21, rue dArtois, F-75008 PARIS A1_106_2010 CIGRE 2010

http: //www.cigre.org
Luis.Rouco@iit.upcomillas.es 1
Improvement of the voltage ride through capability of synchronous generators
by excitation control

L. Rouco
Universidad Pontificia Comillas
Spain

C. Ginet, K. Chan, K. Mayor, O. Malcher and L. Dez-Maroto
Alstom
Switzerland

R. Cherkaoui
cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne
Switzerland


SUMMARY
Ten years ago, wind generators used to disconnect from the grid in case of a voltage dip. Undervoltage
protection systems used to trip wind generators not only to protect both electric machines and power
electronic converters but also to prevent their islanded operation. In the mean-time, the massive
development of wind power generation has required the increase of the voltage ride through capability
of wind generators to prevent that a fault in the network could cause the collapse of the system. The
requirement of voltage ride through capability of wind generators has been incorporated into many
grid codes. The main requirement has been established as a time-voltage curve that must be sustained
by wind generators.

Moreover, the voltage ride through capability requirement has been extended to synchronous
generators in a number of grid codes. Grid codes have added new requirements with respect to what
IEC and IEEE standards had already established. Grid codes require that synchronous generators
should remain connected to the grid in case of transient variations of voltage at the generator step-up
transformer HV terminals defined by a time-voltage curve.

This paper has reviewed the voltage ride through capability required by a number of grid codes. The
comprehensive review has shown that grid code requirements are not uniform. The paper has also
studied the sensitivity of synchronous generator response to the English grid code requirements with
respect to a number of parameters such as the step-up transformer reactance, the turbine-generator
rotor inertia, the synchronous machine short circuit ratio and excitation ceiling factor. The study has
been conducted on a generator taken from the technical literature and which data are provided. The
sensitivity study has shown that both a lower value of the step-up transformer reactance (0.12 pu) and
a higher value of synchronous generator SCR (0.61 pu) would ensure that the Engish grid code
requirements in case of solid and non-solid faults are fulfilled. It should be pointed out however that
such low transformer reactance or high SCR may not be possible due to other design and economic
aspects of the power plant.

This paper has outlined a solution for generating units equipped with bus fed static excitation systems.
The approach consists in connecting a supplementary dc voltage source in the generator excitation
winding when a fault occurs. The paper has shown that such an approach allows compliance with the
English grid code requirements.



2

KEYWORDS
Synchronous generators, voltage ride through capability, grid codes, excitation control.




3
1 INTRODUCTION
Ten years ago, wind generators used to disconnect from the grid in case of a voltage dip. Undervoltage
protection systems with tight settings used to trip wind generators not only to protect both electric
machines and power electronic converters but also to prevent their islanded operation. In the mean-
time, the massive development of wind power generation has required the increase of the voltage ride
through capability of wind generators to prevent that a fault in the network could cause the collapse of
the system [1]. The requirement of voltage ride through capability of wind generators has been
incorporated into many grid codes. The main requirement has been established as a time-voltage curve
that must be sustained by wind generators.

Moreover, the voltage ride through capability requirement has been extended to synchronous
generators in a number of grid codes. Grid codes have added new requirements with respect to what
IEC [2] and IEEE [3] standards require to cylindrical rotor generators. IEC and IEEE standards require
that cylindrical rotor generators shall be capable of continuous rated output at rated power factor over
the ranges of +/-5% in voltage and +3%/-5% in frequency. In addition, grid codes require that
synchronous generators should remain connected to the grid in case of transient variations of voltage
at the generator step-up transformer HV terminals defined by a time-voltage curve. Although a
synchronous generator may disconnect from the grid due to either generator loss of synchronism or
power plant auxiliaries tripping (merely because of low voltage AC contactors drop out) as a result of
sever transmission system voltage transient variations, the papers concern is the generator tripping
due to loss of synchronism.

This paper addresses the improvement of the voltage ride through capability of synchronous
generators as required by grid codes by excitation control. Grid code requirements are firstly reviewed.
The sensitivity of synchronous generators response with respect to a number of parameters is also
determined. This paper extends the discussion started in [4].

