countries in relation to this issue? What is being practiced in other countries in order to be used as future guidelines?
The detection of heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and
radioactive neuclides in food in the State of Kuwait. Adnan Hussain, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research During this study, 150-200 popular food items will be sampled. These food items are consumed by different age groups in Kuwait. The samples will be collected twice a year, taking in consideration the differences in food items due to seasonal changes. These samples will be tested for their contents of heavy metals, poly aromatic hydrocarbons, and radioactive substances. Then, the results of these tests can be used to determine the health risks associated with such pollutants.
Factors affecting the spread of respiratory diseases in Kuwait.
Dr. Adel Khater and Dr. Adel Abul, Kuwait Medical Association This study aims at studying the relationship between lung diseases and t dgaao o l gfnt n due to indoor and outdoor air h er t n f u s ucos e di n i
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pollutants. And by using classification analysis, it will be able to diagnose the responsible components for the negative effects on respiratory system health. These might result from the exposure to a single or air pollutants that are compined with other types of pollutants. Moreover, this study will conduct a systematic analysis to determine pollutant, or pollutants, that affects respiratory ss m s el . yt hah e t
The effects of age, gender, weight, and smoking habits on lead
levels in bloods in Kuwait. Dr. Abdulhadi BuAlian, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research This study aims at determining the levels of lead in the blood and under the influence of several factors such as age, gender, weight, and smoking habits.
Trace metals, hydrocarbon substances, and microbiological
cmp nnsnK w is ru dw t o o eti u a go n ae t r Iman Al-Awadi, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research This study aims that identifying trace metals, hydrogen compounds, and the microbiological components in ground water as sources of pollution in these waters. This can be achieved through the collection of selected samples from ground water wells in order to reach a preliminary perspective about the regional distribution of these components in the gonw t o l rud a r fA-Daman and Kuwait Gru om t n. e op fr aos i
A pictorial atlas of Kuwait coral reefs and their aesthetic value.
Kuwaiti Diving Team, The Scientific Club This project aims at producing a coloured pictorial atlas that show the different kinds of coral reefs found in the Kuwaiti sea and their beauty. Moreover, it aims at producing a CD that contains a large amount of coral reef pictures to be used as a reference in scientific research. The last aim of this project is to prepare experienced and specialized Kuwaiti staff in underwater photography.
The preparation, design, and Implementation of sanitary landfill
sites management for municipal solid wastes. Anwar Al-yagoot, Kuwait Municipality This objective of this project is to study the impacts of landfill waste on environment, groundwater, and soil by using special computer programmes used in pollution studies. In addition, the project aims at developing laws related to new waste disposal methods that address landfill sites, design, and construction. Also, the study is examining and
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evaluating the current solid waste landfills sites in order to search for methods to protect these sites from pollution.
Evaporation and degradation processes in oil lakes in Kuwait.
Dr. Colin Parker, University of Tulsa, U.S.A. The study aims at determining the extent of impact of oil lakes, which were formulated due to torching the oil wells by the Iraqi regime during its invasion period of Kuwait. The objectives will be achieved through collecting samples from these lakes and analysing them to determine the speed of evaporation and degradation in these lakes in order to find suitable solutions. Moreover, the study is examining the impact of these lakes on animal, plant and ground water resources. An Integrated numerical model for the hydrodynamics circulation of the ebb and flow current in the regional waters of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. Dr. Jin Min Lu, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research The study will develops an integrated and comprehensive numerical model to study the hydrodynamics circulation of the ebb and flow currents. The results will be compared with field data and forecasted readings of water levels. The dynamic composition of flame produced by the burning of hydrocarbon compounds. Dr. Fouad Al-Asfoor, Kuwait University The project will study the impacts of the rising temperatures of air entering into engine on the efficiency of engines and on the levels of pollutants emitted. It will simulate the increase in high temperature during the summer season on the performance of car engines and on the levels of pollutants emitted. The study will also examine the impacts of mixing some types of alcohol, methanol, on the fuel used in the State of Kuwait and t i pco eg efc ni ad o u n ee . h m at n ni se iec s n pl t t l l e n fi e la s v s Air corrosion map for the State of Kuwait Dr. Hamdy Shalaby, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research The project will produces maps related to the corrosion of metals in different areas in Kuwait. Metals are extensively used in Kuwait such as galvanized steel, carbon steel, coated steel, aluminium, and copper for different uses. These maps will show the sites where corrosion incidents increase or decrease. The concluding results of this research can be used by construction companies and government authorities.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Evaluation of Air quality in Kuwait, Second Phase.
Dr. Waleed Bu-hamra, Kuwait University This project aims at identifying volatile organic compounds, which represent major components of the indoor environment pollutantion in the Kuwaiti environment. These chemical compounds will be classified and then acceptable exposure limits will be identified. Pollution sources will be identified and evaluated for both carcinogenic chemical compounds and dangerous particulates. After collecting such information, a computer based mathematical model will be used as to produce methods for controlling indoor air pollutants and to set standards for acceptable air quality levels. Selecting the most suitable methods for drying sludge Dr. Saleh Al-muzaini, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research This study will compare a number of systems/methods used to mechanically dry sludge in order to select the proper method that is suitable for the local environment. The systems that will be evaluated include the use of compressed conveyer and centrifugal filteration. The study will select the best and most suitable polymers that can be used to dry the sludge. The study will gather and evaluate data collected and then select the best methods to dry the sludge in in accordance with Kuwaiti conditions. Problems resulting from public schools locations in Kuwait, from the perspective of school headmasters and parents. Dr. Zainab Jubur, Kuwait University The study reached several conclusions. These can be summarized as follow: The presence of schools in public and residential areas is creating problems to school managers and parents.

The close proximity of schools to shops and other facilities. The close location of schools to other near by schools. The location of schools near by major roads. The long construction years of schools. The different location of the schools based on educational levels.
That parents are suffering more from school location than school managers.
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K w iscrlre a d crlre sfh an explanatory u a oa ef n oa ef i : t s s guide.
Dr. J.R.Morgan, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research This guide contains three parts. The first part is an introduction, were the w irep i t ui el a cr r f ev om n wt re xln h n u o l oa e s ni n et i t as e q c l e r hsome images of marine species. The second part contains an introduction to the general local coral reefs and ecological and classified description with underwater images of each kind. The third part contains an introduction about fishes that live on coral reefs with an ecological and classified description of their different kind.
Sewage water desalination by reverse osmosis.
Dr. Mahmood AbdulJawad, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research The results of this study showed that it is possible to desalinate sanitary waste water through very low pressure to produce high quality water that is virtually free of salts and particles. This study contain bacteriological and physiological tests for feed, treated, and produced waters from the Reverse Osmosis Distillation Units. The results confirm the absence of any viruses or microorganisms from these desalinated waters. Furthermore, the production costs are relatively low.
Al-Ju'aidan farm restoration and rehabilitation
Dr. Mohammad Talat Balbala, KISR Field tests were performed on an area of 5.4 hectares, representing the different levels of oil contamination in Al-Ju'aidan Farm. A complete survey was performed and information on the current situation were documented. The information was collected through soil samples from different depths to specify the distribution and concentration of oil granules within soil particles. Three methods were used to treat the polluted soil, which were biological farming, composting, and soil aeration. The results showed that thse three methods were highly efficient in removing oil contaminants. The biological farming method was the most effective one. It removed more than 85% of the contaminants. Several plants were put under examination to examine soil toxicity. The study showed that there was evident progress in the ability of soils to grow plants, compared to the untreated soils. The study also showed that all plants that were grown on this treated soil did not contain any harmful compounds.
Enhancing methods to reactivate spent catalyst used in hydrogen
cracking. Dr. Meena Marafi, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
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Spent catalysts are considered as an environmental problem in oil refineries processes. These catalyst result from hydrogen cracking. They were obtained through the removal of petroleum coke and other metallic impurities through washing. The study also included expriements to recover some metals and metallic particles from the washing fluids. It. Also, showed, that the internal return is high and could reach up to 15% if the reactivation processes are included within the main refining processes.
Bases for the development the southern islands of Kuwait
Dr. yahya Marmoosh- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research This study discusses the adverse environmental impacts of development activities, according to their phases of implementation i.e. short and long term impacts during and after the implementation phases. During these phases, data is collected, mainly dealing with geological, hydrological, water quality and marine species. Also, field data that will be collected in relation to changes in the levels of the surface waters, water currents, and coastal sectors. In addition, numerical data will be calculated for waves. Emphases were focused on the various problems associated with development activities for the southern islands i.e. Kubar, Karouh, and Um Al-Maradem. Effective solutions and necessary precautions were presented to protect the environment and to conserve the natural resources. Balance between development activities and marine environment need to be observed and decision makers and planners will supplied with the optimal vision for the sound development of the southern islands.
Developing remote sensing applications via LASER technique
(Third Phase). Dr. Michael Quin, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research This study aims to achieve, at its final phase, the preparation, completion and testing of a complete LASER monitoring system and installing it on a helicopter. It will be used in routine services and for regular monitoring of the marine enviroment. It can allocate oil contaminants and their quantities in the marine environment by using special LASER technology. The project will also contain detailed information and documentation related to oil and models to be used to determine the surface temperatures and climate conditions. The study will, also, presents some theoretical principles that were used in the study.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Studying the toxicity and bioaccumulation of crude oil and
partially burnt oil on selected marine species of Kuwait marine environment. Dr. Mohammad Motwali, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research The study is aimed at estimating the toxicity of crude oil and partially burnt oil on the fish and vertebrates. The toxicity of the partially burnt oil will be compared with crude oil. The study is also aimed at evaluating the bioaccumulation and concentration of the petroleum contaminants in fish by using biological indicators to monitor the impacts of the petroleum wastes on marine organisms. The results of these experiments are vital for the understanding of the possibility of transfer of these contaminants through food chains to human.
Developing a model and database for energy in Kuwait
Dr. Saad Al-jandal, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Efforts in this project were directed toward the development of the Kuwaiti version of the well-known Marcal-Macro model and system. Detailed information was collected during four years, such as the demands, technologies, and categories to form a database of Marcal system users. A reference book was completed about the energy system in Kuwai. In addition, an appendix to describe the developed Marcal models of Kuwait. This system is considered of high technology to describe and analyse the overall energy system of Kuwait along with its future links with alternative energy technologies and management. This technology will, therefore, contribute to guiding decision makers to prepare proper plans for the environmental and energy affairs of Kuwait.
A model for the management and planning of research
Researcher: Samira Al-mathkoori The project aims at finding an updating automatic system that aims at collecting, documenting, and analysing information of research related to the EPA. Also, one of the objective is to find a mechanism to conduct statistics and analyses to facilitate the follow-up of the activities of the EPA. Another objective of this project is to support the higher management in decision making and the development of strategic planning for research.
A field survey for the industrial installations in the Sulaibia area.
Yousef Al-zayed, EPA The study aims at performing a complete survey for the industrial installations in the State of Kuwait and the establishment of a database to find detailed information for any plant in the country, without referring to
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files, and to find the environmental impact for any industrial area and its negative effects on other areas. The study also helps in preparing the general recommendations for every industry and to find the proper methods for wastes disposal by identifying their quantities and types. It also determines the proper methods for storage by determining the quantities and types of the chemical materials used in the processes. The project assists in identifying the maximum allowable limits for pollutants within and outside the industrial installations according to the environmental conditions of the State of Kuwait.
The environmental costs of quarries
Wafaa Al-Kamees, EPA. This study aims at introducing activities related to quarrying and their locations with environmental assessment by using aerial photography. The study also aims at reviewing the activities related to extracting, and transferring sand and gravel, and the disposal of the solid wastes. Other objectives of the research are to evaluate soil degradation level, suspended sand in the air, noise pollution resulting from the mentioned activities, and presenting proper control alternatives and measures.
Environmental Impact assessment for construction sites in the oil
sector projects at the coastal area of Shuwaikh. This study aims at determining the current dynamic situation along the coastline of Al-Shwaikh and measuring air and water quality. It also examines the possibility of mercury contamination in sediments and the extent of effect that related facilities hv o sd et acm li . ae n ei n cu u t n m s ao Also, on the water and air pollution rates. This research is being conducted by a team from the EPA in collaboration with researchers from KISR, Water Resources Development Center in the MEW and the MoH.
The study of Mercury dispersion/distribution in Kuwait marine
environment. Mercury is considered one of the pollutants that can spread in the environment and can be characterized as being indegradable, unlike organic pollutants. Exposure to mercury can results in many environmental and health problems. Eating fish contaminated with mercury is considered as one of the main sources of toxicity. Several industries are currently searching for an alternative for mercury due to its hazards nature. Due to the several changes of mercury pollution database, a study should be conducted to examine the mercury cycle in the environment and to measure its levels. Samples should be taken from the mud in the bottom of the gulf, from fh adf m pol s a sT ee i ,n r ep hi. hs s o e r
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samples can then be analysed to determine the dangers and to provide relevant information about it.
The study and evaluation of noise levels caused by traffic in
highways and roads near some schools in the State of Kuwait. Dr. Saoud Al-Rasheed, EPA. T i s d a sa ea an t m i sucso ni i K w is h t y i t vl t g h a or s u m ui e n e f o e n u a s t outdoor environment. Noise could be caused by traffic in highways or roads surrounding the environment, by air traffics from Kuwait Airport, or those activities caused by social and commercial activities in different areas of Kuwait. The study will also examine the effects of noise on residents and will present some solutions to limit or reduce noise levels in the event they exceeded allowable limits. The results of this study will be used to recommend specifications and standards that should be used when constructing new schools. The plan of the "Research and Studies Office", EPA for the year 2001. This office provide all the necessary financial and administrative support for environmental studies within refereed and approved research programmes, from and outside the EPA. The authority supported many research for researchers that work in many government and non government establishments. These include the follwing: 1. Studying and developing Failaka reserve, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 2. Ecological evaluation of the impacts of the change in Shat Al-Arab waters in the northern Arabian Gulf environment, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 3. Forecasting and treating ground water contaminations, Kuwait University. 4. Measuring noise pollution inside airplanes and its impact on human health, Scientific Club. 5. Marine barriers project for the protection of shrimp resources, Scientific Club. 6. Book on commercial fishes of Kuwait, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 7. The role of religious values in raising environmental awareness of Muslim youths for both genders in the State of Kuwait, The International Islamic Charitable Organization.
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8. The geochemistry of the desert surface sediments for camping activities w s s i vr u desert areas of Kuwait, The International at n a os e i Islamic Charitable Organization. Support for in-house research, in the EPA, included the support of the following research: 1. Oil pollution level and the depth of oil penetration in the soil sectors polluted by oil lakes in Rawdatain and Sabriya oil fields in northern Kuwait, Department of Soil and Arid Land lands. 2. Air pollution in Shuaiba Port area. In addition, two other projects submitted by Mrs. Ibtisam Al-refai and Mrs. Sabeeha from the Industrial Environment Department. 3. E v om n ad E v om n la a ns i us hnl g ad ni n et n ni n et w r es s e ad n n r r a e s i coverage, Information and Public Relations Department. 4. Establishing a complete database about landfills in Al-Qurain Area, The Information System Center. 5. Book related to Kuwait wild plants and birds books, Living Resources Department. Other researches that are still under considerations: 1. Assessing the quality of sediments in Kuwait marine environment, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 2. The degree of impacts of natural conditions on volatile compounds from Kuwait crude oil under specific laboratorial conditions, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 3. The toxicity of marine sediments by using isolation process, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 4. Evaluating the performance of corroded copper pipes and aluminium sheets in air conditioning units in houses and government buildings in Kuwait, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 5. Using field tests to detect the technical and geological properties of sands in Kuwaiti, Kuwait University. 6. The establishment of "Seeds Unit" for wild life in the State of Kuwait, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 7. Determining the paths of groundwater pollutants in northern Kuwait, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 8. Studying plant structure and environmental factors in Failaka Island, Kuwait University.
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Evaluation of coastal and morphological changes of Failaka Island for future development. Mohammad Al-serawee, Jin Min Lu, Yahya Marmoosh, Khalid Al-salim and Faisal Aal-halel The study aims at identifying the coastal morphology of Failaka Island and present a future vision for coastal development of the island. Data, including sediments types and sizes, w vs ee y sacr n , n ae nr , e ur t ad g es geomorphology of the island, were collected and analysed. The study also examined the shore sectors and properties and rates of erosion and accretion. A numerical model was extrapolated to forecast the wave properties around the island. Aerial photographs, from 1976, were also s d dt dt m n t t ecags fh iads os T es d t i o e r i h i hne o t s n cat h t y ue e e e m e l . u identified proper coastal areas for the implementation of the future development plans. Two maps were presented to determine the coastal management of the island and the geomorphologic management of the island. Studying the local weather phenomena and climate conditions of Kuwait in relation with natural catastrophes. A m d i , af Ma a, n A-sederawi, Andrew Kwarting, h a Es R a t i kMae l a a s a Fezo Anantan and Ferial Bo-rby oa a The catastrophic increase in human and property losses due to natural disasters, in the past centuries, inspired the study of the reasons and the preparation of strategies and plans. Due to the huge amount of these losses and the destructions inflected on buildings and properties, a scientific study, about this topic, was conducted in the State of Kuwait. The objective of the study was to evaluate the scientific evidences that verify whether or not Kuwait is away from these natural disasters. T ruht s rj tf l tp w r ogn e adK w is el i l hog h po c id r s e rai d n u ago g a i e,e i e z t oc structure was analysed. Geographical locations that could be subjected to cracks, floods, and slides were identified based on aerial photos. Eight towers were installed to monitor weather conditions in various areas of the State of Kuwait. These units measure wind speed and direction, temperature, sun radiation, humidity, and rains. Climate factors statistical analyses were conducted in 1995/1996, as well as in the previous year, to identify prevailing climate conditions. Various experiments were conducted to detect the extent of water penetration inside the soil and to determine the preventive measures of the sudden torrents. The study also shows the necessary procedures that should be followed in the events of disaster risks. Also, earthquake disaster was also evaluated for the State of Kuwait. The study showed that Kuwait is not fully considered to be at
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a direct threats to natural disasters such as earthquakes, storms, and sudden floods. The stdy of wave barrier of the coast guards port in Salmiya: a physical model study. Jim Min Lu, Khalid Al-salim and Abdulla Al-salim A hydraulic model of a 40:1 scale was built to ensure the balance of the wave barrier and to estimate the wave attack on the new port of the Kuwaiti Fire Department at their Marine Rescue Center in Salmiya. The results of the experiments showed that the north and south barriers are balanced under the maximum possible waves. The study also showed that no waves exceeded the northern wave barrier under all testing conditions. However, during one of the experiments related to the possible high waves expected in the next 50 years, which could reach more than 3.8 meters, a slight excess of waves was noticed above the southern barrier but without inflecting any damages to the barrier. Some of the important observations of this study is that, placing the main protective units in the correct position is very important. Therefore, some of the most important recommendations of this study were to properly supervise and observe this process and ensuring the use of proper quantities and their interference, especially during the erection of the head of each of the southern and northern barrier as well as the outer sector if the southern wave barrier. Studying the use of numerical modelling to forecast the movement patterns of sediments along the coast of Kuwait. Jin Min Lu, Yahya Marmoosh, Laila Raad and Khalid Al-salim A numerical model was developed for the movement of coastal sediments in order to forecast the changes that could occur to the Kuwaiti coasts due to waves. The model contains two main elements: numerical models for water circulation near the shore and another numerical model to estimate the quantities of coastal sediments. The first model is used to forecast the w v hi tadsa ur tui w vs dt of the deep waters and ae e h n e cr n s g ae a gs es n a the depths of waters at different points of the study area. The results of the numerical study of the water circulation model were used as the main data for the second numerical model for the movement of the coastal sediment. Therefore, the changes in the shape of the study area can be forecasted. This study is considered the first study to try to develop a complete numerical model to forecast the quantities of sediments along the Kuwaiti coasts. The numerical model can also be used for future planning and design purposes of the coastal projects. The numerical
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model was implemented in the study of sediments movements in Ras Azzor area to determine the erosion and accretion areas. Evaluating the movements of coastal sediments for the development of Bnaider coastal area project Jim Min Lu, Khalid Al-salim and Lail Raad Establishing a new slipway was suggested for Bnaider coastal project. There was a concern about the negative impact of building this new slipway on the movement of sediments and coastline, due to the fact that there are rapid changes in the waves in the shallow waters due to water level change. Energy, amount of movement, and water mass is transferred to the shore after the breaking of the wave and cause the movement of sediments. Sea currents parallel to the shore carry these sediments. Two numerical models were used in this study to determine the spread of waves and the movement of sediments in order to select the proper slipway design and to avoid any negative impact it may have in the coastline of the project. Therefore, the establishment of slipway on vertical columns was recommended. A laboratorial study to protect the water intakes of the power stations and ports from oil contamination and invertebrates. Jin Min Lu Laboratorial experiments were conducted to test the efficiency of using aerated, floating, and cascading barriers in limiting the advance of oil pollutants and invertebrates based on various currents, winds, and waves conditions. It was found that using individual floating barriers can withhl t avne f ipl t ticr n pe il shn0 5 / o h dac o o o u n f ur t sed se t d e l la s es s a . ms 1 for mixed oil, 0.25 m/s for non mixed oil. Using two cascaded floating barriers presented high capabilities in preventing the advance of oil pollutants. Using two barriers located at distance 16 times the depth of floating barrier can hold the advancement of mixed and unmixed oils if the speed is less than 0.25 m/s. The use of barriers with floating barriers supported with equipment to collect invertebrates, will reduce the amount of these invertebrates in the intake passages. Based on the results of this study, three different methods were recommended to protect the water intakes and port entrances from oil pollutants and invertebrates. Analysing the costs and benefits of efficient lighting systems for energy use Deena Al-naqeeb and Gobal Maheshoori Artificial lighting in modern buildings is considered the main electricity consumer and one of the main factors for the increase of electrical load,
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especially on air conditions, at present time where buildings have high efficiencies in the use of energy. Additional energy efficient systems can further reduce the cooling load for building and therefore reduce energy consumption. This analysis presents a method to estimate the savings that could be attained by using suspensions of high energy efficiency and compact fluorescent lights as well as electronic control equipment. Evaluation of the evaporation cooling system in Kuwait Fotooh Al-rogom, Gobal Maheshoori and Rajendra Soori The minimum temperature that be reached in the direct commercial cooling systems in the State of Kuwait using the evaporation method, is limited by the ambient temperature. Lower temperatures can be achieved by combining two stages, direct and indirect, of the evaporation cooling. This paper presents the performance evaluation of the direct and indirect evaporation cooling system selected during the summer season in Kuwait. Modern standards for categorizing walls and ceilings used in construction projects Eisam Eisam, Gobal Maheshoori and Rajendra Soori Air conditioners are considered the main consumer of electrical energy in the countries located in desert areas. The maximum electrical demand in these countries is during the first hours of the afternoon and reduces by 15% with evening time and 25% in the early morning hours. The shifting of cooling periods of building into the evening hours, rather than peak hours, will reduce the need to establish new power stations. This r o m ne si i cld et e ri o l g g adcu b e m edd h ts ae H a r a n r a i n ol e c f l td g gn d achieved by selecting proper construction materials with suitable thickness for the ceilings and walls. This paper presents the newly developed standards that directly control the shifting process. Evaluating the heat performance of different building types in Kuwait and calculating the quality factor of the hired workers Eisam Asim This study shows the advantages of using energy simulation systems in buildings. It is now possible to determine the impact of hiring qualified workers on energy conservation measures in buildings. This factor is usually ignored based on the assumption that energy conservation is done properly. Based on this study, it was seen that this assumption does not hold/exist in the current construction practices in the State of Kuwait. There are effective supervision means that should be considered in order to ensure the effective implementation of energy conservation efforts.
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Using the storage cooling system in air conditioning for energy conservation in buildings Gobal Maheshoori, Rabia Al-murad and Mohammad Sebzali The implementation of energy conservation standards in Kuwait started in 1983 through the practical implementation of the regulations related to energy conservation. For the first time in Kuwait, computer programmes were used to simulate heat in buildings and for many products and technologies that support energy conservation. Storage cooling system is also used to shift the peak electrical demand. Currently, these standards can be used to reduce the air conditioning capacities by 75%, which reduces the peak demand in electrical energy by 70% in addition to reducing total annual energy consumption by 50%. The estimation of the relative inefficiency in the public health care system in Kuwait Nadeem Berni Based on cross-country comparative analysis, an evaluation study was performed to assess the relative efficiency, or inefficiency, of the public health care system in Kuwait. Many trials were conducted to calculate the associated cost of inefficiency. The two indicators that show lowest inefficiencies are the Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR) and the Nurse-to-BedRatio. The cost associated with the lowest inefficiency was reasonable for the government, which is estimated by 18% of the total allocated budget for the health sector. Energy demand model for Kuwait Naji Al-toni An energy demand model for Kuwait was built in this research. This can be used to analyse and evaluate the expected impacts of the available policies and to forecast the future energy demand based on various patterns. These forecasts will supply decision makers with important information to assist them in preparing effective economic policies. The simulation results showed that if energy prices stay unchanged accompanied by conserved economic growth, energy consumption for the next years would grow at the same rates like previous years. If energy prices increase, however, a sharp decline in energy consumption rates will be noticed. It should be noted that a comprehensive energy price review should be performed to avoid any replacement of energy resources that could lead to unwanted consequences.
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A detailed study of the hydrocarbons in light Kuwaiti crude oil sample Andre Hawser, Fatima Ali and Ali Al-sayegh In a study performed on a sample of Kuwaiti light crude oil, the main components of two distillation products (Gasoline 15-80 degrees Celsius and Naphtha 80-170 degrees Celsius) were identified. Nuclear magnetic resonance method was used for the radioactive carbon 13 and hydrogen 1. Combined gas chromatography method in the infrared radiation equipment was also used as well as combined gas chromatography for mass identification equipment. Eighty-two compounds of the two mentioned components were identified. Comparing and evaluating three extraction methods and identification of pesticides residues in some food samples that contain fat Ali Al-Omair, Ali Al-Sayegh, Nezar Ahmad and Tahani Al-Sharrah Three extraction methods were compared and residues of two types of pesticides were identified, that contain phosphorus and chlorine, in samples of white cheese pies. The three methods are: 1. Partitioning by using esther and acetonitrale. 2. Isolation by gelat. chromatography. 3. Extraction by using HPLC. This last method is considered the fastest and gives best results.
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Annex 3 A summary of environmental research completed by KISR, (1996-1998).
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A summary of environmental research completed by KISR During the period 1996-1998.