2 REVIEW OF GRID CODES REQUIREMENTS
This section contains a comprehensive review of the voltage ride through capability of synchronous
generators as required by a number of grid codes worldwide. Precisely grid codes set by TSOs of
England [5], Ireland [6], France [7], Italy [8], Germany [9], Scandinavia [10], Spain [11] and USA
[12] are considered. Most reviewed codes are required by TSOs in Europe. However, an example in
the USA is also considered (what is discussed is actually a draft standard).

Table 1 summarizes the requirements of reviewed grid codes. The definition of required voltage dip,
the definition of generator operating range (reactive power capability) and the required external
impedance are provided. Few codes (English and Irish ones) also include requirements of machine and
excitation parameters (namely short circuit ratio and ceiling excitation voltage) that affect the machine
response in case of voltage dips. Section 4 addresses the sensitivity of synchronous generators
response to grid code requirements with respect to synchronous generator short circuit ratio and
excitation system ceiling factor.

Voltage dips as required by the reviewed grid codes can be classified into two groups:

- rectangular voltage dips, and
- polygonal voltage dips.

Requirements of the English, Irish, French and Italian grid codes lie in the rectangular voltage dip
category. The recovery voltage is sharp. English and Irish grid codes incorporate a multi-dip
requirement whereas French and Italian ones have a single-dip one. The multi-dip requirement of the
English code results from the consideration of an explicit voltage-fault duration curve.




4
Table 1: Summary of grid codes requirements.
TSO
(Country or Region)

Grid Code
Reference and
Articles
Voltage Dip
(voltage, time)

Generator
Operating Points
External Impedance
NGC
(England and Wales)
[5]
CC.6.3.15.1
(voltage dip)
CC.6.3.2
(Reactive power
capability)
0%, 140 ms
30%, 384 ms
50%, 710 ms
(See Figure 1)
Any between 0.85 lag
and 0.95 lead at
generator terminals
Not specified
EIRGRID
(Ireland)

[6]
CC.7.3.1.1.h
(Voltage dip)
CC.7.3.1.1.g refers to
CC.7.3.6.1.f
(Reactive power
capability)
5%, 200 ms
50%, 600 ms
(See Figure 1)

Any between 0.85 lag
and 0.93 lead power
factors at generator
terminals
Not specified
RTE
(France)
[6]
4.3.3.3
0%, 150 ms
(See Figure 1)

Unity power factors at
HV transformer
terminals
0.54 pu (generators
between 250 and 800
MW)
TERNA
(Italy)
[7]
1B.3.8.4.a
(Voltage dip)
1B.5.3.3
(Reactive power
capability)
0%, 250 ms
(See Figure 1)

Any between 0.85 lag
and 0.9 lead power
factors at generator
terminals
Not specified
E.ON
(Germany)
[8]
3.2.6
(Voltage dip)
3.2.5
(Reactive power
capability)

See Figure 2.

Any between 0.925
lag and 0.95 lead
power factors at HV
transformer terminals
Not specified
NORDEL
(Scandinavia)
[9]
Connection Code
3.2.4
(Voltage dip and
Reactive power
capability)

See Figure 2

Any between 0.85-
0.93 lag and 0.95-0.98
lead at HV
transformer terminals
depending on the
country:

Not specified
REE
(Spain)
[10]
3.1
(Voltage dip)
[13]
6.1.1
(Reactive power
capability)

See Figure 2 Any between 0.989
lag and 0.989 lead at
HV transformer
terminals
Not specified
WECC
(Western US, Canada
and Mexico)
[12]
3.2.6
(Voltage dip)

See Figure 2 Not specified Not specified

Requirements of the German, Scandinavian, Spanish and American grid codes belong to the polygonal
voltage dip category. The recovery voltage is smoother. Figure 2 compares the polygonal voltage dips
examined. The shape of recovery voltage in the polygonal voltage dips results from enveloping
recovery voltages obtained from a number of simulations and measurements [14]. It is interesting to
note that the French grid code requires that the auxiliaries rather than the synchronous generator itself
should withstand a polygonal type voltage dip.

The reactive power capability is required at both generator and step-up transformer HV terminals. The
most demanding operating condition with respect to generator ability to withstand a voltage dip is the
rated active power under the lower lead power factor. The lower lead factor varies from 0.9 to 0.95 at
generator terminals and from 0.95 to 0.989 at step-up transformer HV terminals.



5

None of the grid codes surveyed, apart from the French one, details the external impedance to be
considered. Hence, the study will assume an infinite network at the connection point of the generator
to the network in such cases.