Evaluating sand dunes movement by their natural movement
relative to sand particles size Shabeer Shahid, Sameera Omar and Samir Al-ghawas Soil movement due to winds is considered one of the main reasons for soil deterioration in the State of Kuwait. Three means that cause soil driftage based in their sizes, which are: surface drift for sand particles larger than 500 microns, sand movement for particles of sizes between 63-500 microns, and movements of particles of sizes less than 63 microns. This causes the loss of soil nutrients and most of its silts and mud contents. This paper explains the means of which sand dunes moves in the State of Kuwait in addition to presenting some recommendations that could contribute to reducing these phenomena. The results showed soil driftage by winds in the State of Kuwait occurs for sand that have sand particle size of 63-500 microns, followed by surface movement of sand particles larger than 500 microns, and finally for sand particles that are less than 63 microns. Evaluating the growth of "Polonia" types in Kuwait dry coastal climate Habeba Al-munaia, Nareena Pat and Emad Al-zelzelah An evaluation qualitative study was conducted in two different coastal locations, an open area in the sea front and a protected site of KISR in Shuwaikh. This was to determine the response of growth, greening, and landscaping of five different types of Polonia plants. The growth rates were observed and indicated that the first five test types of this plant are able to grow and survive in dry coastal conditions, despite of the fact that the general conditions and plant activities in the open areas are not acceptable for landscaping, especially during summer season. The plants stayed alive between December and March and produced attractive colours between March and April. They have bigger greening effect during the spring and early summer seasons. Based on recorded data for the response of these plants, it is recommended the se these plants in greening work in protected areas. In addition, combining them with other competitive plants. Selected model farms soils by the PAAFR. Shabeer Shahid, Sameer Al-ghawas and Sameera Omar
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A soil survey was conducted based on the categories of the USDA (first grade) for three model farms in Wafra, Abdali, and Shgaya areas. These farms include different types of soil that are spread in the State of Kuwait. Shegaya farm have consodilated layer at depths less than one meter from sr c,ae l ay G t Ia o a l g cnet t n o gpu uf ecldo l a h.tl hsa e ocn aos f ysm a l cl c s r ri and salt layers. This type of soil presents a physical and chemical barrier against soil fertility needed for plant growth. Soils in the Wafra farm are sandy and are vulnerable to driftage by winds. Caring for this type of soil requires the installation of barriers and adding soil improvement agents in addition to frequent irrigation with small amounts. Abdali farm has different soil, than Wafra and Shegaya. It is more stable thn f si a Wa a o rs l and contains gypsum and salt layers within the first meter of depth. The soils of Shegaya and Abdali are considered within Aridisols category for dysi Wa a sif l i i t ct oyo E to nwyfr e r o . f o a wt n h a gr f n sl e l om d l rs l l h e e i s soil. The use of these sites for agriculture will show the suitability of t s si frar u uepout n w i wlbnf t f m r h e o s o gi l r rdco, h h i ee th a e e l ct i c l i e r s sector in improving land use. Using the "Rotten white fungus" as a treatment tool for oil polluted soil. Awatif Yateem, Mohammad Ba aaA en l l , m e A-nawawi b and Nader Al-awadi The white rotten fungus has a great ability to treat many environmental pollutants using peroxides enzymes. The abilities of three types of this fungus were tested, which are: Pleuorotus Ostreatus, Coriolus Veriscolor, and Phanerochaetee Chysosporium. The tests included the ability to crack oil in the polluted soil, by designing a small environment of the polluted soil to study the effect of the dose used and added Nitrogen on the efficiency of bio treatment process. Results showed that maximum decomposition occurred when using Coriolus Veriscolor; oil hydrocarbon concentrations were reduced from 32 g/km within 12 months. Oil hydrocarbons degradation rates increased noticeably by increasing this fungus. It was also noticed that providing nutrient rich environment assists the growth of germs in the soils, which in turn assists the white rotten fungus in degrading various oil compounds. Treatment of oil polluted soils by using soil accumulation and mixing techniques Reyadh Al-dhaher, Nader Al-awadh, Mohammad Balbaa and Ameen Nawawi Many biotechnologies/remediation methods were used to treat oil polluted soils in the State of Kuwait. One of these techniques is the soil
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accumulation and rotation technique. It was evaluated in the field and experiments started in November 1992 at Burgan field. Accumulated si w r pea db ad gad i st i poesipoe i . o s e r r y di div o m rv o s rpre l e pe n te l ts These accumulations were then irrigated with water and ventilated by mixing the soil continuously. To measure the hydrocarbon degradation rate, samples were collected from treated soils every month to measure hydrocarbon and multi-chain aromatic contents. Results show that this process is very effective and remove pollutants in 10 months. This paper explains this technology and displays some results. Bacillus T. Bacteria isolation from the soil of Kuwait to study the properties and toxicity levels in order to eliminate local insects epidemics. Yousef Al-shayji, Mohammad Saleem, Sami Al-amad, Nabeela Shaheen, Ibtisam Mohammad and Mamdooh Ibrahim Agriculture activities in Kuwait suffer from large financial losses due to i et ei m c. u aia e advgt l poue uel g n c p e i K w i f m r n ee b rdcr s a e s s d s t r s ae s r quantities of chemical pesticides to combat insects. Chemical pesticides can have harmful impacts on the environment and can pollute other areas. They also appear in food chains. The main objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the biological terminators that work efficiently in the local environment. Samples were collected from soils and dead insects from various parts of Kuwait. These samples were used to isolate Bacillus T. bacteria. About 93 types of these bacteria were identified, 27 of them grow at temperatures of 50 degrees Celsius and 3 chains only (F9, F2, and Aa13) can grow at 55 degrees Celsius and could produce at the same time toxic proteins that kill insects. Results show that the isolated toxin has high efficiency in eliminating white flier insect. Also, locally isolated biological terminators have the ability to degrade most pesticides used currently in the local agriculture and greening programs. Developing technologies to enlarge the DNA (RAPD/PCR) and to evaluate the degree of genetic stability in tissue cultures palm trees. Mohammad Saleem, Yousef Al-shayji and Sami Al-amad A new accurate method was developed that can contribute to the guarantee of stability, or genetic purity, of palm trees planted in stages. This will assist in identifying the different types of palm trees. This method depends on RAPD/PCR technology. 164 Decomer Oligonucleotides were studied using isolated DNA from parent trees. Results show that enlarging isolated DNA from Calles and Plantlets will give same DNA results as the parents. Results also show that using
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RAPD/PCR can contribute accurately to obtaining information related to similarities and genetic differences in the various stages of tissue culturing, which can not be obtained by any other method. Improving the "Bulti" fish hatchery and increasing the production of its larvae. Mohammad Redha, Emmanuel Cruise and Abdulaziz Ameeri A pure parentage of Oreochrmis Nitloticus was imported from the United States of America. The project aims at increasing the production of larvae of the "Balti" fish and the selection of water recycling system used in "Bulti" fish hatchery, Department of Mariculture and Fisheries Resources, and to identify the technical problems associated with them. The study showed increase in larvae production and as follows: A. Production rates of larvae exposed to the longest photic-period, 18 hours/day, with additional high light intensity higher than those exposed to moderate or short periods of light exposure, 15 and 12 hours/day, respectively. B. Production rates at lower fish density (4 fish/m2) are higher than at higher density (8 and 12 fish/m2). The monthly fish change increased larvae production. Specification concentrations in new water recycling system were lower than the concentrations caused fish kill. Cost of producing larvae were also lower using this method. To achieve best production-cost benefit, some modifications should be made such as using compressed air instead of pumps in water recycling and the production of larvae by 0.5 grams.
Growth and aging of some important fishes of Kuwait
Mohsen Al-husaini, Saud Al-ayoob, Ali Al-baz, Jamal Dashti And Salah Al-jazzaf A study was conducted to estimate the ages and growth of some i pr n fh n o e f u afh areas and for the first time by m ot ti i sm o K w isi ing a s t s using the annual growth in the the fish Otolith. To accurately estimate Kuwait fish stock, least square method and Bootstrap statistical method were used. The study showed that the estimated growth indicators Loo, K, Tmax for the following fish are: sivery grunt (62.29, 0.853, 23), Promfret (38.56, 0.25, 6), "Kanad" (166.7, 0.225, 14), spotted Spanish mackerel, (154.44, 1.63, 8), Mullet (22.4, 0.25, 5), large-scalet mullet (26.16, 1.5, 4), and finally river shad (43.8, 0.853, 5). The study also showed that the estimated ages of silvery grunt and "Kanad" are higher than previous studies that used fish length. Higher growth rates were also
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estimated for spotted Spanish mackerel, large-scaled mullet, and river shad fish. Ecological impact assessment of the changes in Shat Al-arab waters of the northern Arabian Gulf waters. Faiza Al-yamani, Jim Beshop, Khlood Al-rf , f a s a , m n Ae i a I i A ai l a Wa m l yagoot, Talaat Saeed, Laila Al-omran, Andi Koratnic, Abdulnabi Alghadhban, Jamal Dashti, Alin Linux and Waleed Al-zakari The project is considered the first phase of a programme that focuses on studying the northern area of the Arabian Gulf to monitor the oceanographic and ecological changes of this area. The research team conducted marine trips for 10 months to measure the oceanographic indicators of the northern area. Preliminary results show that Subbya Bay and the northwestern water of Failaka Island became less saline (27 part per thousands and 34 parts per thousands, respectively in 1995/1996). This is due to the diversion of waters from the the Euphrates River to the third sea that pours int Al-Zubair and Aubbya bays. This diversion could have resulted in another source of brackish water rich in nutrients dissolved at the northern environment of the Arabian Gulf. In addition, to the Shat Al-arab waters that pours into the northern area of the Arabian Gulf east of Bubyan Island. Oceanographic dynamics of the northwestern waters of the Arabian Gulf: ecological importance for the marine food chain. Faiza Al-ym n Sb R o osv, f a s a , h o A-refai, a ai oa a D r l Wa I i K l d l , ia a m l o Terki Al-saeed, Amani Al-yagoot and Laila Al-Omran The main objective of this project is to study the controlling processes in the energy paths through the surface marine food chains in the State of Kuwait. Approved laboratorial methods were used to measure the physical, chemical, and biological information from nine stations in the Kuwaiti waters. During the first stage of the study (between 1996-1997), the importance of Subbya bay and the northwestern area of Failaka island became obvious as ecological environment because they are effected by pouring waters from the third river from southern Iraq. Compared this study with previous ones, it was apparent that land use, changes in fresh water levels, and available nutrients concentrations are totally reflected on the plant barriers, primary production, and density of bacteria. The primary organic production of plants in the northern Kuwaiti waters exceeds the required carbon by bacteria. This shows the possibility of providing the organic materials to marine species.
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Description of larvae development for one type of mullet species Wa I a , hl A-abdulilah and Faiza Al-yamani f a s iK ad l a m l i Male to female ratio was 1.538:1. Standard length for males and females ranged between 150-180 mm and 180-210 mm respectively. Four maturity stages were identified which are: larvae, mature, partially consumed, and consumed. The average weight factor ranges between 8.737+3.512 and 5.004+2.451 for females and males respectively. These rates were previously lower at 4.414+1.183 for females. Eggs diameters were collected for the mature, partially consumed, and consumed stages and ranged between 0.1 to 0.8 mm. Natural hatching of Liza carinata fish was possible in captivity, this hatching occurred between December and February and the average diameter of fertilized egg for this fish is 0.838+0.051 mm. Hatching occurred after 36 hours and at 23 degrees Celsius. Average length of the larvae was 1.959+0.179 mm. The exploitation of intertidal mudflats by the juveniles of the shrimp M. affinis. James Beshop and M. Khan Trawling was carried-out every three hours for two hours during the low and high tides cycles at depths of 0.6, 1.0, and 2 meters. This was achived by dividing the intertidal zone of Kuwait Bay into three sections. Trawing was carried-out during 4th-5th and 25th-26th of June 1989. Shrimp fishing rates, for shrimp type M. affinis, for every five minutes differs according to depth and time. The rates were higher during the night time (103) than during day time (45). Such shrimp can also be found at depths ranging between 0.5-1.0 and more in depths of 2 meters. M. affinis larvae are considered one the residing larvae in the muddy flats that enters this area during the high tide and leaves during the low tide. The availability of M. affinis in the traps depends on the time and location. This shows the importance of preparing standards for sample collection before implementing any sampling collection programme. The area north of Kuwait Bay is protected because of its isolation. However, due to the spread of power stations in Ras Subbya area, this area will no longer be isolated. Simulating hydro-geological impacts of the reduction in ground water level by using a mathematical model Adnan Akbar, Mohammad Al-murad and Hisham Ghunaim Ground water level increase in and around Kuwait city. It is one of the dangerous problems that face the country since three decades. This study uses a mathematical model to simulate the hydro-geological effects of the reduction process of these ground water levels. The results can then be
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evaluated to forecast its possible future use. The study used many deep wells and horizontal drains in order to reduce ground water level up to 1.5 m below earth surface. The study area suffers from the availability of ground waters at different levels, between the surface level and 3 meters below it. Many scenarios were used during the simulation to control the pumping system and the hydrogeology of the area. Simulation results using MODFLOW show the effectiveness of horizontal drainages in reducing groundwater levels to the required level is much higher than the deep wells. Laboratory study for the suitability of injecting desalinated waters in Dammam formation reservoir in an experimental location in Kuwait Amithaba Mo Kobadhai, Iman Al-awadi, Mohammad AL-sanafi and Pakerik Smith The success of any artificial injection project for ground water reservoirs dpns nt i pc o i et w t o t r e o spoe i . eed o h m at fn c d a r n h e r i rpre A e s j e e e sv r ts study was conducted to identify the suitability of the desalinated waters with the ground water and rock formation for Dammam reservoir in a testing location for this charging selected for this study. Results show that water flow through the samples without negative effects on the reservoir properties. The geo-chemical simulation did not reveal any cracks that could be caused by the mixture of desalinated waters with Dammam formation. Based on the results obtained from the mercury tool to measure permeability, the study recommends that filtration of the injected waters in order to remove any suspended particles that have diameters of 1.5 microns or higher in order to avoid clogging of these openings in the rock composites. Groundwater contamination in northern Kuwait Merio Cambot Faizonatahn, Mohammad Al-senafi, Amithaba Mu Cobadhai, Arasheshlag coditoaqua and Khalid Al-fahad Northern Kuwait has fresh drinking ground waters, the amount of these waters is very low compared with the requirements and demand of Kuwait for fresh waters, However, this small amount play an important role, especially during emergencies. As a result of the second Gulf war, oil pollutants covered large areas of the earth surface in groundwater f l r scui cn m nt no sm o t m Moe s d s id a a as g ot i i f o e f h . dr t i es e n a ao e n ue showed that these contamination levels will increase with time causing the waters of some of these areas inedible. It is therefore necessary to treat the sources of these pollutants in these areas as soon as possible.
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A study of the performance of Reverse Osmosis membranes in a hybrid system between multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation and Reverse Osmosis. Eisam Al-sayed, Sadeq Ibrahim, Mahmood Abduljawad And Ahmad Al-saffar The main objective of this study is to prove the possibility of obtaining benefits in production rates of waters and to test the performance of the Reverse Osmosis (RO) stations that use hybrid system of Multi-Stage Flash and RO. All experiment were conducted in the desalination testing station in Doha using an experimental RO unit specially designed to produce 20 cubic meters of water a day. This unit was linked with another unit that works on MSF principle in the Doha East Power Station. The hybrid system was tested during the winter season and lasted for 1800 hours continuously. The temperature of the water intake reached between 24 to 31 degrees Celsius. Readings that were recorded included temperatures, pressures, flow rates, salinity levels, suspended particles indicators, and pH level for all lines. Results show that implementing this method increased production rate, compared with the reverse osmosis, by 49%. Also, water recovery increased to 48% compared with RO. It was also noticed that during these tests, suspended particles indicators increased and the filter washing increased as well. Also the use of chemical substances increased in addition to reduced efficiency of some membranes. Tertiary sewage water treatment by using microscopic filtering Sameer Buhamad and Sadeq Ibrahim Tertiary treated sewage waters are considered one of the main sources of water in the Stat of Kuwait. This resource was not exploited properly due t t peec o pl t t ad d ess poue .Mi ocp o h r ne f o u n n i ae rdcr e s la s s s c soi r c Filtration is expected to produce high quality waters that could be used for irrigation. This technology has unique technical and economical advantages over other treatment methods. This project will use this technology in treating the tertiary treated sewage water under the conditions of the State of Kuwait. Another aim for this project is to compare the technological and economical return of this technology with traditional technologies. Work on this project started in July 1997, according to suggested plan; and the first and second tasks were completed, which include the preparation of equipment and staff. After 500 operating hours, the SDI value reached 2.5% and the microscopic filtration equipment is capable of treating the sewage waters to obtain
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pure water free from any bacteria in a continuous pattern without the addition of any sterilizing substances. Additional treatment of treated sanitary waste water by using Reverse Osmosis Mahmood Abduljawad and Saud Al-Shemmeri It is possible now to produce waters of the same quality as drinking water with a reasonable cost if RO technique is used to treat the tertiary and dual treated sewage waters. If implemented. this will allow Kuwait to gain many benefits including meeting the growing demand of quality waters free from any disease to be used for agriculture, industry, and homes. Other benefit are to preserve strategic natural water resources, reducing environmental pollution caused by discharging of tertiary and secondary treated sanitary wastewater into the sea, and meeting the demands during emergencies caused by shortage of water production from desalination stations for domestic use. The main objectives of the project are to evaluate the technical and economical feasibility for implementing the RO technology in additional treatment of the treated sanitary wastewater. This paper describes the preliminary treatment, research tools, and the results of the sewage water desalination using RO. Basic evaluation of the sediments properties of northern Kuwait environment Abdulnabi Al-ghadhban, Ali Al-dosari and Hasan Al-meshri Marine sediments are considered sediment pool for pollutants that enter the marine environment. This study is aimed at identifying the sediment properties of the sediments in the northern Kuwaiti environment. Results show the presence of newly formed sediment from mud compared with previous study that was performed in 1980. The distribution of the sediments was effected by the current movement, counter clock wise, in t a a T e fr r u sso e t t u a bya acu b h r . hr oe e l hw d h K w is a r ol e e e e , st a t e d considered sedimentation area. The drying processes of the marshlands could have produced these sediments. It is expected that these sediments will affect the hydrographical nature of the area. Risk assessment related to polyaromatic hydrocarbons produced by oil lakes Talat saeed, Sami Al-yagoob and Dhari Al-ajmi A mathematical model was designed to assess the risks of acquiring cancer through inhaling particles of PAHs compounds produced by oil lakes. In this study, a mathematical model was used to assess the risks based on a chain of events starting from identifying hydrocarbon levels in
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oil lakes, exposure, dust suspension, transport to the atmosphere and polluting the air then exposure of human in residential areas through inhalation. Unsure possibilities were treated using Monte Carlo techniques. To identify exposure time, different exposure times were used (10, 20, 40, and 70 years). It was found that the critical period is after 40 years of exposure. Based on these results, it was found that it is possible to remove 0.218 million cubic meters per year. It was also found that the northern oil lakes contribute to health risks. The response of the biological indicator in the local fishes to PAHs compounds in the Arabian Gulf region Merza Beige, Khalid Abdulailah, Putin Purackel Jackob, Khaleeq Beige, Majid Bahlol and Khalid Al-matrook The study aimed at identifying the biological indicator for PAHs compounds in selected fish samples such as the yellow finned black porgy, known locally as "Sheim", which is widely spread in the Arabian Gulf region. The fish used in this study was farmed in the Mariculture and Fishery Resources Department at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, therefore, it could not be exposed to toxic substances. Tests were conducted on mature fish when exposed to Benzo(A)Pyrene and the associated increase in the production of P450-IAI enzyme in the liver tissues of the fish. It was found that these rates depend on that dose taken and the increase in enzymes is related to energy activities through the implementation of the two tests EROD and ELISA. The particle mass for the fish liver protein 55Kua can be determined by using Western Blotting. Results show that the biological indicator in the yellow finned black porgy can be used to measure the quality of environment, by linking the liver enzymes with basic levels. Accordingly, polluted areas in the Arabian Gulf region can be identified accurately. Evaluating the sources of non-ionized radiation and their impacts on public health Abdulhadi Al-otaibi, Dhari Al-ajmi, Merza Beige and Tariq Al-obaid A general field survey was conducted to determine the intensity of electromagnetic radiation produced by cellular phone bases used by the Mobile Telecommunication Company in the State of Kuwait. Field measurements were taken from 26 receiving stations that receive frequencies originated by phones for 6 minutes. The results of the study show that the intensity of the radiation field produced by these stations and exposed to by the public range between 0.05 to 1.13 v/m. These levels are within 400 to 800 times lower than the allowable limits set by
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European standards for the human exposure of electromagnetic radiations. A study of the toxicity of the Kuwaiti crude oil and the partially burnt oil on marine organisms Merza Beige, Talat Saeed, Mohammad Motwali, Khalid Abdulilaah, Bothenior iskal Jackob, Reham Al-reshaid, Khalid Al-matrook and Majid Bahlol The report presents experiments performed on crude oil and partially burnt oil to observe the toxicity on two types of fish i.e. the yellow finned black porgy "Sheim" and mullets "Maid". These two types were farmed before conducting the experiments in a laboratory. A list of chemical analyses and samples of partially burnt oil, were prepared by the burning of crude oil for different periods of time to obtain less VOCs and higher PAHs compounds. A study was performed to examine the acute toxicity of the crude oil and the partially burnt oil dissolved in water. It was found that concentrations that lead to fish mortality of the yellow finned black porgy "Sheim" and mullets "Maid" were 2.3 g/l and 1.0 g/l, respectively. The study also showed, that the concentrations of the lethal dose of the partially burnt oil depends on the burning periods and on the sample contents of toxic compounds. Properties of discharged sanitary wastewater in Shuwaikh area Saleh Al-muzaini, Musaed Al-mutairi, Kamal Muslumani, Amal Albloushi, Ibrahim Corin and Tariq Al-obaid The aim of this study was to evaluate the properties of the discharged sanitary wastewater in Shuwaikh area. The programme included the collection of samples from 11 locations within Shuwaikh area. Physical and chemical analyses results of samples, taken during the low and high tides, showed that they exceed the allowable limit. The study suggests presenting proper solutions that can reduce pl t t l e iS u a h o u n e l n hw i la s v s k area and rehabilitate it in order to be used for future development projects. The distribution of VLHs compounds in Kuwait marine environment Talat Saeed, Hosni Al-khardaji, Amal Al-bloushi and Huda Al-hashash The study aimed at assessing the levels of the Volatile Liquid Hydrocarbons (VLHs) and volatile halogen compounds in the marine environment of Kuwait, especially near by the water desalination stations. The levels and distribution of these compounds were determined at specific locations. Results show that these pollutants are always present
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in the coastal waters of Kuwait and their levels are close to the levels found else where in the world. However, the level of sm cm ons o e o pud were high in some areas and should be addressed, such as Benzenoids which is estimated to be 70% from the total liquid hydrocarbons present. Also, bromoform represented 84% of the total trihalomethanes. Sulaibikhat Bay contributes to the highest levels of pollutants from these compounds. Also water desalination stations pollute the marine environment with these compounds. The need to rehabilitate and to recycle these waste waters is highly encouraged. Water dissolving derivatives of crude oil and refined oil products: chemical composition and toxicity Talat Saeed, Lolwa Ali, Merza Beige, Maha Al-mutairi, Huda Alhashash, Tariq Al-obaid and Amal Al-bloushi The study aimed at conducting a detailed analysis for water dissolving crude oil derivatives, volatile refined oil products, and PAHs compounds. The latter, formed the largest compounds that dissolves in crude oil, especially benzene, toloine, and dimethylbenzene with concentrations ranging between 0.7 to 3.8 milligrams/l and at 25 degrees Celsius. All samples collected contained PAHs, in which naphthalene and its derivatives were the dominant. The concentrations of these compounds varied between 0.041-2.09 mg/l. Results showed that the toxicity of the dissolved part of "premium benzene" is high compared with Kuwaiti crude oil and fuel oil. Studying the control of sand encroachment on Kuwait Oil Company facilities in the operation areas in the southeast, west, and north of Kuwait. Mai A-sederawi and Rafaat Maisak na l This study was conducted for the Kuwait Oil Company in order to protect their oil facilities from sand accumulation and encroachment in their operation areas in Burgan, Manageesh, and Rawdatain oil fields. Work took 36 months and included detailed field studies to assess the environmental situation in the operation areas and their surroundings. Activities included field surveying, preparing location maps using remote sensing technology and aerial and satellite images, laboratorial studies, mathematical modelling, and environmental and economic assessment. This study presented protection methods from sand accumulation and encroachment. Some of these methods were tested in the field. An integral and comprehensive system was prepared based on the economic and environmental assessment that were carried for these methods. They include installing mechanical barriers (walls), biological barriers (green
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belts), and soil stabilizers. It is expected that the proposed programme, if implemented, will remain effective for around 28 years and will save millions of Kuwaiti Dinars that can be spent on sand removal. It will also improve work conditions in these vital oil operation areas. Evaluating the impacts of volatile organic compounds produced by human activities on air quality in Kuwait A m d i , n A-sederawi, Hadya Al-yafawi, Laila Al-awadi, h a Es Mae l a a Yousef Al-otaibi, Abdulrazzak Al-shammerri and Mohammad Rashad Emphases on the assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the air are increasing every day due to the active role these materials play in increasing the ozone gas concentrations and due to their toxicity and carcinogenic effects. The study aimed at performing a comprehensive assessment of the effects of VOCs on air quality in the State of Kuwait. 37 samples were collected and analysed. Samples were taken continuously for 24 hours bu using Summa Passivated Canister for about one year.
These samples were analysed by using GC/MS & Preconcentrator equipment. This r otnl e t r u s f o u n esr etit a ope at the five e ri u sh e l o pl t t m aue n nh t shr p c d e st la s m s e m e governorates of Kuwait. In addition, to populated areas and around oil lakes that spreading in the desert. The results showed an increase in the concentrations of some of these pollutants due to their close location to the source or due to various weather conditions. The report also included a statistical analysis for the prevailing climate conditions during the study period, which suggested that there is a relationship bten o u n ocn aost isucsad i directions during the e e pl t t cnet t n, e or ,n wn w la s ri h r e d measurement period.
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Annex 4 Research funded by the Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Sciences
Research Projects Department-Projects related to the environment