-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (seconds)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
u
)


EIRGRID-5%
EIRGRID-50%
NGC-0%
NGC-30%
NGC-50%
RTE
TERNA

Figure 1: Comparison of rectangular voltage dip requirements.
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (seconds)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
u
)


E.ON
NORDEL
REE
WECC

Figure 2: Comparison of polygonal voltage dip requirements.

This review is not exhaustive. However, it clearly shows that grid code requirements are not uniform.
UCTE in Europe is aware of this circumstance and has opened a discussion on it [15].

S
V
+

REF
V
FD
E
FDmax T C FD
E V K I
FDmin T C FD
E V K I
1
1
R
sT +
T
V
+
A
K
S
V
+

REF
V
FD
E
FDmax T C FD
E V K I
FDmin T C FD
E V K I
1
1
R
sT +
1
1
R
sT +
T
V
+
A
K
A
K

Figure 3: Bus fed static excitation system model.
1
2
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
3
4
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
5
5
1
S
S
sK
sT +
S
V
Smax
V
Smin
V
S
K
e A
1
2
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
3
4
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
3
4
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
5
5
1
S
S
sK
sT +
5
5
1
S
S
sK
sT +
S
V
Smax
V
Smin
V
S
K
S
K
e A

Figure 4: Speed deviation stabilizer model.

3 RESPONSE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS TO GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS
This section studies the response of a typical turbogenerator [15] in case of voltage dips required in the
reviewed grid codes. The generator is connected to the network through its step-up transformer. A bus



6
fed static excitation system supplies the generator excitation. The excitation system incorporates a
speed deviation power system stabilizer. The excitation system and stabilizer models are displayed
respectively in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Although speed deviation stabilizers are not commonly used, the
simulation model has considered the stabilizer proposed in [15]. The simulation model has neglected
the synchronous machine stator and network transients and has assumed that the turbine supplies
constant mechanical power throughout the transient. Generating unit data are provided in the
appendix. The simulations have always been performed in the extreme leading case specified in each
grid code.

The generator response in case of rectangular type voltage dips is analyzed firstly. Figure 5 shows the
responses (generator speed deviation) of the generator case of rectangular voltage dips (EIRGRID,
NGC, RTE and TERNA grid codes). The generator remains stable in case of the solid faults required
by the Irish, English and French grid codes. In contrast, the generator looses synchronism in case of
the non solid faults of the Irish and English grid codes and in case of the solid fault of the Italian grid
codes. It should be noted that TERNA requires a clearing time of 250 ms in case of a solid fault
whereas EIGRID, NGC and RTE require clearing times of 200, 140 and 150 ms. Moreover, TERNA
requires the generator operating at 0.9 lead power factor.

Generator response in case of RTE conditions is less damped because of the connecting reactance
between the HV transformer terminals and the infinite bus. The response is damped due to the action
of the power system stabilizer. Although the stabilizer has been considered in the simulation model, it
should be noted that the stabilizer action does not affect the critical clearing time. The stabilizer
purpose is the improvement of the damping of the generator electromechanical oscillation.

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Time (seconds)
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

S
p
e
e
d

D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n

(
p
u
)


EIRGRID: 5%-200ms
EIRGRID: 50%-600ms
NGC: 0%-140ms
NGC: 30%-384ms
NGC: 50%-710ms
RTE
TERNA

Figure 5: Generator response in case of of voltage dips required by EIRGRID, NGC, RTE and TERNA.
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Time (seconds)
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

S
p
e
e
d

D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n

(
p
u
)


E.ON
NORDEL
REE
WECC

Figure 6: Generator response in case of voltage dips required by E.ON, NORDEL, REE and WECC.

The generator response in case of polygonal type voltage dips is addressed in the following. In
contrast to the generator response in case of rectangular voltage dips, the generator looses



7
synchronism in case of the voltage dips required by the German, Scandinavian, Spanish and American
grid codes. Figure 6 shows the time variation of the generator speed deviation in such cases.

It is believed that the fact that none of the required polygonal voltage dips can be withstood is related
with the definition of the voltage dip rather with the features of the machine [4]. Hence, the paper will
focus on evaluating the factors that affect the ability of synchronous generators to withstand non-solid
faults of longer duration as those required by the English grid code.