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Research funded by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences Research Projects Department-Projects related to the environment Environmental balance is considered as one of the essential requirements to implement applied and technological studies, as most of scientific centres carry-out research related to this aspect. The foundation sponsors research related to studying changes occurring the the coastal, desert and air environment of the State of Kuwait. A high level committee was established for water programme projects and related issues to ensure water security and development in water technologies and their applications. The committee with the assistance of the MEW and KISR prepared a strategy for water researchs programme. The strategy includes an agreement statement between the partners, a programm for research projects concerned with the water sector and development plans for national research in cooperation with international expertise. The research projects elements include four main sectors. These are: 1. Water Resources Management. 2. Desalination. 3. Sanitary waste water treatment. 4. Groundwater. The scientific committee follow up the programme activities, periodically, after agreeying on the programme implementation. As for accomplished/completed projects and the new projects, the following is a list of projects summary, the sector where the researchers belong to and the research date. Over consumption of water and electricity in State of Kuwait Public Authority for Applied Education and Training Ghanem Sultan Aman. Science Research Priority Program: Water Resources Development.( Completed, 04/ 06/1998) This research aimed at studying the over consumptive patterns in water and electricity in different sectors in the State of Kuwait with an attempt to set recommendations to limit this phenomena. This is important when considering the limitations of these resources and the huge expenses spent by the state to provide water & electricity with a very low charge. The research also aimed to recognize the effect of the geographical factors and the role of the urbanization factors in the size and pattern of the consumption through the year. The study came into two parts i.e.
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theoretical and practical and each part has its own hypotheses. Examples include literatre review, improving electricity and water consumption in Kuwait, the geographical distribution of power plants in the country and rate of consumptions. However, for the practical section, it contained many issues such as the study sample, collection and data statistical anlaysis. The study used statistical analysis methods such as Chai Square and critical Ratios and Factor analysis. The study ended with recommendations that might help and support water and electricty consumption in Kuwait. Trace metals pollution in relation to water quality and femtoplanktons and nanoplanktons in the coastal waters of Kuwait. Kuwait University Abdul Hadi Easa Boualwan. (Completed, 6/5/1995) The objective of this research is to study the effect of sanitary waste water and trace metals i.e. nickel, vanadium, cupper, lead, mercury, and cadmium on the femto and nanoplanktons populations. Biological tests were carried-out to assess the levels of toxicity and concentration of the heavy metals, resulting from industrial and domestic activities on selected samples of phytoplanktons. Seven locations on the seashore were sampled i.e. Al-Subiya, Al-Doha, Kadhma, Kuwait Towers, Salmiya, Fahaheel, Khiran, 1-7 respectively. Sampling, and later on analysis, were carried-out in order to know the effects of trace metals on the micro and nanoplanktons, of sizes 20-200 micrometer. Samples were collected and analysed during the summer and winter seasons. It was found that locations 4-7 were the most polluted areas. Location 2 contained the highest concentration of metals, however, the phytoplankton count was low. Location 1 contained a high amount of phytoplanktons population and low metal concentrations. It was found that micro fauna such as Milisoria, Esterionella, and Resosolinia, which were found in high concentrations in all locations, were an indicator of industrial and oil pollution. Toxicity tests revealed the relation between metal concentrations and the availability of oxygen in high amounts. All tests indicated that there are no danger indication at the present time, but the issue should be dealt with sooner, specially with growing industrial activities. Sciences that control photodegradation of oil pollutants in the Kuwaiti sea water Kuwait Scientific Institute for Scientific Research Sheikh Tala'at Said. (Completed, 4/5/1997)
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This study aimed at knowing the effects of temperature, light, quantity of dissolved oxygen, availability of photosensitizers, on the photodegradation process of the oil contaminants in the sea. Accordingly, laboratory changes and calibrations were done to control the above factors. Dissolved petroleum compound samples were prepared through the usage of two methods, spectroscopy to separate volatile compounds and the use of gas chromatography for aromatic compound separation. For research purposes, three different light concentration and temperature levels were used as well as four types of dissolved oxygen and under two conditions. The first, when there is a presence of light and the second is in its absence. The study showed that the volatile compounds and the aromatic compounds vary in their degradation. Volatile compounds dnt o dissolve under normal conditions, where the increase in light intensity, temperature and percentage of dissolved oxygen favors the decomposition of other compounds. The results of the study showed that the average rate of degradation of the aromatic compound is related to certain conditions or environmental factors. With low light intensities and low temperature and lack of dissolved oxygen, the decomposition rate is minimal. As light and temperature increase the rate of decomposition is enhanced even if dissolved oxygen level is minimal or nill. Freshwater needs/demand in the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Scientific Institute for Scientific research (KISR) M.N Feezowanetan- Science Research Priority Program: Water Resources Development Centre. (Completed, 2/6/1999) For the past years the MEW aimed at providing information on consumption patterns in different sectors and then by using this information through new and advanced methods then it future projection for water needs would be very precise. The main aim of this project is to improve water projection need plan for different times by using an accumulation model. The advantage of this model that it is adaptable the changes that occur to water consumption needs or usage, clear evidence showed that there was an increase in water consumption since the Iraqi invasion. There were sharp differences evident this increase may be due to the provision of new water systems provided to the citizens, and the rise of new domestic facilities. Models were developed to show the relationship between average daily individual water consumption per month and consumption in any day within the year with different factors. Data of weekly freshwater consumption were collected in 48 domestic units between Oct 1998- and nov1999, in addition to some information concerning the residential ui. u acnu p o o f sw t icm a t e h h o t r n sK w is osm t n fr h a rs o pr i l i t o e t t i e e av y g h
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countries. According to some assumptions on population growth, economic growth, immigration rates in the State and individual consuming patterns, it was possible to measure a proximate need of the country of water until 2025, where the amount will vary between 226-668 i pr lgl n.T e w t p n cpcy t m i a t di m e a aos h a r l t aai o a tn h ay i l e as t ni e l maximum needs is about 565-970 imperial galloons/day. These measurements are susceptible to changes if any environmental, economical population or any other factors changes. So the safest method to predict the water need is by depending on economical analysis that is concerned with the long time measurement of water consumption. Sanitary wastewater quality changes through the use of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) Kuwait Scientific Institute for Scientific research (KISR) Iman Abdullah Al-Awadi - Scientific Research Priority Program: Water Resources Development Center. (Completed, 1/6/1997) Treatment and reuse of sewage wastewaters considered an important source of water, especially in arid countries suffering water resources scarcity such as Kuwait, especially in fast growing and highly urbanized populations. This study searched for the possibility of using the aquifer soil for the treatment and to improve the quality of sanitary wastewater to meet international standards for water used in irrigation. Soil samples were prepared to study the quality of wastewater upon the passage of wastewater through a column of different types of soil. The samples were collected from Al-Sulibyia, Al-Jahra, and Al-Riqa. Soil mineralogical and petrologic characteristics were studied. Also, the particle sizes, porosity, and weight percentage were studied. At first desalinated water was used to reach (control) reference values for leachate levels and hydrological connection for the soil columns. After that the soil columns were flooded with treated sanitary wastewater from the Sulibya Treatment Plant. Each 1-liter of water coming out of these columns was collected periodically. The results showed that the SAT technology enhanced the quality of wastewater under normal operational conditions. This technology was efficient in decreasing the COD, BOD, phosphates, ammonium nitrate and nitrite and bacterial count. Based on the results of these experiments Al-Sulaibiya was recommended as a field pilot area for the implementation of this technology.
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Atlas of the State of Kuwait from Satellite Images Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS) and the Remote Sensing Centre of Boston University
Farouk Al-Baz and Mohamed Al-Saraoui - Development and Remote Sensing. Special Funds Project. (Completed, 1/5/1993) The project aimed at preparing Kuwait Atlas based on satellite images including environmental features illustrating damages from Iraqi invasion, as well as geographical, geological, meteorological and marine information through the use of remote sensing. The first part of the atlas was dedicated to give basic information and brief description about the types of the images and the methods of taking them through space shuttles. The second part of the atlas deals with the environmental characteristics of the State of Kuwait, whether they were physical due to i l ao,r t ret e t toe u t hm ncv i . l t t o t no o e f u sh rs deo u asat ie As h s ci h ar a i ts o e scn pr o t aa so st ev om n sdsut nadt eod a f h ts hw h ni n et et co n h t e l e r r i e geological impacts of the Gulf War especially on desert surfaces. Some results show a new perception for the desert area and its sensitivity for t s i pc .ts oe t th p t e o K w is egah a e h e m at Ii hpd h t iu s f u a gor y f r e s a e cr t p t the Gulf war would be useful in assessing the changes. Also the study aims at reaching some recommendations according to the status of these changes, especially that the environment is continuously changing and some of the impacts of the destructions are not evident, as deeply buried oil in the deserts due to sand translocation and wind. Development of a mathematical model for Seasonal prediction of rainfall in the State of Kuwait Public Authority for Applied Education and Training Hassan Ali Nasrallah. (Completed, 5/5/1996) Most of the rainfalls in the winter season are between December and February in Kuwait. The amount of rain varies according to place and time. The purpose of developing a mathematical model, which is able of predicting the seasonal amounts of rainfall, is due to its importance in agricultural production, water resources, wildlife, recreational activities and improving wind and sand storms. Using sea surface temperature in the Aden and Oman Gulf, South September fluctuation indicator, West Pacific September indicator, East Pacific November indicator, and the Gold Tong indicator for the sea surface temperature for East Pacific, the mathematical model for annual rainfall prediction was developed. This model provides 70% of the winter rainfall changes in State of Kuwait. It constituent a correct basis for meteorological and theoretical models since changing factors related to the scientific predictors are well classified in
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its contribution relative to the major components for rain fall, humidity and movement of wind in the gaseous atmosphere. Marine sediments toxicity assessment through Isolation. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Mirza Omar Beik. (Completed, 5/5/1997) The study concentrated on knowing the pollutants in the marine sediments in the Al-Shuaiba Industrial area, which is about (12.5 x 1.5km). Organic carbon, volatile organic compounds petroleum compounds aromatic compounds; heavy metals i.e. cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, vanadium, copper, zinc. All were all measured by isolation and laboratory analysis in addition to analyzing their toxicity in living creatures. The results showed that the pollutant were concentrated in the area in front of Al-Ahmadi Refinery Port and Al-Shuaiba Port. Comparing these results with permissible levels showed that the levels of these pollutants are beyond limits especially heavy metals and hydrocarbon compounds. It was also found that upon isolation there were high levels of toxicity was due to the interaction with other compound. The living organisms showed no levels of toxicity, which means that the pl t tw r r esdo o u n e nte ae t bottom sea sediment. The pollutants mainly la s e l had effects on small water creatures. The study recommended that the authorities in the Shuaiba Industrial should set stringent rules, which minimizes the pollutants in the heavily polluted areas, to regulate water movement and to prevent the discharge contaminants to seawater directly from the source. Biological accumulation, fouling, metals and alloys corrosion in the waters of the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) John Carro. (Completed, 2/4/1996) Bioaccumulations are considered one of the major problems in marine ev om n l d gt eu m n adet lh et cr s nfr i ni n ete i o qi et n s b sm n s or i o o r an p ai oo l bases and power plants. These bioaccumulations depend on many factors such as geographical location, temperature levels, water configuration, current movement, water depth, sea bottom characteristics and a number of marine pollutants. The aim of the research is to study the susceptibility of the metals used by local industry to corrosion and bioaccumulation. Ten metals (?) were studied after being in contact with seawater at different locations of the Gulf coast from June 1998 to May 2000. In order to determine the level of corrosion and bioaccumulation the results were compared with those that were collected after 12 months. The study
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demonstrated locations.
that ? Showed high levels of corrosion in all samples
Environmental Impact Assessment for drying up the southern of Iraq marshes and for associated sediments and pollutants in northern parts of the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) Abdul Nabi Ghadban. (Completed, 2/5/1996)
The Northern territorial water in Kuwait is considered a basin for the sedimentation of particles and pollutants coming from Shatt Al-Arab. Also it has a biological and economical importance as a fish resource and commercial transport. Hence, it is expected that the dry-up of the wetland in Al-Ahwar will have negative impacts on the ecological environment in Kuwait. These impacts are illustrated in the increase of sedimentation rate accompanied with oil and non-oil pollutants and the changes in the hydrological nature of the Northern area in Kuwait, which would lead to pollution. This study aimed at knowing the level that the dry-out (up) and the increase in water quantity in Khor Al-Zubier, the Third River, through constat sedimentation and associated pollutants had affected the marine environment The first part of the study consisted of updating the available environmental information of the northern area. The second part studied the sedimentary, mineral, ecological characteristic of bottom sediments. The third part consisted of studying the pollutants accompanying the sediment. The studies also aimed to revealing the results with suitable recommendation and an understanding of the true situation resulting from the dry-out. Newly found sediments were reported and the distribution of the sediments was affected by prevailing bottom currents. Kuwait Bay can be considered as sedimentary basin. Oil pollutants presence in Khor AlSubiya is associated to the dry-out process and transport of pollutant from southern Iraq to the Northern part of the Gulf. Also the movement of oil tanker affects the South East area of Failaka Island. Sedimentary pollutants were found in that area because of the dry-out. Ecological studies for the distribution of foraminiferida showed that the area is under stress due to the decrease in their kinds and numbers. Accordingly, a negative impact is expected on the quality of the ecological environment in the study area. Hence a quick action should be taken for periodical monitoring, detail studies of the area and then take necessary actions to minimize the negative effects of the wetlands of southern Iraq "AlAhwar" dry out.
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The effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on Picophytoplanktons, Synechococcus, in the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait University, Rida Hassan Al-Hassan. (Completed, 3/8/1995)
the
This study is aimed at studying the relationship between the Pico planktons and the fate of spilled crude oil in the Gulf water. Through the study it was discovered the impacts of the crude oil on the physiology of selected samples of Synechococcus. Environmental public awareness in Kuwait Kuwait Environmental Protection Society (KEPS) Mishal Abdullah Mishal. (New project, 1/5/2000) This study aims at indicating the levels of environmental public awareness of Kuwaiti citizens, for the objectives of improving some of the attitudes towards the environment. Measuring the level of environmental awareness is helpful in identifying the way Kuwaiti citizens interact with their environment, determining the positive and negative aspects in this interaction and their priorities towards the environments. Environmental awareness will be measured by three methods i.e. questionnaires, personnel interview and workshops. Seasonal changes effects and influence on inorganic pollutants and the production of unwanted phytoplanktons in Kuwait Bay Kuwait University Abdul Hadi Bou Alian. (New project, 2/5/2000) This study aims at studying the influencing effects of the inorganic pollutants especially the trace metals in Kuwait Bay at depths of 2 and 4 m, micro fauna, fish scale and the nutrients (PO4, SiO2, NO3) in the study area and the relation with the seasonal changes, in addition to the hydrological factors and their effect on marine environment. The study concluded several precautionary steps against toxicity of inorganic pollutant found in marine organisms consumed by humans. Also, precautionary steps against the unwanted phytoplanktons were suggested This study will enable different organizations in making precautionary steps against the fast growth of unwanted micro fauna and some advisory steps on the times where eating marine organisms is favored and safe. Evaluating the quality of bottom sediments in Kuwait territorial waters (The second phase: Coastal areas south of Ras Al-Ardh and northern areas of Kuwait territorial Waters). Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR)
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Nusrat Yar Khan. (New project, 5/5/2000) Bottom sediments are of significant importance in the ecological water production sites since it is considered areas for marine colonization, yet it is always susceptible for pollution concentration, which is caused by human activities. This project comes as a projection for a previous study that was funded by KFAS completed in 1998. Three independent factors were present in the study. They are the chemistry of sediments, toxicity levels, and the effect of the bottom marine organisms. The study showed that the levels of cadmium and nickel were beyond the acceptable levels in the bottom sediments. Also, the study showed that the coastal areas located Southern Raas Al-Ard is affected by the discharged sewage wastewater and that industrial wastes have polluted Al-Funtas, industrial Shuaiba and Al-Khiran areas. As for the northern areas, it discharge its agricultural, industrial waste and sanitary wastewater in Shat Al-Arab and the waters of Khor Al-Zubeir. This study will use the same method that was used in the first part to evaluate the environmental situation in addition to developing some bottom sediment analysis (360 samples) that are related to toxicities and would be applied in this study for better results. Evaluating the effects of air emissions from Hospital incineration on hospitals and environment surroundings. EPA and KISR Maneh Mohamed Al-Sudirawi.(In progress, 2/5/1998). Hospital incinerations pose a serious environmental problem due to its emission of toxic air pollutants such as cadmium, lead, dioxin, which are considered one of the most dangerous toxic pollutants for the environment and human health. The study aims at evaluating the effect of the air contaminant coming from the incinerators stacks on the hospital itself and the surrounding environment. Testing sample measurements is directly from the incineration by the use of stacks samplers and other equipment to carry out the necessary analysis for these evaluations. Evaluation of alternatives for municipal waste collection and transport in State of Kuwait. Kuwait Municipality Ousama Ibrahim Al-Daaej. (Continuing, 1/4/1998) This study aims at evaluating the current situation in collection and transporting wastes and knowing its efficiency through assessing the financial, health and environmental factors. After such assessment, then the study would put forward recommendations for best alternative
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disposal method taking into consideration financial, feasibility. In addition, to increase the efficiency in waste collection and transport in the State of Kuwait. Laboratory studies for the compatibility of desalinated and treated sanitary waste water by using Reverse Osmosis with Kuwait Aquifers. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Omtab Mokobady, The Science Research Priority Program: Water Resource Development Center. (Continuing programme, 2/6/1998). Artificial charging of the two main aquifers in the state of Kuwait is one of the alternatives to manage the available local water resources. So it is important to detect the compatibility of the charged water as a first step for the success of the project. The first step is to recommendi a laboratory study to check the compatibility of the desalinated water and sanitary wastewater with Kuwait Group aquifers. Changes can be detected by taking rock samples of "Kuwait Group" and testing them under different analytical methods. Other techniques include porosity and permeability of the samples. Also, susceptibility for calcification levels would be tested and checked in addition to the analysis of the mixtures of the above kinds of water, sanitary wastewater and desalinated water, with the original aquifer water. Stereotype study for treating and reusing ground water in the residential areas in Sate of Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Youssef Jasem Alwazan. (Continuing project, 4/6/1994). A previous study done by KISR, on the problem of ground water rising levels in residential areas, recommended that this water could be pumped /discharged through deep wells to decrease the groundwater levels and maintain it within suitable depth. The study also recommended that this water could be used for greenery irrigation by decreasing its salt content, through small RO units built in future locations of wells. This facility will be evaluated in this study as well as its economical feasibility through inspecting the performance of these reverse osmosis units under special biochemical condition related to this kind of water before transferring this t hi eo lw loaosn ei n aa a. e n u t a esl t n i r d tlr s c q l l ci sei e The use of satellite images in environmental assessment and land use in the State of Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Andy Quarting. (Continuing project, 1/5/1997)
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Satellite images presents information in analyzing and supervising environmental components. Those images can present information about the topography, surface hardness or the humidity conditions. In addition, the long waves used by the radar can penetrate the dry surfaces such as sand to know the under surface conditions. The main goal of the study is to evaluate the desert environment with the interest of using the multi channel radar to prepare earth unit maps and also monitor the desert ev om n T e It dco t cags s d s i b ue frh ni n et h r ut n o hne t i wl e sd o t r . no i ue l e preparation of annual maps representing the environmental changes captured by the satellite images. The impact of the Iraqi invasion on the coastal balance and water quality Kuwait University Mohamed Abdul Rahman Al-Saraoui. (Continuing project, 1/3/1992) The Kuwait coast suffered from the heavy equipment movement, spilled oil, trenches filled with oil, transport of huge quantities of sediments and marine ordinance during the liberation of Kuwait in 1991. Sediment levels increased in locations and decreased in others. Several oil pollutants affected the quality of the coastal water and its sediments. This study is concerned with the monitoring the various geological and chemical changes in selected areas along the Kuwaiti Coast. Diagnosis of the "Malta Fever" causing agent through the use of Genetic DNA Fingerprints Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) Sabah Hassan Al-Mumin. (Completed project, 5/4/1997) The "Maltese Fever" is considered one of the most spreadable and most affecting diseases on cattle. Hence, it is important to diagnose this disease accurately and fast as prevention and precautionary steps and to increase cattle productivity. The 131-1300 genes, which was isolated in a previous study, was tested and showed strong association with Brussella Bacteria. The gene was isolated and replicated, cloned, to show its formation map to study its molecular properties. According to that two sets of random arrangement were produced which were used to minimize the size of the gene to 700 bp (B1 700). This genes was studied in its minimize size of the genes for the diagnosis of Brussella to check milk, blood and animal tissue samples. It was found that B 1-700 was strongly associated with Brusella. Hence, this gene was taken as a new method of Brusella diagnosis in infected samples.
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 Erosion map of the State of Kuwait
This project aims at accomplishing a metal corrosion map for the State of Kuwait. Metals are used in large quantities in Kuwiat such as aluminum and copper. This map will identify areas where corrosion increase and decrease due to weather conditions. The information obtained will be highly beneficial for governments and industrial establishment.
Increasing the density of desert plants. Part two: Improving
tissue culturing technology. This project aims at increasing four kinds of wild trees in Kuwait. This study also aims at growing a large number of a particular tress in the experimental farm of KISR to study and evaluate the development progress of these plants. These results showed that it was possible to implement the sophisticated mass production for each of the selected plant species. This project also provides a major contribution in improving agricultural methods implementation to increase the wild plant growth that can be use in greening uses and rehabilitation of the desert. This method can also be used to sustain the biodiversity of the wild life K w is ni n et u aev om n t r .
Practical evaluation of salinity resistant crops
KISR Mahd Saleh Abdal. (Continuing Project, 3/6/199) Gulf area agriculture usually suffers from several natural factors such as temperature increase, lack of irrigation sources and salt accumulation in the soil. Production maybe increased in the area under those difficult natural conditions, by two available sources of water, of which the first is, desalinated water that is expensive source for the agricultural sector. Therefore, the use of groundwater as an alternative to desalinated water needs a scientific assessment on the new kinds in complying them with local conditions. The search for salt-resistant plants to include in agricultural production needs an assessment study on these plants and crops from different agricultural sources through the world. These plants should be tested for its convenience and its ability to bear salinity under local production condition. The study is hoped to cover good local agricultural impact in Kuwait and Arab Gulf region.
583
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 New directions to enhance and increase reproduction rates of Al-
Naaemi sheep and crossing it with other Naaemi types and Marino sheeps. The study should comparative information about the mating generations under strict conditions. During the project real tested naeemi sheep are engaged in mating processes. This process increases the cattle population, proper food strategy, and other uses.
Plantation of Avicennia Marina for protection and developing of
the Kuwaiti coast: Second phase The Avicennia marina is considered one of the renewable natural resources. It is able to grow in saline conditions, oxygen absent soil lands and it is able to tolerate high temperature. This study aims at plantation of Avicennia Marina on the coastal line to improve the coastal appearance. The second phase of the project is for surgical codification, to be able to produce big quantities of the plants, special arboretums, and to improve t t hi eo t p n pout nacri t K w iscm t h e n u f h l t rdco cod g o u a l a . e c q e a i n t i e Considerations before implementing the project will include the environmental impacts of growing Avecinnia Marina along the coastal line.
Primary treatment of water used in desalination plants, by special
filteration Desalination methods include separation of salt water from the pure water and by this, the ionic salts increase in the separated salty water. Those ionic-non-soluble salts would be sediment on the pipelines and surfaces. Chemical methods, chemical compounds and ionic exchange are used to remove the sedimentation. The project suggests at establishing a nanometric filter and connecting it to the reverse osmosis units. The system will be operated for one year to have enough information, about the efficiency of the nanometric filters, and to evaluate the impact of the produced water by this method and also to look at its economical impacts.
Classification of petroleum distilled products of Kuwait oils.
Increased demand on transport oil, forced the oil refineries on improving the quality of the their distilled products and the remaining products to produce light fuel with increased uses. New laws related to the qualities of gas oil, sulfur low- diesel is considered a challenge for oil establishments. Hence, petroleum engineers are seeing the complexity of heavy petroleum compounds. This study aims at improvement, differences allocation and analyzing the compounds of gas oil from the selected samples.
584
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 A comprehensive survey for shrimps fishing grunds in the GCC
Conts. KISR and the Public Committee of GCC Countries Sl m n hd l u ia Mo A-Matar. ( Continuing Project, 2/4/1997) a Complete survey for shrimp fishing grounds in Gulf cooperation area commercial shrimp fishing started in the Arab Gulf Region at the end of t 15w e nwec cut o t A a G lo n i f e E c h 90s hr o ah on y fh r u w st l r ah e e r e b f se. country manages its shrimp resources on the basis that it is isolated stocks from its neighbouring countries which lead conflicts during fishing seasons o pti nsad i bnn ah on y hr sh sr p cm et ees n fh a iec cut w e a t hi iv s r e e m stock is common for all countries. This project determining water scan program for the Arab Gulf. It aims at collecting information related to shrimp stocks and to put the essential requirements for managing these stocks on a regional basis.