4 SENSITIVITY OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR RESPONSE WITH RESPECT TO
GENERATOR PARAMETERS
This section provides a study on the sensitivity of synchronous generator response to the NGC grid
code with respect to a number of parameters: i.e. step-up transformer reactance, turbine-generator
rotor inertia, synchronous machine short circuit ratio and excitation ceiling factor.

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Time (seconds)
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

S
p
e
e
d

D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
p
u
)
NGC


0%-245ms
30%-365ms
50%-620ms

Figure 7: Generator response in case of critical clearing times of NGC faults.

The critical clearing times of the faults required by NGC grid code are firstly determined. Figure 7
displays the generator response in case of the critical clearing times of NGC grid code faults. The
critical clearing time of a solid fault (245 ms) is greater than the required value (140 ms) whereas the
critical clearing times of non-solid faults corresponding to voltages dips of 30% and 50% are 365 ms
and 620 ms which are smaller than the required values (384 ms and 710 ms respectively).

Table 2: Sensitivity of the critical clearing times with respect to step-up transformer reactance, turbine-generator
rotor inertia, synchronous generator short circuit ratio and excitation system ceiling factor.
Voltage (%) 0.12 0.15 0.18 Voltage (%) 0.51 0.556 0.61
0 250 245 235 0 235 245 255
30 385 365 345 30 345 365 385
50 730 620 560 50 560 620 710
Voltage (%) 4 6.5 8 Voltage (%) 1.6 2.5 3.4
0 190 245 270 0 240 245 245
30 285 365 405 30 350 365 375
50 485 620 690 50 555 620 710
Transformer Reactance (pu) Short Circuit Ratio (pu)
Ceiling Factor (pu) Rotor Inertia (s)


Table 2 contains the results of the study on the sensitivity of synchronous generator response to the
NGC grid code with respect to step-up transformer reactance, turbine-generator rotor inertia,
synchronous machine short circuit ratio and excitation ceiling factor. The critical clearing times of
solid and non-solid faults are determined for three values of each parameter. The central value is the
reference value of the parameter. The critical clearing time is highlighted in bold type numbers when it
is greater than the required clearing time.




8
The sensitivity analysis with respect to the step-up transformer reactance shows that NGC
requirements are only met if the transformer reactance is 12%. The NGC requirement in case of solid
faults is also met in case of a wide rage range of the transformer reactance (12-18%).

The sensitivity analysis also indicates that higher rotor inertia (8 s) facilitates the achievement of the
NGC requirement in case of non-solid faults of 30% of rated voltage. The NGC requirement in case of
solid faults is also met in case of a wide rage range of the rotor inertia (4.5-8 s).

The sensitivity with respect to the synchronous generator Short Circuit Ratio (SCR = 1/Xd) has been
addressed affecting the value of mutual reactances at direct and quadrature axis, Xad and Xaq,
respectively, while keeping constant the stator and rotor leakage reactances. The higher and lower
values of the SCR have been achieved as 0.9 x Xad and 1.1 x Xad respectively. The sensitivity study
has shown that all NGC requirements can be achieved when the SCR is 0.61 pu. The NGC
requirement in case of solid faults is also met in case of a wide rage range of SCR (0.51-0.61 pu). It
should be noted that the range of the SCR considered is above the minimum admissible value required
by NGC in (CC.6.3.2) which is 0.5 pu [5].

The excitation ceiling excitation factor is defined as maximum excitation voltage in a per unit system
which base value is the excitation required to supply rated active and reactive power at rated voltage at
generator terminals. The ceiling excitation voltage in the excitation system model is expressed in a non
reciprocal excitation per unit system which base value is the excitation required to supply rated
voltage in the air gap line at no load. Table 3 provides the correspondence between the selected values
of the ceiling factor and the maximum field voltage.

Table 3: Correspondence between Ceiling Factor with Maximum Field Voltage.
Ceiling Factor (pu) 1.6 2.5 3.4
Efdmax (pu) 4.1 6.4 8.7


The sensitivity study has also shown that high excitation ceiling excitation factor (3.4 pu) facilitates
the achievement of the NGC requirement in case of non-solid faults of 50% of rated voltage. The NGC
requirement in case of solid faults is also met in case of a wide rage range of the ceiling factor (1.6-
3.4 pu). It is interesting to note that NGC (CC.A.6.4.4.3) [5] requires that the ceiling factor should not
be smaller than 2 pu and higher than 3 pu. It could be exceptionally up to 4 pu. The sensitivity study
indicates the suitability of the reference value of the ceiling value. Actually, the IEEE Guide for the
Preparation of Excitation System Specifications [15] states that the ceiling voltage to be used is best
determined from power simulation studies.