Cii l n f l ivsgt no cte mortalities in Kuwait l c a d id n et ai f at na e i o ls
and their effects on producing dairy products KISR and PAAFR Mohd Abdul Razzak Mohd. (Continuing Project, 8/4/1996) Mortality in cattl s ass b pol frh di sc rnK w i e cue a i rb m o t a y et i u a. g e e r o t The info related to the cause of death is not satisfactory, implementation of better plans and special programs were called for dealing with this problem. The study will include the origin and size of the problem and efficient methods to investigate. Afterwards, a sample explanatory program to control the major causes of death will be established. Thorough analysis for the available info to pinpoint the problem-causing factors will be established.
The accumulated effect of corrosion inhibitors on materials under
production activities/operations KISR Ahamd AbdulNabi Hassan. (In progress, 14/2/1998) The Kuwait Oil Company plans to build several plants, for water injections in oil fields that are located in the northern, western and southern Kuwait in order to increase oil production. Seawater or produced water, or even a mixture of them will be used for aquifer injection purposes. The aim is to enhance oil recovery and ensuring that water treatment additives will not cause future problems. knowing the quality of water that is planned to be used will be carried-out through lab tests.
585
The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002 The hazard impacts of earthquakes on buildings
KISR Omaru Wajih Sadiq. (In progress, 2/9/1998) The importance of this study is that it discusses the impacts of earthquakes on buildings that are not built to resist earthquakes. The actions of these buildings under earthquakes need to be known and studied, especially that it is not predicted. The aim of this study is to know the exact impacts of earthquakes on buildings from the engineering point of view; also it evaluates the destruction ability of earth quake resistant-buildings. The study suggests on establishing an electronic system that detects the impacts of earthquakes and its consequences, and hwt i poe u d geiac. o o m rv bi i sr s ne ln st
586
Annex 5 A list of research conducted by Kuwait University
587
A list of research conducted by Kuwait University The effects of inorganic pollutants, seasonal changes and abundance of some undesired phytoplankton in Kuwait Bay. Abdulhadi Buolayan, 1/8/2000. The use of radioactive isotopes in the study of respiratory system of people exposed to smoke from oil well fires. Azuwuike Owunwanne, 3/1/1992. Evaluation of scientific reports presented to the government of Kuwait about air pollution during oil well fires. Mubarak Soud Alobaidi 1/2/1993. Producing esthers by using iron compounds. Husain A. Al-Khaiat, 1/2/1991. Studying contamination by trace metals and related water quality, phytoplankton, and nanoplankton in the Kuwaiti coastal waters. Abdulhadi Bu-Olayan, 1/2/1997. Identifying causes of environmental allergies responsible for asthma and allergies in the State of Kuwait. Charles I. Ezemuzie, 1/11/1996. The biology of marine turtles and their marine environment in Kuwait. Salim y. Al-mohanna, 1/3/1997. Effects of air pollutants on health in Kuwait. Mohammad Shafy Abdullah, 1/5/1992. The effects of the Iraqi invasion on the residential environment in Kuwait. Ajeel Turki Al-thaher, 1/3/1992. The environmental and economical effects of industrial pollution in the State of Kuwait. Abdullah Al-kandari, 3/1/1992. A preliminary evaluation of public health in the Kuwaiti environment. Huda Jaffar Taher Mohammad, 1/1/1997. Planning and designing environmenta urban complexes in Kuwait. Elsayed M. Amer, 4/6/2001. Controlling air quality in closed areas. Walid Saleh Mohammad Buhamra, 1/10/2001. Measuring air pollutants in industrial and residential areas in Kuwait. Walid Saleh Mohammad Buhamra, 15/9/1998. A support system for funding the control of pollution. Ali El-kamel, 1/7/1997.
588
Performance of epoxy repaired concrete in the Kuwaiti environment. Moataz Maher Al-hawari, 1/12/1993. Noise pollution in the urban areas in Kuwait: A preliminary study. Parviz Amir Koushki, 1/12/1997. Environmental waste management of construction and demolished buildings in Kuwait. Nayef Z. Al-mutairi, 1/5/2001. Measuring and analyzing construction noise pollution. Parviz Amir, Koushki 1/1/2000. Evaluating air quality in Kuwait. Walid Saleh Mohammad Buhamra, 1/10/1994. Radionuclide Pulmonray functional imaging studies of persons exposed to environmental petroleum pollution resulting from the burning oil wells in Kuwait. Azuwuike Owunwanne, 1/3/1992. Evaluating environmental pollution in sea, land, and air of Kuwait. Jassim Mohammad Al-hassan, 15/9/1995. Marine environment of Kuwait: the impact of various pollutants on marine life. Lamya J. Hayat, 1/3/1997. Pollution levels in sediments of Kuwait marine environment and in neighboring countries after the Gulf war oil spill. Mohammad Samir Massoud, 15/3/1995. P l t t dispersion and transport in the air. Ismail Ali Taqi, ou n la s 1/7/1998. Responses of Phytoplankton from the Arabian Gulf to oil pollution. Reda Hasan Al-hasan, 1/9/1989. Plant collection for biomonitoring environmental pollution in Kuwait, Ghanima A.S. Malallah. 1/3/1992. Monitoring by bio-methods for environmental pollution in Kuwait. Ghanima A.S. Malallah, 1/2/1993. Micro-fungal response to acute stress conditions in the environment including increased salinity temperature and oil pollution. Jack Leroux Mulder, 1/9/1994. The impacts of crude oil pollution on the accurate and disective composition of leaves of fava beans plants. Youssef Farag El-banna, 1/10/1995. A study of the ability of small species to activate natural treatment of hydrocarbon pollution. C.O.Obuekwe, 15/9/1997.
589
Annex 6 A list of research projects
590
A list of research projects Environmental sciences A study of fresh water requirements in Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. M.N.Fezoanathan. (Completed, 6/2/1997). Studying the biological accumulations and metals and mineral aoscr s nnh A ai G lw t sFe study. Kuwait Institute l yor i it r a u a r id l oo e b n f e. l for Scientific Research. John Kawer. (Completed, 14/2/1996). The changes occurring on snitary wastewater quality by using above reservoir soil treatment method. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Iman Abdullah Al-awadi. (Completed, 6/1/1997). Evaluation of benthic marine sediments toxicity using isolation method. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Merza Ameer Bek. (Completed, 5/5/1997). Factors controlling photosynthesis process of oil pollutants in the Kuwaiti seawaters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Sheikh Talat Saad. (Completed, 5/6/1995). Pollution by trace metals in relation to water quality, phytoplankton, and nanoplankton in the coastal waters. Kuwait University. Abdulhadi Eisa Al-otaibi. (Completed, 5/6/1995) Atlas of the State of Kuwait from satellite images. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences and the Center of Remote Sensing, University of Boston. Farooq Al-baz, Mohammad Abdulrahman Al-sarawe. (completed, 5/1/1993). Assessing the environmental impact of the dehydration of marshlands in southern Iraq on the sediments and associated pollutants in the northern Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Abdulnabi Abdulla Al-ghadhban. (Completed, 5/2/1996). Developing a mathematical model to forecast seasonal winter rainfall in the State of Kuwait. Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. Hasan Ali Nasrallah (Completed, 5/5/1996). The effects of hydrocarbons on pico-phytoplankton in the Arabian Gulf waters. Kuwait University. Redha Hasan Al-hasan. (Completed, 8/3/1995). E a ao o a pl t te ie f m hsil i i r os n vl t n f i o u n mtd r op a n n a r o ui r la s t o ts c e t the surrounding atmosphere and environment of hospitals. The Environment Public Authority and Training and Kuwait Institute for Sci ti R sa h Mae Moa m d A-suderawi. (Completed, e ic eer . n nf c a hm a l 5/2/1998). Measuring environmental awareness of the Kuwaiti citizen. The Kuwaiti Society for the Protection of the Environment. Meshal Abdulla Al-mashaan. (New project, 5/1/2000).
591
Effects of inorganic pollutants related to seasonal changes and abundance of undesired phytoplanktons in Kuwait Bay. Kuwait University, Abdulhadi Eisa Buolayan. (New Project, 5/2/2000). Assessing the quality of sediments in the Kuwait regional waters (Second phase: coastal areas south of Ras Al-Ardh and the northern areas). Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Naser Yar Khan. (Project in progress, 5/5/2000). Evaluating alternatives for domestic wastes collection and transportation in the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Municipality. Osama Ibrahim Al-duaij. (Project in progress 14/1/1998). Laboratorial study for the suitability of navigation waters and treated sanitary wastewater by ui R vr O m s wt K w isgop s g ee e s oi i u a ru n s s h t reservoir. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Ametab Mocobadi. (Project in progress, 6/2/1998). A study of the treatment and reuse of ground waters in the residential areas in the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Yousef Jasim Al-wazzan. (Project in progress, 6/4/1994). The effects of the Iraqi invasion on the coastal balance and coastal seawater. Kuwait University. Mohammad Abdulrahman Al-sarawi. (Project in progress, 3/1/1992). Th use of satellite radar images in environmental impact of land use in the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Andi Kwarting. (Project in progress, 5/1/1997). Agriculture science and veterinary Studying progress of rottening of plant offsets in palm trees in Kuwait. Kuwait University. Patris Sulaiman (Completed, 4/7/1996). Dense increase of desert plants (Second phase: developing tissueculturing technology). Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Mohammad Mustafa Abu-alneel. (Completed, 3/3/1996). Suy gf fhr or s stock. Kuwait Institute for Scientific t i i i e uc d n ns s e Research and the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. Mohsen Mohammad Al-husaini. (Completed, 4/7/1993). Diagnosis of Brucella Bacteria that causes the Maltesian fever by using DNA. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Sabah Hasan Alm e. oa n(Completed 4/5/1997). m Performance evaluation of the salinity resistant in agricultural crops. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Mahdi Saleh Abdal. (Project in progress, 4/3/1999). A comprehensive survey of shrimp fishing areas in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research in collaboration with the General Secretariat of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Sulaiman Mohammad Al-matar. (Project in progress, 4/2/1997).
592
Field and laboratorial determination of the causes of cows mortalities in the State of Kuwait and its effects on milk production. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources. Mohammad Abdulrazzaq Mohammad. (Project in progress, 4/8/1996). Ideal guiding standard for the production sheep hybrid by using Naemi sheeps and mating them with Naemi and Marino sheep. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Cattle trade and transport Company. Ramish Malik (Project in progress, 4/1/1997). Planting mangroves to protect and develop Kuwaiti coasts (second phase). Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Fasial Khodar Taha. (Project in progress, 4/5/1996). Engineering Sciences A corrosion map for the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Hamdi Morad Shalabi. (Completed, 8/3/1993). The mechanism of applied techniques in natural gas pipelines: Dynamic analysis. The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. Yaqoob Fahad Al-obaid. (Completed, 8/1/1998). Developing a model for the flow of polymers porous media. Kuwait University. Ali Amer Qaroosh. (Completed, 8/2/1994). Issuing a daily newspaper for the Kuwaiti Blind Society by using Breal method. KFAS Blinds Network. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Kuwaiti Blinds Society. Noura Jaber Al-ghrair. (Project in progress, 13/3/1997). Preparing of advanced catalysts for the hydrogen cracking by using new and enhancing process. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Khalda Mohammad Al-delama. (New project, 8/2/2000). Preliminary treatment of feed water of seawater desalination units by using filtration technology. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Yousef Mohammad Al-wazzan. (New project, 6/4/2000). Studying the use of "Filler" powder as a road filling compounds. Natioanl Industries Group. Ahmad Homood Al-jassar. (New project, 8/1/2000). The role of asphaltyne in stabilizing oil and water produced from Kuwaiti fields. Kuwait University. Adel Mohammad AL-shergawi. (New project, 9/2/2000). Studying the economic feasibility of air conditioning systems that uses solar equipment with new improved materials instead of regular glass in Kuwait. The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. Ali Hussain Abdullah. (New project, 10/2/1999).
593
Compression factor for natural gas containing non-hydrocarbon gases. Kuwait University. Adel Mohammad Al-shergawi. (New project, 9/9/1999). The use of oil contaminated soils to produce construction materials. The National Industries Company and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Naji Mohammad Al-mutairi. (Project in progress, 3/1/1993). Measuring the efficiency of the evaporator/condenser made from special sheets. The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. Faisal Mohammad Mandani. (Project in progress, 9/1/1999). Evaluation earthquake risks on buildings in the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Amr Wajeeh Sadeq (Project in progress, 9/2/1998). Laboratory study of the minimum amount of cross enforcement in steel reinforced concrete bridges. Kuwait. Khalid Saad Al-shaleh. (Project in progress, 9/3/1999). Using multimedia technology in enhancing construction education. Kuwait University. Nabeel Abdulfattah Qortom. (Project in progress, 9/2/1999). Petroleum distillers and using Kuwaiti oil. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Zahida Hameed Khan. (Project in progress, 14/1/1997). The effects of corrosion prevention materials and bio-materials on the corrosion of carbon steel under petroleum production conditions. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Ahmad Abdulnabi Hasan. (Project in progress, 14/2/1998). Studying and testing materials used in media that contain moisturized Hydrogen sulphide. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Hamdi Morad Shalabi. Scientific research priorities programme- Oil and Petrochemical sector. (Project in progress, 8/4/1995). Studying the factors affecting the formation of sediments in the operation of hydrogen cracking in Kuwaiti oil wastes. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Antoni Stanslos. Scientific research priorities programme-Oil and Petrochemical sector.(Project in progress, 9/9/1996). Treatment and prevention of corrosion in oil wells and operating units. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. John Caro (Project in progress, 14/1/1995). Evaluating Kuwaiti raw materials for the production of Portland cement. Kuwait Cement Company and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Homood Sulaiman Al-hamdan. (Project in progress, 8/3/1994). Evaluating the performance of some protection systems against oxidization in concrete installations in the State of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Soad Khalid Al-bahar. (Project in progress, 9/2/1997).
594
Developing and evaluating new desalination equipment that operates using the multi flash evaporation system. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Osama Mohammad Al-hawwaj. (Project in progress, 9/4/1992). Developing and evaluating emergency services in the State of Kuwait using artificial intelligence. The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. Ahmad Saleh Al-hameed (Project in progress, 15/2/1997). Developing a database for car accidents in the State of Kuwait. Kuwaiti Medical Association. Abdulrahman Abdullah Al-awadi. (Project in progress, 11/8/1997).
The End
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The Envioronment Public Authority The Environmental Strategy of the State of Kuwait, 2002

A Satellite Image of the State of Kuwait.

Quotes from the statements of

the Amir of the State of Kuwait:

Dr. Bandar Mossalam Al-Raqas. MsWaaa h dA-Khamees. . f A ma l Ms. Faten Al-Mosallam.

Dr. Mohammad Fathi Hamooda. Eng. Salah Mazeedi. Mohammad

Members of the Guidance Committee No. 1 Name Authority

Dr. Mansoor Ghloom Hussain.

Mr. Yousif Shehab Al-Bahar.

Dr. Sameer Al-Awadi.

Mr. Bader Nasser Al-Khashti. D . n A-Sderawi. rMa e l a

Mr. Theyab Farhan Al-Rasheedi.

Mr. Haidar Taher Al-Herz. Dr. Bandar Al-Raqas.

Dr. Mohammad Fathi Hamooda. Eng. Salah Mazeedi. Mohammad

Sector One Natural and Human Characteristics

Fig. 1-1 Locations of Kuwait's islands.

Fig. 1-3 The distribution of surface sediment distribution in Kuwait.

Fig. 1-4 Geological map of Kuwait.

Fig. 1-5 Distribution of geomorphologic units in the State of Kuwait.

Atlas of the State of Kuwait, Ali Hamid Ali, (2000).

Fig. 1-6 The different types of soil in Kuwait.

Atlas of Kuwait, Al-Ajmi, Dhari 41

Table 1-1 Wind Speed, Kuwait International Airport.

Source: Annual Statistical Census, (1994). MoP.

The Statistical Census

46.1 45.8 42.2 35.6 27.3 20.7 36.1

Source: Annual statistical Census, (1999), MoP.

24.2 19.4 29.4

17.7 21.6 125.7

Source: Annual statistical Census, (1999).

Source: Annual statistical Census, (1999).

23.0 21.1 15.9 9.6

Source: Annual statistical Census, (1999).

Table 1-6 Sunshine period as in 1999.

Mar Apr May 66 70 9.0 82

6.42 6.35 7.56

11.21 12.02 11.46 11.25 10.46 9.34 7.59 8.17 9.86

Source: Annual statistical Census (1999).

1-2 Oil and gas resources

Annual Statistical Census, (1994-1999), MoP.

Fig. 1-8 Location of Kuwait oil fields.

Atlas of The State of Kuwait- Abdullah Al-Ghunaim

Atlas of the State of Kuwait, Waleed Al-Munais, (2000).

Plate 1-4 Kuwait City and near by suburbs.

Sector Two The Atmosphere and Air Quality

Dr. Saud Al-Reshaid

Environmental Advisor, EPA.

2-2 Assessment of resources of the atmosphere and air quality sector

Increase in dust falls in Kuwait caused primarily by open desert areas.

Determining air establishment.

Sector Three Environmental Health

Environmental Adviser, Environment Public Authority.

to commissioning of any food factory or during the renewal of their licenses.

require EIA, certain specifications and environmental standards must be encountered.

Higher Council Board of Directors

Council & committee Sectretariates Councils Committees

Chairman and Director General

Information Systems Center Library Operation Tech. Support

Public Relation and Environmental Information Office

Exhibit., Conferences and Seminars

Deputy of the D. G. for Environment Protection Affairs

Deputy of the D G. for Planning, Development and Environment

Coastal Pollution Marine Pollution Marine Support