The sensitivity study has shown that both a lower value of the step-up transformer reactance (0.12 pu)
and a higher value of synchronous generator SCR (0.61 pu) allows to fulfil NGC grid code
requirements in case of solid and non-solid faults. Reducing the reactance of the step-up transformer
might not be feasible in large units. Increasing the synchronous generator SCR would result in a wide
variety of technical problems while non-admissible cost increasing.

Reducing the reactance of the step-up transformer might not be feasible in large units. Increasing the
synchronous generator SCR from 0.5 to 0.6 would result in an equivalent generator volume increase in
the range 5-10% and in a reduction of the generator efficiency in the range of 0.02-0.04 % [18].
Increasing the ceiling factor from 1.6 pu to 2.5 pu would lead to a volume increase of the excitation
system transformer in the range 10-30% [18].

5 IMPROVEMENT OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR RESPONSE BY EXCITATION
CONTROL
A number of approaches have been reported in the literature to improve the transient stability of
synchronous generators [15]. Some are incorporated to generating units (i.e. fast excitation systems,
fast valving in steam turbines) while others are implemented at transmission system level (single pole
reclosing, fast transmission line protections, braking resistors, series capacitors). Grid codes require a



9
specific performance to generating units while do not providing room for implementation of solutions
at the transmission system side.

This section outlines a solution for generating units equipped with bus fed static excitation systems.
The field voltage supplied by a bus fed excitation system is affected by the generator terminal voltage.
The approach consists in connecting a supplementary dc voltage source in the generator excitation
winding. The connection of such supplementary voltage is dictated by the variation of the terminal
voltage. The dc voltage is connected to complement the voltage supplied by the thyristor bridge of the
excitation system when a fault occurs. Figure 8 shows the model of a bus excitation system with the
supplementary control. The value of the dc voltage source VSOU has been determined to allow the
generator to fulfil NGC grid code requirements in case of solid and non-solid faults. Precisely, the
ability to withstand a non-solid fault of 50% dip of rated voltage requires the higher value of VSOU
which is 4.5 pu in the excitation system per unit system. It has been also assumed that
VTmax = 0.85 pu and VTmin = 0.55 pu and TDELAY = 20ms.

S
V
+

REF
V
FD
E
FDmax T C FD SUP
E V K I V +
FDmin T C FD SUP
E V K I V +
1
1
R
sT +
T
V
+
A
K
SUP
V
+
+
( )
1 if
0 if
T Tmin
T
T Tmax
V V
V
V V
o
<
=

>

( )
DELAY
sT
SUP SOU T
V V V e o

=
SOU
V
T
V
S
V
+

REF
V
FD
E
FDmax T C FD SUP
E V K I V +
FDmin T C FD SUP
E V K I V +
1
1
R
sT +
1
1
R
sT +
T
V
+
A
K
A
K
SUP
V
+
+
( )
1 if
0 if
T Tmin
T
T Tmax
V V
V
V V
o
<
=

>

( )
DELAY
sT
SUP SOU T
V V V e o

=
SOU
V
T
V

Figure 8: Model of bus fed static excitation system with supplementary control.
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Time (seconds)
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

S
p
e
e
d

D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n

(
p
u
)
NGC


0%-140ms
30%-384ms
50%-710ms

Figure 9: Generator response in case of NGC faults with supplementary control in the excitation system.

Figure 9 confirms the stability of the synchronous generator in case of the NGC grid code
requirements when its bus fed excitation system is equipped with the proposed supplementary control.
Figure 10 compares the generator response in case (field voltage and electromagnetic torque) of NGC
non-solid fault of 50% dip of rated voltage without and with supplementary excitation control. It
should be emphasized that without supplementary control the critical clearing time is 620 ms whereas
the critical clearing time is 710 ms with supplementary excitation control. Figure 10 confirms that the
field voltage has increased due to the action of the supplementary excitation control. Hence, the field
voltage increase results in the increase of the electromagnetic torque. It should be noted that the
electromagnetic torque as provided by the simulation model is an approximation of the actual value
due to the fact that synchronous machine stator transients have been neglected.



10


6 CONCLUSIONS
This paper has reviewed the voltage ride through capability required by a number of grid codes. The
comprehensive review has shown that grid code requirements are not uniform. Differences in the
definition not only of the voltage dip but also of the generator operating point have been also found.
According to their shape, voltage dips can be separated into either rectangular or polygonal types.
Within the rectangular voltage dip category, single- and multi-dip requirements can also be found.

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time (seconds)
F
i
e
l
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
u
)
NGC:50%


Without supplementary control:620ms
With supplementary control:710ms

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time (seconds)
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c

T
o
r
q
u
e

(
p
u
)
NGC:50%


Without supplementary control:620ms
With supplementary control:710ms

Figure 10: Comparison of generator response in case of NGC non-solid fault of 50% of rated voltage without and with
supplementary excitation control: field voltage (left) and electromagnetic torque (right).

NGC, EIRGRID, TERNA and RTE codes belong to the rectangular voltage dip category. The RTE
code requirements are fulfilled by the typical configuration simulated. Multi-dip NGC and EIGRID
requirements are only fulfilled partially. The TERNA code requirement is not fulfilled. E.ON,
NORDEL, REE and WECC codes belong to the polygonal voltage dip category. In contrast to the
generator response in case of rectangular voltage dips, the generator looses synchronism in case of the
voltage dips required by the German, Scandinavian, Spanish and American grid codes. It is believed
that the fact that none of the required polygonal voltage dips can be withstood is related with the
definition of the voltage dip itself rather than with the features of the machine. Hence, the paper has
focused on evaluating the factors that affect the ability of synchronous generators to withstand non-
solid faults of longer duration as those required by the English grid code.

The paper has also studied the sensitivity of synchronous generator response to the NGC grid code
requirements with respect to a number of parameters: i.e. step-up transformer reactance, turbine-
generator rotor inertia, synchronous machine short circuit ratio and excitation ceiling factor. The
sensitivity study has shown that both a lower value of the step-up transformer reactance (0.12 pu) and
a higher value of synchronous generator SCR (0.61 pu) would ensure that NGC grid code
requirements in case of solid and non-solid faults are fulfilled.

This paper has outlined a solution for generating units equipped with bus fed static excitation systems.
The approach consists in connecting a supplementary dc voltage source in the generator excitation
winding when a fault occurs. The paper has shown that such an approach allows compliance with
NGC grid code requirements, while using common values for transformer reactance and generator
SCR

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] P.B. Eriksen, T. Ackermann, H. Abildgaard, P. Smith, W. Winter, J.M. Rodriguez Garcia,
System operation with high wind penetration, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Volume 3,
Issue 6, Nov.-Dec. 2005, Pages: 65 74.
[2] International Electrotechnical Commission, International Standard, Rotating electrical
machines, Part 3: Specific requirements for synchronous generators driven by steam turbines or
combustion gas turbines, IEC Standard 60034-3, Edition 6.0, 2007-11.



11
[3] IEEE, IEEE Standard for Cylindrical-Rotor 50 Hz and 60 Hz Synchronous Generators Rated
10 MVA and Above, IEEE Standard C50.13-2005.
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12
APPENDIX: GENERATOR AND TRANSFORMER DATA
Generator mechanical data:
H = 6.5 s

Generator electrical data:
Xd = 1.8 pu, Xd = 0.3 pu, Xd = 0.25 pu, Xq = 1.7 pu, Xq = 0.55 pu, Xq = 0.25 pu, Xl = 0.2 pu,
Ra = 0.0025 pu, Td0 = 8 s, Td0 = 0.030 s, Tq0 = 0.4 s, Tq0 = 0.05 s

Excitation system model parameters:
KA = 200 pu, TR = 0.01 s, EFDmax = 6.4 pu, EFDmin = -6.4 pu, KC = 0.1 pu

Stabilizer model parameters:
KS = 20 pu, TS1 = 0.05 s, TS2 = 0.02 s, TS3 = 3 s, TS4 = 5.4 s, TS5 = 10 s, VSmax = 0.05 pu
VSmin = -0.05

Transformer electrical data:
Xt = 0.15 pu